[{"id":"cosmos-001","start":-13800000000,"date_label":"约138亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"宇宙大爆炸","desc":"宇宙从极高温、极高密度的状态开始膨胀，时间与空间由此起算；最初几分钟内合成了氢、氦及少量锂等轻元素。","importance":3,"title_en":"The Big Bang","desc_en":"The universe began expanding from an extremely hot, dense state, marking the start of time and space; within the first few minutes, light elements such as hydrogen, helium and traces of lithium were synthesized.","date_label_en":"c. 13.8 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x001","start":-13800000000,"date_label":"约138亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"宇宙暴胀（理论）","desc":"主流暴胀理论认为，大爆炸后约10⁻³⁶秒起宇宙经历极短暂的指数式膨胀，抹平了曲率，并把量子涨落放大为日后星系形成的种子。","importance":2,"title_en":"Cosmic Inflation (Theory)","desc_en":"Mainstream inflation theory holds that from about 10⁻³⁶ seconds after the Big Bang the universe underwent an extremely brief exponential expansion, flattening its curvature and amplifying quantum fluctuations into the seeds of later galaxy formation.","date_label_en":"c. 13.8 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x002","start":-13800000000,"date_label":"约138亿年前（大爆炸后约1秒内）","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"质子与中子形成","desc":"宇宙冷却到一定温度后，夸克与胶子结合成质子和中子等强子；正反物质湮灭后留下微小的物质余量，构成今天所有普通物质的来源。","importance":2,"title_en":"Protons and Neutrons Form","desc_en":"As the universe cooled, quarks and gluons combined into hadrons such as protons and neutrons; after matter–antimatter annihilation, a tiny surplus of matter remained, the source of all ordinary matter today.","date_label_en":"c. 13.8 billion years ago (within ~1 second of the Big Bang)"},{"id":"cosmos-x003","start":-13800000000,"date_label":"约138亿年前（大爆炸后约3—20分钟）","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"原初核合成","desc":"质子和中子聚合成氦—4、氘及少量锂，按质量约75%为氢、约25%为氦；这一比例与今日观测高度吻合，是大爆炸理论的重要支柱。","importance":2,"title_en":"Big Bang Nucleosynthesis","desc_en":"Protons and neutrons fused into helium-4, deuterium and a little lithium, leaving roughly 75% hydrogen and 25% helium by mass; this ratio closely matches observations today and is a key pillar of Big Bang theory.","date_label_en":"c. 13.8 billion years ago (~3–20 minutes after the Big Bang)"},{"id":"cosmos-002","start":-13799620000,"date_label":"约138亿年前（大爆炸后约38万年）","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"复合与宇宙微波背景","desc":"宇宙冷却到约3000开尔文，电子与原子核结合成中性原子，光子得以自由传播，留存至今即为宇宙微波背景辐射。","importance":3,"title_en":"Recombination and the Cosmic Microwave Background","desc_en":"As the universe cooled to about 3,000 kelvin, electrons combined with nuclei into neutral atoms, letting photons travel freely; that light survives today as the cosmic microwave background radiation.","date_label_en":"c. 13.8 billion years ago (~380,000 years after the Big Bang)"},{"id":"cosmos-x004","start":-13799620000,"end":-13600000000,"date_label":"约138亿—136亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"宇宙黑暗时代","desc":"宇宙微波背景释放后，宇宙充满中性氢气体却尚无恒星发光，是一段漫长的“黑暗时代”，物质在引力作用下缓慢聚集成团。","importance":1,"title_en":"The Cosmic Dark Ages","desc_en":"After the cosmic microwave background was released, the universe was filled with neutral hydrogen gas but no shining stars—a long 'dark age' in which matter slowly clumped together under gravity.","date_label_en":"c. 13.8–13.6 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-003","start":-13600000000,"date_label":"约136亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"第一代恒星诞生","desc":"大爆炸后约一至二亿年，暗物质晕中的气体坍缩形成第一代恒星，它们质量巨大、寿命短暂，爆发时首次向宇宙播撒重元素。","importance":3,"title_en":"The First Stars Are Born","desc_en":"About 100–200 million years after the Big Bang, gas in dark-matter halos collapsed to form the first stars; massive and short-lived, they seeded the universe with heavy elements for the first time when they exploded.","date_label_en":"c. 13.6 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-004","start":-13500000000,"end":-12800000000,"date_label":"约135亿—128亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"宇宙再电离","desc":"早期恒星与星系发出的紫外辐射把星系际空间的中性氢重新电离，宇宙对紫外光变得透明，这一过程约在大爆炸后十亿年内完成。","importance":2,"title_en":"Cosmic Reionization","desc_en":"Ultraviolet radiation from early stars and galaxies re-ionized the neutral hydrogen in intergalactic space, making the universe transparent to ultraviolet light; the process was complete within about a billion years of the Big Bang.","date_label_en":"c. 13.5–12.8 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x005","start":-13500000000,"date_label":"约135亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"第一代超新星爆发","desc":"由氢氦构成的第一代大质量恒星寿命短暂，以超新星形式爆炸，首次把碳、氧、硅、铁等重元素抛入宇宙，为后续恒星、行星和生命提供原料。","importance":3,"title_en":"The First Supernovae","desc_en":"The short-lived first generation of massive hydrogen-and-helium stars exploded as supernovae, scattering carbon, oxygen, silicon, iron and other heavy elements into space for the first time and supplying raw material for later stars, planets and life.","date_label_en":"c. 13.5 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x006","start":-13500000000,"date_label":"约135亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"已知最早的星系","desc":"2024年詹姆斯·韦布望远镜确认星系JADES-GS-z14-0红移约14.3，其光发出于大爆炸后约3亿年，表明星系形成比预想更早、更快。","importance":2,"title_en":"Earliest Known Galaxy","desc_en":"In 2024 the James Webb Space Telescope confirmed galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 at a redshift of about 14.3, its light emitted some 300 million years after the Big Bang, showing that galaxies formed earlier and faster than expected.","date_label_en":"c. 13.5 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x007","start":-13100000000,"date_label":"约131亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"早期超大质量黑洞","desc":"类星体ULAS J1342+0928红移约7.5，其中心黑洞质量约为太阳的8亿倍，却存在于大爆炸后约7亿年，提出了黑洞如何快速成长的难题。","importance":1,"title_en":"An Early Supermassive Black Hole","desc_en":"Quasar ULAS J1342+0928, at a redshift of about 7.5, hosts a central black hole of roughly 800 million solar masses existing only about 700 million years after the Big Bang, raising the puzzle of how black holes grew so fast.","date_label_en":"c. 13.1 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-005","start":-13000000000,"date_label":"约130余亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"银河系开始形成","desc":"银河系最古老恒星的年龄估计超过130亿年，此后它通过吞并众多矮星系不断成长，今天约有一千亿至四千亿颗恒星。","importance":2,"title_en":"The Milky Way Begins to Form","desc_en":"The Milky Way's oldest stars are estimated to be more than 13 billion years old; the galaxy has since grown by swallowing many dwarf galaxies and today holds some 100–400 billion stars.","date_label_en":"over 13 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x008","start":-11000000000,"end":-8000000000,"date_label":"约110亿—80亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"银河系吞并盖亚—恩克拉多斯","desc":"盖亚卫星的恒星运动数据显示，银河系早期曾与一个矮星系“盖亚—恩克拉多斯”并合，其残余恒星构成了今日银晕的主要部分。","importance":1,"title_en":"Milky Way Absorbs Gaia-Enceladus","desc_en":"Stellar-motion data from the Gaia satellite show that the early Milky Way merged with a dwarf galaxy called Gaia-Enceladus, whose leftover stars make up most of today's galactic halo.","date_label_en":"c. 11–8 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x009","start":-10000000000,"date_label":"约100亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"宇宙恒星形成高峰","desc":"观测表明宇宙整体恒星形成速率在红移约2时达到顶峰，被称为“宇宙正午”，此后逐渐下降，今日速率已不到峰值的十分之一。","importance":2,"title_en":"Peak of Cosmic Star Formation","desc_en":"Observations show the universe's overall star-formation rate peaked around redshift 2, a period dubbed 'cosmic noon'; it has declined since, and today's rate is less than a tenth of the peak.","date_label_en":"c. 10 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x010","start":-5000000000,"date_label":"约50亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"暗能量主导宇宙加速膨胀","desc":"随着物质密度因膨胀而稀释，暗能量开始主导宇宙动力学，宇宙膨胀由减速转为加速；该现象于1998年通过Ia型超新星观测发现。","importance":2,"title_en":"Dark Energy Drives Accelerating Expansion","desc_en":"As expansion diluted the density of matter, dark energy came to dominate cosmic dynamics and the expansion switched from slowing to accelerating; this was discovered in 1998 through observations of Type Ia supernovae.","date_label_en":"c. 5 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x011","start":-4567300000,"date_label":"约45.67亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"最古老固体：钙铝包体","desc":"陨石中的钙铝富集包体经铅同位素测年约45.67亿年，是太阳系最早凝结的固体，常被用作太阳系年龄的“零点”。","importance":2,"title_en":"Oldest Solids: CAIs","desc_en":"Calcium–aluminium-rich inclusions in meteorites, lead-isotope dated to about 4.567 billion years, are the first solids to condense in the Solar System and are often used as the 'time zero' for its age.","date_label_en":"c. 4.567 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-006","start":-4567000000,"date_label":"约45.7亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"太阳系形成","desc":"一团分子云在引力作用下坍缩，中心形成太阳，周围原行星盘中的尘埃与气体逐渐聚合成行星、卫星、小行星与彗星。","importance":3,"title_en":"The Solar System Forms","desc_en":"A molecular cloud collapsed under gravity, forming the Sun at its center, while dust and gas in the surrounding protoplanetary disk gradually coalesced into planets, moons, asteroids and comets.","date_label_en":"c. 4.57 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x012","start":-4566000000,"date_label":"约45.6亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"木星率先形成","desc":"铁陨石同位素研究显示，木星固体核心在太阳系诞生后约100万年内形成，其巨大引力把原行星盘分隔为内外两区，影响了类地行星的组成。","importance":2,"title_en":"Jupiter Forms First","desc_en":"Isotope studies of iron meteorites indicate Jupiter's solid core formed within about a million years of the Solar System's birth; its immense gravity split the protoplanetary disk into inner and outer zones, shaping the makeup of the rocky planets.","date_label_en":"c. 4.56 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-007","start":-4540000000,"date_label":"约45.4亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"地球形成","desc":"原始地球由星子碰撞吸积而成，早期处于高温熔融状态，铁镍等重元素下沉形成地核，较轻物质上浮形成地幔与原始地壳。","importance":3,"title_en":"Earth Forms","desc_en":"The early Earth accreted from colliding planetesimals and was initially hot and molten; heavy elements such as iron and nickel sank to form the core, while lighter material rose to form the mantle and primitive crust.","date_label_en":"c. 4.54 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-008","start":-4510000000,"date_label":"约45亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"大碰撞形成月球","desc":"主流假说认为，一颗火星大小的天体“忒伊亚”撞击原始地球，抛出的物质聚合成月球；月球此后帮助稳定了地球自转轴倾角。","importance":2,"title_en":"Giant Impact Forms the Moon","desc_en":"The leading hypothesis holds that a Mars-sized body, 'Theia', struck the early Earth and the ejected material coalesced into the Moon, which has since helped stabilize the tilt of Earth's axis.","date_label_en":"c. 4.5 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-009","start":-4400000000,"date_label":"约44亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"最古老的地球矿物","desc":"西澳大利亚杰克山发现的锆石年龄约44亿年，是已知最古老的地球矿物，其成分显示当时可能已有大陆地壳和液态水。","importance":2,"lat":-26.1,"lng":117.2,"place":"西澳杰克山","title_en":"Oldest Earth Minerals","desc_en":"Zircons about 4.4 billion years old from the Jack Hills of Western Australia are the oldest known terrestrial minerals; their composition suggests continental crust and liquid water may already have existed.","date_label_en":"c. 4.4 billion years ago","place_en":"Jack Hills, Western Australia"},{"id":"cosmos-x013","start":-4100000000,"end":-3800000000,"date_label":"约41亿—38亿年前（有争议）","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"后期重轰炸假说","desc":"阿波罗月岩样品年龄集中于约39亿年前，引出内太阳系曾遭密集小天体撞击的假说；近年有研究认为撞击可能是逐渐衰减而非集中爆发。","importance":1,"title_en":"Late Heavy Bombardment Hypothesis","desc_en":"Apollo moon rocks cluster in age around 3.9 billion years, prompting the hypothesis that the inner Solar System suffered intense impacts; recent studies suggest the impacts may have tapered off gradually rather than spiking.","date_label_en":"c. 4.1–3.8 billion years ago (disputed)"},{"id":"cosmos-x014","start":-4031000000,"date_label":"约40.3亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"阿卡斯塔片麻岩","desc":"加拿大西北地区的阿卡斯塔片麻岩年龄约40.3亿年，是已知最古老的完整地壳岩石之一，表明当时地球已出现长英质大陆地壳。","importance":2,"lat":65.17,"lng":-115.55,"place":"加拿大阿卡斯塔河","title_en":"Acasta Gneiss","desc_en":"The Acasta Gneiss in Canada's Northwest Territories, about 4.03 billion years old, is among the oldest known intact crustal rocks, showing that felsic continental crust had already appeared.","date_label_en":"c. 4.03 billion years ago","place_en":"Acasta River, Canada"},{"id":"cosmos-x015","start":-4000000000,"date_label":"约40亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"太古宙开始","desc":"地质年代上冥古宙结束、太古宙开始；地球逐渐冷却，形成稳定的原始地壳与海洋，最早的生命也大约在此后数亿年内出现。","importance":1,"title_en":"The Archean Eon Begins","desc_en":"Geologically, the Hadean Eon ended and the Archean began; Earth gradually cooled, forming a stable primitive crust and oceans, and the earliest life appeared within a few hundred million years.","date_label_en":"c. 4 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-010","start":-3700000000,"end":-3500000000,"date_label":"约37亿—35亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"最早生命证据","desc":"格陵兰约37亿年前岩石中的碳同位素信号和西澳大利亚约35亿年前的叠层石，是地球早期微生物生命的重要证据。","importance":3,"lat":65.1,"lng":-49.9,"place":"格陵兰伊苏阿","title_en":"Earliest Evidence of Life","desc_en":"Carbon-isotope signals in roughly 3.7-billion-year-old rocks from Greenland and 3.5-billion-year-old stromatolites from Western Australia are key evidence of early microbial life on Earth.","date_label_en":"c. 3.7–3.5 billion years ago","place_en":"Isua, Greenland"},{"id":"cosmos-x016","start":-3700000000,"end":-3000000000,"date_label":"约37亿—30亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"火星表面水逐渐消失","desc":"火星早期表面存在河谷与湖泊，但随着磁场减弱、大气被太阳风剥离，液态水逐渐消失，火星演变为寒冷干燥的星球。","importance":1,"title_en":"Mars Loses Its Surface Water","desc_en":"Early Mars had river valleys and lakes, but as its magnetic field weakened and the solar wind stripped away its atmosphere, liquid water disappeared and Mars became a cold, dry planet.","date_label_en":"c. 3.7–3.0 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x017","start":-3480000000,"date_label":"约34.8亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"皮尔巴拉叠层石","desc":"西澳大利亚皮尔巴拉地区德雷瑟组中保存有约34.8亿年前的叠层石，被视为微生物席形成的早期可信证据之一。","importance":2,"lat":-21.05,"lng":119.43,"place":"西澳皮尔巴拉","title_en":"Pilbara Stromatolites","desc_en":"The Dresser Formation in Western Australia's Pilbara region preserves stromatolites about 3.48 billion years old, regarded as some of the earliest credible evidence of microbial mats.","date_label_en":"c. 3.48 billion years ago","place_en":"Pilbara, Western Australia"},{"id":"cosmos-x018","start":-3450000000,"date_label":"约34.5亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"地磁场的早期证据","desc":"南非巴伯顿等地古老岩石的古地磁研究显示，至迟约34.5亿年前地球已拥有磁场，可屏蔽太阳风，帮助保护大气与早期生命。","importance":1,"title_en":"Early Evidence of Earth's Magnetic Field","desc_en":"Paleomagnetic studies of ancient rocks in places such as Barberton, South Africa, show Earth had a magnetic field by at least 3.45 billion years ago, shielding it from the solar wind and helping protect the atmosphere and early life.","date_label_en":"c. 3.45 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x019","start":-3000000000,"date_label":"约30亿年前（有争议）","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"板块构造启动","desc":"多种地球化学证据显示，现代式板块俯冲可能在约32亿—30亿年前开始运转，但具体时间仍有争议；板块构造调控着地球的碳循环与气候。","importance":2,"title_en":"Plate Tectonics Begins","desc_en":"Several lines of geochemical evidence suggest modern-style plate subduction may have begun about 3.2–3.0 billion years ago, though the timing is still debated; plate tectonics regulates Earth's carbon cycle and climate.","date_label_en":"c. 3 billion years ago (disputed)"},{"id":"cosmos-011","start":-2400000000,"end":-2100000000,"date_label":"约24亿—21亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"大氧化事件","desc":"蓝细菌产氧光合作用释放的氧气使大气含氧量首次显著上升，许多厌氧微生物受到冲击，地表风化与海洋化学随之改变，为复杂生命创造条件。","importance":3,"title_en":"The Great Oxidation Event","desc_en":"Oxygen released by cyanobacterial photosynthesis caused the first significant rise in atmospheric oxygen, hitting many anaerobic microbes and changing surface weathering and ocean chemistry, paving the way for complex life.","date_label_en":"c. 2.4–2.1 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x020","start":-2400000000,"end":-2100000000,"date_label":"约24亿—21亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"休伦冰期","desc":"伴随大氧化事件，大气中的甲烷被氧化，温室效应减弱，地球进入持续约3亿年的休伦冰期，冰川可能一度延伸至低纬度。","importance":1,"title_en":"The Huronian Glaciation","desc_en":"As the Great Oxidation Event oxidized atmospheric methane and weakened the greenhouse effect, Earth entered the roughly 300-million-year Huronian glaciation, with glaciers possibly reaching low latitudes.","date_label_en":"c. 2.4–2.1 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x021","start":-2023000000,"date_label":"约20.2亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"弗里德堡陨石撞击","desc":"南非弗里德堡撞击坑形成于约20.2亿年前，原始直径估计达250—300千米，是地球上已确认的最大撞击构造，2005年列入世界遗产。","importance":1,"lat":-27.0,"lng":27.5,"place":"南非弗里德堡","title_en":"Vredefort Impact","desc_en":"South Africa's Vredefort crater formed about 2.02 billion years ago with an estimated original diameter of 250–300 km; it is the largest confirmed impact structure on Earth and was made a World Heritage Site in 2005.","date_label_en":"c. 2.02 billion years ago","place_en":"Vredefort, South Africa"},{"id":"cosmos-012","start":-2000000000,"end":-1600000000,"date_label":"约20亿—16亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"真核生物出现","desc":"拥有细胞核与线粒体的真核细胞出现，线粒体源自被吞入的细菌（内共生），为日后动物、植物、真菌等复杂生命奠定基础。","importance":3,"title_en":"Eukaryotes Appear","desc_en":"Eukaryotic cells with nuclei and mitochondria emerged, the mitochondria descending from engulfed bacteria (endosymbiosis), laying the groundwork for animals, plants, fungi and other complex life.","date_label_en":"c. 2.0–1.6 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x022","start":-1800000000,"end":-1300000000,"date_label":"约18亿—13亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"哥伦比亚超大陆","desc":"古元古代末期，大部分陆块拼合成哥伦比亚（又称努纳）超大陆，约13亿年前起逐渐裂解，是较早得到较多证据支持的超大陆。","importance":1,"title_en":"Supercontinent Columbia","desc_en":"At the end of the Paleoproterozoic, most landmasses assembled into the supercontinent Columbia (also called Nuna), which began breaking up about 1.3 billion years ago; it is one of the earlier supercontinents with substantial supporting evidence.","date_label_en":"c. 1.8–1.3 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x023","start":-1800000000,"end":-800000000,"date_label":"约18亿—8亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"“无聊的十亿年”","desc":"这一时期地球气候与大气氧含量相对稳定、海洋深部缺氧，生物演化进程缓慢，故被称为“无聊的十亿年”，但真核生物在此期间悄然多样化。","importance":1,"title_en":"The 'Boring Billion'","desc_en":"During this period Earth's climate and atmospheric oxygen stayed relatively stable, the deep ocean remained anoxic and evolution moved slowly—hence the name 'boring billion'—though eukaryotes quietly diversified.","date_label_en":"c. 1.8–0.8 billion years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x024","start":-1100000000,"end":-750000000,"date_label":"约11亿—7.5亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"罗迪尼亚超大陆","desc":"新元古代早期，各大陆拼合为罗迪尼亚超大陆，约7.5亿年前开始裂解；其裂解与随后的雪球地球事件可能存在联系。","importance":1,"title_en":"Supercontinent Rodinia","desc_en":"In the early Neoproterozoic, the continents assembled into the supercontinent Rodinia, which began breaking apart about 750 million years ago; its breakup may be linked to the Snowball Earth events that followed.","date_label_en":"c. 1.1 billion–750 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-013","start":-1050000000,"date_label":"约10亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"最早多细胞藻类","desc":"加拿大发现的红藻化石“班吉藻”年龄约10亿年，是已知最早可归入现代类群的多细胞生物之一，显示有性生殖可能已经出现。","importance":1,"lat":73.2,"lng":-93.5,"place":"加拿大萨默塞特岛","title_en":"Earliest Multicellular Algae","desc_en":"Bangiomorpha, a red-alga fossil from Canada about a billion years old, is one of the earliest known multicellular organisms assignable to a modern group, suggesting sexual reproduction may already have appeared.","date_label_en":"c. 1 billion years ago","place_en":"Somerset Island, Canada"},{"id":"cosmos-x025","start":-800000000,"end":-540000000,"date_label":"约8亿—5.4亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"新元古代氧化事件","desc":"大气与海洋氧含量再次大幅上升，深海逐步氧化，为体型更大、耗氧更高的动物出现创造了条件，与埃迪卡拉生物群的兴起相衔接。","importance":2,"title_en":"Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event","desc_en":"Oxygen levels in the atmosphere and oceans rose sharply again and the deep sea gradually became oxygenated, enabling larger, more oxygen-hungry animals and leading into the rise of the Ediacaran biota.","date_label_en":"c. 800–540 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-014","start":-717000000,"end":-635000000,"date_label":"约7.17亿—6.35亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"雪球地球","desc":"斯图特冰期与马里诺冰期期间，冰川可能一直延伸到赤道附近，地球几乎全被冰雪覆盖；冰期结束后生命逐步走向复杂化。","importance":2,"title_en":"Snowball Earth","desc_en":"During the Sturtian and Marinoan glaciations, ice may have reached near the equator and almost entirely covered the planet; after the glaciations ended, life gradually grew more complex.","date_label_en":"c. 717–635 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x026","start":-600000000,"end":-530000000,"date_label":"约6亿—5.3亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"冈瓦纳大陆形成","desc":"南美、非洲、南极、澳大利亚与印度等陆块碰撞拼合为冈瓦纳大陆，此后存续数亿年，并成为盘古超大陆的南半部。","importance":1,"title_en":"Gondwana Forms","desc_en":"South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India and other landmasses collided to form Gondwana, which endured for hundreds of millions of years and became the southern half of the supercontinent Pangaea.","date_label_en":"c. 600–530 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-015","start":-575000000,"end":-539000000,"date_label":"约5.75亿—5.39亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"埃迪卡拉生物群","desc":"以澳大利亚埃迪卡拉山命名的软躯体生物群，形态多为叶状、盘状，是已知最早的大型复杂多细胞生物群落之一。","importance":2,"lat":-30.8,"lng":138.13,"place":"南澳埃迪卡拉山","title_en":"The Ediacaran Biota","desc_en":"Named after Australia's Ediacara Hills, this soft-bodied biota, mostly frond- and disc-shaped, is one of the earliest known communities of large, complex multicellular organisms.","date_label_en":"c. 575–539 million years ago","place_en":"Ediacara Hills, South Australia"},{"id":"cosmos-016","start":-538800000,"date_label":"约5.39亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"寒武纪生命大爆发","desc":"在约两千万年的地质瞬间内，现存大多数动物门类的代表相继出现，眼睛、硬壳和捕食关系普及，奠定动物界的基本格局。","importance":3,"title_en":"The Cambrian Explosion","desc_en":"Within a geological instant of about 20 million years, representatives of most living animal phyla appeared; eyes, hard shells and predation became widespread, establishing the basic pattern of the animal kingdom.","date_label_en":"c. 539 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x027","start":-521000000,"date_label":"约5.21亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"三叶虫出现","desc":"寒武纪早期三叶虫出现并迅速分化，拥有矿化外骨骼和复眼，在海洋中繁盛近3亿年，最终在二叠纪末大灭绝中消失。","importance":1,"title_en":"Trilobites Appear","desc_en":"Trilobites appeared and diversified rapidly in the early Cambrian; with mineralized exoskeletons and compound eyes, they thrived in the oceans for nearly 300 million years before vanishing in the end-Permian mass extinction.","date_label_en":"c. 521 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-017","start":-518000000,"date_label":"约5.18亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"澄江生物群","desc":"云南澄江保存了大量软体结构清晰的寒武纪动物化石，包括昆明鱼、海口鱼等早期脊椎动物，是研究寒武纪大爆发的关键窗口。","importance":2,"lat":24.67,"lng":102.97,"place":"云南澄江帽天山","title_en":"The Chengjiang Biota","desc_en":"Chengjiang in Yunnan preserves abundant Cambrian animal fossils with clear soft-tissue detail, including early vertebrates such as Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys, offering a key window on the Cambrian explosion.","date_label_en":"c. 518 million years ago","place_en":"Maotianshan, Chengjiang, Yunnan"},{"id":"cosmos-x028","start":-508000000,"date_label":"约5.08亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"伯吉斯页岩生物群","desc":"加拿大落基山的伯吉斯页岩保存了大量软体动物化石，如奇虾、欧巴宾海蝎，1909年由沃尔科特发现，是研究寒武纪动物多样性的经典窗口。","importance":2,"lat":51.43,"lng":-116.47,"place":"加拿大伯吉斯山","title_en":"The Burgess Shale Biota","desc_en":"The Burgess Shale in the Canadian Rockies preserves many soft-bodied animal fossils, such as Anomalocaris and Opabinia; discovered by Walcott in 1909, it is a classic window on Cambrian animal diversity.","date_label_en":"c. 508 million years ago","place_en":"Burgess Mountain, Canada"},{"id":"cosmos-x029","start":-485000000,"end":-445000000,"date_label":"约4.85亿—4.45亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"奥陶纪生物大辐射","desc":"海洋生物在属、种层级上急剧增加，腕足类、珊瑚、苔藓虫等形成复杂礁体生态系统，其多样性增幅甚至超过寒武纪大爆发。","importance":2,"title_en":"Great Ordovician Biodiversification","desc_en":"Marine life increased dramatically at the genus and species level, with brachiopods, corals and bryozoans building complex reef ecosystems; the rise in diversity even exceeded that of the Cambrian explosion.","date_label_en":"c. 485–445 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-018","start":-470000000,"date_label":"约4.7亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"植物登陆","desc":"化石孢子显示，类似苔藓的早期陆生植物约在奥陶纪中期出现，它们改造土壤与大气，为动物登上陆地铺平道路。","importance":2,"title_en":"Plants Colonize Land","desc_en":"Fossil spores show that early moss-like land plants appeared around the mid-Ordovician, transforming soils and the atmosphere and paving the way for animals to move onto land.","date_label_en":"c. 470 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-019","start":-445000000,"date_label":"约4.45亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"奥陶纪末大灭绝","desc":"第一次大灭绝与冈瓦纳大陆冰川扩张、海平面下降有关，约85%的海洋物种消失，三叶虫、腕足类等遭受重创。","importance":2,"title_en":"End-Ordovician Mass Extinction","desc_en":"The first mass extinction, linked to expanding glaciers on Gondwana and falling sea levels, wiped out about 85% of marine species and hit trilobites and brachiopods hard.","date_label_en":"c. 445 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x030","start":-430000000,"date_label":"约4.3亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"维管植物出现","desc":"以库克逊蕨为代表的早期维管植物出现，具有输导水分的管状组织，使植物能够长高并深入干燥内陆，为陆地生态系统奠定基础。","importance":2,"title_en":"Vascular Plants Appear","desc_en":"Early vascular plants such as Cooksonia appeared, with tube-like tissues that conduct water, allowing plants to grow taller and spread into dry interiors, laying the foundation for land ecosystems.","date_label_en":"c. 430 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x031","start":-430000000,"date_label":"约4.3亿年前（志留纪）","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"有颌鱼类兴起","desc":"志留纪有颌脊椎动物开始辐射，颌的出现使主动捕食成为可能；中国云南、重庆等地出土的志留纪鱼化石为颌的起源提供了关键证据。","importance":2,"title_en":"Rise of Jawed Fishes","desc_en":"Jawed vertebrates began to radiate in the Silurian, and jaws made active predation possible; Silurian fish fossils from Yunnan, Chongqing and elsewhere in China provide key evidence for the origin of jaws.","date_label_en":"c. 430 million years ago (Silurian)"},{"id":"cosmos-x032","start":-425000000,"date_label":"约4.25亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"最早的陆生动物化石","desc":"苏格兰斯通黑文发现的千足虫化石呼吸气孔清晰，年代约4.25亿年，是已知最早可确认呼吸空气的陆生动物之一。","importance":1,"lat":56.96,"lng":-2.21,"place":"苏格兰斯通黑文","title_en":"Earliest Land Animal Fossil","desc_en":"A millipede fossil from Stonehaven, Scotland, about 425 million years old with clearly visible breathing pores, is one of the earliest known land animals confirmed to have breathed air.","date_label_en":"c. 425 million years ago","place_en":"Stonehaven, Scotland"},{"id":"cosmos-020","start":-385000000,"date_label":"约3.85亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"最早的森林","desc":"泥盆纪中期出现古羊齿等树状植物，形成地球最早的森林，根系加速岩石风化，大量吸收二氧化碳并影响全球气候。","importance":1,"title_en":"The First Forests","desc_en":"In the mid-Devonian, tree-like plants such as Archaeopteris formed Earth's first forests; their roots sped up rock weathering, drawing down large amounts of carbon dioxide and affecting global climate.","date_label_en":"c. 385 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-021","start":-375000000,"date_label":"约3.75亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"鱼类走向陆地","desc":"加拿大北极地区发现的提塔利克鱼兼具鱼类与四足动物特征，此后鱼石螈等早期四足动物出现，脊椎动物开始向陆地进军。","importance":2,"lat":77.15,"lng":-86.25,"place":"加拿大埃尔斯米尔岛","title_en":"Fish Move onto Land","desc_en":"Tiktaalik, found in the Canadian Arctic, combines features of fish and tetrapods; early tetrapods such as Ichthyostega followed, as vertebrates began their move onto land.","date_label_en":"c. 375 million years ago","place_en":"Ellesmere Island, Canada"},{"id":"cosmos-022","start":-372000000,"end":-359000000,"date_label":"约3.72亿—3.59亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"泥盆纪晚期大灭绝","desc":"第二次大灭绝由多次危机组成，海洋缺氧事件使珊瑚礁生态系统崩溃，大量海洋物种消失，盾皮鱼类最终灭绝。","importance":2,"title_en":"Late Devonian Mass Extinction","desc_en":"The second mass extinction comprised several crises; ocean anoxic events collapsed reef ecosystems, many marine species vanished, and placoderm fishes eventually died out.","date_label_en":"c. 372–359 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x033","start":-360000000,"date_label":"约3.6亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"种子植物出现","desc":"泥盆纪末出现最早的种子植物，种子使植物摆脱繁殖对水的依赖，得以占据干燥高地，后来演化出裸子植物与被子植物。","importance":2,"title_en":"Seed Plants Appear","desc_en":"The first seed plants arose at the end of the Devonian; seeds freed plant reproduction from dependence on water, letting plants occupy dry uplands, and later gave rise to gymnosperms and flowering plants.","date_label_en":"c. 360 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x034","start":-359000000,"end":-299000000,"date_label":"约3.59亿—2.99亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"石炭纪成煤期","desc":"石炭纪广袤的沼泽森林大量埋藏，形成欧洲、北美等地的主要煤层；数亿年后，这些煤炭成为工业革命的主要能源。","importance":2,"title_en":"Carboniferous Coal Formation","desc_en":"Vast Carboniferous swamp forests were buried en masse, forming the major coal seams of Europe, North America and elsewhere; hundreds of millions of years later, this coal fueled the Industrial Revolution.","date_label_en":"c. 359–299 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-023","start":-335000000,"end":-175000000,"date_label":"约3.35亿—1.75亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"盘古超大陆","desc":"地球主要陆块逐渐汇聚成泛大陆“盘古”，内陆气候干燥；约2亿年前起开始裂解，逐步形成今天的大西洋与各大洲轮廓。","importance":2,"title_en":"Supercontinent Pangaea","desc_en":"Earth's major landmasses gradually converged into the supercontinent Pangaea, with an arid interior; it began breaking apart about 200 million years ago, gradually forming today's Atlantic Ocean and continental outlines.","date_label_en":"c. 335–175 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x035","start":-325000000,"date_label":"约3.25亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"昆虫获得飞行能力","desc":"石炭纪出现最早有翅昆虫，昆虫成为地球上最早能飞行的动物；石炭纪晚期高氧环境中曾出现翼展约70厘米的巨脉蜻蜓。","importance":1,"title_en":"Insects Take Flight","desc_en":"The first winged insects appeared in the Carboniferous, making insects the first animals on Earth to fly; in the oxygen-rich late Carboniferous, griffinflies (Meganeura) reached wingspans of about 70 cm.","date_label_en":"c. 325 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-024","start":-312000000,"date_label":"约3.12亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"羊膜动物出现","desc":"以林蜥为代表的早期爬行动物产下带壳的羊膜卵，脊椎动物从此可以脱离水体繁殖；同期石炭纪森林形成大量煤炭。","importance":2,"lat":45.7,"lng":-64.44,"place":"加拿大乔金斯","title_en":"Amniotes Appear","desc_en":"Early reptiles such as Hylonomus laid shelled amniotic eggs, freeing vertebrates from water for reproduction; at the same time, Carboniferous forests were forming vast coal deposits.","date_label_en":"c. 312 million years ago","place_en":"Joggins, Canada"},{"id":"cosmos-x036","start":-305000000,"date_label":"约3.05亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"石炭纪雨林崩溃","desc":"气候转向干冷，热带煤沼森林大面积破碎化，两栖动物多样性受挫，更耐旱的爬行动物等羊膜动物随之扩展。","importance":1,"title_en":"Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse","desc_en":"As the climate turned cooler and drier, tropical coal-swamp forests fragmented widely, amphibian diversity suffered, and more drought-tolerant amniotes such as reptiles spread.","date_label_en":"c. 305 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x037","start":-252000000,"date_label":"约2.52亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"西伯利亚暗色岩喷发","desc":"西伯利亚大规模玄武岩喷发持续数十万年，释放大量二氧化碳与硫，被认为是二叠纪末大灭绝的主要诱因。","importance":2,"lat":65.0,"lng":100.0,"place":"西伯利亚","title_en":"Siberian Traps Eruptions","desc_en":"Massive basalt eruptions in Siberia lasted hundreds of thousands of years, releasing huge amounts of carbon dioxide and sulfur, and are considered the main trigger of the end-Permian mass extinction.","date_label_en":"c. 252 million years ago","place_en":"Siberia"},{"id":"cosmos-025","start":-251900000,"date_label":"约2.52亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"二叠纪末大灭绝","desc":"地球史上规模最大的灭绝事件，与西伯利亚大规模火山喷发、全球变暖和海洋酸化缺氧有关，八成以上海洋物种消失。","importance":3,"lat":69.0,"lng":94.0,"place":"西伯利亚普托拉纳","title_en":"End-Permian Mass Extinction","desc_en":"The largest extinction in Earth's history, linked to massive Siberian volcanism, global warming and ocean acidification and anoxia, wiped out more than 80% of marine species.","date_label_en":"c. 252 million years ago","place_en":"Putorana, Siberia"},{"id":"cosmos-026","start":-231000000,"date_label":"约2.3亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"恐龙出现","desc":"三叠纪晚期，南美出现始盗龙、埃雷拉龙等早期恐龙；三叠纪末灭绝之后，恐龙统治陆地生态系统长达一亿多年。","importance":3,"lat":-30.15,"lng":-67.85,"place":"阿根廷伊斯基瓜拉斯托","title_en":"Dinosaurs Appear","desc_en":"In the Late Triassic, early dinosaurs such as Eoraptor and Herrerasaurus appeared in South America; after the end-Triassic extinction, dinosaurs dominated land ecosystems for more than 100 million years.","date_label_en":"c. 230 million years ago","place_en":"Ischigualasto, Argentina"},{"id":"cosmos-x038","start":-228000000,"date_label":"约2.28亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"翼龙出现","desc":"三叠纪晚期翼龙出现，成为首批能主动飞行的脊椎动物，此后繁盛约1.6亿年，最大的风神翼龙翼展可达10米左右。","importance":1,"title_en":"Pterosaurs Appear","desc_en":"Pterosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic as the first vertebrates capable of powered flight and flourished for about 160 million years; the largest, Quetzalcoatlus, had a wingspan of roughly 10 meters.","date_label_en":"c. 228 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-027","start":-205000000,"date_label":"约2.05亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"早期哺乳动物","desc":"三叠纪晚期至侏罗纪初出现摩尔根兽等小型哺乳形动物，体型如鼩鼱，多为夜行，在恐龙时代长期处于生态边缘。","importance":2,"title_en":"Early Mammals","desc_en":"From the Late Triassic to the Early Jurassic, small mammaliaforms such as Morganucodon appeared; shrew-sized and mostly nocturnal, they long remained on the ecological margins in the age of dinosaurs.","date_label_en":"c. 205 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-028","start":-201400000,"date_label":"约2.01亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"三叠纪末大灭绝","desc":"中大西洋岩浆省的大规模火山活动伴随盘古大陆裂解，引发气候剧变，众多大型两栖类与类鳄爬行动物灭绝，为恐龙让出空间。","importance":2,"title_en":"End-Triassic Mass Extinction","desc_en":"Massive volcanism in the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province accompanied the breakup of Pangaea and triggered drastic climate change; many large amphibians and crocodile-line reptiles died out, clearing the way for dinosaurs.","date_label_en":"c. 201 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x039","start":-180000000,"date_label":"约1.8亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"冈瓦纳大陆解体","desc":"侏罗纪起冈瓦纳大陆逐步裂解，非洲、南美、南极、澳大利亚与印度相继分离，塑造了今日南半球大陆格局与生物分布。","importance":2,"title_en":"Gondwana Breaks Apart","desc_en":"From the Jurassic onward, Gondwana gradually split as Africa, South America, Antarctica, Australia and India separated in turn, shaping today's southern-hemisphere continents and the distribution of life.","date_label_en":"c. 180 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x040","start":-175000000,"date_label":"约1.75亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"大西洋开始形成","desc":"北美与非洲之间裂开，中大西洋洋盆开始扩张，大西洋至今仍以每年数厘米的速度变宽，中大西洋洋脊是其扩张中心。","importance":2,"title_en":"The Atlantic Ocean Begins to Form","desc_en":"North America and Africa rifted apart and the central Atlantic basin began spreading; the Atlantic still widens by a few centimeters a year, with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as its spreading center.","date_label_en":"c. 175 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-029","start":-150000000,"date_label":"约1.5亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"始祖鸟与鸟类起源","desc":"德国晚侏罗世地层中的始祖鸟兼具羽毛、牙齿与长尾，中国辽西大量带羽毛恐龙化石进一步证明鸟类由兽脚类恐龙演化而来。","importance":2,"lat":48.9,"lng":11.0,"place":"德国索伦霍芬","title_en":"Archaeopteryx and the Origin of Birds","desc_en":"Archaeopteryx, from Late Jurassic strata in Germany, combines feathers, teeth and a long tail; numerous feathered dinosaur fossils from western Liaoning, China, further show that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs.","date_label_en":"c. 150 million years ago","place_en":"Solnhofen, Germany"},{"id":"cosmos-030","start":-130000000,"date_label":"约1.3亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"开花植物兴起","desc":"被子植物在白垩纪早期出现并迅速多样化，辽宁的古果等化石提供了早期证据；花与传粉昆虫协同演化，重塑陆地生态。","importance":2,"lat":41.8,"lng":120.76,"place":"辽宁北票","title_en":"Rise of Flowering Plants","desc_en":"Angiosperms appeared in the Early Cretaceous and diversified rapidly, with fossils such as Archaefructus from Liaoning providing early evidence; flowers and pollinating insects coevolved, reshaping land ecosystems.","date_label_en":"c. 130 million years ago","place_en":"Beipiao, Liaoning"},{"id":"cosmos-x041","start":-125000000,"end":-120000000,"date_label":"约1.25亿—1.2亿年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"热河生物群","desc":"辽宁西部热河生物群保存了中华龙鸟等大量带羽毛恐龙、早期鸟类与哺乳动物化石，有力支持了鸟类起源于恐龙的学说。","importance":2,"lat":41.6,"lng":120.75,"place":"辽宁北票","title_en":"The Jehol Biota","desc_en":"The Jehol Biota of western Liaoning preserves many feathered dinosaurs such as Sinosauropteryx, along with early birds and mammals, strongly supporting the theory that birds descended from dinosaurs.","date_label_en":"c. 125–120 million years ago","place_en":"Beipiao, Liaoning"},{"id":"cosmos-x042","start":-68000000,"end":-66000000,"date_label":"约6800万—6600万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"霸王龙称霸北美","desc":"白垩纪最末期，暴龙（霸王龙）是北美西部的顶级掠食者，体长可达12米左右；蒙大拿地狱溪组出土了多具重要标本。","importance":1,"lat":47.6,"lng":-106.9,"place":"美国蒙大拿","title_en":"Tyrannosaurus Rules North America","desc_en":"At the very end of the Cretaceous, Tyrannosaurus rex was the apex predator of western North America, reaching about 12 meters long; Montana's Hell Creek Formation has yielded several important specimens.","date_label_en":"c. 68–66 million years ago","place_en":"Montana, USA"},{"id":"cosmos-031","start":-66000000,"date_label":"约6600万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"白垩纪末大灭绝","desc":"一颗直径约十公里的小行星撞击墨西哥尤卡坦半岛，形成希克苏鲁伯陨石坑，非鸟恐龙等约四分之三物种灭绝。","importance":3,"lat":21.4,"lng":-89.52,"place":"墨西哥希克苏鲁伯","title_en":"End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction","desc_en":"An asteroid about 10 km across struck Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, forming the Chicxulub crater; about three-quarters of species, including the non-avian dinosaurs, died out.","date_label_en":"c. 66 million years ago","place_en":"Chicxulub, Mexico"},{"id":"cosmos-x043","start":-66000000,"date_label":"约6600万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"德干暗色岩喷发","desc":"印度德干高原在白垩纪末发生大规模玄武岩喷发，与希克苏鲁伯小行星撞击几乎同时，二者对大灭绝的相对贡献仍在研究中。","importance":1,"lat":19.0,"lng":75.0,"place":"印度德干高原","title_en":"Deccan Traps Eruptions","desc_en":"India's Deccan Plateau saw massive basalt eruptions at the end of the Cretaceous, almost simultaneous with the Chicxulub impact; the relative contributions of the two to the mass extinction are still being studied.","date_label_en":"c. 66 million years ago","place_en":"Deccan Plateau, India"},{"id":"cosmos-032","start":-65000000,"date_label":"约6500万年前起","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"哺乳动物大辐射","desc":"恐龙灭绝后空出的生态位被哺乳动物迅速占据，一千多万年内演化出有蹄类、食肉类、蝙蝠、鲸类等多样类群。","importance":2,"title_en":"Mammalian Radiation","desc_en":"Mammals rapidly filled the niches left vacant by the dinosaurs, and within ten-odd million years evolved into diverse groups including hoofed mammals, carnivorans, bats and whales.","date_label_en":"from c. 65 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-033","start":-56000000,"date_label":"约5600万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"古新世—始新世极热事件","desc":"大量碳在数千年内进入大气和海洋，全球升温约5至8摄氏度并伴随海洋酸化，是研究当代气候变化的重要地质类比。","importance":1,"title_en":"Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum","desc_en":"Huge amounts of carbon entered the atmosphere and oceans within a few thousand years, warming the globe by about 5–8°C with accompanying ocean acidification; it is an important geological analogue for modern climate change.","date_label_en":"c. 56 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-034","start":-55000000,"date_label":"约5500万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"早期灵长类","desc":"湖北荆州发现的阿喀琉斯基猴生活在约5500万年前，是已知最古老的灵长类骨架之一，体型细小，在树上生活。","importance":2,"lat":30.33,"lng":112.24,"place":"湖北荆州","title_en":"Early Primates","desc_en":"Archicebus achilles, found in Jingzhou, Hubei, lived about 55 million years ago and is one of the oldest known primate skeletons; it was tiny and lived in trees.","date_label_en":"c. 55 million years ago","place_en":"Jingzhou, Hubei"},{"id":"cosmos-x044","start":-50000000,"end":-40000000,"date_label":"约5000万—4000万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"印度板块撞击亚洲","desc":"印度板块向北漂移并与欧亚板块碰撞，隆起喜马拉雅山脉与青藏高原，深刻改变了亚洲季风与全球气候格局。","importance":3,"lat":27.99,"lng":86.93,"place":"喜马拉雅山","title_en":"India Collides with Asia","desc_en":"The Indian plate drifted north and collided with the Eurasian plate, raising the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau and profoundly reshaping the Asian monsoon and global climate.","date_label_en":"c. 50–40 million years ago","place_en":"Himalayas"},{"id":"cosmos-x045","start":-50000000,"date_label":"约5000万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"鲸类回归海洋","desc":"以巴基斯坦发现的巴基鲸为代表，鲸类祖先是陆生偶蹄类，经约1000万年演化完全适应海洋生活，是陆生哺乳动物重返海洋的典型案例。","importance":1,"title_en":"Whales Return to the Sea","desc_en":"As shown by Pakicetus from Pakistan, whale ancestors were land-dwelling even-toed ungulates that became fully adapted to marine life over about 10 million years—a classic case of land mammals returning to the sea.","date_label_en":"c. 50 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-035","start":-34000000,"date_label":"约3400万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"南极冰盖形成","desc":"始新世与渐新世之交，大气二氧化碳下降、南极周边洋流改变，南极大陆形成永久冰盖，地球进入长期变冷的“冰室”状态。","importance":2,"title_en":"Antarctic Ice Sheet Forms","desc_en":"At the Eocene–Oligocene transition, falling atmospheric CO₂ and changing currents around Antarctica allowed a permanent ice sheet to form, pushing Earth into a long-term cooling 'icehouse' state.","date_label_en":"c. 34 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-036","start":-25000000,"date_label":"约2500万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"猿与猴分道扬镳","desc":"化石与分子证据显示，猿类与旧大陆猴约在2500万至3000万年前分化，坦桑尼亚的鲁克瓦古猿是已知最早的猿类化石之一。","importance":1,"title_en":"Apes and Monkeys Part Ways","desc_en":"Fossil and molecular evidence show apes and Old World monkeys diverged about 25–30 million years ago; Rukwapithecus from Tanzania is one of the earliest known ape fossils.","date_label_en":"c. 25 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x046","start":-25000000,"date_label":"约2500万年前起","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"东非大裂谷形成","desc":"非洲板块内部开始张裂，形成东非大裂谷，地形与气候的变化使东非环境趋于干燥开阔，被认为影响了人类祖先的演化。","importance":2,"lat":0.5,"lng":36.0,"place":"东非大裂谷","title_en":"East African Rift Forms","desc_en":"The African plate began rifting internally, forming the East African Rift; the resulting changes in terrain and climate made East Africa drier and more open, which is thought to have influenced the evolution of human ancestors.","date_label_en":"from c. 25 million years ago","place_en":"East African Rift"},{"id":"cosmos-x047","start":-17000000,"end":-15000000,"date_label":"约1700万—1500万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"中新世气候适宜期","desc":"中新世中期全球显著变暖，大气二氧化碳偏高，森林向高纬度扩展，此后气候转凉，南极冰盖重新扩大。","importance":1,"title_en":"Miocene Climatic Optimum","desc_en":"The mid-Miocene saw marked global warming with elevated atmospheric CO₂ and forests spreading to high latitudes; the climate then cooled and the Antarctic ice sheet expanded again.","date_label_en":"c. 17–15 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x048","start":-8000000,"end":-6000000,"date_label":"约800万—600万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"C4草原扩张","desc":"采用C4光合途径的禾草在热带与亚热带迅速扩张，森林让位于稀树草原，马、羚羊等食草动物随之演化，非洲人族的生境也随之改变。","importance":1,"title_en":"Spread of C4 Grasslands","desc_en":"Grasses using the C4 photosynthetic pathway spread rapidly across the tropics and subtropics, forests gave way to savanna, grazing animals such as horses and antelope evolved accordingly, and the habitats of African hominins changed too.","date_label_en":"c. 8–6 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-037","start":-7000000,"end":-6000000,"date_label":"约700万—600万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"人族与黑猩猩分化","desc":"人类所在的人族谱系与黑猩猩谱系分开演化；乍得出土的乍得沙赫人约700万年前，可能是已知最早的人族成员之一。","importance":3,"lat":16.25,"lng":17.48,"place":"乍得朱拉布沙漠","title_en":"Hominins Split from Chimpanzees","desc_en":"The hominin lineage that includes humans diverged from the chimpanzee lineage; Sahelanthropus tchadensis from Chad, about 7 million years old, may be one of the earliest known hominins.","date_label_en":"c. 7–6 million years ago","place_en":"Djurab Desert, Chad"},{"id":"cosmos-x049","start":-7000000,"date_label":"约700万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"乍得沙赫人","desc":"2001年在乍得德乍腊沙漠发现的头骨“图迈”年代约700万年，兼具猿与人族特征，是候选的最早人族成员之一。","importance":2,"lat":16.25,"lng":17.5,"place":"乍得德乍腊","title_en":"Sahelanthropus tchadensis","desc_en":"The skull nicknamed 'Toumaï', found in Chad's Djurab Desert in 2001 and dated to about 7 million years ago, combines ape and hominin features and is a candidate for the earliest hominin.","date_label_en":"c. 7 million years ago","place_en":"Djurab, Chad"},{"id":"cosmos-x050","start":-6000000,"date_label":"约600万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"图根原人","desc":"2000年发现于肯尼亚图根山，股骨形态显示其可能已能两足行走，与乍得沙赫人同为最古老的人族候选物种。","importance":1,"lat":0.75,"lng":35.85,"place":"肯尼亚图根山","title_en":"Orrorin tugenensis","desc_en":"Discovered in Kenya's Tugen Hills in 2000, its thigh bone suggests it may already have walked on two legs; together with Sahelanthropus it is among the oldest hominin candidates.","date_label_en":"c. 6 million years ago","place_en":"Tugen Hills, Kenya"},{"id":"cosmos-x051","start":-5970000,"end":-5330000,"date_label":"约597万—533万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"墨西拿盐度危机","desc":"直布罗陀通道关闭，地中海大部分蒸发干涸，沉积下巨厚盐层；约533万年前大西洋海水重新灌入，即赞克尔大洪水。","importance":1,"lat":36.0,"lng":18.0,"place":"地中海","title_en":"Messinian Salinity Crisis","desc_en":"The Gibraltar gateway closed and most of the Mediterranean evaporated, depositing thick salt layers; about 5.33 million years ago Atlantic water poured back in—the Zanclean flood.","date_label_en":"c. 5.97–5.33 million years ago","place_en":"Mediterranean Sea"},{"id":"cosmos-038","start":-4400000,"date_label":"约440万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"地猿始祖种","desc":"埃塞俄比亚出土的“阿尔迪”骨架显示，地猿既能在地面直立行走，又保留适合攀爬的对握大脚趾，处于树栖向地面生活过渡阶段。","importance":2,"lat":10.47,"lng":40.47,"place":"埃塞俄比亚阿法尔","title_en":"Ardipithecus ramidus","desc_en":"The 'Ardi' skeleton from Ethiopia shows Ardipithecus could walk upright on the ground yet kept an opposable big toe suited to climbing, a transitional stage between tree and ground living.","date_label_en":"c. 4.4 million years ago","place_en":"Afar, Ethiopia"},{"id":"cosmos-x052","start":-4200000,"date_label":"约420万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"南方古猿湖畔种","desc":"发现于肯尼亚卡纳波伊等地，年代约420万年，是已知最早的南方古猿之一，胫骨显示其已能两足直立行走。","importance":1,"lat":2.32,"lng":36.07,"place":"肯尼亚卡纳波伊","title_en":"Australopithecus anamensis","desc_en":"Found at Kanapoi and other sites in Kenya and dated to about 4.2 million years ago, it is one of the earliest known australopiths; its shinbone shows it already walked upright on two legs.","date_label_en":"c. 4.2 million years ago","place_en":"Kanapoi, Kenya"},{"id":"cosmos-039","start":-3900000,"end":-2900000,"date_label":"约390万—290万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"南方古猿阿法种","desc":"著名化石“露西”生活在约320万年前，脑容量与黑猩猩相近，但已习惯两足直立行走；坦桑尼亚莱托利留下约366万年前的脚印。","importance":3,"lat":11.1,"lng":40.58,"place":"埃塞俄比亚哈达尔","title_en":"Australopithecus afarensis","desc_en":"The famous fossil 'Lucy' lived about 3.2 million years ago with a brain size close to a chimpanzee's, yet habitually walked upright; footprints about 3.66 million years old survive at Laetoli, Tanzania.","date_label_en":"c. 3.9–2.9 million years ago","place_en":"Hadar, Ethiopia"},{"id":"cosmos-x053","start":-3660000,"date_label":"约366万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"莱托里脚印","desc":"坦桑尼亚莱托里火山灰中保存的一串人族足迹，由玛丽·利基团队于1978年发现，直接证明了当时人族已习惯性两足行走。","importance":2,"lat":-3.22,"lng":35.19,"place":"坦桑尼亚莱托里","title_en":"Laetoli Footprints","desc_en":"A trail of hominin footprints preserved in volcanic ash at Laetoli, Tanzania, found by Mary Leakey's team in 1978, directly proves that hominins of the time habitually walked on two legs.","date_label_en":"c. 3.66 million years ago","place_en":"Laetoli, Tanzania"},{"id":"cosmos-040","start":-3300000,"date_label":"约330万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"最早的石器","desc":"肯尼亚洛迈奎遗址出土的石器约有330万年历史，早于人属出现，显示早期人族已能有意识地打制石片。","importance":2,"lat":3.91,"lng":35.85,"place":"肯尼亚图尔卡纳","title_en":"The Earliest Stone Tools","desc_en":"Stone tools from Lomekwi, Kenya, about 3.3 million years old, predate the genus Homo and show that early hominins could deliberately knap stone flakes.","date_label_en":"c. 3.3 million years ago","place_en":"Turkana, Kenya"},{"id":"cosmos-x054","start":-3200000,"date_label":"约320万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"“露西”化石","desc":"1974年在埃塞俄比亚哈达尔发现的南方古猿阿法种骨架，保存约40%，被命名为“露西”，成为人类起源研究最著名的化石之一。","importance":2,"lat":11.1,"lng":40.58,"place":"埃塞俄比亚哈达尔","title_en":"The 'Lucy' Fossil","desc_en":"Found at Hadar, Ethiopia, in 1974, this Australopithecus afarensis skeleton, about 40% complete, was named 'Lucy' and became one of the most famous fossils in the study of human origins.","date_label_en":"c. 3.2 million years ago","place_en":"Hadar, Ethiopia"},{"id":"cosmos-x055","start":-3000000,"date_label":"约300万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"巴拿马地峡形成","desc":"板块运动使巴拿马地峡逐渐闭合，连通南北美洲，引发“南北美生物大交换”，并改变洋流，与北半球冰盖扩张可能有关。","importance":2,"lat":9.0,"lng":-79.5,"place":"巴拿马地峡","title_en":"Isthmus of Panama Forms","desc_en":"Plate movements gradually closed the Isthmus of Panama, linking North and South America and triggering the Great American Biotic Interchange; it also altered ocean currents and may be linked to the growth of northern-hemisphere ice sheets.","date_label_en":"c. 3 million years ago","place_en":"Isthmus of Panama"},{"id":"cosmos-x056","start":-2800000,"date_label":"约280万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"塔翁幼儿","desc":"1924年南非塔翁出土的幼年头骨，由达特命名为南方古猿非洲种，首次表明人类起源于非洲，年代约280万年。","importance":1,"lat":-27.62,"lng":24.77,"place":"南非塔翁","title_en":"The Taung Child","desc_en":"A juvenile skull unearthed at Taung, South Africa, in 1924 and named Australopithecus africanus by Dart, it first indicated that humans originated in Africa; it is about 2.8 million years old.","date_label_en":"c. 2.8 million years ago","place_en":"Taung, South Africa"},{"id":"cosmos-x057","start":-2800000,"date_label":"约280万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"最早的人属化石","desc":"2013年在埃塞俄比亚阿法尔地区莱迪—格拉鲁发现的下颌骨LD 350-1，年代约280万年，是目前已知最早的人属化石。","importance":2,"title_en":"Earliest Fossil of the Genus Homo","desc_en":"The jawbone LD 350-1, found in 2013 at Ledi-Geraru in Ethiopia's Afar region and dated to about 2.8 million years ago, is the earliest known fossil of the genus Homo.","date_label_en":"c. 2.8 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x058","start":-2600000,"date_label":"约260万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"奥杜威石器工业","desc":"以敲击砾石获得锋利石片和砍砸器为特征，以坦桑尼亚奥杜威峡谷命名，最早见于埃塞俄比亚戈纳，延续约百万年。","importance":2,"title_en":"Oldowan Stone Tools","desc_en":"Characterized by sharp flakes and choppers struck from pebbles and named after Tanzania's Olduvai Gorge, the industry first appears at Gona, Ethiopia, and lasted about a million years.","date_label_en":"c. 2.6 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-041","start":-2580000,"date_label":"约258万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"第四纪冰期开始","desc":"北半球大陆冰盖开始周期性扩张与消退，冰期与间冰期交替出现，深刻影响此后人类祖先的分布、迁徙与演化。","importance":2,"title_en":"Quaternary Ice Age Begins","desc_en":"Continental ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere began to advance and retreat cyclically, alternating glacials and interglacials that profoundly shaped the distribution, migration and evolution of human ancestors.","date_label_en":"c. 2.58 million years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-042","start":-2400000,"end":-1400000,"date_label":"约240万—140万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"能人","desc":"能人是较早的人属成员之一，脑容量比南方古猿更大，与东非奥杜威式简单石器关系密切，因此得名“手巧的人”。","importance":2,"lat":-2.99,"lng":35.35,"place":"坦桑尼亚奥杜威峡谷","title_en":"Homo habilis","desc_en":"One of the earlier members of the genus Homo, with a larger brain than the australopiths, Homo habilis is closely associated with simple Oldowan stone tools in East Africa—hence the name 'handy man'.","date_label_en":"c. 2.4–1.4 million years ago","place_en":"Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania"},{"id":"cosmos-x059","start":-2300000,"end":-1200000,"date_label":"约230万—120万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"粗壮的傍人","desc":"傍人具有巨大臼齿和矢状脊，适应咀嚼粗硬食物；1959年玛丽·利基在奥杜威峡谷发现鲍氏傍人头骨，傍人最终绝灭。","importance":1,"lat":-2.99,"lng":35.35,"place":"坦桑尼亚奥杜威","title_en":"The Robust Paranthropus","desc_en":"Paranthropus had huge molars and a sagittal crest adapted to chewing tough food; in 1959 Mary Leakey found a Paranthropus boisei skull at Olduvai Gorge, and the genus eventually went extinct.","date_label_en":"c. 2.3–1.2 million years ago","place_en":"Olduvai, Tanzania"},{"id":"cosmos-x060","start":-2120000,"date_label":"约212万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"上陈遗址石器","desc":"2018年公布的陕西蓝田上陈遗址石器年代约212万年，是非洲以外已知最早的古人类活动证据，将人类走出非洲的时间提前。","importance":2,"lat":34.13,"lng":109.33,"place":"陕西蓝田上陈","title_en":"Shangchen Stone Tools","desc_en":"Stone tools from the Shangchen site in Lantian, Shaanxi, published in 2018 and dated to about 2.12 million years ago, are the earliest known evidence of hominin activity outside Africa, pushing back the date humans left Africa.","date_label_en":"c. 2.12 million years ago","place_en":"Shangchen, Lantian, Shaanxi"},{"id":"cosmos-x061","start":-1980000,"date_label":"约198万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"南方古猿源泉种","desc":"2008年在南非马拉帕洞穴发现，兼具南方古猿与人属特征，年代约198万年，对理解人属起源有重要意义。","importance":1,"lat":-25.89,"lng":27.8,"place":"南非马拉帕","title_en":"Australopithecus sediba","desc_en":"Discovered at Malapa Cave, South Africa, in 2008 and dated to about 1.98 million years ago, it combines australopith and Homo features and is important for understanding the origin of the genus Homo.","date_label_en":"c. 1.98 million years ago","place_en":"Malapa, South Africa"},{"id":"cosmos-043","start":-1900000,"date_label":"约190万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"直立人","desc":"直立人身材比例与现代人接近，适合长距离行走奔跑；他们走出非洲，足迹遍及格鲁吉亚德马尼西、印尼爪哇和中国周口店等地。","importance":3,"lat":41.34,"lng":44.34,"place":"格鲁吉亚德马尼西","title_en":"Homo erectus","desc_en":"Homo erectus had body proportions close to modern humans, suited to long-distance walking and running; they left Africa and spread to places such as Dmanisi in Georgia, Java in Indonesia and Zhoukoudian in China.","date_label_en":"c. 1.9 million years ago","place_en":"Dmanisi, Georgia"},{"id":"cosmos-x062","start":-1800000,"date_label":"约180万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"德马尼西人","desc":"格鲁吉亚德马尼西出土多具约180万年前的古人类头骨，脑量较小，表明早期人类走出非洲时体质仍较原始。","importance":2,"lat":41.34,"lng":44.34,"place":"格鲁吉亚德马尼西","title_en":"The Dmanisi Hominins","desc_en":"Several hominin skulls about 1.8 million years old from Dmanisi, Georgia, have small brains, showing that early humans were still physically primitive when they left Africa.","date_label_en":"c. 1.8 million years ago","place_en":"Dmanisi, Georgia"},{"id":"cosmos-044","start":-1760000,"date_label":"约176万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"阿舍利手斧","desc":"肯尼亚出土约176万年前的两面加工手斧，标志阿舍利技术出现，这种对称工具在非洲、欧洲和亚洲沿用一百多万年。","importance":2,"lat":4.0,"lng":35.8,"place":"肯尼亚西图尔卡纳","title_en":"Acheulean Hand Axes","desc_en":"Bifacial hand axes about 1.76 million years old from Kenya mark the appearance of Acheulean technology; these symmetrical tools remained in use across Africa, Europe and Asia for more than a million years.","date_label_en":"c. 1.76 million years ago","place_en":"West Turkana, Kenya"},{"id":"cosmos-x063","start":-1700000,"date_label":"约170万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"元谋人","desc":"1965年发现于云南元谋的两枚门齿，古地磁测年约170万年，是中国境内较早的直立人化石证据之一。","importance":1,"lat":25.7,"lng":101.87,"place":"云南元谋","title_en":"Yuanmou Man","desc_en":"Two incisors found at Yuanmou, Yunnan, in 1965 and paleomagnetically dated to about 1.7 million years ago are among the earlier fossil evidence of Homo erectus in China.","date_label_en":"c. 1.7 million years ago","place_en":"Yuanmou, Yunnan"},{"id":"cosmos-x064","start":-1630000,"date_label":"约163万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"蓝田人","desc":"1964年陕西蓝田公王岭出土直立人头骨，2015年测年约163万年，是东亚已知较早的直立人化石之一。","importance":1,"lat":34.15,"lng":109.32,"place":"陕西蓝田","title_en":"Lantian Man","desc_en":"A Homo erectus skull unearthed at Gongwangling in Lantian, Shaanxi, in 1964 was dated in 2015 to about 1.63 million years ago, making it one of the earlier known Homo erectus fossils in East Asia.","date_label_en":"c. 1.63 million years ago","place_en":"Lantian, Shaanxi"},{"id":"cosmos-x065","start":-1500000,"date_label":"约150万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"图尔卡纳男孩","desc":"1984年在肯尼亚图尔卡纳湖西岸发现的少年直立人（匠人）骨架，保存极为完整，显示其身体比例已接近现代人。","importance":2,"lat":4.1,"lng":35.85,"place":"肯尼亚图尔卡纳","title_en":"Turkana Boy","desc_en":"Found on the west shore of Lake Turkana, Kenya, in 1984, this remarkably complete skeleton of an adolescent Homo erectus (Homo ergaster) shows body proportions already close to those of modern humans.","date_label_en":"c. 1.5 million years ago","place_en":"Turkana, Kenya"},{"id":"cosmos-x066","start":-1500000,"date_label":"约150万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"爪哇直立人","desc":"1891年杜布瓦在爪哇特里尼尔发现“爪哇人”；桑吉兰遗址的直立人化石最早约150万年，表明直立人很早抵达东南亚。","importance":1,"lat":-7.46,"lng":110.84,"place":"印尼桑吉兰","title_en":"Java Man","desc_en":"In 1891 Dubois found 'Java Man' at Trinil, Java; Homo erectus fossils from Sangiran date back as far as about 1.5 million years, showing Homo erectus reached Southeast Asia early.","date_label_en":"c. 1.5 million years ago","place_en":"Sangiran, Indonesia"},{"id":"cosmos-x067","start":-1200000,"end":-800000,"date_label":"约120万—80万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"西班牙阿塔普埃卡先驱人","desc":"西班牙阿塔普埃卡遗址出土约120万年前的人类下颌及约85万年前的先驱人化石，是西欧最早的人类证据之一。","importance":1,"lat":42.35,"lng":-3.52,"place":"西班牙阿塔普埃卡","title_en":"Homo antecessor at Atapuerca","desc_en":"Spain's Atapuerca sites have yielded a human jaw about 1.2 million years old and Homo antecessor fossils about 850,000 years old, among the earliest evidence of humans in Western Europe.","date_label_en":"c. 1.2 million–800,000 years ago","place_en":"Atapuerca, Spain"},{"id":"cosmos-x068","start":-1200000,"end":-700000,"date_label":"约120万—70万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"中更新世气候转型","desc":"冰期—间冰期旋回由约4.1万年周期转为约10万年周期，冰期更长更冷，环境剧烈波动，被认为影响了古人类的演化与扩散。","importance":1,"title_en":"Mid-Pleistocene Transition","desc_en":"Glacial–interglacial cycles shifted from a roughly 41,000-year rhythm to a roughly 100,000-year one, with longer, colder glacials and sharp environmental swings thought to have influenced human evolution and dispersal.","date_label_en":"c. 1.2 million–700,000 years ago"},{"id":"europe-x001","start":-1200000,"date_label":"约120万年前","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"阿塔普埃尔卡早期人类","desc":"西班牙阿塔普埃尔卡象坑遗址出土约120万年前的人类下颌骨，是西欧已知最早的人类化石之一，表明古人类很早就进入欧洲。","importance":2,"lat":42.35,"lng":-3.52,"place":"阿塔普埃尔卡","title_en":"Early Humans at Atapuerca","desc_en":"A human jawbone about 1.2 million years old from the Sima del Elefante site at Atapuerca, Spain, is one of the earliest known human fossils in Western Europe, showing that early humans reached Europe very early.","date_label_en":"c. 1.2 million years ago","place_en":"Atapuerca"},{"id":"cosmos-045","start":-1000000,"date_label":"约100万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"人类控制用火","desc":"南非奇迹洞发现约100万年前的燃烧遗迹；用火让人类能够烹饪、取暖、驱兽，约40万年前以后用火证据明显增多。","importance":3,"lat":-27.85,"lng":23.55,"place":"南非奇迹洞","title_en":"Humans Control Fire","desc_en":"Traces of burning about a million years old were found in Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa; fire let humans cook, keep warm and ward off animals, and evidence of fire use increases markedly after about 400,000 years ago.","date_label_en":"c. 1 million years ago","place_en":"Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa"},{"id":"cosmos-x069","start":-773000,"date_label":"约77.3万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"布容—松山地磁倒转","desc":"地球最近一次磁极完全倒转，2020年国际地科联以日本千叶县养老川剖面为标志，命名中更新世起点为“千叶期”。","importance":1,"lat":35.29,"lng":140.15,"place":"日本千叶","title_en":"Brunhes–Matuyama Reversal","desc_en":"The most recent full reversal of Earth's magnetic poles; in 2020 the International Union of Geological Sciences used the Yoro River section in Chiba, Japan, as its marker and named the start of the Middle Pleistocene the 'Chibanian'.","date_label_en":"c. 773,000 years ago","place_en":"Chiba, Japan"},{"id":"cosmos-x070","start":-770000,"end":-400000,"date_label":"约77万—40万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"北京周口店直立人","desc":"1929年裴文中在周口店发现第一个北京人头盖骨，铝铍埋藏测年显示其年代可早至约77万年前，遗址并有用火遗迹的讨论。","importance":2,"lat":39.69,"lng":115.93,"place":"北京周口店","title_en":"Peking Man at Zhoukoudian","desc_en":"In 1929 Pei Wenzhong found the first Peking Man skullcap at Zhoukoudian; aluminium–beryllium burial dating suggests it may be as old as about 770,000 years, and the site's possible traces of fire use are debated.","date_label_en":"c. 770,000–400,000 years ago","place_en":"Zhoukoudian, Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x001","start":-700000,"date_label":"约70万年前","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"周口店北京猿人","desc":"北京周口店龙骨山发现的直立人化石与用火遗迹，年代约距今70万至20万年；1929年裴文中发掘出第一个完整的北京猿人头盖骨。","importance":2,"lat":39.69,"lng":115.93,"place":"北京周口店","title_en":"Peking Man at Zhoukoudian","desc_en":"Homo erectus fossils and traces of fire use found at Dragon Bone Hill, Zhoukoudian, Beijing, date to about 700,000–200,000 years ago; in 1929 Pei Wenzhong excavated the first complete Peking Man skullcap.","date_label_en":"c. 700,000 years ago","place_en":"Zhoukoudian, Beijing"},{"id":"cosmos-x071","start":-600000,"end":-200000,"date_label":"约60万—20万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"海德堡人","desc":"1907年德国毛尔出土的下颌骨命名了海德堡人，其广泛分布于非洲与欧亚，常被视为尼安德特人与智人的共同祖先候选。","importance":2,"lat":49.33,"lng":8.83,"place":"德国毛尔","title_en":"Homo heidelbergensis","desc_en":"Named after a jawbone found at Mauer, Germany, in 1907, Homo heidelbergensis ranged widely across Africa and Eurasia and is often seen as a candidate common ancestor of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens.","date_label_en":"c. 600,000–200,000 years ago","place_en":"Mauer, Germany"},{"id":"cosmos-046","start":-400000,"end":-40000,"date_label":"约40万—4万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"尼安德特人","desc":"尼安德特人主要生活在欧洲与西亚，适应寒冷气候，会制作复杂石器、埋葬死者；今天非洲以外人群基因中约有1%至2%来自他们。","importance":3,"lat":51.23,"lng":6.95,"place":"德国尼安德河谷","title_en":"Neanderthals","desc_en":"Neanderthals lived mainly in Europe and West Asia, were adapted to cold climates, made complex stone tools and buried their dead; about 1–2% of the genes of people outside Africa today come from them.","date_label_en":"c. 400,000–40,000 years ago","place_en":"Neander Valley, Germany"},{"id":"cosmos-x072","start":-335000,"end":-236000,"date_label":"约33.5万—23.6万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"纳莱迪人","desc":"2015年公布、发现于南非新星洞穴的人属物种，脑量仅约500毫升左右，却与早期智人同时存在，挑战了线性演化观。","importance":1,"lat":-26.02,"lng":27.73,"place":"南非新星洞","title_en":"Homo 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hunt large animals cooperatively.","date_label_en":"c. 300,000 years ago","place_en":"Schöningen, Germany"},{"id":"cosmos-048","start":-200000,"end":-50000,"date_label":"约20万—5万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"丹尼索瓦人","desc":"2010年通过西伯利亚丹尼索瓦洞指骨DNA测序确认的古人类，青藏高原夏河下颌骨也属此类，其部分基因帮助藏族人适应高海拔。","importance":2,"lat":51.4,"lng":84.68,"place":"西伯利亚丹尼索瓦洞","title_en":"Denisovans","desc_en":"An archaic human group identified in 2010 by sequencing DNA from a finger bone in Siberia's Denisova Cave; the Xiahe jawbone from the Tibetan Plateau also belongs to them, and some of their genes help Tibetans adapt to high altitude.","date_label_en":"c. 200,000–50,000 years ago","place_en":"Denisova Cave, Siberia"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x001","start":-162000,"date_label":"约16.4万年前","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"尖峰岬海岸觅食","desc":"南非尖峰岬13B洞穴显示，约16.4万年前的现代人已系统采集贝类并使用赭石，是人类利用海洋资源的最早证据之一。","importance":2,"lat":-34.21,"lng":22.09,"place":"尖峰岬洞穴","title_en":"Coastal Foraging at Pinnacle Point","desc_en":"Cave 13B at Pinnacle Point, South Africa, shows that modern humans about 164,000 years ago systematically gathered shellfish and used ochre—some of the earliest evidence of humans exploiting marine resources.","date_label_en":"c. 164,000 years ago","place_en":"Pinnacle Point Caves"},{"id":"cosmos-x075","start":-160000,"date_label":"约16万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"夏河丹尼索瓦人","desc":"甘肃夏河白石崖溶洞出土的下颌骨，2019年经古蛋白分析确认属丹尼索瓦人，证明其曾生活在青藏高原，约16万年前。","importance":2,"lat":35.45,"lng":102.57,"place":"甘肃夏河","title_en":"The Xiahe Denisovan","desc_en":"A jawbone from Baishiya Karst Cave in Xiahe, Gansu, confirmed in 2019 by ancient-protein analysis as Denisovan, proves that Denisovans lived on the Tibetan Plateau about 160,000 years ago.","date_label_en":"c. 160,000 years ago","place_en":"Xiahe, Gansu"},{"id":"cosmos-x076","start":-100000,"end":-60000,"date_label":"约10万—6万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"弗洛勒斯人","desc":"2003年在印尼弗洛勒斯岛梁布亚洞发现，成年个体身高约1米，被称为“霍比特人”，展示了岛屿环境对人类演化的影响。","importance":2,"lat":-8.53,"lng":120.44,"place":"印尼梁布亚","title_en":"Homo floresiensis","desc_en":"Discovered in 2003 at Liang Bua cave on the Indonesian island of Flores, adults stood about 1 meter tall; nicknamed the 'hobbit', it shows how island environments shaped human evolution.","date_label_en":"c. 100,000–60,000 years ago","place_en":"Liang Bua, Indonesia"},{"id":"cosmos-x077","start":-74000,"date_label":"约7.4万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"多巴火山超级喷发","desc":"苏门答腊多巴火山发生过去200万年最大规模喷发之一，形成多巴湖；其对气候和人类种群的影响程度在学界仍有争论。","importance":2,"lat":2.68,"lng":98.88,"place":"苏门答腊多巴湖","title_en":"Toba Supereruption","desc_en":"Sumatra's Toba volcano produced one of the largest eruptions of the past two million years, forming Lake Toba; how much it affected climate and human populations is still debated.","date_label_en":"c. 74,000 years ago","place_en":"Lake Toba, Sumatra"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-001","start":-73000,"date_label":"约7.3万年前","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"布隆伯斯洞穴刻纹","desc":"南非布隆伯斯洞穴出土带交叉刻纹的赭石块和贝壳串珠，是已知最早的人类抽象符号与装饰品之一，表明现代人类认知能力在非洲早已形成。","importance":2,"lat":-34.41,"lng":21.22,"place":"布隆伯斯洞穴","title_en":"Blombos Cave Engravings","desc_en":"Ochre pieces with cross-hatched engravings and shell beads from Blombos Cave, South Africa, are among the earliest known human abstract symbols and ornaments, showing modern human cognition had developed early in Africa.","date_label_en":"c. 73,000 years ago","place_en":"Blombos Cave"},{"id":"cosmos-049","start":-68000,"end":-48000,"date_label":"约7万—5万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"智人走出非洲","desc":"现代人类主要祖先群体从非洲向外扩散，沿亚洲南部迅速分布到各地，途中与尼安德特人、丹尼索瓦人发生基因交流。","importance":3,"lat":12.58,"lng":43.33,"place":"曼德海峡","title_en":"Homo sapiens Leaves Africa","desc_en":"The main ancestral population of modern humans spread out of Africa and rapidly dispersed along southern Asia, exchanging genes with Neanderthals and Denisovans along the way.","date_label_en":"c. 70,000–50,000 years ago","place_en":"Bab-el-Mandeb Strait"},{"id":"cosmos-x078","start":-67000,"end":-50000,"date_label":"约6.7万—5万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"吕宋人","desc":"2019年公布、发现于菲律宾吕宋岛卡亚俄洞的人属新种，牙齿与指骨形态独特，显示东南亚岛屿曾生活着多种古人类。","importance":1,"lat":17.7,"lng":121.82,"place":"菲律宾卡亚俄洞","title_en":"Homo luzonensis","desc_en":"A new Homo species from Callao Cave on Luzon in the Philippines, announced in 2019, with distinctive teeth and finger bones, showing that several archaic human species once lived on the islands of Southeast Asia.","date_label_en":"c. 67,000–50,000 years ago","place_en":"Callao Cave, Philippines"},{"id":"cosmos-x079","start":-64000,"date_label":"约6.4万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"最早的弓箭证据","desc":"南非西布杜洞穴出土约6.4万年前的石质箭头，部分带有血迹与胶痕，是已知最早的弓箭使用证据之一。","importance":1,"lat":-29.52,"lng":31.08,"place":"南非西布杜洞","title_en":"Earliest Evidence of Bow and Arrow","desc_en":"Stone arrowheads about 64,000 years old from Sibudu Cave, South Africa, some bearing traces of blood and glue, are among the earliest known evidence of bow-and-arrow use.","date_label_en":"c. 64,000 years ago","place_en":"Sibudu Cave, South Africa"},{"id":"oceania-x001","start":-63000,"date_label":"约6.5万年前","region":"oceania","dims":["文化"],"title":"马杰德贝贝岩棚","desc":"北领地阿纳姆地西部的马杰德贝贝岩棚出土磨制石器与赭石，光释光测年约6.5万年前，被认为是澳大利亚最早的人类居住证据之一，年代仍有争议。","importance":2,"lat":-12.5,"lng":132.88,"place":"马杰德贝贝","title_en":"Madjedbebe Rock Shelter","desc_en":"Ground stone tools and ochre from the Madjedbebe rock shelter in western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, dated by optically stimulated luminescence to about 65,000 years ago, are considered among the earliest evidence of human habitation in Australia, though the date is debated.","date_label_en":"c. 65,000 years ago","place_en":"Madjedbebe"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x002","start":-62000,"date_label":"约6.4万年前","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"西布杜洞穴弓箭","desc":"南非西布杜洞穴出土约6.4万年前的石箭头，残留植物胶与血迹，被视为人类使用弓箭狩猎的最早证据之一，表明已掌握复合工具技术。","importance":2,"lat":-29.52,"lng":31.08,"place":"西布杜洞穴","title_en":"Bows and Arrows at Sibudu Cave","desc_en":"Stone arrowheads about 64,000 years old from Sibudu Cave, South Africa, with residues of plant glue and blood, are regarded as some of the earliest evidence of bow-and-arrow hunting, showing mastery of composite-tool technology.","date_label_en":"c. 64,000 years ago","place_en":"Sibudu Cave"},{"id":"cosmos-x080","start":-60000,"end":-45000,"date_label":"约6万—4.5万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"智人与尼人基因交流","desc":"古DNA研究显示，走出非洲的智人与尼安德特人发生混血，现今非洲以外人群基因组约含1%—2%尼人成分；佩博因此获2022年诺贝尔奖。","importance":2,"title_en":"Interbreeding of Sapiens and Neanderthals","desc_en":"Ancient DNA shows that Homo sapiens leaving Africa interbred with Neanderthals, and the genomes of people outside Africa today contain about 1–2% Neanderthal ancestry; Svante Pääbo won the 2022 Nobel Prize for this work.","date_label_en":"c. 60,000–45,000 years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x081","start":-50000,"end":-10000,"date_label":"约5万—1万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"第四纪大型动物灭绝","desc":"猛犸、披毛犀、巨型袋鼠、大地懒等大型哺乳动物在各大陆相继灭绝，时间多与人类抵达和气候剧变相吻合，原因仍有争论。","importance":2,"title_en":"Quaternary Megafauna Extinction","desc_en":"Large mammals such as mammoths, woolly rhinos, giant kangaroos and giant ground sloths died out on continent after continent, often coinciding with human arrival and sharp climate change; the causes are still debated.","date_label_en":"c. 50,000–10,000 years ago"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x001","start":-49200,"date_label":"至少约5.1万年前","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"苏拉威西洞穴壁画","desc":"苏拉威西马罗斯-庞凯普地区洞穴中发现描绘人与野猪的叙事性壁画，测年至少约5.1万年，是已知最古老的具象艺术之一。","importance":2,"lat":-4.99,"lng":119.65,"place":"马罗斯","title_en":"Sulawesi Cave Paintings","desc_en":"Narrative paintings depicting humans and wild pigs in caves of the Maros-Pangkep area of Sulawesi, dated to at least about 51,000 years ago, are among the oldest known figurative art.","date_label_en":"at least c. 51,000 years ago","place_en":"Maros"},{"id":"cosmos-050","start":-48000,"date_label":"约5万年前或更早","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"人类抵达澳大利亚","desc":"人类借助渡海工具越过东南亚岛屿间的海峡，抵达萨胡尔大陆（澳大利亚与新几内亚），这是已知最早的远距离航海迁徙之一。","importance":2,"lat":-12.5,"lng":132.92,"place":"澳大利亚阿纳姆地","title_en":"Humans Reach Australia","desc_en":"Using watercraft, humans crossed the straits between Southeast Asian islands to reach Sahul (Australia and New Guinea), one of the earliest known long-distance seafaring migrations.","date_label_en":"c. 50,000 years ago or earlier","place_en":"Arnhem Land, Australia"},{"id":"cosmos-x082","start":-45000,"date_label":"约4.5万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"智人进入欧洲","desc":"保加利亚巴乔基罗洞出土的人类遗骸约4.6万—4.4万年前，是欧洲最早的智人证据之一，此后智人与尼安德特人在欧洲共存数千年。","importance":2,"lat":42.95,"lng":25.43,"place":"保加利亚巴乔基罗","title_en":"Homo sapiens Enters Europe","desc_en":"Human remains from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria, about 46,000–44,000 years old, are among the earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Europe; sapiens and Neanderthals then coexisted in Europe for several thousand years.","date_label_en":"c. 45,000 years ago","place_en":"Bacho Kiro, Bulgaria"},{"id":"cosmos-051","start":-43500,"date_label":"约4.55万年前起","region":"cosmos","dims":["文化"],"title":"洞穴艺术","desc":"印尼苏拉威西发现约4.55万年前的野猪洞穴壁画，法国肖维洞穴壁画约3.6万年前，显示人类已具备成熟的象征思维与艺术表达。","importance":2,"lat":-4.98,"lng":119.68,"place":"印尼苏拉威西马洛斯","title_en":"Cave Art","desc_en":"A cave painting of a wild pig about 45,500 years old in Sulawesi, Indonesia, and the Chauvet Cave paintings in France, about 36,000 years old, show that humans possessed mature symbolic thought and artistic expression.","date_label_en":"from c. 45,500 years ago","place_en":"Maros, Sulawesi, Indonesia"},{"id":"oceania-x002","start":-43000,"date_label":"约4.5万年前","region":"oceania","dims":["科技"],"title":"最早的磨刃石斧","desc":"西澳金伯利卡彭特峡岩棚出土的磨刃石斧碎片年代约4.4万至4.9万年前，是世界已知最早的磨刃斧，表明澳洲原住民很早就掌握了磨制技术。","importance":1,"lat":-17.4,"lng":124.95,"place":"卡彭特峡","title_en":"Earliest Ground-Edge Axe","desc_en":"Fragments of a ground-edge stone axe from Carpenter's Gap rock shelter in the Kimberley, Western Australia, dated to about 44,000–49,000 years ago, are the world's earliest known ground-edge axe, showing Aboriginal Australians mastered grinding techniques very early.","date_label_en":"c. 45,000 years ago","place_en":"Carpenter's Gap"},{"id":"cosmos-x083","start":-42000,"date_label":"约4.2万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"蒙戈湖人葬礼","desc":"澳大利亚蒙戈湖出土“蒙戈女士”火葬遗骸和“蒙戈男子”赭石覆盖墓葬，年代约4万年前，是世界上最早的有仪式埋葬证据之一。","importance":2,"lat":-33.73,"lng":143.05,"place":"澳大利亚蒙戈湖","title_en":"Lake Mungo Burials","desc_en":"The cremated remains of 'Mungo Lady' and the ochre-covered burial of 'Mungo Man' from Lake Mungo, Australia, about 40,000 years old, are among the world's earliest evidence of ritual burial.","date_label_en":"c. 42,000 years ago","place_en":"Lake Mungo, 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Land, the Kimberley, Kakadu and elsewhere, some dating back tens of thousands of years, recording animals, ancestral beings and Dreaming stories—one of the world's oldest continuous art traditions.","date_label_en":"from tens of thousands of years ago","place_en":"Kakadu (Arnhem Land)"},{"id":"cosmos-x084","start":-40000,"date_label":"约4万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["文化"],"title":"最早的具象雕塑与骨笛","desc":"德国施瓦本汝拉山区洞穴出土猛犸牙雕“狮子人”、霍勒菲尔斯维纳斯及鸟骨、猛犸牙长笛，是已知最早的具象雕塑与乐器之一。","importance":2,"lat":48.38,"lng":9.75,"place":"德国施瓦本汝拉","title_en":"Earliest Figurative Sculpture and Flutes","desc_en":"Caves in Germany's Swabian Jura have yielded the mammoth-ivory 'Lion Man', the Venus of Hohle Fels, and flutes of bird bone and mammoth ivory, among the earliest known figurative sculptures and musical instruments.","date_label_en":"c. 40,000 years ago","place_en":"Swabian Jura, Germany"},{"id":"europe-x003","start":-40000,"date_label":"约4万年前","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"霍勒菲尔斯骨笛","desc":"德国施瓦本汝拉山区霍勒菲尔斯洞穴出土用秃鹫翼骨制成的骨笛，距今约4万年，是世界上已知最古老的乐器之一。","importance":2,"lat":48.38,"lng":9.75,"place":"霍勒菲尔斯","title_en":"The Hohle Fels Flute","desc_en":"A flute made from a vulture wing bone, found in Hohle Fels cave in Germany's Swabian Jura and about 40,000 years old, is one of the oldest known musical instruments in the world.","date_label_en":"c. 40,000 years ago","place_en":"Hohle Fels"},{"id":"oceania-x003","start":-40000,"date_label":"约4.2万年前","region":"oceania","dims":["文化"],"title":"蒙戈湖古人类墓葬","desc":"新南威尔士蒙戈湖发现约4.2万年前的“蒙戈人”遗骸，遗体上撒有红赭石，是世界最早的仪式性埋葬证据之一，2017年遗骸归还原住民社群。","importance":2,"lat":-33.73,"lng":143.05,"place":"蒙戈湖","title_en":"Ancient Burial at Lake Mungo","desc_en":"The remains of 'Mungo Man', about 42,000 years old, found at Lake Mungo in New South Wales and sprinkled with red ochre, are among the world's earliest evidence of ritual burial; they were returned to Aboriginal communities in 2017.","date_label_en":"c. 42,000 years ago","place_en":"Lake Mungo"},{"id":"cosmos-052","start":-38000,"date_label":"约4万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"尼安德特人消失","desc":"约4万年前，尼安德特人在欧洲考古记录中消失，原因可能涉及气候波动、人口规模小以及与智人的竞争和融合。","importance":2,"title_en":"Neanderthals Disappear","desc_en":"About 40,000 years ago, Neanderthals vanished from Europe's archaeological record, possibly due to climate swings, small population sizes, and competition and interbreeding with Homo sapiens.","date_label_en":"c. 40,000 years ago"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x002","start":-38000,"date_label":"约4万年前","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"尼亚洞穴的早期人类","desc":"婆罗洲沙捞越尼亚洞穴出土\"深头骨\"等遗存，显示现代人约4万年前已在东南亚热带雨林中狩猎采集。","importance":1,"lat":3.81,"lng":113.78,"place":"尼亚洞","title_en":"Early Humans at Niah Cave","desc_en":"Remains such as the 'Deep Skull' from Niah Cave in Sarawak, Borneo, show that modern humans were hunting and gathering in Southeast Asia's tropical rainforests about 40,000 years ago.","date_label_en":"c. 40,000 years ago","place_en":"Niah Cave"},{"id":"europe-x004","start":-38000,"date_label":"约4万年前","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"狮子人雕像","desc":"德国霍伦施泰因-施塔德尔洞穴出土猛犸象牙雕刻的狮首人身像，距今约4万年，是已知最早的具象雕塑之一，反映早期智人的想象与信仰。","importance":1,"lat":48.55,"lng":10.17,"place":"霍伦施泰因","title_en":"The Lion Man Figurine","desc_en":"A lion-headed human figure carved from mammoth ivory, found in the Hohlenstein-Stadel cave in Germany and about 40,000 years old, is one of the earliest known figurative sculptures, reflecting the imagination and beliefs of early Homo sapiens.","date_label_en":"c. 40,000 years ago","place_en":"Hohlenstein"},{"id":"europe-001","start":-36000,"date_label":"约3.6万年前","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"肖维洞穴壁画","desc":"法国南部肖维洞穴绘有狮、犀牛、马等数百幅动物形象，距今约3.6万年，属奥瑞纳文化，是已知最古老且技艺成熟的洞穴艺术之一。","importance":2,"lat":44.39,"lng":4.42,"place":"肖维洞穴","title_en":"Chauvet Cave Paintings","desc_en":"France's Chauvet Cave holds hundreds of images of lions, rhinos, horses and other animals about 36,000 years old; belonging to the Aurignacian culture, it is among the oldest and most accomplished known cave art.","date_label_en":"c. 36,000 years ago","place_en":"Chauvet Cave"},{"id":"europe-x005","start":-29500,"date_label":"约前2.95万年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"维伦多夫的维纳斯","desc":"奥地利维伦多夫出土的石灰岩女性小雕像，高约11厘米，突出丰乳肥臀，是旧石器时代晚期“维纳斯”雕像的代表作。","importance":1,"lat":48.32,"lng":15.4,"place":"维伦多夫","title_en":"Venus of Willendorf","desc_en":"A limestone female figurine about 11 cm tall from Willendorf, Austria, with emphasized breasts and hips, is an emblematic example of Upper Paleolithic 'Venus' figurines.","date_label_en":"c. 29,500 BCE","place_en":"Willendorf"},{"id":"cosmos-053","start":-24500,"end":-17000,"date_label":"约2.65万—1.9万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"末次冰盛期","desc":"末次冰期中冰盖范围最大的时期，海平面比今天低约120米，白令陆桥等露出水面，许多人群退缩到较温暖的避难区。","importance":2,"title_en":"Last Glacial Maximum","desc_en":"The period of greatest ice-sheet extent in the last ice age; sea levels were about 120 meters lower than today, exposing land bridges such as Beringia, and many populations retreated to warmer refugia.","date_label_en":"c. 26,500–19,000 years ago"},{"id":"cosmos-x085","start":-23000,"date_label":"约2.3万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"奥哈洛二号遗址","desc":"以色列加利利海畔的奥哈洛二号遗址出土大量野生大麦、小麦籽粒与研磨工具，显示农业出现前一万多年人类已系统采集谷物。","importance":1,"lat":32.72,"lng":35.57,"place":"以色列加利利海","title_en":"Ohalo II","desc_en":"The Ohalo II site on the Sea of Galilee in Israel has yielded large quantities of wild barley and wheat grains and grinding tools, showing humans systematically gathered cereals more than ten thousand years before farming.","date_label_en":"c. 23,000 years ago","place_en":"Sea of Galilee, Israel"},{"id":"north_america-x001","start":-21000,"date_label":"约2.3万–2.1万年前","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"白沙足迹","desc":"新墨西哥州白沙地区古湖床上保存的人类足迹，经种子与花粉测年约为2.3万至2.1万年前，若成立则表明人类在末次冰盛期前后已进入北美，年代仍有争议。","importance":2,"lat":32.78,"lng":-106.17,"place":"白沙国家公园","title_en":"White Sands Footprints","desc_en":"Human footprints preserved on an ancient lakebed at White Sands, New Mexico, dated by seeds and pollen to about 23,000–21,000 years ago, would, if confirmed, show humans had entered North America around the Last Glacial Maximum; the dating is still debated.","date_label_en":"c. 23,000–21,000 years ago","place_en":"White Sands National Park"},{"id":"north_america-001","start":-20000,"date_label":"约2万—1.5万年前","region":"north_america","dims":["综合","文化"],"title":"人类经白令陆桥进入美洲","desc":"末次冰期海平面下降，西伯利亚与阿拉斯加之间形成白令陆桥，亚洲人群经此或沿太平洋海岸进入美洲，成为美洲原住民的祖先，具体时间仍有争议。","importance":3,"lat":65.75,"lng":-168.75,"place":"白令海峡","title_en":"Humans Enter the Americas via Beringia","desc_en":"As sea levels fell during the last ice age, the Bering land bridge formed between Siberia and Alaska; Asian populations crossed it or followed the Pacific coast into the Americas, becoming the ancestors of Native Americans, though the exact timing is debated.","date_label_en":"c. 20,000–15,000 years ago","place_en":"Bering Strait"},{"id":"cosmos-x086","start":-20000,"date_label":"约2万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"仙人洞早期陶器","desc":"江西万年仙人洞出土的陶片经测年约2万年，是世界已知最早的陶器之一，早于农业的出现，可能用于烹煮食物。","importance":2,"lat":28.7,"lng":117.07,"place":"江西万年","title_en":"Early Pottery at Xianrendong","desc_en":"Pottery shards from Xianrendong Cave in Wannian, Jiangxi, dated to about 20,000 years ago, are among the world's earliest known pottery; predating agriculture, they may have been used for cooking food.","date_label_en":"c. 20,000 years ago","place_en":"Wannian, Jiangxi"},{"id":"cosmos-x087","start":-19000,"end":-5000,"date_label":"约1.9万—7000年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"冰后期海平面上升","desc":"末次冰盛期后大陆冰盖消融，全球海平面上升约120米，白令陆桥、巽他陆架等被淹没，各大陆人群被海洋重新分隔。","importance":2,"title_en":"Postglacial Sea-Level Rise","desc_en":"After the Last Glacial Maximum, continental ice sheets melted and global sea levels rose about 120 meters, drowning Beringia, the Sunda Shelf and other land bridges and separating the peoples of different continents by sea once more.","date_label_en":"c. 19,000–7,000 years ago"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x004","start":-18000,"date_label":"约2万年前","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"伊尚戈骨","desc":"刚果（金）爱德华湖畔出土的伊尚戈骨距今约2万年，骨面刻有成组刻痕，常被解读为早期计数或记事工具，是非洲史前数理思维的线索。","importance":1,"lat":-0.13,"lng":29.6,"place":"伊尚戈","title_en":"The Ishango Bone","desc_en":"The Ishango bone, found beside Lake Edward in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and about 20,000 years old, bears groups of notches often interpreted as an early counting or record-keeping tool, a clue to prehistoric mathematical thinking in Africa.","date_label_en":"c. 20,000 years ago","place_en":"Ishango"},{"id":"europe-002","start":-17000,"date_label":"约1.7万年前","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"拉斯科洞穴壁画","desc":"法国多尔多涅地区拉斯科洞穴绘有约600幅动物彩绘与大量刻画，距今约1.7万年，1940年被发现，被誉为“史前西斯廷礼拜堂”。","importance":2,"lat":45.05,"lng":1.17,"place":"蒙蒂尼亚克","title_en":"Lascaux Cave Paintings","desc_en":"Lascaux Cave in France's Dordogne holds about 600 painted animals and many engravings some 17,000 years old; discovered in 1940, it is hailed as the 'Sistine Chapel of prehistory'.","date_label_en":"c. 17,000 years ago","place_en":"Montignac"},{"id":"cosmos-x088","start":-15000,"date_label":"约1.5万年前或更早","region":"cosmos","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"狗的驯化","desc":"基因与考古证据显示，狗由欧亚灰狼驯化而来，时间至少在约1.5万年前，是人类最早驯化的动物，早于任何作物与家畜。","importance":2,"title_en":"Domestication of the Dog","desc_en":"Genetic and archaeological evidence shows dogs were domesticated from Eurasian gray wolves at least about 15,000 years ago, making them humanity's first domesticated animal, earlier than any crop or livestock.","date_label_en":"c. 15,000 years ago or earlier"},{"id":"cosmos-054","start":-14000,"date_label":"至迟约1.6万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"人类进入美洲","desc":"人类经白令陆桥或沿太平洋海岸进入美洲，智利蒙特贝尔德遗址约1.45万年前；美国白沙遗址的脚印测年更早，但仍有争议。","importance":2,"lat":-41.5,"lng":-73.2,"place":"智利蒙特贝尔德","title_en":"Humans Reach the Americas","desc_en":"Humans entered the Americas via the Bering land bridge or along the Pacific coast; Chile's Monte Verde site is about 14,500 years old, and footprints at White Sands in the US are dated earlier, though this remains debated.","date_label_en":"by c. 16,000 years ago","place_en":"Monte Verde, Chile"},{"id":"east_asia-x002","start":-14000,"date_label":"约1.6万年前起","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"绳文时代与早期陶器","desc":"日本列岛进入绳文时代，青森大平山元遗址出土的陶器残片测年约距今一万六千年，是世界最早的陶器之一，绳纹装饰因此得名。","importance":2,"lat":41.11,"lng":140.58,"place":"青森外滨大平山元","title_en":"The Jōmon Period and Early Pottery","desc_en":"The Japanese archipelago entered the Jōmon period; pottery fragments from the Odai Yamamoto I site in Aomori date to about 16,000 years ago, among the world's earliest, and the cord-marked ('jōmon') decoration gave the period its name.","date_label_en":"from c. 16,000 years ago","place_en":"Odai Yamamoto, Sotogahama, Aomori"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-001","start":-12500,"end":-9500,"date_label":"约前12500—前9500年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"黎凡特纳图夫文化","desc":"黎凡特地区的纳图夫人开始建造定居村落，大量采集野生谷物并使用石镰与磨盘，被视为从狩猎采集向农业过渡的关键阶段。","importance":2,"lat":31.99,"lng":35.04,"place":"瓦迪纳图夫","title_en":"The Natufian Culture of the Levant","desc_en":"The Natufians of the Levant began building settled villages, harvested wild cereals intensively and used stone sickles and grinding stones—a key stage in the transition from foraging to farming.","date_label_en":"c. 12,500–9500 BCE","place_en":"Wadi an-Natuf"},{"id":"cosmos-x089","start":-12500,"end":-3500,"date_label":"约1.45万—5500年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"绿色撒哈拉","desc":"非洲湿润期季风北移，撒哈拉遍布湖泊、草原与长颈鹿、河马等动物，岩画记录了牧人生活；约5500年前后迅速干旱化，人群向尼罗河等地迁移。","importance":2,"lat":23.0,"lng":13.0,"place":"撒哈拉","title_en":"The Green Sahara","desc_en":"During the African Humid Period the monsoon shifted north, and the Sahara was dotted with lakes and grasslands and animals such as giraffes and hippos, with rock art recording herders' lives; it dried rapidly around 5,500 years ago, and people moved toward the Nile and elsewhere.","date_label_en":"c. 14,500–5,500 years ago","place_en":"Sahara"},{"id":"latin_america-x001","start":-12500,"date_label":"约1.45万年前","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"蒙特韦尔德遗址","desc":"智利南部蒙特韦尔德遗址保存了约1.45万年前的木构棚屋、篝火与食用植物遗存，远早于克洛维斯文化，改写了人类进入美洲时间与路线的认识。","importance":2,"lat":-41.5,"lng":-73.2,"place":"蒙特韦尔德","title_en":"Monte Verde","desc_en":"The Monte Verde site in southern Chile preserves wooden huts, hearths and food-plant remains about 14,500 years old, far earlier than the Clovis culture, rewriting understanding of when and how humans entered the Americas.","date_label_en":"c. 14,500 years ago","place_en":"Monte Verde"},{"id":"north_america-002","start":-11000,"date_label":"约前11000年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"克洛维斯文化","desc":"以新墨西哥州克洛维斯遗址命名，特征是两面开槽的精致石矛头，广泛分布于北美，曾被视为最早的美洲文化，后发现更早遗址，其人群以猎捕大型动物为生。","importance":2,"lat":34.28,"lng":-103.33,"place":"克洛维斯遗址","title_en":"The Clovis Culture","desc_en":"Named after the Clovis site in New Mexico and marked by finely made, bifacially fluted stone spear points found across North America, it was once considered the earliest American culture until older sites were found; its people hunted large game.","date_label_en":"c. 11,000 BCE","place_en":"Clovis site"},{"id":"cosmos-055","start":-10900,"end":-9700,"date_label":"约1.29万—1.17万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"新仙女木事件","desc":"末次冰期结束前，北半球气候在回暖途中突然重回寒冷一千多年，可能与北大西洋洋流减弱有关，随后气温迅速回升。","importance":1,"title_en":"The Younger Dryas","desc_en":"Shortly before the end of the last ice age, the Northern Hemisphere abruptly returned to cold conditions for over a thousand years in the midst of warming, possibly due to a weakened North Atlantic current, before temperatures rose rapidly again.","date_label_en":"c. 12,900–11,700 years ago"},{"id":"north_america-x002","start":-10900,"date_label":"约前10900年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"福尔瑟姆文化","desc":"1927年在新墨西哥州福尔瑟姆发现带凹槽的石矛头与已灭绝野牛骨骼共存，证明人类在冰期末已在北美狩猎巨型动物，福尔瑟姆猎人专门围猎古野牛。","importance":1,"lat":36.87,"lng":-103.92,"place":"福尔瑟姆","title_en":"The Folsom Culture","desc_en":"In 1927, fluted spear points were found together with bones of an extinct bison at Folsom, New Mexico, proving humans hunted megafauna in North America by the end of the ice age; Folsom hunters specialized in hunting ancient bison.","date_label_en":"c. 10,900 BCE","place_en":"Folsom"},{"id":"south_asia-x001","start":-10000,"date_label":"约前1万年起","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"比莫贝特卡岩画","desc":"中央邦比莫贝特卡岩棚保存大量史前岩画，描绘狩猎、舞蹈与动物，绘制延续数千年，是南亚最早的人类艺术遗存之一。","importance":2,"lat":22.94,"lng":77.61,"place":"比莫贝特卡","title_en":"Bhimbetka Rock Paintings","desc_en":"The Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh preserve many prehistoric paintings of hunting, dancing and animals, made over thousands of years, and are among South Asia's earliest surviving human art.","date_label_en":"from c. 10,000 BCE","place_en":"Bhimbetka"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x003","start":-10000,"end":-4000,"date_label":"约前1万—前4000年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"和平文化","desc":"以越南和平省命名的和平文化以单面打制砾石工具为特征，广布大陆东南亚，人类开始利用多种植物资源，向农业过渡。","importance":1,"lat":20.81,"lng":105.34,"place":"和平省","title_en":"The Hoabinhian Culture","desc_en":"Named after Vietnam's Hòa Bình Province and characterized by unifacially flaked pebble tools, the Hoabinhian spread across mainland Southeast Asia as people began using a range of plant resources on the way to agriculture.","date_label_en":"c. 10,000–4000 BCE","place_en":"Hòa Bình Province"},{"id":"cosmos-056","start":-9700,"date_label":"约1.17万年前","region":"cosmos","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"全新世开始","desc":"末次冰期结束，地球进入相对温暖稳定的全新世间冰期，海平面上升，为农业在世界多地独立出现创造了气候前提。","importance":3,"title_en":"The Holocene Begins","desc_en":"The last ice age ended and Earth entered the relatively warm, stable Holocene interglacial; rising sea levels and the new climate set the conditions for agriculture to arise independently in many parts of the world.","date_label_en":"c. 11,700 years ago"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-002","start":-9600,"end":-8200,"date_label":"约前9600—前8200年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"哥贝克力石阵","desc":"土耳其东南部的哥贝克力石阵竖立起雕有动物浮雕的T形巨石柱，早于农业全面确立，改变了学界对宗教与定居关系的认识。","importance":2,"lat":37.22,"lng":38.92,"place":"哥贝克力石阵","title_en":"Göbekli Tepe","desc_en":"At Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Turkey, T-shaped megalithic pillars carved with animal reliefs were erected before farming was fully established, changing scholars' views on the relationship between religion and settled life.","date_label_en":"c. 9600–8200 BCE","place_en":"Göbekli Tepe"},{"id":"global-001","start":-9500,"date_label":"约前9500年起","region":"global","dims":["综合","经济","科技"],"title":"农业多地独立起源","desc":"新月沃地率先驯化小麦、大麦，中国驯化粟与水稻，中美洲驯化玉米，安第斯与新几内亚等地也独立发展农业，人类走向定居。","importance":3,"lat":31.87,"lng":35.44,"place":"杰里科(新月沃地)","title_en":"Agriculture Arises Independently in Many Regions","desc_en":"The Fertile Crescent first domesticated wheat and barley, China foxtail millet and rice, and Mesoamerica maize, while the Andes, New Guinea and other regions also developed farming independently, as humans turned to settled life.","date_label_en":"from c. 9500 BCE","place_en":"Jericho (Fertile Crescent)"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x005","start":-9400,"date_label":"约前9400年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"翁朱古早期陶器","desc":"马里班贾加拉地区翁朱古遗址出土约前9400年的陶器碎片，是非洲最早的陶器之一，与当时撒哈拉南缘湿润期野生谷物的采集利用相关。","importance":2,"lat":14.35,"lng":-3.55,"place":"翁朱古","title_en":"Early Pottery at Ounjougou","desc_en":"Pottery fragments from about 9400 BCE at Ounjougou in Mali's Bandiagara region are among Africa's earliest pottery, linked to the gathering of wild cereals during the humid period on the southern Sahara margin.","date_label_en":"c. 9400 BCE","place_en":"Ounjougou"},{"id":"east_asia-001","start":-9000,"date_label":"约前9000年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","经济","科技"],"title":"上山文化与早期稻作","desc":"浙江浦江上山遗址出土早期陶器与炭化稻遗存，被视为长江下游稻作农业起源的重要证据，揭开东亚农业文明序幕。","importance":3,"lat":29.46,"lng":119.94,"place":"浙江浦江上山","title_en":"Shangshan Culture and Early Rice Farming","desc_en":"Early pottery and charred rice remains from the Shangshan site in Pujiang, Zhejiang, are seen as key evidence for the origins of rice farming in the lower Yangtze, opening the era of agricultural civilization in East Asia.","date_label_en":"c. 9000 BCE","place_en":"Shangshan, Pujiang, Zhejiang"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-003","start":-9000,"date_label":"约前9000年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","经济","科技"],"title":"新月沃地农业起源","desc":"新月沃地居民驯化小麦、大麦、豌豆等作物及山羊、绵羊，形成世界最早的农业中心之一，为人口增长与城市出现奠定基础。","importance":3,"lat":37.67,"lng":39.83,"place":"卡拉贾达山","title_en":"Origins of Farming in the Fertile Crescent","desc_en":"People of the Fertile Crescent domesticated crops such as wheat, barley and peas, along with goats and sheep, forming one of the world's earliest agricultural centers and laying the groundwork for population growth and cities.","date_label_en":"c. 9000 BCE","place_en":"Karacadağ"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x001","start":-8000,"date_label":"约前8000年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"耶利哥石墙与高塔","desc":"前陶新石器时代的耶利哥筑起石砌围墙和一座约8米高的圆形石塔，是已知最早的大型公共石构建筑之一，显示早期定居社会的组织能力。","importance":2,"lat":31.87,"lng":35.44,"place":"耶利哥","title_en":"The Walls and Tower of Jericho","desc_en":"Pre-Pottery Neolithic Jericho built a stone wall and a round stone tower about 8 meters tall, one of the earliest known large public stone structures, showing the organizational capacity of early settled societies.","date_label_en":"c. 8000 BCE","place_en":"Jericho"},{"id":"latin_america-x002","start":-8000,"date_label":"约前8000年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"南瓜驯化","desc":"墨西哥瓦哈卡吉拉纳基茨洞穴出土约1万年前的驯化南瓜种子，是美洲最早的驯化作物之一，后与玉米、豆类组成中美洲“三姐妹”农业体系。","importance":1,"lat":16.95,"lng":-96.37,"place":"吉拉纳基茨","title_en":"Squash Domestication","desc_en":"Domesticated squash seeds about 10,000 years old from Guilá Naquitz Cave in Oaxaca, Mexico, are among the earliest domesticated crops in the Americas; squash later joined maize and beans in Mesoamerica's 'Three Sisters' farming system.","date_label_en":"c. 8000 BCE","place_en":"Guilá Naquitz"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x006","start":-8000,"date_label":"约前8000年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事"],"title":"纳塔鲁克屠杀遗址","desc":"肯尼亚图尔卡纳湖以西的纳塔鲁克遗址发现约1万年前的群体暴力遗骸，多具骨骼带有箭伤与钝器伤，是已知最早的狩猎采集者间冲突证据之一。","importance":1,"lat":2.95,"lng":35.75,"place":"图尔卡纳湖西","title_en":"The Nataruk Massacre Site","desc_en":"At Nataruk, west of Lake Turkana in Kenya, remains of group violence about 10,000 years old were found, with several skeletons bearing arrow and blunt-force wounds—among the earliest evidence of conflict between hunter-gatherers.","date_label_en":"c. 8000 BCE","place_en":"West of Lake Turkana"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x002","start":-7900,"date_label":"约前7900年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"扎格罗斯驯化山羊","desc":"伊朗西部扎格罗斯山区的甘吉达雷遗址显示，人类已开始有选择地宰杀幼年雄羊、管理羊群，是山羊驯化的最早证据之一。","importance":2,"lat":34.38,"lng":47.48,"place":"甘吉达雷","title_en":"Goat Domestication in the Zagros","desc_en":"The Ganj Dareh site in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran shows people selectively culling young male goats and managing herds—some of the earliest evidence of goat domestication.","date_label_en":"c. 7900 BCE","place_en":"Ganj Dareh"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x003","start":-7500,"date_label":"约前7500年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"恰约努冷锻自然铜","desc":"安纳托利亚东南的恰约努遗址出土以自然铜敲打、退火制成的珠子和锥子，是人类利用金属的最早实例之一，为后来冶铜奠定基础。","importance":1,"lat":38.22,"lng":39.73,"place":"恰约努","title_en":"Cold-Hammered Native Copper at Çayönü","desc_en":"Beads and awls made by hammering and annealing native copper at Çayönü in southeastern Anatolia are among the earliest instances of human metal use, laying the groundwork for later copper smelting.","date_label_en":"c. 7500 BCE","place_en":"Çayönü"},{"id":"latin_america-x003","start":-7300,"date_label":"约前7300年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"手洞岩画","desc":"阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚手洞岩壁上有数百个以喷吹颜料形成的手印及猎捕原驼场景，最早约9000多年前，是南美最古老的岩画之一。","importance":1,"lat":-47.15,"lng":-70.67,"place":"平图拉斯河谷","title_en":"Cave of the Hands","desc_en":"The walls of the Cueva de las Manos in Argentine Patagonia bear hundreds of hand stencils made with sprayed pigment and scenes of guanaco hunting, the earliest over 9,000 years old—among South America's oldest rock art.","date_label_en":"c. 7300 BCE","place_en":"Río Pinturas Valley"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-004","start":-7100,"end":-5700,"date_label":"约前7100—前5700年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"加泰土丘大型聚落","desc":"安纳托利亚的加泰土丘是新石器时代最大的聚落之一，房屋紧密相连、从屋顶出入，墙上有壁画，人口可达数千。","importance":1,"lat":37.67,"lng":32.83,"place":"加泰土丘","title_en":"Çatalhöyük, a Neolithic Mega-Settlement","desc_en":"Çatalhöyük in Anatolia was one of the largest Neolithic settlements, with tightly packed houses entered through the roof and walls bearing murals; its population may have reached several thousand.","date_label_en":"c. 7100–5700 BCE","place_en":"Çatalhöyük"},{"id":"east_asia-002","start":-7000,"date_label":"约前7000年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"贾湖骨笛","desc":"河南舞阳贾湖遗址出土骨笛、早期稻作遗存和刻画符号，骨笛可吹奏多声音阶，是已知最早的可演奏乐器之一。","importance":1,"lat":33.62,"lng":113.67,"place":"河南舞阳贾湖","title_en":"The Jiahu Bone Flutes","desc_en":"The Jiahu site in Wuyang, Henan, has yielded bone flutes, early rice remains and incised symbols; the flutes can play multi-note scales and are among the earliest known playable instruments.","date_label_en":"c. 7000 BCE","place_en":"Jiahu, Wuyang, Henan"},{"id":"south_asia-001","start":-7000,"date_label":"约前7000年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"梅赫尔格尔农业定居","desc":"俾路支斯坦的梅赫尔格尔出现南亚最早的农业村落之一，居民种植小麦、大麦，饲养山羊、绵羊和瘤牛，以泥砖建屋，为印度河文明奠定基础。","importance":2,"lat":29.39,"lng":67.61,"place":"梅赫尔格尔","title_en":"Farming Settlement at Mehrgarh","desc_en":"Mehrgarh in Balochistan was one of South Asia's earliest farming villages, whose residents grew wheat and barley, kept goats, sheep and zebu cattle and built mudbrick houses, laying foundations for the Indus civilization.","date_label_en":"c. 7000 BCE","place_en":"Mehrgarh"},{"id":"latin_america-001","start":-7000,"date_label":"约前7000年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"玉米驯化","desc":"今墨西哥西南部巴尔萨斯河流域的先民开始将野生大刍草驯化为玉米，后与豆类、南瓜构成中美洲农业基础，玉米最终传遍全世界。","importance":3,"lat":18.35,"lng":-99.54,"place":"巴尔萨斯河流域","title_en":"Maize Domestication","desc_en":"People of the Balsas River valley in what is now southwestern Mexico began domesticating wild teosinte into maize, which together with beans and squash formed the basis of Mesoamerican agriculture and eventually spread worldwide.","date_label_en":"c. 7000 BCE","place_en":"Balsas River valley"},{"id":"europe-x006","start":-7000,"end":-5500,"date_label":"约前7000年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"莱彭斯基维尔聚落","desc":"多瑙河铁门峡谷的莱彭斯基维尔是中石器向新石器过渡的定居渔猎聚落，以梯形房屋和鱼首人面石雕闻名，展示了农业到来前的复杂社会。","importance":1,"lat":44.56,"lng":22.03,"place":"莱彭斯基维尔","title_en":"Lepenski Vir Settlement","desc_en":"Lepenski Vir in the Danube's Iron Gates gorge was a settled fishing-and-hunting community of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition, known for trapezoidal houses and fish-faced stone sculptures, revealing a complex society before farming arrived.","date_label_en":"c. 7000 BCE","place_en":"Lepenski Vir"},{"id":"europe-003","start":-6500,"date_label":"约前6500年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"农业传入欧洲","desc":"源自西亚的农耕与畜牧经安纳托利亚传入希腊与巴尔干，随后沿多瑙河与地中海扩散，欧洲逐步进入新石器时代定居农业社会。","importance":2,"lat":39.36,"lng":22.84,"place":"塞斯克洛(希腊)","title_en":"Farming Reaches Europe","desc_en":"Farming and herding from West Asia spread via Anatolia to Greece and the Balkans, then along the Danube and the Mediterranean, as Europe gradually entered the Neolithic era of settled agriculture.","date_label_en":"c. 6500 BCE","place_en":"Sesklo (Greece)"},{"id":"cosmos-x090","start":-6500,"end":-6200,"date_label":"约前6500—前6200年","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"多格兰沉入北海","desc":"连接不列颠与欧洲大陆的低地多格兰随海平面上升逐渐被淹，约前6200年的斯托雷加海底滑坡海啸或加速了其消失，不列颠由此成为岛屿。","importance":1,"lat":54.5,"lng":2.5,"place":"北海多格兰","title_en":"Doggerland Sinks Beneath the North Sea","desc_en":"Doggerland, the lowland linking Britain to the European continent, was gradually flooded by rising seas; the tsunami from the Storegga submarine slide around 6200 BCE may have hastened its demise, and Britain became an island.","date_label_en":"c. 6500–6200 BCE","place_en":"Doggerland, North Sea"},{"id":"cosmos-x091","start":-6200,"date_label":"约前6200年","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"8.2千年寒冷事件","desc":"北美冰湖溃决的大量淡水注入北大西洋，削弱大洋环流，北半球气温骤降约一两百年，被认为影响了西亚与欧洲早期农业聚落。","importance":1,"title_en":"The 8.2-Kiloyear Cold Event","desc_en":"A huge outflow of fresh water from a burst glacial lake in North America poured into the North Atlantic and weakened ocean circulation, chilling the Northern Hemisphere for one to two centuries; it is thought to have affected early farming settlements in West Asia and Europe.","date_label_en":"c. 6200 BCE"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-005","start":-6000,"date_label":"约前6000年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"两河流域灌溉农业","desc":"欧贝德文化等早期居民在美索不达米亚南部开挖渠道进行灌溉，使干旱冲积平原得以耕种，支撑了日后城市文明的兴起。","importance":2,"lat":30.97,"lng":46.03,"place":"欧贝德遗址","title_en":"Irrigation Farming in Mesopotamia","desc_en":"Early inhabitants such as the Ubaid culture dug canals in southern Mesopotamia for irrigation, making the arid alluvial plain farmable and supporting the later rise of urban civilization.","date_label_en":"c. 6000 BCE","place_en":"Tell al-Ubaid"},{"id":"inner_asia-x001","start":-6000,"date_label":"约前6000年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"哲通文化农业","desc":"科佩特山北麓的哲通遗址出现泥砖房屋聚落，种植大麦、小麦并饲养山羊绵羊，是中亚已知最早的农业文化。","importance":2,"lat":38.18,"lng":58.32,"place":"哲通","title_en":"Jeitun Culture Farming","desc_en":"Jeitun, at the northern foot of the Kopet Dag, had a settlement of mudbrick houses whose residents grew barley and wheat and kept goats and sheep—the earliest known farming culture in Central Asia.","date_label_en":"c. 6000 BCE","place_en":"Jeitun"},{"id":"latin_america-x004","start":-6000,"date_label":"约前6000年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"马铃薯驯化","desc":"安第斯高原的的的喀喀湖一带的居民约在8000年前驯化了马铃薯，并培育出数千个品种，冻干马铃薯技术使高原社会得以储粮，马铃薯后来改变了世界饮食。","importance":2,"lat":-15.84,"lng":-70.02,"place":"的的喀喀湖畔","title_en":"Potato Domestication","desc_en":"People around Lake Titicaca on the Andean altiplano domesticated the potato about 8,000 years ago and bred thousands of varieties; freeze-drying let highland societies store food, and the potato later transformed the world's diet.","date_label_en":"c. 6000 BCE","place_en":"Shores of Lake Titicaca"},{"id":"europe-x007","start":-5500,"end":-4500,"date_label":"约前5500年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"线纹陶文化","desc":"起源于多瑙河中游的线纹陶文化迅速传遍中欧，建造长屋、种植小麦和饲养牛羊，是中欧第一批农耕社会，奠定了欧洲农业景观。","importance":2,"lat":47.0,"lng":18.0,"place":"外多瑙地区","title_en":"The Linear Pottery Culture","desc_en":"Originating on the middle Danube, the Linear Pottery culture spread rapidly across Central Europe, building longhouses, growing wheat and raising cattle and sheep; as Central Europe's first farming societies, they shaped Europe's agricultural landscape.","date_label_en":"c. 5500 BCE","place_en":"Transdanubia"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x004","start":-5200,"date_label":"约前5200年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"法尤姆的早期农业","desc":"埃及法尤姆湖畔出现种植大麦、小麦并饲养牛羊的聚落，留有储粮窖穴，是尼罗河流域已知最早的农业社区之一。","importance":1,"lat":29.47,"lng":30.58,"place":"法尤姆","title_en":"Early Farming in the Faiyum","desc_en":"Settlements growing barley and wheat and keeping cattle and sheep appeared by the Faiyum lake in Egypt, leaving grain-storage pits; they are among the earliest known farming communities in the Nile Valley.","date_label_en":"c. 5200 BCE","place_en":"Faiyum"},{"id":"east_asia-003","start":-5000,"end":-3000,"date_label":"约前5000–前3000年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"仰韶文化彩陶","desc":"黄河中游仰韶文化以彩陶著称，西安半坡等聚落有环壕、房址与公共墓地，粟作农业兴盛，人口显著增加。","importance":2,"lat":34.73,"lng":111.5,"place":"河南渑池仰韶村","title_en":"Yangshao Painted Pottery","desc_en":"The Yangshao culture of the middle Yellow River is famed for painted pottery; settlements such as Banpo near Xi'an had moats, house foundations and communal cemeteries, millet farming flourished and population grew markedly.","date_label_en":"c. 5000–3000 BCE","place_en":"Yangshao Village, Mianchi, Henan"},{"id":"oceania-003","start":-5000,"date_label":"约前5000年","region":"oceania","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"新几内亚早期农业","desc":"新几内亚高地库克沼泽遗址显示，当地居民独立发展出芋头、香蕉等作物种植和排水沟渠，是世界少数独立起源的农业中心之一。","importance":2,"lat":-5.78,"lng":144.33,"place":"库克沼泽","title_en":"Early Agriculture in New Guinea","desc_en":"The Kuk Swamp site in the New Guinea Highlands shows that local people independently developed cultivation of taro, bananas and other crops along with drainage ditches, making it one of the world's few independent centers of agricultural origin.","date_label_en":"c. 5000 BCE","place_en":"Kuk Swamp"},{"id":"east_asia-x003","start":-5000,"date_label":"约前5000年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"河姆渡干栏建筑与稻作","desc":"浙江余姚河姆渡遗址出土大量炭化稻谷、骨耜农具和带榫卯结构的干栏式木构建筑，代表长江下游成熟的早期稻作农业。","importance":2,"lat":30.03,"lng":121.35,"place":"浙江余姚河姆渡","title_en":"Hemudu Stilt Houses and Rice Farming","desc_en":"The Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang, yielded abundant charred rice, bone spades and stilt-raised wooden buildings with mortise-and-tenon joints, representing mature early rice agriculture in the lower Yangtze.","date_label_en":"c. 5000 BCE","place_en":"Hemudu, Yuyao, 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than 3,000 gold objects, the world's earliest known worked gold, showing that marked differences in wealth and rank had already emerged.","date_label_en":"c. 4600 BCE","place_en":"Varna"},{"id":"oceania-x004","start":-4600,"date_label":"约6600年前","region":"oceania","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"布吉必姆鳗鱼养殖","desc":"维多利亚州西南的贡迪杰马拉人利用火山熔岩地貌修建水渠、堰坝与鱼笼，捕捞养殖短鳍鳗，系统年代至少约6600年，2019年列入世界遗产。","importance":2,"lat":-38.06,"lng":141.84,"place":"布吉必姆","title_en":"Budj Bim Eel Aquaculture","desc_en":"The Gunditjmara people of southwestern Victoria used volcanic lava landscapes to build channels, weirs and fish traps to catch and farm short-finned eels; the system dates back at least about 6,600 years and became a World Heritage Site in 2019.","date_label_en":"c. 6,600 years ago","place_en":"Budj 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Egyptian hieroglyphs appeared around 3200 BCE, Chinese oracle-bone script around 1200 BCE, and Mesoamerican writing later still, each independently, as humanity entered recorded history.","date_label_en":"from c. 3200 BCE","place_en":"Uruk, Iraq"},{"id":"europe-x012","start":-3200,"date_label":"约前3200年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"纽格莱奇墓","desc":"爱尔兰博因河谷的纽格莱奇通道墓建于约前3200年，冬至日出时阳光会穿过顶窗照亮墓室，显示新石器时代人类精确的天文观察。","importance":2,"lat":53.69,"lng":-6.48,"place":"纽格莱奇","title_en":"Newgrange","desc_en":"The passage tomb of Newgrange in Ireland's Boyne Valley was built around 3200 BCE; at the winter-solstice sunrise, light passes through a roof-box to illuminate the chamber, showing precise Neolithic astronomical observation.","date_label_en":"c. 3200 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in the world, attesting to early wheeled transport in Europe.","date_label_en":"c. 3150 BCE","place_en":"Ljubljana"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-008","start":-3100,"date_label":"约前3100年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"古埃及统一","desc":"上下埃及在早王朝时期统一（传统上归于美尼斯/那尔迈），形成以法老为中心的王权国家，延续近三千年。","importance":3,"lat":29.85,"lng":31.25,"place":"孟菲斯","title_en":"Unification of Ancient Egypt","desc_en":"Upper and Lower Egypt were unified in the Early Dynastic Period (traditionally credited to Menes/Narmer), forming a pharaoh-centered monarchy that lasted nearly three thousand years.","date_label_en":"c. 3100 BCE","place_en":"Memphis"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x008","start":-3100,"date_label":"约前3100年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"原始埃兰文字","desc":"伊朗西南的苏萨出现原始埃兰文字泥板，主要用于记账，与楔形文字几乎同时产生，至今仍未被完全破译。","importance":1,"lat":32.19,"lng":48.25,"place":"苏萨","title_en":"Proto-Elamite Script","desc_en":"Proto-Elamite clay tablets appeared at Susa in southwestern Iran, used mainly for bookkeeping; arising almost simultaneously with cuneiform, the script has still not been fully deciphered.","date_label_en":"c. 3100 BCE","place_en":"Susa"},{"id":"europe-004","start":-3000,"end":-1500,"date_label":"约前3000—前1500年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"巨石阵的修建","desc":"英格兰索尔兹伯里平原的巨石阵分多期建成，约前2500年竖起巨大砂岩石柱，其轴线对准夏至日出与冬至日落，体现史前社会的组织与天文知识。","importance":2,"lat":51.18,"lng":-1.83,"place":"巨石阵","title_en":"Building Stonehenge","desc_en":"Stonehenge on England's Salisbury Plain was built in several phases, with huge sarsen stones raised around 2500 BCE; its axis aligns with the summer-solstice sunrise and winter-solstice sunset, reflecting prehistoric organization and astronomical knowledge.","date_label_en":"c. 3000–1500 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accounting, land surveying and astronomy; today's 60-minute hour and 360-degree circle derive from it.","date_label_en":"c. 3000 BCE","place_en":"Uruk"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x007","start":-3000,"date_label":"约前3000年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"高粱驯化","desc":"苏丹东部布塔纳地区的陶器印痕显示，约前3000年当地已栽培高粱。高粱耐旱，后来成为非洲萨赫勒与草原地带最重要的粮食作物之一。","importance":2,"lat":15.45,"lng":36.4,"place":"布塔纳","title_en":"Sorghum Domestication","desc_en":"Impressions in pottery from the Butana region of eastern Sudan show sorghum was being cultivated there around 3000 BCE; drought-tolerant sorghum later became one of the most important food crops of Africa's Sahel and savanna belts.","date_label_en":"c. 3000 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Uruk, Lagash and Umma, each devoted to its patron god, fought long wars over water and land, creating a landscape of competing city-states.","date_label_en":"c. 2900–2350 BCE","place_en":"Lagash"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x010","start":-2900,"date_label":"约前3千纪初","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"埃及365日民用历","desc":"古埃及采用每年12个月、每月30天、另加5个节日的365日民用历，并以天狼星偕日升与尼罗河泛滥相联系。","importance":2,"lat":29.85,"lng":31.25,"place":"孟菲斯","title_en":"Egypt's 365-Day Civil Calendar","desc_en":"Ancient Egypt adopted a 365-day civil calendar of 12 months of 30 days plus 5 festival days, linking the heliacal rising of Sirius with the Nile flood.","date_label_en":"early 3rd millennium BCE","place_en":"Memphis"},{"id":"europe-x015","start":-2800,"end":-1800,"date_label":"约前2800年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"钟杯文化","desc":"以倒钟形陶杯为标志的钟杯文化从伊比利亚等地扩散至西欧与中欧，伴随铜器冶炼和远距离交换网络，标志欧洲进入铜器时代晚期。","importance":1,"lat":38.7,"lng":-9.1,"place":"塔霍河口","title_en":"The Bell Beaker Culture","desc_en":"Marked by inverted-bell-shaped pottery beakers, the Bell Beaker culture spread from Iberia and elsewhere into Western and Central Europe along with copper metallurgy and long-distance exchange networks, marking Europe's late Copper Age.","date_label_en":"c. 2800 BCE","place_en":"Tagus estuary"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-010","start":-2650,"date_label":"约前2650年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"左塞尔阶梯金字塔","desc":"第三王朝法老左塞尔的阶梯金字塔由建筑师伊姆霍特普设计，是埃及第一座大型石造建筑，开启金字塔时代。","importance":2,"lat":29.87,"lng":31.22,"place":"萨卡拉","title_en":"The Step Pyramid of Djoser","desc_en":"The step pyramid of the Third Dynasty pharaoh Djoser, designed by the architect Imhotep, was Egypt's first large stone building and opened the age of the pyramids.","date_label_en":"c. 2650 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and seals bearing a still-undeciphered script, and traded over long distances with Mesopotamia.","date_label_en":"c. 2600–1900 BCE","place_en":"Harappa"},{"id":"south_asia-x003","start":-2600,"date_label":"约前2600年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"印度河印章与文字","desc":"印度河文明使用刻有动物图案和符号的滑石印章，用于贸易和身份标识；其文字符号至今未被破译，是古代文明的重要谜题。","importance":2,"lat":30.63,"lng":72.86,"place":"哈拉帕","title_en":"Indus Seals and Script","desc_en":"The Indus civilization used steatite seals carved with animal motifs and symbols for trade and identification; its script remains undeciphered, one of the great puzzles of ancient civilization.","date_label_en":"c. 2600 BCE","place_en":"Harappa"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x011","start":-2600,"date_label":"约前2600年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"斯尼夫鲁的金字塔","desc":"第四王朝斯尼夫鲁在代赫舒尔修建弯曲金字塔与红色金字塔，后者是第一座成功建成的光滑侧面真金字塔，为胡夫金字塔积累了经验。","importance":2,"lat":29.79,"lng":31.21,"place":"代赫舒尔","title_en":"The Pyramids of Sneferu","desc_en":"The Fourth Dynasty king Sneferu built the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid at Dahshur; the latter was the first successfully completed smooth-sided true pyramid, providing experience for Khufu's pyramid.","date_label_en":"c. 2600 BCE","place_en":"Dahshur"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x012","start":-2600,"date_label":"约前2600年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"乌尔王室墓地","desc":"乌尔王室墓地出土金头盔、竖琴与“乌尔军旗”等，普阿比王后墓中有大量殉葬者，反映苏美尔精英的财富和远程贸易网络。","importance":2,"lat":30.96,"lng":46.1,"place":"乌尔","title_en":"The Royal Cemetery of Ur","desc_en":"The Royal Cemetery of Ur yielded a gold helmet, lyres and the 'Standard of Ur'; Queen Puabi's tomb held many sacrificed attendants, reflecting the wealth and long-distance trade networks of the Sumerian elite.","date_label_en":"c. 2600 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meters tall and the world's tallest man-made structure for nearly four thousand years, reflecting the Egyptian state's power to mobilize.","date_label_en":"c. 2560 BCE","place_en":"Giza"},{"id":"east_asia-005","start":-2500,"end":-2000,"date_label":"约前2500–前2000年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"龙山时代城址林立","desc":"黄河中下游龙山文化以薄如蛋壳的黑陶著称，陶寺、石峁等大型城址出现，社会分化加剧，走向早期国家。","importance":2,"lat":35.88,"lng":111.5,"place":"山西襄汾陶寺","title_en":"Walled Towns of the Longshan Era","desc_en":"The Longshan culture of the middle and lower Yellow River is famed for eggshell-thin black pottery; large walled sites such as Taosi and Shimao appeared as social differentiation sharpened on the path to early states.","date_label_en":"c. 2500–2000 BCE","place_en":"Taosi, Xiangfen, Shanxi"},{"id":"south_asia-003","start":-2500,"date_label":"约前2500年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"摩亨佐-达罗城市规划","desc":"摩亨佐-达罗街道呈网格布局，房屋普遍连通有盖排水沟，城中建有著名的大浴池，展现了青铜时代罕见的城市卫生与工程水平。","importance":2,"lat":27.33,"lng":68.14,"place":"摩亨佐-达罗","title_en":"Urban Planning at Mohenjo-daro","desc_en":"Mohenjo-daro's streets were laid out in a grid, houses were widely connected to covered drains, and the city had the famous Great Bath, displaying urban sanitation and engineering rare in the Bronze Age.","date_label_en":"c. 2500 BCE","place_en":"Mohenjo-daro"},{"id":"north_america-x004","start":-2500,"date_label":"约前2500年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"古爱斯基摩人北极扩散","desc":"北极小工具传统人群约前2500年起从阿拉斯加向东扩散至加拿大北极与格陵兰，使用精细细石器和弓箭，是最早定居北美高纬北极的人类。","importance":1,"lat":64.4,"lng":-161.5,"place":"登比角","title_en":"Paleo-Eskimo Spread Across the Arctic","desc_en":"Peoples of the Arctic Small Tool tradition spread east from Alaska into the Canadian Arctic and Greenland from about 2500 BCE; using fine microblades and bows and arrows, they were the first humans to settle North America's high Arctic.","date_label_en":"c. 2500 BCE","place_en":"Cape Denbigh"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x009","start":-2500,"end":-1500,"date_label":"约前2500年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"克尔玛王国","desc":"努比亚的克尔玛王国以第三瀑布附近的克尔玛城为中心，控制尼罗河上游的黄金、象牙与乌木贸易，建有巨型泥砖神庙“德富法”，约前1500年被埃及新王国征服。","importance":2,"lat":19.6,"lng":30.41,"place":"克尔玛","title_en":"The Kingdom of Kerma","desc_en":"The Nubian Kingdom of Kerma, centered on the city of Kerma near the Third Cataract, controlled the upper Nile trade in gold, ivory and ebony and built a huge mudbrick temple, the Deffufa; it was conquered by Egypt's New Kingdom around 1500 BCE.","date_label_en":"c. 2500 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religious writings, which later evolved into the Coffin Texts and the Book of the Dead.","date_label_en":"c. 2350 BCE","place_en":"Saqqara"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x015","start":-2350,"date_label":"约前2350年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"埃勃拉王室档案","desc":"叙利亚埃勃拉王宫出土约1.7万片楔形文字泥板残片，记载纺织品、金属贸易与外交，证明两河以外存在高度发达的城市文明。","importance":2,"lat":35.8,"lng":36.8,"place":"埃勃拉","title_en":"The Royal Archives of Ebla","desc_en":"The royal palace of Ebla in Syria yielded about 17,000 cuneiform tablet fragments recording textiles, metal trade and diplomacy, proving a highly developed urban civilization existed beyond Mesopotamia.","date_label_en":"c. 2350 BCE","place_en":"Ebla"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-012","start":-2334,"end":-2154,"date_label":"约前2334—前2154年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"阿卡德帝国","desc":"萨尔贡统一两河流域南北，建立阿卡德帝国，被视为历史上最早的帝国之一，阿卡德语成为通行语言。","importance":3,"lat":32.55,"lng":44.6,"place":"基什(阿卡德)","title_en":"The Akkadian Empire","desc_en":"Sargon united northern and southern Mesopotamia and founded the Akkadian Empire, regarded as one of the earliest empires in history; Akkadian became the common language.","date_label_en":"c. 2334–2154 BCE","place_en":"Kish (Akkad)"},{"id":"south_asia-x005","start":-2300,"end":-1900,"date_label":"约前2300—前1900年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"美卢哈与两河贸易","desc":"两河流域楔形文献所称\"美卢哈\"通常被认为指印度河地区，当地出土的印度河印章和红玉髓珠证明两大文明之间存在远程贸易。","importance":2,"lat":23.04,"lng":68.6,"place":"印度河口","title_en":"Meluhha and Mesopotamian Trade","desc_en":"'Meluhha' in Mesopotamian cuneiform texts is generally thought to refer to the Indus region; Indus seals and carnelian beads found in Mesopotamia prove long-distance trade between the two civilizations.","date_label_en":"c. 2300–1900 BCE","place_en":"Mouth of the Indus"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x016","start":-2285,"date_label":"约前2285年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"恩赫杜安娜的颂诗","desc":"阿卡德王萨尔贡之女恩赫杜安娜任乌尔月神女祭司，创作献给伊南娜等神的颂诗，常被视为历史上第一位留名的作者。","importance":2,"lat":30.96,"lng":46.1,"place":"乌尔","title_en":"The Hymns of Enheduanna","desc_en":"Enheduanna, daughter of the Akkadian king Sargon, served as high priestess of the moon god at Ur and composed hymns to Inanna and other deities; she is often regarded as the first named author in history.","date_label_en":"c. 2285 BCE","place_en":"Ur"},{"id":"southeast_asia-001","start":-2200,"date_label":"约前2200年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"南岛语族扩散","desc":"南岛语族从台湾南下进入菲律宾，随后扩散到印度尼西亚等海岛地区，带来陶器、稻作与航海技术，形成今日海岛东南亚的语言基础。","importance":2,"lat":23.7,"lng":120.96,"place":"台湾（南岛语族起点）","title_en":"The Austronesian Expansion","desc_en":"Austronesian peoples moved south from Taiwan into the Philippines and then spread to Indonesia and other islands, bringing pottery, rice farming and seafaring skills and forming the linguistic basis of today's Island Southeast Asia.","date_label_en":"c. 2200 BCE","place_en":"Taiwan (Austronesian homeland)"},{"id":"inner_asia-003","start":-2200,"end":-1700,"date_label":"约前2200—前1700年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"巴克特里亚—马尔吉亚纳文明","desc":"今土库曼斯坦与阿富汗北部的绿洲出现设防城址和神庙，如戈努尔遗址，与两河、印度河有贸易往来。","importance":1,"lat":38.21,"lng":62.04,"place":"戈努尔遗址","title_en":"The Bactria–Margiana Civilization","desc_en":"Fortified towns and temples, such as Gonur Depe, arose in oases of present-day Turkmenistan and northern Afghanistan, trading with Mesopotamia and the Indus.","date_label_en":"c. 2200–1700 BCE","place_en":"Gonur Depe"},{"id":"global-x001","start":-2200,"end":-1900,"date_label":"约前2200年","region":"global","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"4.2千年干旱事件","desc":"约前2200年起多地出现持续干旱，时间上与阿卡德帝国衰落、埃及古王国瓦解及印度河城市衰退相近，地质学以此划分全新世“梅加拉亚期”起点。","importance":2,"title_en":"The 4.2-Kiloyear Drought Event","desc_en":"From about 2200 BCE prolonged drought struck many regions, coinciding roughly with the decline of the Akkadian Empire, the collapse of Egypt's Old Kingdom and the decline of Indus cities; geologists use it to mark the start of the Holocene's 'Meghalayan Age'.","date_label_en":"c. 2200 BCE"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x017","start":-2181,"date_label":"约前2181年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"古王国衰落","desc":"埃及古王国末期王权衰弱、地方州长坐大，加之尼罗河泛滥减弱引发饥荒，埃及陷入分裂的第一中间期。","importance":2,"lat":29.85,"lng":31.25,"place":"孟菲斯","title_en":"Decline of the Old Kingdom","desc_en":"At the end of Egypt's Old Kingdom, royal power weakened, provincial governors grew powerful and weaker Nile floods caused famine, plunging Egypt into the divided First Intermediate Period.","date_label_en":"c. 2181 BCE","place_en":"Memphis"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-013","start":-2100,"end":-1700,"date_label":"约前2100—前1700年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"《吉尔伽美什史诗》成形","desc":"以乌鲁克王吉尔伽美什为主角的苏美尔诗篇在此期间汇编成阿卡德语史诗，探讨友谊与死亡，是现存最古老的文学巨著之一。","importance":2,"lat":31.32,"lng":45.64,"place":"乌鲁克","title_en":"The Epic of Gilgamesh Takes Shape","desc_en":"Sumerian poems about Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, were compiled into an Akkadian epic during this period; exploring friendship and death, it is one of the oldest surviving great works of literature.","date_label_en":"c. 2100–1700 BCE","place_en":"Uruk"},{"id":"inner_asia-004","start":-2100,"end":-1800,"date_label":"约前2100—前1800年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"辛塔什塔辐条战车","desc":"乌拉尔南部的辛塔什塔文化墓葬出土最早的辐条轮马拉战车遗存，并有设防聚落与冶铜作坊，战车技术随后传遍欧亚。","importance":3,"lat":52.47,"lng":60.2,"place":"辛塔什塔","title_en":"Sintashta Spoked-Wheel Chariots","desc_en":"Burials of the Sintashta culture in the southern Urals contain the earliest remains of horse-drawn chariots with spoked wheels, along with fortified settlements and copper workshops; chariot technology then spread across Eurasia.","date_label_en":"c. 2100–1800 BCE","place_en":"Sintashta"},{"id":"east_asia-x006","start":-2100,"date_label":"约前2100年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"陶寺观象台遗迹","desc":"山西襄汾陶寺遗址发现半圆形夯土建筑基址，复原研究认为可能用于观测日出方位以确定节令，是中国早期天文观测的重要实物线索。","importance":1,"lat":35.88,"lng":111.5,"place":"山西襄汾陶寺","title_en":"The Taosi 'Observatory'","desc_en":"A semicircular rammed-earth foundation at Taosi in Xiangfen, Shanxi, is thought from reconstruction studies to have been used to observe sunrise positions to fix the seasons, an important material clue to early astronomy in China.","date_label_en":"c. 2100 BCE","place_en":"Taosi, Xiangfen, Shanxi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x018","start":-2100,"date_label":"约前2100年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"乌尔纳姆法典","desc":"乌尔第三王朝创立者乌尔纳姆颁布法典，以罚银代替部分肉刑，比汉谟拉比法典早约三个世纪，是现存最古老的成文法之一。","importance":2,"lat":30.96,"lng":46.1,"place":"乌尔","title_en":"The Code of Ur-Nammu","desc_en":"Ur-Nammu, founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur, issued a law code that replaced some bodily punishments with silver fines; about three centuries older than Hammurabi's code, it is one of the oldest surviving written laws.","date_label_en":"c. 2100 BCE","place_en":"Ur"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x019","start":-2100,"date_label":"约前2100年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"乌尔大塔庙","desc":"乌尔纳姆为月神南纳修建泥砖阶梯式大塔庙，底座约64×46米，以沥青与烧砖包覆，是两河塔庙建筑的代表。","importance":1,"lat":30.96,"lng":46.1,"place":"乌尔","title_en":"The Great Ziggurat of Ur","desc_en":"Ur-Nammu built a stepped mudbrick ziggurat to the moon god Nanna, with a base of about 64 × 46 meters faced with baked brick and bitumen—an exemplary Mesopotamian ziggurat.","date_label_en":"c. 2100 BCE","place_en":"Ur"},{"id":"north_america-x005","start":-2100,"date_label":"约前2100年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"玉米传入美国西南","desc":"源自墨西哥的玉米约前2100年传入今亚利桑那南部，图森盆地发现早期灌溉渠与村落，农业逐步改变西南部原住民的生活方式。","importance":1,"lat":32.22,"lng":-110.97,"place":"图森","title_en":"Maize Reaches the American Southwest","desc_en":"Maize from Mexico reached what is now southern Arizona around 2100 BCE; early irrigation canals and villages have been found in the Tucson Basin, and farming gradually transformed the ways of life of Southwestern Native peoples.","date_label_en":"c. 2100 BCE","place_en":"Tucson"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x020","start":-2055,"date_label":"约前2055年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"埃及中王国统一","desc":"底比斯统治者孟图霍特普二世重新统一埃及，开启中王国时期，此后王朝加强中央集权并开发法尤姆、经营努比亚。","importance":2,"lat":25.7,"lng":32.64,"place":"底比斯","title_en":"Egypt Reunified: The Middle Kingdom","desc_en":"Mentuhotep II, ruler of Thebes, reunified Egypt and began the Middle Kingdom; later kings strengthened central control, developed the Faiyum and extended their reach into Nubia.","date_label_en":"c. 2055 BCE","place_en":"Thebes"},{"id":"global-004","start":-2000,"date_label":"约前2000年","region":"global","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"马拉战车传播","desc":"欧亚草原的辛塔什塔文化留下最早的轻型辐条轮战车，战车技术随后传到西亚、埃及、南亚和商代中国，改变了战争方式。","importance":2,"lat":52.47,"lng":60.2,"place":"俄罗斯辛塔什塔","title_en":"Spread of the Horse-Drawn Chariot","desc_en":"The Sintashta culture of the Eurasian steppe left the earliest light spoked-wheel chariots; the technology then spread to West Asia, Egypt, South Asia and Shang China, transforming warfare.","date_label_en":"c. 2000 BCE","place_en":"Sintashta, Russia"},{"id":"southeast_asia-002","start":-2000,"date_label":"约前2000年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"稻作农业传入大陆东南亚","desc":"源自长江流域的稻作农业随人群南下传入越南北部、泰国等地，新石器农业村落出现，东南亚大陆进入以稻米为主的农耕社会。","importance":2,"lat":21.27,"lng":105.32,"place":"越南北部冯原","title_en":"Rice Farming Reaches Mainland Southeast Asia","desc_en":"Rice farming from the Yangtze basin spread south with migrating peoples into northern Vietnam, Thailand and beyond; Neolithic farming villages appeared and mainland Southeast Asia became a rice-based agrarian society.","date_label_en":"c. 2000 BCE","place_en":"Phùng Nguyên, northern Vietnam"},{"id":"inner_asia-005","start":-2000,"end":-1500,"date_label":"约前2000—前1500年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"安德罗诺沃文化","desc":"安德罗诺沃文化分布于哈萨克草原至南西伯利亚，兼营畜牧与农业，冶炼青铜，与印度—伊朗语人群的扩散相关。","importance":1,"lat":49.81,"lng":73.09,"place":"卡拉干达草原","title_en":"The Andronovo Culture","desc_en":"Spread from the Kazakh steppe to southern Siberia, the Andronovo culture combined herding and farming and smelted bronze; it is associated with the spread of Indo-Iranian-speaking peoples.","date_label_en":"c. 2000–1500 BCE","place_en":"Karaganda steppe"},{"id":"europe-005","start":-2000,"end":-1450,"date_label":"约前2000—前1450年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济","文化"],"title":"米诺斯文明繁荣","desc":"克里特岛的米诺斯文明以克诺索斯等宫殿为中心，发展海上贸易、线形文字A与精美壁画，是欧洲最早的青铜时代高级文明。","importance":2,"lat":35.3,"lng":25.16,"place":"克诺索斯","title_en":"Minoan Civilization Flourishes","desc_en":"The Minoan civilization of Crete, centered on palaces such as Knossos, developed maritime trade, Linear A script and fine frescoes; it was Europe's earliest advanced Bronze Age civilization.","date_label_en":"c. 2000–1450 BCE","place_en":"Knossos"},{"id":"cosmos-x092","start":-2000,"date_label":"约前2000年","region":"cosmos","dims":["科技"],"title":"最后的猛犸象","desc":"北冰洋弗兰格尔岛上的猛犸象种群一直存续到约4000年前，比大陆种群晚灭绝约6000年，此时古埃及金字塔早已建成。","importance":1,"lat":71.24,"lng":-179.42,"place":"弗兰格尔岛","title_en":"The Last Mammoths","desc_en":"A mammoth population on Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean survived until about 4,000 years ago, some 6,000 years after mainland populations died out—long after Egypt's pyramids had been built.","date_label_en":"c. 2000 BCE","place_en":"Wrangel Island"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x021","start":-2000,"date_label":"约前2000年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"迪尔蒙转口贸易","desc":"巴林一带的迪尔蒙成为两河与印度河之间的转口站，铜、宝石与木材经此流通，迪尔蒙印章见于两河与印度河遗址。","importance":2,"lat":26.23,"lng":50.52,"place":"巴林堡","title_en":"Dilmun Entrepôt Trade","desc_en":"Dilmun, in the area of Bahrain, became an entrepôt between Mesopotamia and the Indus; copper, gems and timber passed through it, and Dilmun seals are found at Mesopotamian and Indus sites.","date_label_en":"c. 2000 BCE","place_en":"Qal'at al-Bahrain"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x010","start":-2000,"end":-500,"date_label":"约前2000年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"提希特石构村落","desc":"今毛里塔尼亚的提希特崖壁上分布着数百处约前2000年起的石砌村落，居民种植珍珠粟、放牧牛群，是西非最早的复杂农业社会之一。","importance":1,"lat":18.43,"lng":-9.5,"place":"提希特","title_en":"The Stone Villages of Tichitt","desc_en":"Hundreds of stone-built villages dating from about 2000 BCE line the Tichitt escarpment in present-day Mauritania; their residents grew pearl millet and herded cattle, forming one of West Africa's earliest complex farming societies.","date_label_en":"c. 2000 BCE","place_en":"Tichitt"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x022","start":-1950,"end":-1750,"date_label":"约前1950—前1750年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"亚述商人卡内什贸易","desc":"古亚述商人以驴队将锡和纺织品运到安纳托利亚的卡内什，换取金银；留下的两万余块商业泥板是最早的私人商业档案之一。","importance":2,"lat":38.85,"lng":35.63,"place":"卡内什","title_en":"Assyrian Merchants at Kanesh","desc_en":"Old Assyrian merchants used donkey caravans to carry tin and textiles to Kanesh in Anatolia in exchange for gold and silver; the more than 20,000 business tablets they left are among the earliest private commercial archives.","date_label_en":"c. 1950–1750 BCE","place_en":"Kanesh"},{"id":"south_asia-004","start":-1900,"date_label":"约前1900年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"印度河文明衰落","desc":"印度河城市逐渐被废弃或萎缩，人口向东迁往恒河上游等地；原因可能与气候变干、河道改变及贸易衰退有关，学界仍有争论。","importance":2,"lat":27.33,"lng":68.14,"place":"摩亨佐-达罗","title_en":"Decline of the Indus Civilization","desc_en":"Indus cities were gradually abandoned or shrank and populations moved east toward the upper Ganges; possible causes include a drying climate, shifting rivers and declining trade, and scholars still debate it.","date_label_en":"c. 1900 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understood the side relationships of right triangles more than a thousand years before Pythagoras.","date_label_en":"c. 1800 BCE","place_en":"Larsa"},{"id":"inner_asia-x002","start":-1800,"date_label":"约前2千纪前期","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"小河墓地","desc":"塔里木盆地东部的小河墓地以船形棺和林立木柱为特征，出土保存完好的干尸、毛织物与早期麦粒，反映早期东西方人群交流。","importance":2,"lat":40.33,"lng":88.67,"place":"小河墓地","title_en":"The Xiaohe Cemetery","desc_en":"The Xiaohe Cemetery in the eastern Tarim Basin, marked by boat-shaped coffins and forests of wooden posts, has yielded well-preserved mummies, woolen textiles and early wheat grains, reflecting early contacts between eastern and western peoples.","date_label_en":"early 2nd millennium BCE","place_en":"Xiaohe Cemetery"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-014","start":-1754,"date_label":"约前1754年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","政治","文化"],"title":"汉谟拉比法典","desc":"古巴比伦王汉谟拉比颁布刻于石柱的法典，共282条，涉及商业、家庭、刑罚等，是现存较完整的早期成文法典。","importance":3,"lat":32.54,"lng":44.42,"place":"巴比伦","title_en":"The Code of Hammurabi","desc_en":"The Babylonian king Hammurabi issued a law code carved on a stone stele with 282 laws covering commerce, family and punishment; it is one of the most complete surviving early written law codes.","date_label_en":"c. 1754 BCE","place_en":"Babylon"},{"id":"east_asia-006","start":-1750,"end":-1520,"date_label":"约前1750–前1520年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"二里头宫城与青铜礼器","desc":"河南偃师二里头遗址有宫殿基址、青铜爵等礼器和铸铜作坊，是中原最早的广域王权都邑，常被认为与夏代晚期相关。","importance":3,"lat":34.69,"lng":112.69,"place":"河南偃师二里头","title_en":"Erlitou Palace City and Bronze Ritual Vessels","desc_en":"The Erlitou site in Yanshi, Henan, has palace foundations, bronze ritual vessels such as jue and bronze-casting workshops; the earliest royal capital with wide regional reach in the Central Plains, it is often linked to the late Xia dynasty.","date_label_en":"c. 1750–1520 BCE","place_en":"Erlitou, Yanshi, Henan"},{"id":"north_america-x006","start":-1700,"end":-1100,"date_label":"约前1700–前1100年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"波弗蒂角","desc":"路易斯安那州波弗蒂角由六道同心半圆土垄与大土丘组成，居民以狩猎采集为生，却汇集来自数百公里外的石料与铜器，是北美远程交换网络的枢纽。","importance":2,"lat":32.64,"lng":-91.41,"place":"波弗蒂角","title_en":"Poverty Point","desc_en":"Poverty Point in Louisiana consists of six concentric semicircular earthen ridges and large mounds; though its residents were hunter-gatherers, it gathered stone and copper from hundreds of kilometers away, a hub of North American long-distance exchange.","date_label_en":"c. 1700–1100 BCE","place_en":"Poverty Point"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-015","start":-1650,"end":-1550,"date_label":"约前1650—前1550年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"希克索斯人统治下埃及","desc":"来自西亚的希克索斯人控制下埃及，带来马拉战车与复合弓等技术，后被底比斯王朝驱逐，埃及进入新王国时期。","importance":1,"lat":30.79,"lng":31.82,"place":"阿瓦里斯","title_en":"Egypt under the Hyksos","desc_en":"The Hyksos from West Asia controlled Lower Egypt, introducing technologies such as the horse-drawn chariot and composite bow; they were later expelled by the Theban dynasty, and Egypt entered the New Kingdom.","date_label_en":"c. 1650–1550 BCE","place_en":"Avaris"},{"id":"east_asia-007","start":-1600,"end":-1046,"date_label":"约前1600年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"商朝建立","desc":"相传商汤灭夏建立商朝，早期都邑可能在郑州商城一带，青铜礼器、城市与王权进一步发展。","importance":2,"lat":34.76,"lng":113.68,"place":"郑州商城(亳)","title_en":"Founding of the Shang Dynasty","desc_en":"According to tradition, Tang of Shang overthrew the Xia and founded the Shang dynasty; its early capital was possibly near the Zhengzhou Shang City, and bronze ritual vessels, cities and royal power developed further.","date_label_en":"c. 1600 BCE","place_en":"Zhengzhou Shang City (Bo)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-016","start":-1600,"end":-1178,"date_label":"约前1600—前1178年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"赫梯王国","desc":"安纳托利亚的赫梯人建立强国，以战车部队著称，并较早掌握冶铁技术，与埃及、巴比伦并立为近东大国。","importance":2,"lat":40.02,"lng":34.62,"place":"哈图沙","title_en":"The Hittite Kingdom","desc_en":"The Hittites of Anatolia built a powerful state famed for its chariot forces and early mastery of ironworking, standing alongside Egypt and Babylon as a great power of the Near East.","date_label_en":"c. 1600–1178 BCE","place_en":"Hattusa"},{"id":"europe-006","start":-1600,"end":-1100,"date_label":"约前1600—前1100年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"迈锡尼文明","desc":"希腊本土的迈锡尼文明以城堡王宫和线形文字B为特征，约前1450年后控制克里特，前1200年前后随青铜时代晚期崩溃而衰落。","importance":2,"lat":37.73,"lng":22.76,"place":"迈锡尼","title_en":"Mycenaean Civilization","desc_en":"The Mycenaean civilization of mainland Greece, marked by fortified palaces and Linear B script, controlled Crete after about 1450 BCE and declined around 1200 BCE with the Late Bronze Age collapse.","date_label_en":"c. 1600–1100 BCE","place_en":"Mycenae"},{"id":"europe-x016","start":-1600,"date_label":"约前1600年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"内布拉星象盘","desc":"德国内布拉出土的青铜圆盘镶有金质太阳、月亮和昴星团图案，约制作于前1600年，是已知最古老的具体天象图像之一。","importance":2,"lat":51.28,"lng":11.52,"place":"内布拉","title_en":"The Nebra Sky Disc","desc_en":"A bronze disc from Nebra, Germany, inlaid with gold images of the Sun, Moon and the Pleiades and made around 1600 BCE, is one of the oldest known concrete depictions of the heavens.","date_label_en":"c. 1600 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took over Babylon.","date_label_en":"c. 1595 BCE","place_en":"Babylon"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x026","start":-1550,"date_label":"约前1550年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"莱因德数学纸草","desc":"书吏阿赫摩斯抄写的莱因德纸草书含84道数学题，涉及分数、面积、体积与金字塔斜度计算，展示了古埃及实用数学。","importance":2,"lat":25.7,"lng":32.64,"place":"底比斯","title_en":"The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus","desc_en":"Copied by the scribe Ahmose, the Rhind Papyrus contains 84 mathematical problems on fractions, areas, volumes and pyramid slopes, showcasing ancient Egypt's practical mathematics.","date_label_en":"c. 1550 BCE","place_en":"Thebes"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x027","start":-1550,"date_label":"约前1550年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"新王国建立","desc":"底比斯的雅赫摩斯一世驱逐希克索斯人、重新统一埃及，开启新王国时期，埃及随后向黎凡特和努比亚扩张成为帝国。","importance":2,"lat":25.7,"lng":32.64,"place":"底比斯","title_en":"The New Kingdom Begins","desc_en":"Ahmose I of Thebes expelled the Hyksos and reunified Egypt, beginning the New Kingdom; Egypt then expanded into the Levant and Nubia to become an empire.","date_label_en":"c. 1550 BCE","place_en":"Thebes"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x028","start":-1550,"date_label":"约前1550年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"埃及医学纸草","desc":"埃伯斯纸草记载七百余种药方，埃德温·史密斯纸草按检查、诊断、处置系统描述外伤，体现古埃及医学的经验积累。","importance":2,"lat":25.7,"lng":32.64,"place":"底比斯","title_en":"Egyptian Medical Papyri","desc_en":"The Ebers Papyrus records more than 700 remedies, and the Edwin Smith Papyrus systematically describes injuries by examination, diagnosis and treatment, reflecting the accumulated experience of ancient Egyptian medicine.","date_label_en":"c. 1550 BCE","place_en":"Thebes"},{"id":"south_asia-005","start":-1500,"end":-500,"date_label":"约前1500—前500年","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","文化"],"title":"吠陀时代","desc":"说印欧语的雅利安人进入西北印度，《梨俱吠陀》等吠陀经典以口传形式形成，祭祀宗教与瓦尔纳等级观念逐步确立，奠定婆罗门教基础。","importance":3,"lat":30.9,"lng":75.85,"place":"旁遮普（七河地区）","title_en":"The Vedic 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Dye","desc_en":"People of the Levantine coast extracted purple dye from murex snails through a complex, costly process; 'Tyrian purple' became a symbol of royalty and a major Phoenician export.","date_label_en":"2nd millennium BCE","place_en":"Tyre"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-017","start":-1479,"end":-1458,"date_label":"前1479—前1458年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"哈特谢普苏特执政","desc":"女法老哈特谢普苏特统治埃及约二十年，派远征队前往蓬特贸易，在代尔巴哈里修建葬祭殿，是古埃及著名的女性统治者。","importance":1,"lat":25.74,"lng":32.61,"place":"代尔巴哈里","title_en":"Reign of Hatshepsut","desc_en":"The female pharaoh Hatshepsut ruled Egypt for about twenty years, sent a trading expedition to Punt and built a mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari; she is one of ancient Egypt's most famous female rulers.","date_label_en":"1479–1458 BCE","place_en":"Deir 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entrance; in the 1960s they were cut up and relocated to escape flooding by the Aswan reservoir.","date_label_en":"c. 1264 BCE","place_en":"Abu Simbel"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x035","start":-1259,"date_label":"前1259年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"埃及—赫梯和约","desc":"拉美西斯二世与赫梯王哈图西里三世缔结和约，规定互不侵犯、互助与引渡逃亡者，是现存文本最完整的古代国际条约之一。","importance":2,"lat":30.8,"lng":31.83,"place":"培尔-拉美西斯","title_en":"The Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty","desc_en":"Ramesses II and the Hittite king Hattusili III concluded a treaty of non-aggression, mutual assistance and extradition of fugitives—one of the most completely preserved ancient international treaties.","date_label_en":"1259 BCE","place_en":"Pi-Ramesses"},{"id":"east_asia-008","start":-1250,"date_label":"约前1250年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","文化"],"title":"甲骨文","desc":"殷墟出土的甲骨文是商王占卜的刻辞，已具备较完整的汉字体系，是目前所知最早成系统的中国文字。","importance":3,"lat":36.13,"lng":114.31,"place":"安阳殷墟","title_en":"Oracle Bone Script","desc_en":"The oracle-bone inscriptions excavated at Yinxu record Shang kings' divinations; already a fairly complete system of Chinese characters, they are the earliest known systematic Chinese writing.","date_label_en":"c. 1250 BCE","place_en":"Yinxu, Anyang"},{"id":"europe-x020","start":-1250,"date_label":"约前1250年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"托伦瑟河谷之战","desc":"德国东北部托伦瑟河谷发现大量人骨与青铜兵器，表明约前1250年这里发生过上千人参与的战斗，是欧洲已知最早的大规模战役遗迹。","importance":2,"lat":53.83,"lng":13.3,"place":"托伦瑟河谷","title_en":"Battle of the Tollense Valley","desc_en":"Large numbers of human bones and bronze weapons found in the Tollense Valley in northeastern Germany indicate a battle involving over a thousand people around 1250 BCE—the earliest known site of a large-scale battle in Europe.","date_label_en":"c. 1250 BCE","place_en":"Tollense 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than 1,900 bronzes, jades and other objects; Fu Hao was a consort of the Shang king Wu Ding, and oracle-bone inscriptions record her presiding over rituals and leading military campaigns.","date_label_en":"c. 1200 BCE","place_en":"Yinxu, Anyang"},{"id":"east_asia-x009","start":-1200,"date_label":"约前12世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"三星堆青铜文明","desc":"四川广汉三星堆祭祀坑出土青铜纵目面具、青铜神树与金杖，风格迥异于中原，显示古蜀地区高度发达而独特的青铜文化。","importance":3,"lat":30.99,"lng":104.2,"place":"四川广汉三星堆","title_en":"Sanxingdui Bronze Civilization","desc_en":"Sacrificial pits at Sanxingdui in Guanghan, Sichuan, yielded bronze masks with protruding eyes, bronze sacred trees and a gold staff; strikingly different from the Central Plains style, they reveal a highly developed and distinctive bronze culture of ancient Shu.","date_label_en":"c. 12th century BCE","place_en":"Sanxingdui, Guanghan, 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stone mounds—monuments of Late Bronze Age steppe peoples.","date_label_en":"c. 1200–700 BCE","place_en":"Mörön"},{"id":"europe-x021","start":-1200,"date_label":"约前1200年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"迈锡尼宫殿体系崩溃","desc":"约前1200年，迈锡尼、皮洛斯等宫殿相继被毁，线形文字B失传，希腊进入数百年的“黑暗时代”，人口与贸易大幅萎缩。","importance":2,"lat":37.73,"lng":22.76,"place":"迈锡尼","title_en":"Collapse of the Mycenaean Palaces","desc_en":"Around 1200 BCE palaces such as Mycenae and Pylos were destroyed one after another and Linear B was lost; Greece entered a centuries-long 'Dark Age' of sharply reduced population and trade.","date_label_en":"c. 1200 BCE","place_en":"Mycenae"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-020","start":-1177,"date_label":"约前1177年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"青铜时代晚期崩溃","desc":"约前12世纪初，赫梯灭亡，乌加里特等城市被毁，埃及击退“海上民族”，东地中海青铜时代国际体系瓦解。","importance":3,"lat":35.6,"lng":35.78,"place":"乌加里特","title_en":"The Late Bronze Age Collapse","desc_en":"In the early 12th century BCE the Hittite state fell, cities such as Ugarit were destroyed and Egypt fought off the 'Sea Peoples' as the Bronze Age international system of the eastern Mediterranean disintegrated.","date_label_en":"c. 1177 BCE","place_en":"Ugarit"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x036","start":-1177,"date_label":"约前1177年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事"],"title":"拉美西斯三世抗海上民族","desc":"拉美西斯三世在尼罗河三角洲击退“海上民族”入侵，美迪奈特哈布神庙浮雕描绘了这场海战，埃及虽保全但国力由此转衰。","importance":2,"lat":25.72,"lng":32.6,"place":"美迪奈特哈布","title_en":"Ramesses III Repels the Sea Peoples","desc_en":"Ramesses III repelled an invasion by the 'Sea Peoples' in the Nile Delta, a naval battle depicted in reliefs at Medinet Habu; Egypt survived, but its power began to wane.","date_label_en":"c. 1177 BCE","place_en":"Medinet 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Greek, Latin, Aramaic and many other alphabets.","date_label_en":"c. 1050 BCE","place_en":"Byblos"},{"id":"east_asia-010","start":-1046,"end":-771,"date_label":"约前1046年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"武王伐纣","desc":"周武王在牧野之战击败商纣王，建立西周，推行分封制与宗法制，并以“天命”观念论证王朝正统。","importance":3,"lat":35.3,"lng":113.93,"place":"牧野(河南新乡)","title_en":"King Wu Conquers the Shang","desc_en":"King Wu of Zhou defeated King Zhou of Shang at the Battle of Muye and founded the Western Zhou, instituting enfeoffment and the lineage system and justifying the dynasty's legitimacy with the idea of the 'Mandate of Heaven'.","date_label_en":"c. 1046 BCE","place_en":"Muye (Xinxiang, Henan)"},{"id":"east_asia-x010","start":-1040,"date_label":"约前11世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"周公制礼作乐","desc":"西周初年周公辅佐成王，平定三监之乱，营建东都成周，推行分封与宗法制度并制定礼乐规范，奠定周代的政治与文化秩序。","importance":3,"lat":34.23,"lng":108.8,"place":"镐京","title_en":"The Duke of Zhou Establishes Rites and Music","desc_en":"In the early Western Zhou, the Duke of Zhou served as regent for King Cheng, crushed the Rebellion of the Three Guards, built the eastern capital Chengzhou, implemented enfeoffment and the lineage system and codified rites and music, establishing the Zhou political and cultural order.","date_label_en":"c. 11th century BCE","place_en":"Haojing"},{"id":"east_asia-x011","start":-1038,"date_label":"约前11世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"何尊“宅兹中国”铭文","desc":"陕西宝鸡出土的西周早期青铜器何尊，内底铭文记载成王营建成周之事，其中“宅兹中国”是“中国”一词迄今所见最早的文字记载。","importance":2,"lat":34.36,"lng":107.24,"place":"陕西宝鸡","title_en":"The He Zun Inscription 'Zhai Zi Zhongguo'","desc_en":"The inscription inside the He zun, an early Western Zhou bronze from Baoji, Shaanxi, records King Cheng's building of Chengzhou; its phrase 'zhai zi Zhongguo' ('dwell in this central land') is the earliest known written occurrence of the word 'Zhongguo' (China).","date_label_en":"c. 11th century BCE","place_en":"Baoji, Shaanxi"},{"id":"south_asia-006","start":-1000,"date_label":"约前1000年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"铁器与恒河平原开发","desc":"铁器在北印度逐渐普及，人们清除森林、开垦恒河平原种植水稻，农业剩余增加，推动后期吠陀社会的定居化和早期国家形成。","importance":2,"lat":29.16,"lng":78.01,"place":"象城（恒河上游）","title_en":"Iron and the Opening of the Ganges Plain","desc_en":"Iron tools gradually spread in northern India; people cleared forests and opened the Ganges plain to rice cultivation, and growing agricultural surpluses drove settlement and early state formation in later Vedic society.","date_label_en":"c. 1000 BCE","place_en":"Hastinapura (upper Ganges)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-003","start":-1000,"date_label":"约前1000年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"班清青铜文化","desc":"泰国东北部班清遗址出土大量青铜器与彩陶，显示当地较早掌握青铜冶铸技术；其确切年代在学界仍有争议。","importance":1,"lat":17.41,"lng":103.24,"place":"泰国班清","title_en":"Ban Chiang Bronze Culture","desc_en":"The Ban Chiang site in northeastern Thailand has yielded many bronzes and painted pottery, showing early local mastery of bronze casting; its exact dating is still debated.","date_label_en":"c. 1000 BCE","place_en":"Ban Chiang, Thailand"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-022","start":-1000,"date_label":"约前1000年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"以色列王国与耶路撒冷","desc":"据传统记载，大卫王以耶路撒冷为都城，所罗门建第一圣殿；希伯来一神信仰后来深刻影响犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教。","importance":2,"lat":31.78,"lng":35.23,"place":"耶路撒冷","title_en":"The Kingdom of Israel and Jerusalem","desc_en":"According to tradition, King David made Jerusalem his capital and Solomon built the First Temple; Hebrew monotheism later profoundly influenced Judaism, Christianity and Islam.","date_label_en":"c. 1000 BCE","place_en":"Jerusalem"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-003","start":-1000,"end":500,"date_label":"约前1000年—约500年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"库施王国","desc":"努比亚的库施王国以纳帕塔、后以麦罗埃为中心，前8世纪曾征服埃及建立第二十五王朝，后在麦罗埃发展出独特文字、金字塔与冶铁业，约4世纪衰亡。","importance":2,"lat":18.54,"lng":31.83,"place":"纳帕塔","title_en":"Kingdom of 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ornaments found in the Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand reflect early maritime networks in the South China Sea.","date_label_en":"c. 1000 BCE–200 CE","place_en":"Quảng Ngãi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x038","start":-1000,"date_label":"约前1000年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"单峰驼用于商队","desc":"约前1千纪初，单峰驼被广泛驯化用于驮运，阿拉伯半岛的商队得以穿越沙漠，为乳香之路和后来的跨沙漠贸易提供条件。","importance":2,"lat":23.0,"lng":45.0,"place":"阿拉伯半岛","title_en":"Dromedaries Join the Caravans","desc_en":"By the early 1st millennium BCE the dromedary was widely domesticated as a pack animal, allowing Arabian caravans to cross the desert and enabling the Incense Route and later trans-desert trade.","date_label_en":"c. 1000 BCE","place_en":"Arabian 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myrrh trade and built a great dam to irrigate its oasis; caravans carried the aromatics through western Arabia to the Mediterranean.","date_label_en":"c. 8th century BCE","place_en":"Marib"},{"id":"europe-x024","start":-750,"end":-250,"date_label":"约前8世纪","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"伊特鲁里亚文明","desc":"伊特鲁里亚人在意大利中部建立城邦联盟，擅长冶金、彩绘墓室与占卜，曾统治早期罗马，其字母、建筑和宗教深刻影响罗马。","importance":2,"lat":42.25,"lng":11.76,"place":"塔尔奎尼亚","title_en":"Etruscan Civilization","desc_en":"The Etruscans founded a league of city-states in central Italy, excelling in metallurgy, painted tombs and divination; they once ruled early Rome, and their alphabet, architecture and religion deeply influenced the Romans.","date_label_en":"c. 8th century 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deported many of its people across the empire—the later-named 'Ten Lost Tribes'—leaving only the Kingdom of Judah.","date_label_en":"722 BCE","place_en":"Samaria"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x044","start":-701,"date_label":"约前701年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"希西家水道","desc":"犹大王希西家为防亚述围城，开凿长约533米的地下水道将基训泉引入耶路撒冷城内，出土的西罗亚铭文记述了两端对挖相会。","importance":1,"lat":31.77,"lng":35.24,"place":"耶路撒冷","title_en":"Hezekiah's Tunnel","desc_en":"To withstand an Assyrian siege, King Hezekiah of Judah dug an underground tunnel about 533 meters long bringing the Gihon Spring into Jerusalem; the Siloam Inscription found there describes the two digging teams meeting.","date_label_en":"c. 701 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citizens with a system of two kings and a council of elders, producing Greece's most formidable hoplite force.","date_label_en":"c. 7th century BCE","place_en":"Sparta"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x046","start":-690,"date_label":"约前690年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"西拿基立引水工程","desc":"亚述王西拿基立为尼尼微修建长距离引水系统，杰尔万渡槽以约200万块石料砌成，是已知最早的大型渡槽之一。","importance":1,"lat":36.66,"lng":43.4,"place":"杰尔万","title_en":"Sennacherib's Water Works","desc_en":"The Assyrian king Sennacherib built a long-distance water-supply system for Nineveh; its Jerwan aqueduct, built from some two million stone blocks, is one of the earliest known large aqueducts.","date_label_en":"c. 690 BCE","place_en":"Jerwan"},{"id":"east_asia-x016","start":-685,"date_label":"约前685年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"管仲相齐改革","desc":"管仲辅佐齐桓公，实行“相地而衰征”按土地好坏征税，设官经营盐铁渔业，发展工商，使齐国富甲诸侯，为称霸奠定基础。","importance":2,"lat":36.82,"lng":118.31,"place":"齐都临淄","title_en":"Guan Zhong's Reforms in 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Harran, leaving West Asia divided among Babylon, Media, Lydia and Egypt.","date_label_en":"612 BCE","place_en":"Nineveh"},{"id":"south_asia-007","start":-600,"date_label":"约前6世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"十六大国与第二次城市化","desc":"北印度出现摩揭陀、拘萨罗等十六大国，恒河流域城市重新兴起，铸币开始流通，摩揭陀逐步兼并邻国成为最强大的国家。","importance":2,"lat":25.03,"lng":85.42,"place":"王舍城（摩揭陀）","title_en":"The Sixteen Mahajanapadas and Second Urbanization","desc_en":"Sixteen great states, including Magadha and Kosala, arose in northern India; cities re-emerged in the Ganges basin, coinage began to circulate, and Magadha gradually absorbed its neighbors to become the strongest state.","date_label_en":"c. 6th century BCE","place_en":"Rajagriha 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intelligence and 'subduing the enemy without fighting'; it is one of the world's earliest military treatises.","date_label_en":"c. 500 BCE","place_en":"Gusu, capital of Wu"},{"id":"south_asia-008","start":-500,"date_label":"约前5世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","文化"],"title":"佛陀创立佛教","desc":"乔达摩·悉达多在菩提伽耶悟道后传法，提出四谛、八正道，反对婆罗门祭祀特权，佛教此后传遍亚洲；其确切生卒年仍有争议。","importance":3,"lat":24.7,"lng":84.99,"place":"菩提伽耶","title_en":"The Buddha Founds Buddhism","desc_en":"After attaining enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, Siddhartha Gautama taught the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path and rejected the ritual privileges of the Brahmins; Buddhism later spread across Asia. His exact dates are still debated.","date_label_en":"c. 5th century BCE","place_en":"Bodh Gaya"},{"id":"south_asia-009","start":-500,"date_label":"约前6—前5世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"大雄与耆那教","desc":"筏驮摩那（大雄）系统阐述耆那教教义，强调非暴力、苦行与戒律，信徒多从事商业，耆那教延续至今，影响了印度伦理传统。","importance":2,"lat":25.99,"lng":85.13,"place":"吠舍离","title_en":"Mahavira and Jainism","desc_en":"Vardhamana (Mahavira) systematized Jain teaching, stressing non-violence, asceticism and discipline; its followers were largely merchants, and Jainism survives today and has influenced India's ethical traditions.","date_label_en":"c. 6th–5th century BCE","place_en":"Vaishali"},{"id":"east_asia-x021","start":-500,"date_label":"约前6世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"老子与《道德经》","desc":"相传老子（李耳）为春秋末期周王室守藏室之史，著《道德经》五千余言，提出“道法自然”“无为而治”，开创道家学派。","importance":3,"lat":34.62,"lng":112.45,"place":"洛邑(洛阳)","title_en":"Laozi and the Tao Te Ching","desc_en":"Tradition holds that Laozi (Li Er), keeper of archives for the Zhou court at the end of the Spring and Autumn period, wrote the Tao Te Ching of some 5,000 characters, teaching that 'the Way follows nature' and 'governing by non-action', founding the Daoist school.","date_label_en":"c. 6th century BCE","place_en":"Luoyi (Luoyang)"},{"id":"south_asia-x010","start":-500,"end":-300,"date_label":"约前5—前4世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"摩揭陀铸造打印币","desc":"恒河流域各国开始使用带有戳印图案的银质打印币，这是南亚最早的金属货币之一，反映城市化后商业交换的扩大。","importance":1,"lat":25.61,"lng":85.14,"place":"华氏城","title_en":"Magadha's Punch-Marked Coins","desc_en":"States of the Ganges basin began using silver coins stamped with punched symbols—among the earliest metal currency in South Asia—reflecting the growth of commercial exchange after urbanization.","date_label_en":"c. 5th–4th century BCE","place_en":"Pataliputra"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x005","start":-500,"end":500,"date_label":"约前500—公元500年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"石缸平原","desc":"老挝川圹高原分布数千个巨型石缸，多认为与丧葬仪式有关，2019年列入世界遗产，但部分区域仍受战争遗留未爆弹威胁。","importance":2,"lat":19.43,"lng":103.15,"place":"丰沙湾","title_en":"The Plain of Jars","desc_en":"Thousands of giant stone jars are scattered across the Xiangkhouang Plateau in Laos, widely thought to be linked to funerary rites; inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 2019, parts of it are still threatened by unexploded wartime ordnance.","date_label_en":"c. 500 BCE–500 CE","place_en":"Phonsavan"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x058","start":-500,"date_label":"约前500年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"大流士运河","desc":"大流士一世完成连接尼罗河与红海的运河，并立碑纪念，船只可由地中海经尼罗河直抵红海，是苏伊士运河的远祖。","importance":1,"lat":30.55,"lng":32.3,"place":"图米拉特谷","title_en":"The Canal of Darius","desc_en":"Darius I completed a canal linking the Nile to the Red Sea and erected stelae to commemorate it; ships could sail from the Mediterranean via the Nile straight to the Red Sea, a distant ancestor of the Suez Canal.","date_label_en":"c. 500 BCE","place_en":"Wadi Tumilat"},{"id":"latin_america-x010","start":-500,"date_label":"约前500年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"阿尔万山","desc":"萨波特克人在瓦哈卡谷地削平山顶建造阿尔万山城，成为中美洲最早的城市与国家中心之一，延续千余年，刻有俘虏形象的“舞者”石板闻名。","importance":2,"lat":17.04,"lng":-96.77,"place":"阿尔万山","title_en":"Monte Albán","desc_en":"The Zapotecs leveled a mountaintop in the Valley of Oaxaca to build Monte Albán, one of Mesoamerica's earliest cities and state centers, which endured for over a thousand years; its 'Danzantes' stone slabs depicting captives are famous.","date_label_en":"c. 500 BCE","place_en":"Monte Albán"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x012","start":-500,"date_label":"约前500年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"大湖地区乌雷韦冶铁","desc":"维多利亚湖周边的乌雷韦文化约前500年开始冶铁并制作特色陶器，与班图语人群扩散相关，铁器推动了大湖地区的农业开垦与人口增长。","importance":1,"lat":0.1,"lng":34.2,"place":"维多利亚湖东","title_en":"Urewe Ironworking in the Great Lakes","desc_en":"The Urewe culture around Lake Victoria began smelting iron and making distinctive pottery around 500 BCE, linked to the spread of Bantu speakers; iron tools spurred land clearance and population growth in the Great Lakes region.","date_label_en":"c. 500 BCE","place_en":"East of Lake Victoria"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x059","start":-499,"end":-493,"date_label":"前499—前493年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"爱奥尼亚起义","desc":"小亚细亚西岸以米利都为首的希腊城邦反抗波斯，在雅典援助下焚毁萨迪斯，起义失败后米利都被毁，成为希波战争的导火索。","importance":2,"lat":37.53,"lng":27.28,"place":"米利都","title_en":"The Ionian Revolt","desc_en":"Greek city-states on the west coast of Asia Minor, led by Miletus, rebelled against Persia and burned Sardis with Athenian help; the revolt failed and Miletus was destroyed, triggering the Greco-Persian Wars.","date_label_en":"499–493 BCE","place_en":"Miletus"},{"id":"europe-x029","start":-490,"date_label":"前490年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"马拉松战役","desc":"雅典与普拉提亚联军在马拉松平原击败登陆的波斯军队，挫败大流士的第一次远征，极大提振了希腊城邦的信心。","importance":2,"lat":38.15,"lng":23.96,"place":"马拉松","title_en":"Battle of Marathon","desc_en":"Athenian and Plataean forces defeated a Persian landing force on the plain of Marathon, foiling Darius's first expedition and greatly boosting the confidence of the Greek city-states.","date_label_en":"490 BCE","place_en":"Marathon"},{"id":"europe-x030","start":-483,"date_label":"前483年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","军事"],"title":"劳里昂银矿与雅典海军","desc":"雅典在劳里昂发现丰富银脉，地米斯托克利说服公民以其收入建造约200艘三列桨战船，为萨拉米斯海战胜利和雅典海上霸权奠基。","importance":2,"lat":37.71,"lng":24.05,"place":"劳里昂","title_en":"The Laurion Silver Mines and the Athenian Navy","desc_en":"Athens struck a rich silver vein at Laurion, and Themistocles persuaded the citizens to use the proceeds to build about 200 triremes, laying the groundwork for victory at Salamis and Athenian naval supremacy.","date_label_en":"483 BCE","place_en":"Laurion"},{"id":"east_asia-013","start":-480,"date_label":"约前5世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"生铁冶铸与铁农具","desc":"中国在春秋晚期已掌握生铁冶铸技术，战国时铁农具和牛耕逐渐普及，大幅提高了垦荒和耕作效率。","importance":2,"lat":36.5,"lng":117.8,"place":"齐鲁(春秋铁器)","title_en":"Cast Iron and Iron Farm Tools","desc_en":"China had mastered cast-iron smelting by the late Spring and Autumn period; in the Warring States era iron farm tools and ox-drawn plowing gradually spread, greatly boosting land clearance and farming efficiency.","date_label_en":"c. 5th century BCE","place_en":"Qi and Lu (Spring and Autumn ironware)"},{"id":"europe-012","start":-480,"end":-479,"date_label":"前480—前479年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"萨拉米斯与普拉提亚之战","desc":"薛西斯大举入侵，斯巴达人在温泉关死守后，希腊海军在萨拉米斯大胜，次年陆军在普拉提亚击溃波斯军，希波战争形势逆转。","importance":3,"lat":37.95,"lng":23.57,"place":"萨拉米斯海峡","title_en":"Battles of Salamis and Plataea","desc_en":"Xerxes invaded in force; after the Spartans' last stand at Thermopylae, the Greek navy won a great victory at Salamis, and the next year Greek land forces crushed the Persians at Plataea, turning the tide of the Greco-Persian Wars.","date_label_en":"480–479 BCE","place_en":"Strait of Salamis"},{"id":"south_asia-x011","start":-480,"date_label":"约前5世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"王舍城第一次结集","desc":"相传佛陀涅槃后不久，摩诃迦叶等五百比丘在王舍城集会，诵出经与律，开始形成佛教经典的口传体系。","importance":2,"lat":25.03,"lng":85.42,"place":"王舍城","title_en":"The First Buddhist Council at Rajagriha","desc_en":"Tradition holds that soon after the Buddha's death, Mahakashyapa and 500 monks assembled at Rajagriha to recite the discourses and the monastic code, beginning the oral transmission of the Buddhist canon.","date_label_en":"c. 5th century BCE","place_en":"Rajagriha"},{"id":"europe-x031","start":-478,"date_label":"前478年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"提洛同盟","desc":"希腊城邦为防御波斯结成以雅典为首的提洛同盟，金库设在提洛岛；后金库移至雅典，同盟逐渐演变为雅典帝国。","importance":2,"lat":37.4,"lng":25.27,"place":"提洛岛","title_en":"The Delian League","desc_en":"Greek city-states formed the Athens-led Delian League against Persia, with its treasury on Delos; the treasury was later moved to Athens, and the league gradually became an Athenian empire.","date_label_en":"478 BCE","place_en":"Delos"},{"id":"east_asia-x022","start":-473,"date_label":"前473年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"越灭吴","desc":"越王勾践卧薪尝胆、休养生息，前473年攻破吴都，吴王夫差自杀；越国随后北上会盟，成为春秋末期的霸主。","importance":2,"lat":31.3,"lng":120.62,"place":"吴都姑苏","title_en":"Yue Conquers Wu","desc_en":"After years of 'sleeping on brushwood and tasting gall' and rebuilding his strength, King Goujian of Yue took the Wu capital in 473 BCE and King Fuchai of Wu killed himself; Yue then marched north to convene the lords and became the last hegemon of the Spring and Autumn period.","date_label_en":"473 BCE","place_en":"Gusu, capital of Wu"},{"id":"europe-x032","start":-461,"end":-429,"date_label":"前461–前429年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"伯里克利时代","desc":"伯里克利主政雅典，推行公职津贴、扩大公民参政，并主持卫城重建，雅典民主与文化达到鼎盛，被称为“黄金时代”。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":23.73,"place":"雅典","title_en":"The Age of Pericles","desc_en":"Pericles led Athens, introducing pay for public office and widening citizen participation, and oversaw the rebuilding of the Acropolis; Athenian democracy and culture reached their height in what is called the 'Golden Age'.","date_label_en":"461–429 BCE","place_en":"Athens"},{"id":"europe-x033","start":-458,"date_label":"前458年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"希腊悲剧黄金时代","desc":"埃斯库罗斯上演《俄瑞斯忒亚》三部曲，与索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯共同把雅典酒神节戏剧推向高峰，奠定西方戏剧传统。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":23.73,"place":"雅典","title_en":"Golden Age of Greek Tragedy","desc_en":"Aeschylus staged the Oresteia trilogy, and together with Sophocles and Euripides brought the drama of Athens' Dionysian festivals to its peak, founding the Western theatrical tradition.","date_label_en":"458 BCE","place_en":"Athens"},{"id":"europe-013","start":-450,"date_label":"约前450年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"罗马十二铜表法","desc":"约前451至前450年罗马编订十二铜表法并公之于众，限制贵族对法律的垄断，成为罗马法的源头。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马广场","title_en":"The Twelve Tables of Rome","desc_en":"Around 451–450 BCE Rome compiled and published the Law of the Twelve Tables, curbing the patricians' monopoly on law; it became the source of Roman law.","date_label_en":"c. 450 BCE","place_en":"Roman Forum"},{"id":"europe-014","start":-447,"end":-432,"date_label":"前447—前432年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"帕特农神庙建成","desc":"伯里克利时代雅典在卫城修建帕特农神庙，供奉雅典娜，由菲狄亚斯主持雕刻，是古典希腊建筑与艺术的巅峰。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":23.73,"place":"雅典卫城","title_en":"The Parthenon Is Built","desc_en":"In the age of Pericles, Athens built the Parthenon on the Acropolis, dedicated to Athena, with sculpture directed by Phidias—the pinnacle of classical Greek architecture and art.","date_label_en":"447–432 BCE","place_en":"Acropolis of Athens"},{"id":"east_asia-x023","start":-433,"date_label":"约前433年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"曾侯乙编钟","desc":"1978年湖北随州曾侯乙墓出土编钟65件，音域跨五个八度，可演奏十二半音，钟上铭文记载了先秦乐律理论。","importance":2,"lat":31.69,"lng":113.38,"place":"湖北随州","title_en":"The Bells of Marquis Yi of Zeng","desc_en":"In 1978 a set of 65 bronze bells was unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng in Suizhou, Hubei; spanning five octaves and able to play all twelve semitones, their inscriptions record pre-Qin music theory.","date_label_en":"c. 433 BCE","place_en":"Suizhou, Hubei"},{"id":"europe-015","start":-431,"end":-404,"date_label":"前431—前404年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"伯罗奔尼撒战争","desc":"以雅典为首的提洛同盟与以斯巴达为首的伯罗奔尼撒同盟爆发长期战争，雅典最终战败投降，希腊城邦体系元气大伤。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":23.73,"place":"雅典","title_en":"The Peloponnesian War","desc_en":"A long war broke out between the Athens-led Delian League and the Sparta-led Peloponnesian League; Athens ultimately surrendered, and the Greek city-state system was badly weakened.","date_label_en":"431–404 BCE","place_en":"Athens"},{"id":"east_asia-x024","start":-430,"date_label":"约前5世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"墨子与墨家","desc":"墨翟倡导“兼爱”“非攻”“尚贤”“节用”，墨家组织严密；《墨经》记载小孔成像、杠杆原理等光学与力学知识。","importance":2,"lat":35.6,"lng":116.99,"place":"鲁国(曲阜)","title_en":"Mozi and Mohism","desc_en":"Mo Di advocated 'universal love', 'against aggression', 'elevating the worthy' and 'frugality', and the Mohists were tightly organized; the Mohist Canon records optics and mechanics such as the pinhole camera and the lever principle.","date_label_en":"c. 5th century BCE","place_en":"State of Lu (Qufu)"},{"id":"europe-x034","start":-430,"date_label":"约前430年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"希罗多德《历史》","desc":"希罗多德记述希波战争及各民族风俗，以探究原因为宗旨，被西塞罗称为“历史之父”，开创西方叙事史学。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":23.73,"place":"雅典","title_en":"Herodotus's Histories","desc_en":"Herodotus recorded the Greco-Persian Wars and the customs of many peoples with the aim of investigating causes; called the 'Father of History' by Cicero, he founded Western narrative historiography.","date_label_en":"c. 430 BCE","place_en":"Athens"},{"id":"europe-x035","start":-420,"date_label":"约前420年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"希波克拉底医学","desc":"科斯岛医生希波克拉底及其学派以自然原因解释疾病，重视观察与预后，《希波克拉底誓言》成为后世医学伦理的典范。","importance":2,"lat":36.89,"lng":27.29,"place":"科斯岛","title_en":"Hippocratic Medicine","desc_en":"The physician Hippocrates of Kos and his school explained disease by natural causes and emphasized observation and prognosis; the Hippocratic Oath became a model of medical ethics.","date_label_en":"c. 420 BCE","place_en":"Kos"},{"id":"europe-x036","start":-420,"date_label":"约前420年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"德谟克利特原子论","desc":"阿布德拉的德谟克利特继承留基伯，提出万物由不可分割的“原子”和虚空构成，是古代最具前瞻性的唯物主义自然学说。","importance":1,"lat":40.95,"lng":24.98,"place":"阿夫季拉","title_en":"Democritus's Atomism","desc_en":"Democritus of Abdera, following Leucippus, proposed that everything consists of indivisible 'atoms' and void—the most forward-looking materialist theory of nature in antiquity.","date_label_en":"c. 420 BCE","place_en":"Avdira"},{"id":"east_asia-x025","start":-406,"date_label":"约前5世纪末","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"李悝变法","desc":"魏文侯任用李悝，推行“尽地力之教”和平抑粮价的“平籴法”，并编撰《法经》，使魏国成为战国初期最强盛的国家。","importance":2,"lat":35.1,"lng":111.22,"place":"魏都安邑","title_en":"Reforms of Li Kui","desc_en":"Marquis Wen of Wei employed Li Kui, who promoted making full use of the land and a 'price-stabilizing purchase' policy for grain and compiled the Canon of Laws, making Wei the strongest state of the early Warring States period.","date_label_en":"late 5th century BCE","place_en":"Anyi, capital of Wei"},{"id":"east_asia-x026","start":-403,"date_label":"前403年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"三家分晋","desc":"韩、赵、魏三家瓜分晋国，前403年周威烈王正式册命三家为诸侯；此事通常被视为战国时代的开端，《资治通鉴》即始于此年。","importance":3,"lat":35.1,"lng":111.22,"place":"晋地(山西)","title_en":"The Partition of Jin","desc_en":"The Han, Zhao and Wei clans partitioned the state of Jin, and in 403 BCE King Weilie of Zhou formally recognized them as lords; 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he later married Roxana, daughter of a Sogdian noble.","date_label_en":"329 BCE","place_en":"Khujand"},{"id":"south_asia-010","start":-327,"end":-325,"date_label":"前327—前325年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","文化"],"title":"亚历山大入侵西北印度","desc":"马其顿亚历山大越过兴都库什山进入旁遮普，击败波鲁斯，后因士兵拒绝东进而撤退，此后希腊化文化对西北印度产生长期影响。","importance":2,"lat":32.93,"lng":73.73,"place":"杰赫勒姆河畔","title_en":"Alexander Invades Northwest India","desc_en":"Alexander of Macedon crossed the Hindu Kush into Punjab and defeated Porus, but withdrew when his soldiers refused to march farther east; Hellenistic culture subsequently had a lasting influence on northwestern India.","date_label_en":"327–325 BCE","place_en":"Banks of the Jhelum"},{"id":"south_asia-011","start":-322,"end":-185,"date_label":"约前322—前185年","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"孔雀王朝建立","desc":"旃陀罗笈多推翻难陀王朝建立孔雀王朝，首都华氏城，首次统一印度次大陆大部；相传谋臣考底利耶著有治国论著《政事论》。","importance":3,"lat":25.61,"lng":85.14,"place":"华氏城","title_en":"The Maurya Empire Is Founded","desc_en":"Chandragupta overthrew the Nanda dynasty and founded the Maurya Empire with its capital at Pataliputra, unifying most of the Indian subcontinent for the first time; 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Zhao's military strength grew greatly, and it went on to destroy Zhongshan and expand north to the Hetao region.","date_label_en":"307 BCE","place_en":"Handan, capital of Zhao"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-031","start":-305,"end":-30,"date_label":"前305—前30年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"托勒密埃及","desc":"托勒密王朝以希腊裔统治埃及近三百年，末代女王克娄巴特拉七世败于屋大维后，埃及并入罗马。","importance":2,"lat":31.2,"lng":29.92,"place":"亚历山大","title_en":"Ptolemaic Egypt","desc_en":"The Greek Ptolemaic dynasty ruled Egypt for nearly three centuries; after its last queen, Cleopatra VII, was defeated by Octavian, Egypt was annexed by Rome.","date_label_en":"305–30 BCE","place_en":"Alexandria"},{"id":"south_asia-x015","start":-302,"date_label":"约前302年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"麦加斯梯尼出使","desc":"塞琉古王朝使节麦加斯梯尼驻节孔雀王朝都城华氏城，著《印度志》记述城市、官制与社会，原书已佚，部分内容由希腊作家转引保存。","importance":1,"lat":25.61,"lng":85.14,"place":"华氏城","title_en":"Megasthenes' Embassy","desc_en":"Megasthenes, envoy of the Seleucid kingdom, resided at the Maurya capital Pataliputra and wrote the Indica describing its cities, administration and society; the original is lost, but parts survive in quotations by Greek writers.","date_label_en":"c. 302 BCE","place_en":"Pataliputra"},{"id":"east_asia-016","start":-300,"date_label":"约前300年（一说更早）","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"日本弥生时代","desc":"水稻种植与青铜器、铁器从大陆经朝鲜半岛传入日本九州，弥生时代开始，定居农耕与环壕聚落出现。","importance":2,"lat":33.32,"lng":130.39,"place":"佐贺吉野里","title_en":"Japan's Yayoi Period","desc_en":"Wet-rice farming and bronze and iron tools reached Kyushu from the continent via the Korean Peninsula; the Yayoi period began, with settled farming and moated settlements.","date_label_en":"c. 300 BCE (some say earlier)","place_en":"Yoshinogari, Saga"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-006","start":-300,"end":350,"date_label":"约前300年—约350年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"麦罗埃冶铁中心","desc":"库施晚期都城麦罗埃拥有大规模冶铁作坊与堆积如山的铁渣，并使用麦罗埃字母文字，是连接地中海、埃及与非洲内陆的贸易枢纽。","importance":1,"lat":16.94,"lng":33.73,"place":"麦罗埃","title_en":"Meroë, an Iron-Smelting Center","desc_en":"Meroë, the late Kushite capital, had large-scale iron workshops and mountains of slag and used the Meroitic script; 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it became the most influential mathematics textbook for two thousand years.","date_label_en":"c. 300 BCE","place_en":"Alexandria"},{"id":"latin_america-x011","start":-300,"date_label":"约前300年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"埃尔米拉多尔","desc":"危地马拉北部的埃尔米拉多尔是前古典期玛雅最大的城市，拉丹塔金字塔体积居世界前列，显示玛雅文明在古典期之前已形成大型王国。","importance":2,"lat":17.75,"lng":-89.92,"place":"埃尔米拉多尔","title_en":"El Mirador","desc_en":"El Mirador in northern Guatemala was the largest Maya city of the Preclassic period; its La Danta pyramid ranks among the world's largest by volume, showing the Maya had formed great kingdoms before the Classic period.","date_label_en":"c. 300 BCE","place_en":"El Mirador"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x013","start":-300,"date_label":"约前300年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"麦罗埃金字塔群","desc":"库施王族在麦罗埃建造了两百余座陡峭小型金字塔，作为王与王后的陵墓，规模超过埃及金字塔总数，展示了融合埃及与本土传统的库施文化。","importance":1,"lat":16.94,"lng":33.75,"place":"麦罗埃","title_en":"The Pyramids of Meroë","desc_en":"Kushite royalty built more than 200 small, steep pyramids at Meroë as tombs for kings and queens—more than the total number of Egyptian pyramids—showcasing a Kushite culture that blended Egyptian and local traditions.","date_label_en":"c. 300 BCE","place_en":"Meroë"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-032","start":-285,"date_label":"约前3世纪初","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"亚历山大图书馆","desc":"托勒密王朝在亚历山大建博学园与图书馆，欧几里得、埃拉托色尼等学者在此工作，使其成为希腊化世界的学术中心。","importance":3,"lat":31.2,"lng":29.92,"place":"亚历山大","title_en":"The Library of Alexandria","desc_en":"The Ptolemies founded the Mouseion and Library in Alexandria, where scholars such as Euclid and Eratosthenes worked, making it the scholarly center of the Hellenistic world.","date_label_en":"early 3rd century BCE","place_en":"Alexandria"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x063","start":-280,"date_label":"约前280年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"法罗斯灯塔","desc":"托勒密王朝在亚历山大港外法罗斯岛建成高约100米的灯塔，夜间以火光导航，被列为古代世界七大奇迹之一。","importance":2,"lat":31.21,"lng":29.89,"place":"亚历山大","title_en":"The Lighthouse of Pharos","desc_en":"The Ptolemies built a lighthouse about 100 meters tall on the island of Pharos off Alexandria's harbor, guiding ships with firelight at night; 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he then embraced Buddhism, promoted dharma, set up pillar and rock edicts across his realm and sent monks to spread the faith to Sri Lanka and beyond.","date_label_en":"c. 261 BCE","place_en":"Dhauli (Kalinga)"},{"id":"east_asia-x029","start":-260,"date_label":"前260年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"长平之战","desc":"秦将白起在长平大败赵军，赵括战死，史载降卒四十余万被坑杀；此后东方六国再无单独抗衡秦国的力量。","importance":3,"lat":35.8,"lng":112.92,"place":"山西高平","title_en":"Battle of Changping","desc_en":"The Qin general Bai Qi crushed the Zhao army at Changping and Zhao Kuo was killed; records say more than 400,000 surrendered soldiers were buried alive, and afterward none of the six eastern states could resist Qin alone.","date_label_en":"260 BCE","place_en":"Gaoping, Shanxi"},{"id":"inner_asia-x008","start":-258,"date_label":"约前258年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"阿育王坎大哈双语碑","desc":"孔雀王朝阿育王在坎大哈立希腊文与阿拉米文双语敕令，宣扬不杀生与正法，证明孔雀王朝统治延及阿富汗南部。","importance":1,"lat":31.61,"lng":65.71,"place":"坎大哈","title_en":"Ashoka's Bilingual Kandahar Edict","desc_en":"The Maurya emperor Ashoka set up an edict at Kandahar in Greek and Aramaic proclaiming non-killing and dharma, proving Maurya rule extended into southern Afghanistan.","date_label_en":"c. 258 BCE","place_en":"Kandahar"},{"id":"east_asia-017","start":-256,"date_label":"约前256年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"李冰修都江堰","desc":"秦蜀郡守李冰主持修建都江堰，以鱼嘴分水、宝瓶口引水，使成都平原成为“天府之国”，至今仍在使用。","importance":2,"lat":31.0,"lng":103.61,"place":"四川都江堰","title_en":"Li Bing Builds Dujiangyan","desc_en":"Li Bing, Qin governor of Shu, built the Dujiangyan irrigation system, using the Fish Mouth to divide the river and the Bottle-Neck Channel to draw water, making the Chengdu Plain the 'Land of Abundance'; it is still in use today.","date_label_en":"c. 256 BCE","place_en":"Dujiangyan, Sichuan"},{"id":"south_asia-x018","start":-250,"date_label":"约前3世纪中叶","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"阿育王石柱与诏令","desc":"阿育王在帝国各地刻立摩崖与石柱诏令，宣扬\"正法\"、宽容与仁政；鹿野苑石柱狮子柱头后来成为印度国徽图案。","importance":2,"lat":25.38,"lng":83.02,"place":"鹿野苑","title_en":"Ashoka's Pillars and Edicts","desc_en":"Ashoka inscribed rock and pillar edicts across his empire proclaiming dharma, tolerance and benevolent rule; the lion capital of the Sarnath pillar later became India's national emblem.","date_label_en":"mid-3rd century BCE","place_en":"Sarnath"},{"id":"south_asia-x019","start":-250,"date_label":"约前3世纪中叶","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"佛教传入斯里兰卡","desc":"据斯里兰卡史传，阿育王之子摩哂陀到阿努拉德普勒传法，天爱帝须王皈依，佛教从此在岛上扎根，后来成为上座部佛教中心。","importance":2,"lat":8.31,"lng":80.4,"place":"阿努拉德普勒","title_en":"Buddhism Reaches Sri Lanka","desc_en":"According to Sri Lankan chronicles, Ashoka's son Mahinda preached at Anuradhapura and King Devanampiya Tissa converted; Buddhism took root on the island, which later became a center of Theravada Buddhism.","date_label_en":"mid-3rd century BCE","place_en":"Anuradhapura"},{"id":"south_asia-x020","start":-250,"date_label":"约前3世纪始建","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"桑奇大塔","desc":"中央邦桑奇大塔始建于阿育王时期，后经巽伽、百乘时期扩建，四座石门浮雕讲述佛本生故事，是现存最古老的佛教建筑群之一。","importance":2,"lat":23.48,"lng":77.74,"place":"桑奇","title_en":"The Great Stupa at Sanchi","desc_en":"The Great Stupa at Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh was begun under Ashoka and enlarged under the Shunga and Satavahana dynasties; its four stone gateways carry reliefs of Jataka tales, and it is among the oldest surviving Buddhist monuments.","date_label_en":"begun c. 3rd century BCE","place_en":"Sanchi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x064","start":-250,"date_label":"约前3世纪","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"七十士译本","desc":"亚历山大里亚的犹太学者将希伯来经典译为希腊语，即“七十士译本”，使犹太经典进入希腊语世界，后为早期基督教会所用。","importance":2,"lat":31.2,"lng":29.92,"place":"亚历山大","title_en":"The Septuagint","desc_en":"Jewish scholars in Alexandria translated the Hebrew scriptures into Greek—the 'Septuagint'—bringing them into the Greek-speaking world; it was later used by the early Christian church.","date_label_en":"c. 3rd century BCE","place_en":"Alexandria"},{"id":"inner_asia-x009","start":-250,"date_label":"约前250年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"希腊—巴克特里亚王国","desc":"塞琉古总督狄奥多托斯独立建立希腊—巴克特里亚王国，阿伊哈努姆城有剧场、体育馆和希腊铭文，希腊文化深入中亚。","importance":2,"lat":37.17,"lng":69.41,"place":"阿伊哈努姆","title_en":"The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom","desc_en":"The Seleucid satrap Diodotus broke away to found the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom; the city of Ai-Khanoum, with its theater, gymnasium and Greek inscriptions, shows Greek culture reaching deep into Central Asia.","date_label_en":"c. 250 BCE","place_en":"Ai-Khanoum"},{"id":"europe-x040","start":-250,"date_label":"约前250年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"阿基米德的发现","desc":"叙拉古的阿基米德提出浮力原理和杠杆原理，估算圆周率并发明螺旋提水器，前212年罗马攻城时被杀。","importance":2,"lat":37.08,"lng":15.29,"place":"叙拉古","title_en":"The Discoveries of Archimedes","desc_en":"Archimedes of Syracuse formulated the principles of buoyancy and the lever, estimated the value of pi and invented the screw pump for raising water; he was killed in 212 BCE when Rome took the city.","date_label_en":"c. 250 BCE","place_en":"Syracuse"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x014","start":-250,"date_label":"约前250年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"杰内-杰诺古城","desc":"尼日尔河内三角洲的杰内-杰诺约前250年已有人居住，后发展为数万人的城市，交易铁、铜、黄金与稻米，证明西非城市化早于伊斯兰与阿拉伯商队。","importance":2,"lat":13.89,"lng":-4.54,"place":"杰内-杰诺","title_en":"Jenne-Jeno","desc_en":"Jenne-Jeno in the Inner Niger Delta was inhabited by about 250 BCE and later grew into a city of tens of thousands trading iron, copper, gold and rice, proving West African urbanization predated Islam and Arab caravans.","date_label_en":"c. 250 BCE","place_en":"Jenne-Jeno"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-033","start":-247,"end":224,"date_label":"约前247—公元224年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"安息帝国","desc":"帕提亚人建立安息帝国，控制伊朗与两河，前53年在卡莱之战大败罗马克拉苏，长期与罗马分庭抗礼，控制丝路中段。","importance":2,"lat":33.09,"lng":44.58,"place":"泰西封","title_en":"The Parthian Empire","desc_en":"The Parthians founded the Arsacid Empire, controlling Iran and Mesopotamia; in 53 BCE they routed Crassus's Romans at Carrhae, long rivaled Rome and controlled the middle stretch of the Silk Road.","date_label_en":"c. 247 BCE–224 CE","place_en":"Ctesiphon"},{"id":"east_asia-x030","start":-246,"date_label":"前246年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"郑国渠","desc":"韩国水工郑国入秦主持开渠，引泾水东注洛水，史载灌溉关中盐碱地四万余顷，关中成为沃野，为秦统一积累粮食。","importance":2,"lat":34.53,"lng":108.84,"place":"陕西泾阳","title_en":"The Zhengguo Canal","desc_en":"Zheng Guo, a hydraulic engineer from the state of Han, entered Qin and built a canal carrying the Jing River east to the Luo; records say it irrigated over 40,000 qing of saline land in Guanzhong, turning it into fertile farmland and stockpiling grain for Qin's unification.","date_label_en":"246 BCE","place_en":"Jingyang, Shaanxi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x065","start":-240,"date_label":"约前240年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"埃拉托色尼测地球","desc":"亚历山大图书馆馆长埃拉托色尼利用赛伊尼与亚历山大里亚正午日影的角度差，推算出与实际相当接近的地球周长。","importance":2,"lat":31.2,"lng":29.92,"place":"亚历山大","title_en":"Eratosthenes Measures the Earth","desc_en":"Eratosthenes, head of the Library of Alexandria, used the difference in noon shadow angles between Syene and Alexandria to calculate Earth's circumference remarkably close to the true value.","date_label_en":"c. 240 BCE","place_en":"Alexandria"},{"id":"east_asia-x031","start":-239,"date_label":"前239年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《吕氏春秋》","desc":"秦相吕不韦组织门客编成《吕氏春秋》，分十二纪、八览、六论，兼采儒、道、墨、法、阴阳诸家，是杂家的代表著作。","importance":1,"lat":34.33,"lng":108.71,"place":"秦都咸阳","title_en":"The Lüshi Chunqiu","desc_en":"The Qin chancellor Lü Buwei had his retainers compile the Lüshi Chunqiu, divided into Twelve Almanacs, Eight Examinations and Six Discourses and drawing on Confucian, Daoist, Mohist, Legalist and Yin-Yang thought—the representative work of the Eclectic school.","date_label_en":"239 BCE","place_en":"Xianyang, capital of Qin"},{"id":"east_asia-x032","start":-233,"date_label":"前233年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"韩非集法家大成","desc":"韩非师从荀子，融合商鞅之“法”、申不害之“术”、慎到之“势”，著《韩非子》；秦王政读其书后深为赞赏，其学说深刻影响秦制。","importance":2,"lat":34.33,"lng":108.71,"place":"秦都咸阳","title_en":"Han Feizi Synthesizes Legalism","desc_en":"Han Fei, a student of Xunzi, combined Shang Yang's 'law', Shen Buhai's 'technique' and Shen Dao's 'power' in the Han Feizi; the King of Qin admired his writings deeply, and his ideas strongly shaped the Qin system.","date_label_en":"233 BCE","place_en":"Xianyang, capital of Qin"},{"id":"east_asia-018","start":-221,"end":-206,"date_label":"前221年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"秦统一六国","desc":"秦王嬴政灭六国，建立中国第一个中央集权帝国，自称始皇帝，推行郡县制，统一文字、度量衡与货币。","importance":3,"lat":34.36,"lng":108.73,"place":"咸阳","title_en":"Qin Unifies China","desc_en":"Ying Zheng, King of Qin, conquered the other six states and founded China's first centralized empire, calling himself the First Emperor; he imposed the commandery-county system and standardized script, weights and measures and currency.","date_label_en":"221 BCE","place_en":"Xianyang"},{"id":"east_asia-x033","start":-221,"date_label":"前221年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"统一文字度量衡","desc":"秦统一后推行“书同文”，以小篆为标准字体，统一度量衡与车轨，以圆形方孔的半两钱为全国通行货币。","importance":2,"lat":34.33,"lng":108.71,"place":"咸阳","title_en":"Standardizing Script and Measures","desc_en":"After unification, Qin imposed 'one script for all', with small seal script as the standard, standardized weights, measures and axle widths, and made the round banliang coin with a square hole the national currency.","date_label_en":"221 BCE","place_en":"Xianyang"},{"id":"europe-x041","start":-216,"date_label":"前216年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"坎尼会战","desc":"第二次布匿战争中，汉尼拔在坎尼以双翼包抄歼灭数量占优的罗马大军，成为军事史上经典的歼灭战。","importance":2,"lat":41.31,"lng":16.13,"place":"坎尼","title_en":"Battle of Cannae","desc_en":"During the Second Punic War, Hannibal enveloped and annihilated a larger Roman army at Cannae with a double envelopment, a classic battle of annihilation in military history.","date_label_en":"216 BCE","place_en":"Cannae"},{"id":"east_asia-x034","start":-215,"date_label":"前215年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"蒙恬筑长城与直道","desc":"秦始皇派蒙恬率三十万大军北击匈奴，收复河南地，连接秦、赵、燕旧长城，并修筑由咸阳直通九原郡的军事“直道”。","importance":2,"lat":40.66,"lng":109.84,"place":"九原(包头)","title_en":"Meng Tian's Great Wall and Straight Road","desc_en":"The First Emperor sent Meng Tian with 300,000 troops north against the Xiongnu; he recovered the Ordos region, linked the old walls of Qin, Zhao and Yan, and built the military 'Straight Road' from Xianyang to Jiuyuan Commandery.","date_label_en":"215 BCE","place_en":"Jiuyuan (Baotou)"},{"id":"east_asia-x035","start":-214,"date_label":"前214年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"灵渠","desc":"秦为进军岭南开凿灵渠，沟通湘江与漓江，把长江与珠江水系连在一起，是世界上现存最古老的运河之一，至今仍可通水。","importance":2,"lat":25.61,"lng":110.67,"place":"广西兴安","title_en":"The Lingqu Canal","desc_en":"To advance into Lingnan, Qin dug the Lingqu Canal linking the Xiang and Li rivers and thus the Yangtze and Pearl River systems; it is one of the oldest surviving canals in the world and still carries water.","date_label_en":"214 BCE","place_en":"Xing'an, Guangxi"},{"id":"east_asia-x036","start":-213,"date_label":"前213年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"焚书坑儒","desc":"秦始皇采纳李斯建议，焚毁民间所藏《诗》《书》及百家语，次年又坑杀诸生四百六十余人，以严厉手段统一思想。","importance":2,"lat":34.33,"lng":108.71,"place":"咸阳","title_en":"Burning of Books and Burying of Scholars","desc_en":"On Li Si's advice the First Emperor burned privately held copies of the Book of Songs, the Book of Documents and the works of the Hundred Schools, and the next year had more than 460 scholars buried alive, harshly enforcing ideological conformity.","date_label_en":"213 BCE","place_en":"Xianyang"},{"id":"east_asia-x037","start":-210,"date_label":"前210年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"秦始皇陵兵马俑","desc":"秦始皇陵于其即位后开始营建；1974年临潼农民打井发现兵马俑坑，已出土陶俑陶马数千件，再现秦军军阵与高超的雕塑工艺。","importance":3,"lat":34.38,"lng":109.27,"place":"西安临潼","title_en":"The Terracotta Army","desc_en":"Work on the First Emperor's mausoleum began after he took the throne; in 1974 farmers digging a well in Lintong discovered the Terracotta Army pits, and thousands of clay soldiers and horses have since been unearthed, recreating Qin battle formations with superb sculptural skill.","date_label_en":"210 BCE","place_en":"Lintong, Xi'an"},{"id":"inner_asia-007","start":-209,"date_label":"前209年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"冒顿统一匈奴","desc":"冒顿单于弑父自立，东破东胡、西逐月氏，建立草原上第一个大型游牧帝国，前200年白登之围后与汉朝和亲。","importance":3,"lat":47.43,"lng":102.65,"place":"鄂尔浑河谷","title_en":"Modu Unifies the Xiongnu","desc_en":"Modu Chanyu killed his father and took power, crushed the Donghu in the east and drove off the Yuezhi in the west, founding the steppe's first great nomadic empire; after the siege of Baideng in 200 BCE, he made a marriage-alliance peace with the Han.","date_label_en":"209 BCE","place_en":"Orkhon Valley"},{"id":"east_asia-x038","start":-209,"date_label":"前209年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"大泽乡起义","desc":"戍卒陈胜、吴广在大泽乡起义，喊出“王侯将相宁有种乎”，是中国历史上第一次大规模农民起义，加速了秦朝的灭亡。","importance":2,"lat":33.64,"lng":117.0,"place":"安徽宿州","title_en":"The Dazexiang Uprising","desc_en":"The garrison conscripts Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rose up at Dazexiang, crying 'Are kings, lords, generals and ministers born to their rank?'; China's first large-scale peasant uprising, it hastened the fall of the Qin.","date_label_en":"209 BCE","place_en":"Suzhou, Anhui"},{"id":"east_asia-x039","start":-207,"date_label":"前207年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"巨鹿之战","desc":"项羽破釜沉舟，率楚军在巨鹿大破秦将章邯、王离所部，秦军主力覆灭，项羽由此成为反秦诸侯的统帅。","importance":2,"lat":37.07,"lng":115.03,"place":"河北平乡","title_en":"Battle of Julu","desc_en":"Xiang Yu 'smashed the cauldrons and sank the boats' and led the Chu army to crush the Qin forces of Zhang Han and Wang Li at Julu; Qin's main army was destroyed, and Xiang Yu became commander of the anti-Qin lords.","date_label_en":"207 BCE","place_en":"Pingxiang, Hebei"},{"id":"east_asia-019","start":-202,"end":220,"date_label":"前202年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"汉朝建立","desc":"刘邦在垓下击败项羽，建立汉朝，定都长安，承袭秦制并实行郡国并行，推行休养生息，开启四百年汉代。","importance":3,"lat":34.3,"lng":108.86,"place":"汉长安城","title_en":"The Han Dynasty Is Founded","desc_en":"Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu at Gaixia and founded the Han dynasty with its capital at Chang'an; inheriting the Qin system alongside vassal kingdoms and pursuing recovery and rest, he began four centuries of Han rule.","date_label_en":"202 BCE","place_en":"Han Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-x040","start":-202,"date_label":"前202年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"垓下之战","desc":"刘邦与韩信、彭越等联军在垓下合围项羽，“四面楚歌”，项羽突围至乌江自刎，历时四年的楚汉战争结束。","importance":2,"lat":33.54,"lng":117.55,"place":"安徽灵璧","title_en":"Battle of Gaixia","desc_en":"Liu Bang's allied forces with Han Xin and Peng Yue encircled Xiang Yu at Gaixia, 'Chu songs on all four sides'; Xiang Yu broke out to the Wu River and took his own life, ending the four-year Chu–Han War.","date_label_en":"202 BCE","place_en":"Lingbi, Anhui"},{"id":"south_asia-013","start":-200,"end":200,"date_label":"约前2世纪—2世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"《摩奴法典》成书","desc":"托名摩奴的法典约在此期间编定，系统规定瓦尔纳义务、婚姻、继承与刑罚，成为后世印度教社会规范与种姓秩序的重要依据。","importance":2,"title_en":"The Laws of Manu","desc_en":"The law code attributed to Manu was compiled during this period, systematically prescribing varna duties, marriage, inheritance and punishment, and became an important basis for later Hindu social norms and caste order.","date_label_en":"c. 2nd century BCE–2nd century CE"},{"id":"north_america-003","start":-200,"end":500,"date_label":"约前200—500年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"霍普韦尔文化","desc":"俄亥俄河流域的霍普韦尔文化以大型土丘和几何形土垒闻名，建立了远距离交换网络，获取落基山黑曜石、五大湖铜和墨西哥湾贝壳。","importance":1,"lat":39.33,"lng":-82.98,"place":"奇利科西","title_en":"The Hopewell Culture","desc_en":"The Hopewell culture of the Ohio River valley, famed for large mounds and geometric earthworks, built long-distance exchange networks bringing in Rocky Mountain obsidian, Great Lakes copper and Gulf of Mexico shells.","date_label_en":"c. 200 BCE–500 CE","place_en":"Chillicothe"},{"id":"east_asia-x041","start":-200,"date_label":"前200年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"白登之围与和亲","desc":"汉高祖刘邦北击匈奴，被冒顿单于围困于白登山七日，脱险后汉朝对匈奴改行和亲与馈赠政策，维持约六十年。","importance":2,"lat":40.08,"lng":113.3,"place":"山西大同","title_en":"The Siege of Baideng and Heqin","desc_en":"Emperor Gaozu of Han attacked the Xiongnu but was surrounded by Modu Chanyu on Mount Baideng for seven days; after escaping, the Han switched to a policy of marriage alliances (heqin) and gifts with the Xiongnu that lasted about sixty years.","date_label_en":"200 BCE","place_en":"Datong, Shanxi"},{"id":"south_asia-x021","start":-200,"end":200,"date_label":"约前2世纪—2世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"百乘王朝","desc":"百乘王朝统治德干，控制连接西海岸港口与内陆的商路，支持佛教石窟与婆罗门教，其钱币和铭文是德干早期史的主要资料。","importance":2,"lat":19.48,"lng":75.38,"place":"帕坦","title_en":"The Satavahana Dynasty","desc_en":"The Satavahanas ruled the Deccan, controlling trade routes linking west-coast ports to the interior and patronizing both Buddhist cave monasteries and Brahmanism; their coins and inscriptions are key sources for early Deccan history.","date_label_en":"c. 2nd century BCE–2nd century CE","place_en":"Paithan"},{"id":"south_asia-x022","start":-200,"end":480,"date_label":"约前2世纪—约480年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"阿旃陀石窟","desc":"德干阿旃陀开凿约三十座佛教石窟，壁画描绘本生故事与宫廷生活，代表古印度绘画的最高成就，1983年列入世界遗产。","importance":2,"lat":20.55,"lng":75.7,"place":"阿旃陀","title_en":"The Ajanta Caves","desc_en":"About thirty Buddhist caves were cut at Ajanta in the Deccan, with murals depicting Jataka tales and court life that represent the highest achievement of ancient Indian painting; they became a World Heritage Site in 1983.","date_label_en":"c. 2nd century BCE–c. 480 CE","place_en":"Ajanta"},{"id":"south_asia-x023","start":-200,"end":200,"date_label":"约前2世纪—2世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《舞论》成书","desc":"托名婆罗多的《舞论》系统论述戏剧、舞蹈、音乐与\"味\"论美学，被奉为印度古典表演艺术的理论源头。","importance":2,"lat":25.32,"lng":83.01,"place":"瓦拉纳西","title_en":"The Natya Shastra","desc_en":"The Natya Shastra, attributed to Bharata, systematically treats drama, dance, music and the aesthetics of 'rasa', and is revered as the theoretical source of Indian classical performing arts.","date_label_en":"c. 2nd century BCE–2nd century CE","place_en":"Varanasi"},{"id":"inner_asia-x010","start":-200,"date_label":"约前3—前2世纪","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"安息尼萨古城","desc":"安息王朝早期都城尼萨位于今阿什哈巴德附近，宫殿出土象牙角杯与希腊式雕像，反映安息人融合希腊与伊朗的艺术。","importance":1,"lat":37.95,"lng":58.21,"place":"尼萨","title_en":"Parthian Nisa","desc_en":"Nisa, the early Parthian capital near present-day Ashgabat, has yielded ivory rhyta and Greek-style statues from its palaces, reflecting a Parthian art blending Greek and Iranian traditions.","date_label_en":"c. 3rd–2nd century BCE","place_en":"Nisa"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x015","start":-200,"date_label":"约前2世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"麦罗埃文字","desc":"库施王国发展出麦罗埃文字，有象形与草书两种字体，是非洲最早的本土字母文字之一，其音值已基本破译，但语言至今大部分未能读懂。","importance":1,"lat":16.94,"lng":33.75,"place":"麦罗埃","title_en":"The Meroitic Script","desc_en":"The Kingdom of Kush developed the Meroitic script in hieroglyphic and cursive forms, one of Africa's earliest indigenous alphabetic scripts; its sound values are largely deciphered, but most of the language still cannot be understood.","date_label_en":"c. 2nd century BCE","place_en":"Meroë"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x066","start":-196,"date_label":"前196年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"罗塞塔石碑","desc":"孟菲斯祭司为托勒密五世刻写诏令，用圣书体、世俗体和希腊文三种文字；1822年商博良据此破译埃及象形文字。","importance":2,"lat":31.4,"lng":30.42,"place":"罗塞塔","title_en":"The Rosetta Stone","desc_en":"Priests at Memphis inscribed a decree for Ptolemy V in hieroglyphic, Demotic and Greek; in 1822 Champollion used it to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs.","date_label_en":"196 BCE","place_en":"Rosetta"},{"id":"east_asia-x042","start":-194,"date_label":"前194年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"卫满朝鲜","desc":"燕人卫满率众东渡浿水投奔古朝鲜，后驱逐朝鲜王箕准自立为王，建立卫满朝鲜，都城王险城在今平壤一带，前108年为汉所灭。","importance":2,"lat":39.03,"lng":125.75,"place":"王险城(平壤)","title_en":"Wiman Joseon","desc_en":"Wiman, a man of Yan, led his followers east across the Pae River to Gojoseon, later ousted its King Jun and made himself king, founding Wiman Joseon with its capital Wanggeom-seong near modern Pyongyang; it was destroyed by the Han in 108 BCE.","date_label_en":"194 BCE","place_en":"Wanggeom-seong (Pyongyang)"},{"id":"east_asia-x043","start":-180,"end":-141,"date_label":"前180–前141年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"文景之治","desc":"汉文帝、景帝奉行黄老“无为”，轻徭薄赋，田租减至三十税一，文帝时曾全免田租，社会经济恢复，府库充盈。","importance":2,"lat":34.3,"lng":108.88,"place":"汉长安城","title_en":"The Rule of Wen and Jing","desc_en":"Emperors Wen and Jing of Han followed Huang-Lao 'non-action', lightening labor service and taxes and cutting the land tax to one-thirtieth—Emperor Wen even abolished it for a time; the economy recovered and state granaries and treasuries overflowed.","date_label_en":"180–141 BCE","place_en":"Han Chang'an"},{"id":"inner_asia-008","start":-176,"date_label":"约前176年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"月氏西迁","desc":"月氏被匈奴击败后西迁至伊犁河流域，后又南下阿姆河流域征服大夏，成为贵霜帝国的前身。","importance":2,"lat":43.91,"lng":81.28,"place":"伊犁河谷","title_en":"The Yuezhi Migrate West","desc_en":"Defeated by the Xiongnu, the Yuezhi moved west to the Ili River valley and later south to the Amu Darya basin, conquering Bactria (Daxia) and becoming the forerunners of the Kushan Empire.","date_label_en":"c. 176 BCE","place_en":"Ili River valley"},{"id":"east_asia-x044","start":-168,"date_label":"前168年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"马王堆汉墓","desc":"长沙马王堆汉墓出土帛书《老子》《五十二病方》、帛画、素纱单衣以及保存完好的女尸，三号墓下葬于前168年。","importance":2,"lat":28.21,"lng":113.01,"place":"湖南长沙","title_en":"The Mawangdui Han Tombs","desc_en":"The Han tombs at Mawangdui in Changsha yielded silk manuscripts of the Laozi and Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments, silk paintings, a gauze robe and a remarkably preserved female body; Tomb 3 was sealed in 168 BCE.","date_label_en":"168 BCE","place_en":"Changsha, Hunan"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x067","start":-167,"end":-160,"date_label":"前167年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"马加比起义","desc":"塞琉古王安条克四世强推希腊化并亵渎圣殿，犹太祭司家族马加比率众起义，前164年收复圣殿，犹太人以光明节纪念。","importance":2,"lat":31.78,"lng":35.23,"place":"耶路撒冷","title_en":"The Maccabean Revolt","desc_en":"When the Seleucid king Antiochus IV forced Hellenization and desecrated the Temple, the Jewish priestly Maccabee family led a revolt and recaptured the Temple in 164 BCE, an event Jews commemorate with Hanukkah.","date_label_en":"167 BCE","place_en":"Jerusalem"},{"id":"east_asia-x045","start":-154,"date_label":"前154年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"七国之乱","desc":"吴王刘濞联合楚、赵等七国以“清君侧”为名起兵，周亚夫三个月内平定叛乱，此后诸侯王权力大为削弱。","importance":2,"lat":34.3,"lng":108.88,"place":"汉长安城","title_en":"Rebellion of the Seven States","desc_en":"Liu Pi, King of Wu, allied with Chu, Zhao and four other kingdoms and rose in revolt under the pretext of 'purging the emperor's side'; Zhou Yafu crushed the rebellion within three months, after which the vassal kings' power was greatly reduced.","date_label_en":"154 BCE","place_en":"Han Chang'an"},{"id":"south_asia-x024","start":-150,"date_label":"约前2世纪中叶","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"弥兰陀王与佛教","desc":"印度-希腊国王弥兰陀以奢羯罗为都，相传与比丘那先论道，记录为《弥兰陀王问经》，体现希腊化世界与佛教思想的交汇。","importance":2,"lat":32.49,"lng":74.53,"place":"奢羯罗","title_en":"King Menander and Buddhism","desc_en":"The Indo-Greek king Menander ruled from Sagala and is said to have debated the monk Nagasena, as recorded in the Milinda Panha, reflecting the meeting of the Hellenistic world and Buddhist thought.","date_label_en":"mid-2nd century BCE","place_en":"Sagala"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-034","start":-146,"date_label":"前146年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"迦太基灭亡","desc":"第三次布匿战争结束，罗马攻陷并摧毁迦太基城，在其故地设阿非利加行省，罗马确立西地中海霸权。","importance":2,"lat":36.85,"lng":10.32,"place":"迦太基","title_en":"The Destruction of Carthage","desc_en":"The Third Punic War ended with Rome capturing and razing Carthage and establishing the province of Africa on its site, securing Roman hegemony in the western Mediterranean.","date_label_en":"146 BCE","place_en":"Carthage"},{"id":"europe-x042","start":-146,"date_label":"前146年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"罗马摧毁科林斯","desc":"罗马在同年摧毁迦太基的同时攻陷并焚毁科林斯，希腊本土沦为罗马统治，地中海世界被纳入罗马霸权。","importance":2,"lat":37.91,"lng":22.88,"place":"科林斯","title_en":"Rome Destroys Corinth","desc_en":"In the same year it destroyed Carthage, Rome captured and burned Corinth; mainland Greece fell under Roman rule and the Mediterranean world came under Roman hegemony.","date_label_en":"146 BCE","place_en":"Corinth"},{"id":"inner_asia-009","start":-139,"end":-126,"date_label":"前139—前126年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","政治","经济"],"title":"张骞出使西域","desc":"张骞奉汉武帝之命出使寻找月氏，历经扣留辗转抵达大宛、大夏，归来后汉朝与西域交往大开，丝绸之路畅通。","importance":3,"lat":40.78,"lng":72.34,"place":"大宛(费尔干纳)","title_en":"Zhang Qian's Mission to the Western Regions","desc_en":"Sent by Emperor Wu of Han to find the Yuezhi, Zhang Qian was detained along the way before reaching Dayuan and Daxia; after his return, Han contacts with the Western Regions expanded greatly and the Silk Road opened.","date_label_en":"139–126 BCE","place_en":"Dayuan (Fergana)"},{"id":"east_asia-x046","start":-139,"date_label":"约前139年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"《淮南子》","desc":"淮南王刘安招集宾客编成《淮南子》，以道家思想为主融合诸家，书中保存了二十四节气的完整名称与大量自然知识。","importance":1,"lat":32.58,"lng":116.79,"place":"安徽寿县","title_en":"The Huainanzi","desc_en":"Liu An, King of Huainan, gathered scholars to compile the Huainanzi, mainly Daoist but blending other schools; it preserves the complete names of the 24 solar terms and much knowledge of nature.","date_label_en":"c. 139 BCE","place_en":"Shou County, Anhui"},{"id":"global-007","start":-138,"date_label":"约前138年起","region":"global","dims":["综合","经济","文化"],"title":"丝绸之路开通","desc":"汉武帝派张骞出使西域，打开汉朝与中亚、西亚的官方交通，丝绸、香料、良马、宗教与技术此后沿欧亚陆路往来千余年。","importance":3,"lat":34.31,"lng":108.86,"place":"汉长安城","title_en":"The Silk Road Opens","desc_en":"Emperor Wu of Han sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, opening official contact between Han China and Central and West Asia; for over a thousand years silk, spices, fine horses, religions and technologies traveled the overland routes of Eurasia.","date_label_en":"from c. 138 BCE","place_en":"Han Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-020","start":-138,"end":-126,"date_label":"前138–前126年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治","经济"],"title":"张骞通西域","desc":"汉武帝派张骞出使西域，联络大月氏共抗匈奴，开辟中原通往中亚的道路，丝绸之路由此兴起。","importance":3,"lat":34.3,"lng":108.86,"place":"长安","title_en":"Zhang Qian Opens the Western Regions","desc_en":"Emperor Wu of Han sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions to ally with the Greater Yuezhi against the Xiongnu, opening a route from China to Central Asia from which the Silk Road arose.","date_label_en":"138–126 BCE","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-021","start":-134,"date_label":"约前134年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"独尊儒术","desc":"汉武帝采纳董仲舒建议“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”，设立太学和五经博士，儒学从此成为官方正统思想。","importance":2,"lat":34.3,"lng":108.86,"place":"长安","title_en":"Confucianism Becomes State Orthodoxy","desc_en":"Emperor Wu of Han adopted Dong Zhongshu's proposal to 'dismiss the Hundred Schools and honor Confucianism alone', founding the Imperial Academy and chairs for the Five Classics; Confucianism became the official orthodoxy.","date_label_en":"c. 134 BCE","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"europe-020","start":-133,"end":-121,"date_label":"前133—前121年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"格拉古兄弟改革","desc":"保民官提比略与盖约·格拉古推动土地分配等改革，相继被杀，罗马共和国由此进入百年内乱与政治暴力时期。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Reforms of the Gracchi","desc_en":"The tribunes Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus pushed reforms such as land redistribution and were killed in turn, plunging the Roman Republic into a century of civil strife and political violence.","date_label_en":"133–121 BCE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"east_asia-x047","start":-127,"date_label":"前127年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"推恩令","desc":"汉武帝采纳主父偃建议颁行推恩令，允许诸侯王把封地分给子弟建立侯国，王国越分越小，中央集权得到巩固。","importance":2,"lat":34.3,"lng":108.88,"place":"汉长安城","title_en":"The Edict of Grace","desc_en":"On Zhufu Yan's advice, Emperor Wu of Han issued the Edict of Grace allowing vassal kings to divide their fiefs among their sons as marquisates; the kingdoms grew ever smaller and central power was consolidated.","date_label_en":"127 BCE","place_en":"Han Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-x048","start":-121,"end":-111,"date_label":"前121–前111年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"河西四郡","desc":"霍去病击败河西匈奴后，汉朝先后设立武威、张掖、酒泉、敦煌四郡，打通河西走廊，保障了通往西域的通道。","importance":2,"lat":37.93,"lng":102.64,"place":"甘肃武威","title_en":"The Four Hexi Commanderies","desc_en":"After Huo Qubing defeated the Xiongnu in Hexi, the Han established the commanderies of Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang, opening the Hexi Corridor and securing the route to the Western Regions.","date_label_en":"121–111 BCE","place_en":"Wuwei, Gansu"},{"id":"east_asia-022","start":-119,"date_label":"前119年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"盐铁官营与五铢钱","desc":"汉武帝推行盐铁专卖、均输平准并统一铸造五铢钱，强化国家对经济的控制，前81年盐铁会议曾辩论其得失。","importance":2,"lat":34.3,"lng":108.86,"place":"长安","title_en":"State Salt and Iron Monopolies and the Wuzhu Coin","desc_en":"Emperor Wu of Han introduced state monopolies on salt and iron, equitable transport and price stabilization, and centrally minted the wuzhu coin, tightening state control of the economy; their merits were debated at the Salt and Iron Conference of 81 BCE.","date_label_en":"119 BCE","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"southeast_asia-005","start":-111,"date_label":"前111年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"汉朝灭南越","desc":"汉武帝灭南越国，在今越南北部设交趾、九真、日南等郡，此后越南北部受中原王朝统治约千年，深受汉字与儒学影响。","importance":2,"lat":21.04,"lng":106.04,"place":"交趾郡治羸𨻻","title_en":"Han Conquers Nanyue","desc_en":"Emperor Wu of Han conquered the Nanyue kingdom and set up the commanderies of Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen and Rinan in what is now northern Vietnam; northern Vietnam was then ruled by Chinese dynasties for about a thousand years and deeply influenced by Chinese characters and Confucianism.","date_label_en":"111 BCE","place_en":"Luy Lâu, seat of Jiaozhi Commandery"},{"id":"east_asia-023","start":-108,"date_label":"前108年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"汉设四郡","desc":"汉武帝灭卫满朝鲜，设乐浪、真番、临屯、玄菟四郡，汉字、铁器与汉文化加速传入朝鲜半岛。","importance":2,"lat":39.02,"lng":125.75,"place":"乐浪郡(平壤)","title_en":"Han Establishes Four Commanderies","desc_en":"Emperor Wu of Han destroyed Wiman Joseon and set up the commanderies of Lelang, Zhenfan, Lintun and Xuantu, accelerating the spread of Chinese characters, ironware and Han culture into the Korean Peninsula.","date_label_en":"108 BCE","place_en":"Lelang Commandery (Pyongyang)"},{"id":"europe-x043","start":-107,"date_label":"前107年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"马略军事改革","desc":"执政官马略招募无产公民入伍，由国家提供装备，军团逐渐职业化，士兵效忠将领，为共和国晚期军阀混战埋下伏笔。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"The Marian Reforms","desc_en":"The consul Marius recruited propertyless citizens, with equipment supplied by the state; the legions gradually became professional and soldiers loyal to their generals, sowing the seeds of the warlord conflicts of the late Republic.","date_label_en":"107 BCE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"inner_asia-x011","start":-105,"date_label":"前105年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"汉与乌孙和亲","desc":"汉武帝以江都王之女刘细君嫁乌孙昆莫，后又遣解忧公主，联合伊犁河流域的乌孙以牵制匈奴。","importance":1,"lat":43.9,"lng":81.3,"place":"伊犁河谷","title_en":"Han–Wusun Marriage Alliance","desc_en":"Emperor Wu of Han married Liu Xijun, daughter of the King of Jiangdu, to the Wusun ruler, and later sent Princess Jieyou, allying with the Wusun of the Ili valley to contain the Xiongnu.","date_label_en":"105 BCE","place_en":"Ili River valley"},{"id":"east_asia-x049","start":-104,"date_label":"前104年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"《太初历》","desc":"汉武帝颁行邓平、落下闳等制定的《太初历》，以正月为岁首，首次将二十四节气正式纳入历法，影响此后两千年的历法体系。","importance":2,"lat":34.3,"lng":108.88,"place":"汉长安城","title_en":"The Taichu Calendar","desc_en":"Emperor Wu of Han promulgated the Taichu Calendar devised by Deng Ping, Luoxia Hong and others; it made the first month the start of the year and formally incorporated the 24 solar terms into the calendar for the first time, shaping calendars for the next two thousand years.","date_label_en":"104 BCE","place_en":"Han Chang'an"},{"id":"inner_asia-x012","start":-104,"end":-101,"date_label":"前104—前101年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事","经济"],"title":"李广利伐大宛","desc":"汉武帝为求大宛汗血马，派李广利两次远征费尔干纳盆地，最终迫使大宛献马，汉朝声威远播西域。","importance":2,"lat":40.78,"lng":72.35,"place":"费尔干纳","title_en":"Li Guangli's Campaigns against Dayuan","desc_en":"Seeking Dayuan's 'blood-sweating' horses, Emperor Wu of Han sent Li Guangli on two expeditions to the Fergana Valley, finally forcing Dayuan to hand over horses and spreading Han prestige across the Western Regions.","date_label_en":"104–101 BCE","place_en":"Fergana"},{"id":"latin_america-005","start":-100,"end":550,"date_label":"约前100—550年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"特奥蒂瓦坎","desc":"墨西哥谷地的特奥蒂瓦坎建有太阳金字塔、月亮金字塔和亡灵大道，鼎盛期人口约10万以上，是当时美洲最大城市，影响远达玛雅地区。","importance":2,"lat":19.69,"lng":-98.84,"place":"特奥蒂瓦坎","title_en":"Teotihuacan","desc_en":"Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico, with its Pyramids of the Sun and Moon and the Avenue of the Dead, had a peak population of over 100,000; the largest city in the Americas at the time, its influence reached as far as the Maya region.","date_label_en":"c. 100 BCE–550 CE","place_en":"Teotihuacan"},{"id":"south_asia-x025","start":-100,"date_label":"约前2—前1世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"羯陵伽王卡拉维拉","desc":"羯陵伽国王卡拉维拉在象窟留下长篇铭文，记载其军事征伐与公共工程，他支持耆那教，在乌达耶吉里开凿僧窟。","importance":1,"lat":20.26,"lng":85.79,"place":"乌达耶吉里","title_en":"Kharavela, King of Kalinga","desc_en":"King Kharavela of Kalinga left a long inscription in the Hathigumpha cave recording his military campaigns and public works; a patron of Jainism, he had monastic caves cut at Udayagiri.","date_label_en":"c. 2nd–1st century BCE","place_en":"Udayagiri"},{"id":"south_asia-x026","start":-100,"end":250,"date_label":"约前1世纪—3世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"穆吉里斯胡椒贸易","desc":"喀拉拉的穆吉里斯是罗马与印度贸易的重要港口，胡椒等香料经红海运往地中海，维也纳所藏\"穆吉里斯纸草\"记录了此类贸易合同。","importance":2,"lat":10.15,"lng":76.21,"place":"穆吉里斯","title_en":"The Muziris Pepper Trade","desc_en":"Muziris in Kerala was a key port in Roman–Indian trade, shipping pepper and other spices via the Red Sea to the Mediterranean; the 'Muziris Papyrus' held in Vienna records a contract for such trade.","date_label_en":"c. 1st century BCE–3rd century CE","place_en":"Muziris"},{"id":"south_asia-x027","start":-100,"end":200,"date_label":"约前1世纪—2世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"阿里卡梅杜罗马商站","desc":"本地治里附近阿里卡梅杜遗址出土罗马陶器、玻璃与双耳瓶，显示东南海岸与地中海世界存在频繁贸易往来。","importance":1,"lat":11.9,"lng":79.82,"place":"阿里卡梅杜","title_en":"The Roman Trading Post at Arikamedu","desc_en":"Roman pottery, glass and amphorae found at Arikamedu near Pondicherry show frequent trade between India's southeast coast and the Mediterranean world.","date_label_en":"c. 1st century BCE–2nd century CE","place_en":"Arikamedu"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x068","start":-100,"date_label":"约前1世纪","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"纳巴泰人的佩特拉","desc":"纳巴泰人控制阿拉伯香料商路，在岩壁间凿建佩特拉城，修建精巧的集水与输水系统，使干旱峡谷中的商队城市得以繁荣。","importance":2,"lat":30.33,"lng":35.44,"place":"佩特拉","title_en":"Nabataean Petra","desc_en":"The Nabataeans controlled the Arabian incense routes and carved the city of Petra into rock cliffs, building ingenious systems to collect and channel water so that a caravan city could flourish in an arid gorge.","date_label_en":"c. 1st century BCE","place_en":"Petra"},{"id":"latin_america-x012","start":-100,"end":700,"date_label":"约前100–公元700年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"纳斯卡线条","desc":"秘鲁南部的纳斯卡人在沙漠地表刻划出巨大的直线、几何图形和蜂鸟、猴子等动物图案，许多只能从高空完整辨认，其用途可能与水源和祭祀有关。","importance":2,"lat":-14.74,"lng":-75.13,"place":"纳斯卡","title_en":"The Nazca Lines","desc_en":"The Nazca people of southern Peru etched huge straight lines, geometric shapes and figures such as a hummingbird and a monkey into the desert surface, many recognizable in full only from the air; their purpose may have been related to water and ritual.","date_label_en":"c. 100 BCE–700 CE","place_en":"Nazca"},{"id":"east_asia-024","start":-91,"date_label":"约前91年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"司马迁著《史记》","desc":"司马迁完成《史记》，记载从黄帝到汉武帝约三千年历史，开创纪传体通史体例，被誉为“史家之绝唱”。","importance":2,"lat":34.3,"lng":108.86,"place":"长安","title_en":"Sima Qian Writes the Records of the Grand Historian","desc_en":"Sima Qian completed the Shiji, covering some three thousand years from the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of Han; it pioneered the biographical-annalistic form of comprehensive history and is hailed as 'the historian's swan song'.","date_label_en":"c. 91 BCE","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-x050","start":-81,"date_label":"前81年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"盐铁会议","desc":"汉昭帝时召集各地贤良文学与御史大夫桑弘羊辩论盐铁官营、均输平准等政策，桓宽据会议记录整理成《盐铁论》。","importance":2,"lat":34.3,"lng":108.88,"place":"汉长安城","title_en":"The Salt and Iron Conference","desc_en":"Under Emperor Zhao of Han, scholars from across the empire debated the Imperial Counselor Sang Hongyang on the salt and iron monopolies, equitable transport and price stabilization; Huan Kuan compiled the records into the Discourses on Salt and Iron.","date_label_en":"81 BCE","place_en":"Han Chang'an"},{"id":"inner_asia-x013","start":-77,"date_label":"前77年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"楼兰更名鄯善","desc":"汉使傅介子刺杀亲匈奴的楼兰王，汉立新王并将国名改为鄯善，楼兰扼守丝路南道东端，汉在此屯田。","importance":1,"lat":40.52,"lng":89.84,"place":"楼兰","title_en":"Loulan Renamed Shanshan","desc_en":"Han envoy Fu Jiezi assassinated the pro-Xiongnu king of Loulan; the Han installed a new king and renamed the state Shanshan. Guarding the eastern end of the Silk Road's southern route, Loulan became a site of Han military farming colonies.","date_label_en":"77 BCE","place_en":"Loulan"},{"id":"europe-x044","start":-73,"end":-71,"date_label":"前73–前71年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"斯巴达克斯起义","desc":"色雷斯角斗士斯巴达克斯在卡普阿率众起义，队伍一度达数万人，转战意大利，最终被克拉苏镇压，六千俘虏被钉死于阿庇乌斯大道。","importance":2,"lat":41.08,"lng":14.25,"place":"卡普阿","title_en":"Spartacus Revolt","desc_en":"The Thracian gladiator Spartacus led an uprising at Capua whose ranks swelled to tens of thousands and fought across Italy before being crushed by Crassus; 6,000 captives were crucified along the Appian Way.","date_label_en":"73–71 BCE","place_en":"Capua"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-035","start":-64,"date_label":"前64—前63年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"罗马吞并叙利亚","desc":"庞培灭塞琉古残余设叙利亚行省，前63年攻入耶路撒冷，犹太地区沦为附庸，黎凡特进入罗马统治时期。","importance":2,"lat":36.2,"lng":36.16,"place":"安条克","title_en":"Rome Annexes Syria","desc_en":"Pompey ended the remnants of the Seleucid realm and created the province of Syria; in 63 BCE he took Jerusalem, Judea became a client state, and the Levant entered the era of Roman rule.","date_label_en":"64–63 BCE","place_en":"Antioch"},{"id":"inner_asia-010","start":-60,"date_label":"前60年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"汉设西域都护","desc":"匈奴日逐王降汉，汉朝设西域都护府于乌垒城，统辖天山南北绿洲诸国，确立对西域的管辖。","importance":2,"lat":41.78,"lng":84.25,"place":"乌垒(轮台)","title_en":"Han Protectorate of the Western Regions","desc_en":"After the Xiongnu Rizhu king surrendered to the Han, the dynasty set up the Protectorate of the Western Regions at Wulei, governing the oasis states north and south of the Tianshan and establishing Han authority there.","date_label_en":"60 BCE","place_en":"Wulei (Luntai)"},{"id":"east_asia-x051","start":-60,"date_label":"前60年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"设西域都护府","desc":"汉宣帝时设立西域都护府，郑吉为首任都护，治所在乌垒城，西域各国正式纳入汉朝管辖。","importance":2,"lat":41.78,"lng":84.25,"place":"新疆轮台","title_en":"Western Regions Protectorate Founded","desc_en":"Under Emperor Xuan of Han, the Protectorate of the Western Regions was established with Zheng Ji as its first protector-general, seated at Wulei; the states of the Western Regions formally came under Han jurisdiction.","date_label_en":"60 BCE","place_en":"Luntai, Xinjiang"},{"id":"europe-x045","start":-58,"end":-50,"date_label":"前58–前50年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"恺撒征服高卢","desc":"恺撒用八年征服高卢，前52年在阿莱西亚围困并击败维钦托利，高卢并入罗马，恺撒也因此积累了夺权的军队与财富。","importance":2,"lat":47.54,"lng":4.5,"place":"阿莱西亚","title_en":"Caesar Conquers Gaul","desc_en":"Caesar spent eight years conquering Gaul, besieging and defeating Vercingetorix at Alesia in 52 BCE; Gaul was absorbed into Rome, and Caesar gained the army and wealth he would use to seize power.","date_label_en":"58–50 BCE","place_en":"Alesia"},{"id":"east_asia-025","start":-57,"date_label":"前1世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"朝鲜半岛三国建立","desc":"据《三国史记》，新罗、高句丽、百济分别于前57年、前37年、前18年建国，朝鲜半岛进入三国时代。","importance":2,"lat":35.84,"lng":129.21,"place":"新罗庆州","title_en":"Korea's Three Kingdoms Founded","desc_en":"According to the Samguk sagi, Silla, Goguryeo and Baekje were founded in 57, 37 and 18 BCE respectively, opening the Three Kingdoms period on the Korean Peninsula.","date_label_en":"1st century BCE","place_en":"Gyeongju (Silla)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x069","start":-53,"date_label":"前53年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事"],"title":"卡莱战役","desc":"罗马三头之一克拉苏率军东征安息，在卡莱被安息骑射手与重骑兵击溃，克拉苏战死，确立了此后数百年罗马—伊朗对峙格局。","importance":2,"lat":36.86,"lng":39.03,"place":"卡莱","title_en":"Battle of Carrhae","desc_en":"Crassus, a member of Rome's triumvirate, invaded Parthia and was routed at Carrhae by Parthian horse archers and heavy cavalry; his death set the pattern of Roman–Iranian rivalry for centuries to come.","date_label_en":"53 BCE","place_en":"Carrhae"},{"id":"europe-021","start":-49,"end":-44,"date_label":"前49—前44年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"恺撒渡卢比孔河","desc":"恺撒率军越过卢比孔河引发内战，击败庞培后成为终身独裁官，并推行儒略历；前44年3月15日遇刺身亡。","importance":3,"lat":44.09,"lng":12.4,"place":"卢比孔河","title_en":"Caesar Crosses the Rubicon","desc_en":"Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon sparked civil war; after defeating Pompey he became dictator for life and introduced the Julian calendar, before being assassinated on 15 March 44 BCE.","date_label_en":"49–44 BCE","place_en":"Rubicon River"},{"id":"europe-x046","start":-46,"date_label":"前46年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"儒略历颁行","desc":"恺撒采纳亚历山大天文学家索西琴尼的建议改革历法，以365天为一年、每四年置一闰日，儒略历在欧洲沿用逾1600年。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Julian Calendar Introduced","desc_en":"On the advice of the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes, Caesar reformed the calendar to a 365-day year with a leap day every four years; the Julian calendar remained in use in Europe for over 1,600 years.","date_label_en":"46 BCE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"europe-x047","start":-44,"date_label":"前44年3月15日","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"恺撒遇刺","desc":"终身独裁官恺撒在元老院会场被布鲁图斯、卡西乌斯等元老刺杀，罗马随即陷入新一轮内战，共和制度名存实亡。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Assassination of Caesar","desc_en":"Dictator for life Julius Caesar was stabbed to death in the Senate's meeting place by senators including Brutus and Cassius; Rome plunged into a new round of civil war, and the Republic survived in name only.","date_label_en":"Mar 15, 44 BCE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"east_asia-x052","start":-37,"date_label":"前37年(传)","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"高句丽建国","desc":"据《三国史记》记载，扶余王子朱蒙南下在卒本建立高句丽，其早期中心在今辽宁桓仁一带，五女山城被认为是其初期都城。","importance":2,"lat":41.32,"lng":125.42,"place":"辽宁桓仁五女山","title_en":"Founding of Goguryeo","desc_en":"According to the Samguk sagi, the Buyeo prince Jumong moved south and founded Goguryeo at Jolbon; its early center lay around present-day Huanren, Liaoning, and Wunü Mountain Fortress is thought to be its first capital.","date_label_en":"37 BCE (traditional)","place_en":"Wunü Mountain, Huanren, Liaoning"},{"id":"latin_america-x013","start":-36,"date_label":"前36年","region":"latin_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"长历法最早记录","desc":"墨西哥恰帕斯的恰帕德科尔索2号碑刻有对应前36年的长纪年日期，是已知最早的长历法记录之一，这一历法后被玛雅人精密运用。","importance":1,"lat":16.71,"lng":-93.01,"place":"恰帕德科尔索","title_en":"Earliest Long Count Date","desc_en":"Stela 2 at Chiapa de Corzo in Chiapas, Mexico, bears a Long Count date corresponding to 36 BCE, one of the earliest known Long Count records; the calendar was later refined by the Maya.","date_label_en":"36 BCE","place_en":"Chiapa de Corzo"},{"id":"europe-x048","start":-31,"date_label":"前31年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"亚克兴海战","desc":"屋大维的舰队在希腊亚克兴海域击败安东尼与克娄巴特拉，次年托勒密埃及灭亡，屋大维成为罗马世界唯一主宰。","importance":2,"lat":38.95,"lng":20.75,"place":"亚克兴","title_en":"Battle of Actium","desc_en":"Octavian's fleet defeated Antony and Cleopatra off Actium in Greece; Ptolemaic Egypt fell the following year, leaving Octavian sole master of the Roman world.","date_label_en":"31 BCE","place_en":"Actium"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x070","start":-30,"date_label":"前30年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"埃及并入罗马","desc":"屋大维击败安东尼与克娄巴特拉七世，托勒密王朝灭亡，埃及成为罗马皇帝直辖行省，成为罗马城最重要的粮食来源。","importance":3,"lat":31.2,"lng":29.92,"place":"亚历山大","title_en":"Egypt Becomes a Roman Province","desc_en":"Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra VII, ending the Ptolemaic dynasty; Egypt became a province under the emperor's direct control and Rome's most important source of grain.","date_label_en":"30 BCE","place_en":"Alexandria"},{"id":"south_asia-x028","start":-29,"date_label":"约前1世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"巴利三藏书于贝叶","desc":"据斯里兰卡传统，僧人在阿卢寺将此前口传的巴利文三藏首次写在贝叶上，成为上座部佛教经典书面化的标志。","importance":2,"lat":7.5,"lng":80.62,"place":"阿卢寺","title_en":"Pali Canon Written Down","desc_en":"According to Sri Lankan tradition, monks at Aluvihara first wrote the orally transmitted Pali Tipitaka on palm leaves, marking the move of Theravada scripture into written form.","date_label_en":"c. 1st century BCE","place_en":"Aluvihara"},{"id":"europe-022","start":-27,"date_label":"前27年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","综合"],"title":"罗马帝国建立","desc":"屋大维获元老院授予“奥古斯都”称号，在保留共和外壳下建立元首制，罗马进入帝国时代，开启约两百年的“罗马和平”。","importance":3,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Roman Empire Established","desc_en":"The Senate granted Octavian the title \"Augustus\"; he founded the Principate behind a republican façade, launching the imperial era and some two centuries of the Pax Romana.","date_label_en":"27 BCE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"europe-x049","start":-19,"date_label":"前19年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"维吉尔《埃涅阿斯纪》","desc":"维吉尔去世时留下史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》，讲述特洛伊英雄埃涅阿斯辗转建立罗马先祖之国，成为拉丁文学的巅峰之作。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Virgil's Aeneid","desc_en":"Virgil died leaving the epic Aeneid, which tells how the Trojan hero Aeneas wandered to found the ancestral nation of Rome; it became the summit of Latin literature.","date_label_en":"19 BCE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"east_asia-x053","start":-18,"date_label":"前18年(传)","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"百济建国","desc":"据《三国史记》记载，温祚在汉江流域的慰礼城建立百济；今首尔风纳土城、梦村土城被认为是百济汉城时期的都城遗址。","importance":2,"lat":37.53,"lng":127.12,"place":"首尔风纳土城","title_en":"Founding of Baekje","desc_en":"According to the Samguk sagi, Onjo founded Baekje at Wiryeseong in the Han River basin; the Pungnap and Mongchon earthen fortresses in Seoul are thought to be capital sites of Baekje's Hanseong period.","date_label_en":"18 BCE (traditional)","place_en":"Pungnap Fortress, Seoul"},{"id":"south_asia-x029","start":0,"end":300,"date_label":"约公元前后至3世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"《妙闻本集》外科","desc":"托名妙闻的《妙闻本集》记载数百种手术器械与鼻整形等术式，是古代世界最详尽的外科文献之一，成书年代争议较大。","importance":2,"lat":25.32,"lng":83.01,"place":"瓦拉纳西","title_en":"Sushruta Samhita on Surgery","desc_en":"The Sushruta Samhita, attributed to Sushruta, describes hundreds of surgical instruments and procedures such as rhinoplasty, making it one of the most detailed surgical texts of the ancient world; its date is much debated.","date_label_en":"c. 1st century BCE–3rd century CE","place_en":"Varanasi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x006","start":1,"end":650,"date_label":"约1—7世纪","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"俄厄港","desc":"湄公河三角洲俄厄遗址是扶南王国的重要港口，出土罗马金币、印度珠饰和中国铜镜，显示其连接印度洋与南海的贸易地位。","importance":2,"lat":10.24,"lng":105.15,"place":"俄厄","title_en":"Port of Oc Eo","desc_en":"The Oc Eo site in the Mekong Delta was a key port of the Funan kingdom; finds of Roman gold coins, Indian beads and Chinese bronze mirrors show its role linking the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea.","date_label_en":"c. 1st–7th centuries CE","place_en":"Oc Eo"},{"id":"east_asia-x054","start":3,"date_label":"3年(传)","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"高句丽迁都国内城","desc":"据《三国史记》记载，高句丽琉璃明王迁都国内城（今吉林集安），此后四百余年这里一直是高句丽的政治中心，留下大量积石冢。","importance":1,"lat":41.12,"lng":126.19,"place":"吉林集安","title_en":"Goguryeo Moves Capital to Gungnae","desc_en":"According to the Samguk sagi, King Yuri of Goguryeo moved the capital to Gungnae (modern Ji'an, Jilin), which remained Goguryeo's political center for over 400 years and left many stone-mound tombs.","date_label_en":"3 CE (traditional)","place_en":"Ji'an, Jilin"},{"id":"europe-023","start":9,"date_label":"9年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"条顿堡森林之战","desc":"日耳曼首领阿米尼乌斯在条顿堡森林伏击并全歼瓦卢斯率领的三个罗马军团，罗马此后基本放弃征服莱茵河以东地区。","importance":2,"lat":52.41,"lng":8.13,"place":"卡尔克里泽","title_en":"Battle of the Teutoburg Forest","desc_en":"The Germanic leader Arminius ambushed and annihilated three Roman legions under Varus in the Teutoburg Forest; Rome thereafter largely gave up conquering lands east of the Rhine.","date_label_en":"9 CE","place_en":"Kalkriese"},{"id":"east_asia-x055","start":9,"end":23,"date_label":"9–23年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"王莽改制","desc":"王莽代汉建立新朝，推行王田制、禁止买卖奴婢、五均六筦，并多次改变币制，造成经济混乱，引发绿林、赤眉起义。","importance":2,"lat":34.3,"lng":108.88,"place":"长安","title_en":"Wang Mang's Reforms","desc_en":"Wang Mang usurped the Han and founded the Xin dynasty, nationalizing land, banning the sale of slaves, imposing state monopolies and repeatedly changing the currency; the resulting economic chaos sparked the Lülin and Red Eyebrows uprisings.","date_label_en":"9–23 CE","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-x056","start":23,"date_label":"23年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"昆阳之战","desc":"刘秀率绿林军在昆阳以少胜多，击溃王莽派出的号称百万的大军，新朝主力覆灭，不久王莽被杀。","importance":2,"lat":33.62,"lng":113.36,"place":"河南叶县","title_en":"Battle of Kunyang","desc_en":"Liu Xiu and the Lülin army won against the odds at Kunyang, routing Wang Mang's army, reputedly a million strong; the Xin dynasty's main force was destroyed, and Wang Mang was killed soon after.","date_label_en":"23 CE","place_en":"Ye County, Henan"},{"id":"east_asia-x057","start":25,"date_label":"25年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"光武帝建立东汉","desc":"刘秀称帝，定都洛阳，建立东汉；他推行度田、释放奴婢、精简官吏与裁并郡县等措施，使社会经济逐步恢复。","importance":2,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.62,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Emperor Guangwu Founds Eastern Han","desc_en":"Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor with Luoyang as capital, founding the Eastern Han; measures such as land surveys, freeing slaves, trimming officials and merging commanderies and counties gradually restored the economy.","date_label_en":"25 CE","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-036","start":30,"date_label":"约公元30年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","文化"],"title":"基督教兴起","desc":"犹太人耶稣在罗马治下的犹地亚传道，约公元30年被钉十字架；其追随者形成的基督教后来传遍地中海世界。","importance":3,"lat":31.78,"lng":35.23,"place":"耶路撒冷","title_en":"Rise of Christianity","desc_en":"Jesus, a Jew, preached in Roman-ruled Judea and was crucified around 30 CE; the Christianity formed by his followers later spread throughout the Mediterranean world.","date_label_en":"c. 30 CE","place_en":"Jerusalem"},{"id":"inner_asia-011","start":30,"end":375,"date_label":"约1世纪—4世纪","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","经济","文化"],"title":"贵霜帝国","desc":"月氏一部建立贵霜帝国，控制中亚至北印度，迦腻色伽王时期扶持佛教，犍陀罗艺术兴盛，佛教经中亚传入中国。","importance":3,"lat":34.01,"lng":71.58,"place":"白沙瓦","title_en":"Kushan Empire","desc_en":"A branch of the Yuezhi founded the Kushan Empire, controlling Central Asia to northern India; under Kanishka it patronized Buddhism, Gandharan art flourished, and Buddhism passed through Central Asia into China.","date_label_en":"c. 1st–4th centuries CE","place_en":"Peshawar"},{"id":"east_asia-x058","start":42,"date_label":"42年(传)","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"金官伽倻与铁器","desc":"相传首露王在今金海建立金官伽倻；伽倻诸国以丰富的铁矿资源著称，铁铤和铁器大量输出到乐浪、带方郡及倭地。","importance":2,"lat":35.23,"lng":128.89,"place":"庆尚南道金海","title_en":"Geumgwan Gaya and Iron","desc_en":"King Suro is said to have founded Geumgwan Gaya at present-day Gimhae; the Gaya states were famed for rich iron resources, exporting iron ingots and tools in large quantities to the Lelang and Daifang commanderies and to Wa (Japan).","date_label_en":"42 CE (traditional)","place_en":"Gimhae, South Gyeongsang"},{"id":"europe-x050","start":43,"date_label":"43年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"罗马征服不列颠","desc":"皇帝克劳狄派大军登陆不列颠东南部，建立不列颠尼亚行省，伦蒂尼姆（伦敦）随后兴起为行省的商业中心。","importance":2,"lat":51.29,"lng":1.33,"place":"里奇伯勒","title_en":"Roman Conquest of Britain","desc_en":"Emperor Claudius sent a large army to land in southeast Britain and created the province of Britannia; Londinium (London) soon rose as its commercial center.","date_label_en":"43 CE","place_en":"Richborough"},{"id":"inner_asia-x014","start":48,"date_label":"48年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"匈奴南北分裂","desc":"匈奴贵族日逐王比自立为呼韩邪单于并附汉，匈奴分裂为南北两部，南匈奴内迁，北匈奴后遭汉与鲜卑打击西迁。","importance":2,"lat":47.43,"lng":102.65,"place":"漠北","title_en":"Xiongnu Split North and South","desc_en":"The Xiongnu noble Bi, the Rizhu king, declared himself Huhanye Chanyu and submitted to the Han; the Xiongnu split into northern and southern branches, the Southern Xiongnu moving inside the frontier while the Northern Xiongnu, battered by Han and Xianbei, later migrated west.","date_label_en":"48 CE","place_en":"Mongolian Plateau (north of the Gobi)"},{"id":"south_asia-014","start":50,"end":250,"date_label":"约1—3世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"印度洋季风贸易","desc":"商人利用季风往返红海与印度西南海岸，穆济里斯等港口输出胡椒、宝石和纺织品，南印度出土大量罗马钱币，印度成为海上贸易枢纽。","importance":2,"lat":10.16,"lng":76.21,"place":"穆济里斯","title_en":"Indian Ocean Monsoon Trade","desc_en":"Merchants rode the monsoon winds between the Red Sea and India's southwest coast; ports such as Muziris exported pepper, gems and textiles, large hoards of Roman coins have been found in South India, and India became a hub of maritime trade.","date_label_en":"c. 1st–3rd centuries CE","place_en":"Muziris"},{"id":"south_asia-x030","start":50,"end":300,"date_label":"约1—3世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"马图拉造像艺术","desc":"马图拉工匠以红砂石雕刻佛陀、耆那祖师和印度教神像，与犍陀罗并列为最早制作佛像的两大中心，风格更具本土特色。","importance":2,"lat":27.49,"lng":77.67,"place":"马图拉","title_en":"Mathura School of Sculpture","desc_en":"Mathura craftsmen carved red sandstone images of the Buddha, Jain Tirthankaras and Hindu deities; alongside Gandhara it was one of the two earliest centers of Buddha images, with a more indigenous style.","date_label_en":"c. 1st–3rd centuries CE","place_en":"Mathura"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x016","start":50,"date_label":"约1世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"《厄立特里亚海航行记》","desc":"一部希腊语航海手册记录了红海与印度洋贸易，描述阿杜利斯港出口象牙、犀角，并提到更南的拉普塔，是了解古代东非海岸贸易的关键文献。","importance":2,"lat":15.27,"lng":39.66,"place":"阿杜利斯","title_en":"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea","desc_en":"A Greek sailing manual recorded Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade, describing ivory and rhino horn exported from the port of Adulis and mentioning Rhapta farther south; it is a key source on ancient East African coastal trade.","date_label_en":"c. 1st century CE","place_en":"Adulis"},{"id":"east_asia-026","start":57,"date_label":"57年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"汉委奴国王金印","desc":"倭奴国遣使洛阳朝贡，汉光武帝赐以印绶，1784年福冈志贺岛出土的“汉委奴国王”金印印证此事。","importance":1,"lat":33.67,"lng":130.34,"place":"福冈志贺岛","title_en":"Gold Seal of the King of Na","desc_en":"An envoy from the Wa state of Na brought tribute to Luoyang and Emperor Guangwu granted a seal and ribbon; the gold seal inscribed \"King of Na of Wa of Han,\" unearthed on Shikanoshima, Fukuoka, in 1784, confirms the event.","date_label_en":"57 CE","place_en":"Shikanoshima, Fukuoka"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x071","start":60,"date_label":"约1世纪","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"希罗的汽转球","desc":"亚历山大里亚的希罗描述了靠蒸汽喷射旋转的汽转球、自动门和投币售水装置，是古代机械与气动学的代表成就。","importance":1,"lat":31.2,"lng":29.92,"place":"亚历山大","title_en":"Hero's Aeolipile","desc_en":"Hero of Alexandria described the aeolipile, spun by jets of steam, as well as automatic doors and a coin-operated water dispenser, landmark achievements of ancient mechanics and pneumatics.","date_label_en":"c. 1st century CE","place_en":"Alexandria"},{"id":"europe-x051","start":64,"date_label":"64年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"罗马大火","desc":"64年罗马大火焚毁城区大半，尼禄归罪于基督徒并加以迫害，相传使徒彼得与保罗在此期间殉道。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Great Fire of Rome","desc_en":"The fire of 64 CE destroyed most of Rome; Nero blamed and persecuted the Christians, and tradition holds that the apostles Peter and Paul were martyred during this period.","date_label_en":"64 CE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"east_asia-027","start":68,"date_label":"约68年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"佛教传入与白马寺","desc":"相传汉明帝遣使求法，在洛阳建白马寺，佛教自此逐步在中原传播，并与本土思想长期交融。","importance":2,"lat":34.72,"lng":112.6,"place":"洛阳白马寺","title_en":"Buddhism Arrives: White Horse Temple","desc_en":"Emperor Ming of Han is said to have sent envoys in search of the Dharma and built the White Horse Temple in Luoyang; Buddhism then gradually spread in the Central Plains and blended with native thought over the long term.","date_label_en":"c. 68 CE","place_en":"White Horse Temple, Luoyang"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-037","start":70,"date_label":"公元70年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"第二圣殿被毁","desc":"罗马军队镇压犹太大起义，攻陷耶路撒冷并焚毁第二圣殿，犹太人加速流散，拉比犹太教逐渐成形。","importance":2,"lat":31.78,"lng":35.23,"place":"耶路撒冷","title_en":"Destruction of the Second Temple","desc_en":"Suppressing the Great Jewish Revolt, the Roman army captured Jerusalem and burned the Second Temple; the Jewish diaspora accelerated and Rabbinic Judaism gradually took shape.","date_label_en":"70 CE","place_en":"Jerusalem"},{"id":"east_asia-x059","start":73,"date_label":"73年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"班超经营西域","desc":"班超随窦固出击北匈奴后出使西域，经营三十年，使西域五十余国归附汉朝；97年他派甘英出使大秦，抵达条支海滨。","importance":2,"lat":39.47,"lng":75.99,"place":"疏勒(喀什)","title_en":"Ban Chao in the Western Regions","desc_en":"After campaigning against the Northern Xiongnu under Dou Gu, Ban Chao went as envoy to the Western Regions and over 30 years brought more than 50 states under Han; in 97 he sent Gan Ying toward Da Qin (Rome), who reached the shores of Tiaozhi.","date_label_en":"73 CE","place_en":"Shule (Kashgar)"},{"id":"europe-x052","start":79,"date_label":"79年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"维苏威火山掩埋庞贝","desc":"维苏威火山喷发，火山灰与碎屑流掩埋庞贝与赫库兰尼姆；18世纪起的发掘使罗马城市生活被完整“冻结”呈现。","importance":2,"lat":40.75,"lng":14.49,"place":"庞贝","title_en":"Vesuvius Buries Pompeii","desc_en":"Vesuvius erupted, burying Pompeii and Herculaneum under ash and pyroclastic flows; excavations from the 18th century onward revealed Roman urban life \"frozen\" intact.","date_label_en":"79 CE","place_en":"Pompeii"},{"id":"europe-x053","start":80,"date_label":"80年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"罗马斗兽场落成","desc":"弗拉维圆形剧场在提图斯时落成，可容纳约5万名观众观看角斗与斗兽表演，其拱券与混凝土结构代表罗马建筑工程水平。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Colosseum Completed","desc_en":"The Flavian Amphitheatre was completed under Titus, seating about 50,000 spectators for gladiatorial and animal combats; its arches and concrete construction exemplify Roman engineering.","date_label_en":"80 CE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"inner_asia-012","start":91,"date_label":"91年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"北匈奴西迁","desc":"东汉军队在金微山大败北匈奴，北匈奴西走；其与4世纪进入欧洲的匈人是否有关仍有争论。","importance":2,"lat":48.0,"lng":89.0,"place":"金微山(阿尔泰)","title_en":"Northern Xiongnu Migrate West","desc_en":"Eastern Han forces crushed the Northern Xiongnu at the Jinwei Mountains (Altai), and they fled west; whether they were linked to the Huns who entered Europe in the 4th century is still debated.","date_label_en":"91 CE","place_en":"Jinwei Mountains (Altai)"},{"id":"south_asia-015","start":100,"end":300,"date_label":"约2—3世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"犍陀罗佛教艺术","desc":"贵霜帝国统治下的犍陀罗地区，融合希腊化雕刻风格的佛像大量出现，迦腻色伽王扶持佛教，大乘佛教经中亚传入中国。","importance":2,"lat":34.01,"lng":71.58,"place":"布路沙布逻（白沙瓦）","title_en":"Gandharan Buddhist Art","desc_en":"Under Kushan rule, Gandhara produced great numbers of Buddha images in a Hellenistic sculptural style; Kanishka patronized Buddhism, and Mahayana Buddhism passed through Central Asia into China.","date_label_en":"c. 2nd–3rd centuries CE","place_en":"Purushapura (Peshawar)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-006","start":100,"end":550,"date_label":"约1—6世纪","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"扶南王国","desc":"湄公河下游的扶南是东南亚最早的大国之一，其港口俄厄连接印度与中国贸易，遗址出土罗马金币等，深受印度文化影响。","importance":2,"lat":10.24,"lng":105.15,"place":"俄厄（扶南港口）","title_en":"Kingdom of Funan","desc_en":"Funan on the lower Mekong was one of Southeast Asia's earliest major states; its port Oc Eo linked Indian and Chinese trade, yielded Roman gold coins and other finds, and the kingdom was deeply shaped by Indian culture.","date_label_en":"c. 1st–6th centuries CE","place_en":"Oc Eo (Funan port)"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-007","start":100,"end":940,"date_label":"约1世纪—约940年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"阿克苏姆王国","desc":"以今埃塞俄比亚北部为中心的阿克苏姆控制红海贸易，铸造本国金银币，竖立巨型石碑，与罗马、波斯、印度通商，被摩尼称为当时世界四大强国之一。","importance":2,"lat":14.13,"lng":38.72,"place":"阿克苏姆","title_en":"Kingdom of Aksum","desc_en":"Centered in today's northern Ethiopia, Aksum controlled Red Sea trade, minted its own gold and silver coins, raised giant stelae and traded with Rome, Persia and India; Mani counted it among the four great powers of the world.","date_label_en":"c. 1st century–c. 940 CE","place_en":"Aksum"},{"id":"east_asia-x060","start":100,"date_label":"100年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"许慎《说文解字》","desc":"东汉许慎著《说文解字》，收字九千三百余个，首创按540个部首编排，分析字形结构与本义，是中国第一部系统的字典。","importance":2,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.62,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi","desc_en":"Xu Shen of the Eastern Han compiled the Shuowen Jiezi, covering over 9,300 characters arranged for the first time under 540 radicals and analyzing their structure and original meaning; it is China's first systematic dictionary.","date_label_en":"100 CE","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"east_asia-x061","start":100,"date_label":"约1世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"《九章算术》","desc":"约成书于东汉前期的《九章算术》收246道应用题，包含分数运算、开方、正负数和线性方程组解法，奠定中国古代数学体系。","importance":2,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.62,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"The Nine Chapters on Mathematics","desc_en":"Probably compiled in the early Eastern Han, the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art contains 246 applied problems covering fractions, root extraction, negative numbers and solving systems of linear equations, laying the foundation of ancient Chinese mathematics.","date_label_en":"c. 1st century CE","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"south_asia-x031","start":100,"end":200,"date_label":"约1—2世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"《遮罗迦本集》","desc":"托名遮罗迦的《遮罗迦本集》系统论述阿育吠陀内科理论、诊断与药物，与《妙闻本集》并列为印度传统医学两大经典。","importance":2,"lat":33.75,"lng":72.79,"place":"塔克西拉","title_en":"Charaka Samhita","desc_en":"The Charaka Samhita, attributed to Charaka, systematically sets out Ayurvedic internal medicine, diagnosis and pharmacology; with the Sushruta Samhita it is one of the two classics of traditional Indian medicine.","date_label_en":"c. 1st–2nd centuries CE","place_en":"Taxila"},{"id":"latin_america-x014","start":100,"end":800,"date_label":"约100–800年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","文化","科技"],"title":"莫切文化","desc":"秘鲁北部沿海的莫切人建造巨大的泥砖神庙，擅长写实陶器与金银合金冶炼，1987年发掘的西潘王墓出土大量黄金饰品，被誉为美洲的“图坦卡蒙”。","importance":2,"lat":-8.13,"lng":-78.99,"place":"太阳与月亮神庙","title_en":"Moche Culture","desc_en":"The Moche of Peru's north coast built huge adobe temples and excelled at realistic pottery and gold-silver alloy metallurgy; the Lord of Sipán's tomb, excavated in 1987, yielded abundant gold ornaments and has been called the \"Tutankhamun of the Americas.\"","date_label_en":"c. 100–800 CE","place_en":"Huacas del Sol y de la Luna"},{"id":"east_asia-028","start":105,"date_label":"105年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"蔡伦改进造纸术","desc":"蔡伦用树皮、麻头、破布、渔网造纸并奏报朝廷，纸张逐渐取代竹简与缣帛，后经朝鲜、日本东传并沿丝路西传。","importance":3,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.45,"place":"东汉洛阳","title_en":"Cai Lun Improves Papermaking","desc_en":"Cai Lun made paper from tree bark, hemp, rags and fishing nets and reported it to the court; paper gradually replaced bamboo slips and silk, spreading east to Korea and Japan and west along the Silk Road.","date_label_en":"105 CE","place_en":"Luoyang (Eastern Han)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x072","start":106,"date_label":"106年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"罗马设阿拉伯行省","desc":"图拉真吞并纳巴泰王国设阿拉伯行省，以波斯特拉为首府，修建由红海亚喀巴通往大马士革方向的图拉真新路。","importance":1,"lat":32.52,"lng":36.48,"place":"波斯特拉","title_en":"Rome Creates Province of Arabia","desc_en":"Trajan annexed the Nabataean kingdom and created the province of Arabia with Bostra as its capital, building the Via Traiana Nova from Aqaba on the Red Sea toward Damascus.","date_label_en":"106 CE","place_en":"Bostra"},{"id":"europe-x054","start":117,"date_label":"117年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"罗马帝国版图极盛","desc":"图拉真征服达契亚并东进美索不达米亚，117年其去世时罗马帝国疆域达到最大，从不列颠延伸至波斯湾。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Roman Empire at Its Greatest Extent","desc_en":"Trajan conquered Dacia and pushed east into Mesopotamia; at his death in 117 the Roman Empire reached its largest extent, stretching from Britain to the Persian Gulf.","date_label_en":"117 CE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"europe-x055","start":122,"date_label":"122年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"哈德良长城","desc":"哈德良下令在不列颠北部修建横贯东西约117公里的石墙，配有堡垒与哨所，标志罗马由扩张转向固守边疆。","importance":2,"lat":55.02,"lng":-2.29,"place":"哈德良长城","title_en":"Hadrian's Wall","desc_en":"Hadrian ordered a stone wall about 117 km long built across northern Britain, with forts and watch posts, marking Rome's shift from expansion to frontier defense.","date_label_en":"122 CE","place_en":"Hadrian's Wall"},{"id":"europe-x056","start":126,"date_label":"约126年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"万神殿重建","desc":"哈德良时期重建的罗马万神殿拥有直径约43米的无钢筋混凝土穹顶，顶部开圆窗采光，至今仍是世界最大的无筋混凝土穹顶。","importance":2,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.48,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Pantheon Rebuilt","desc_en":"The Pantheon, rebuilt under Hadrian, has an unreinforced concrete dome about 43 m across with an oculus at the top for light; it remains the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.","date_label_en":"c. 126 CE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"south_asia-x032","start":127,"end":150,"date_label":"约127年起","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"迦腻色伽统治贵霜","desc":"贵霜王迦腻色伽以布路沙布逻为都，统治北印度与中亚大片地区，支持佛教，相传主持了第四次佛教结集。","importance":2,"lat":34.01,"lng":71.58,"place":"白沙瓦","title_en":"Kanishka Rules the Kushans","desc_en":"The Kushan king Kanishka ruled much of northern India and Central Asia from his capital Purushapura, supported Buddhism and, by tradition, convened the Fourth Buddhist Council.","date_label_en":"from c. 127 CE","place_en":"Peshawar"},{"id":"east_asia-x062","start":132,"date_label":"132年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"张衡地动仪","desc":"东汉太史令张衡制成候风地动仪，史载曾测知陇西发生的地震；他还制作水运浑天仪并著《灵宪》，阐述浑天说宇宙观。","importance":2,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.62,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Zhang Heng's Seismoscope","desc_en":"Zhang Heng, Grand Astrologer of the Eastern Han, built a seismoscope that reportedly detected an earthquake in Longxi; he also made a water-powered armillary sphere and wrote the Lingxian, expounding the \"celestial sphere\" cosmology.","date_label_en":"132 CE","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"south_asia-x033","start":150,"end":250,"date_label":"约2世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"龙树与中观学派","desc":"大乘论师龙树著《中论》，以\"空\"与\"缘起\"阐释佛教义理，开创中观学派，对汉传与藏传佛教影响深远。","importance":2,"lat":16.52,"lng":79.24,"place":"龙树山","title_en":"Nagarjuna and Madhyamaka","desc_en":"The Mahayana master Nagarjuna wrote the Mulamadhyamakakarika, explaining Buddhist doctrine through \"emptiness\" and \"dependent origination\"; he founded the Madhyamaka school, which deeply influenced Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism.","date_label_en":"c. 2nd century CE","place_en":"Nagarjunakonda"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x073","start":150,"date_label":"约150年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"托勒密《至大论》","desc":"亚历山大里亚的托勒密著《天文学大成》，以本轮均轮模型系统计算天体运动，阿拉伯译名《至大论》，主导天文学直至哥白尼。","importance":3,"lat":31.2,"lng":29.92,"place":"亚历山大","title_en":"Ptolemy's Almagest","desc_en":"Ptolemy of Alexandria wrote the Mathematical Syntaxis, systematically computing celestial motions with epicycles and deferents; known by its Arabic name Almagest, it dominated astronomy until Copernicus.","date_label_en":"c. 150 CE","place_en":"Alexandria"},{"id":"europe-x057","start":165,"end":180,"date_label":"165–180年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"安东尼瘟疫","desc":"东征归来的军队带回瘟疫（可能是天花），在帝国内反复流行，造成大量死亡，削弱了罗马的兵源与财政。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Antonine Plague","desc_en":"Troops returning from the eastern campaign brought back a plague (possibly smallpox) that recurred across the empire, causing massive deaths and weakening Rome's manpower and finances.","date_label_en":"165–180 CE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"east_asia-x063","start":166,"date_label":"166年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"党锢之祸","desc":"东汉桓帝、灵帝时宦官集团两次禁锢、杀戮李膺、陈蕃等反对他们的士大夫，朝政日益腐败，士人与朝廷离心。","importance":1,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.62,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions","desc_en":"Under emperors Huan and Ling of Eastern Han, the eunuch faction twice banned and killed opposing scholar-officials such as Li Ying and Chen Fan; government grew ever more corrupt and the literati became alienated from the court.","date_label_en":"166 CE","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"europe-x058","start":170,"date_label":"约170–180年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"马可·奥勒留《沉思录》","desc":"“哲学家皇帝”马可·奥勒留在多瑙河前线征战间隙用希腊文写下《沉思录》，阐发斯多葛派的克己与责任观。","importance":1,"lat":48.11,"lng":16.86,"place":"卡农图姆","title_en":"Marcus Aurelius's Meditations","desc_en":"Between campaigns on the Danube front, the \"philosopher emperor\" Marcus Aurelius wrote the Meditations in Greek, setting out Stoic ideals of self-discipline and duty.","date_label_en":"c. 170–180 CE","place_en":"Carnuntum"},{"id":"east_asia-x064","start":184,"date_label":"184年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"黄巾起义","desc":"张角以太平道组织信众，提出“苍天已死，黄天当立”，184年发动黄巾起义；镇压过程中地方豪强割据，东汉走向瓦解。","importance":2,"lat":37.07,"lng":115.03,"place":"河北平乡","title_en":"Yellow Turban Rebellion","desc_en":"Zhang Jiao organized followers of the Way of Great Peace under the slogan \"The Blue Heaven is dead; the Yellow Heaven shall rise,\" launching the Yellow Turban Rebellion in 184; regional strongmen who arose in its suppression carved up the realm and the Eastern Han disintegrated.","date_label_en":"184 CE","place_en":"Pingxiang, Hebei"},{"id":"east_asia-x065","start":190,"date_label":"约2世纪末","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"华佗与麻沸散","desc":"东汉名医华佗以麻沸散进行全身麻醉，施行腹腔外科手术，并创编模仿虎、鹿、熊、猿、鸟动作的“五禽戏”。","importance":1,"lat":33.84,"lng":115.78,"place":"安徽亳州","title_en":"Hua Tuo and Mafeisan","desc_en":"The famed Eastern Han physician Hua Tuo used mafeisan for general anesthesia to perform abdominal surgery, and devised the \"Five Animal Exercises\" imitating the tiger, deer, bear, ape and bird.","date_label_en":"c. late 2nd century CE","place_en":"Bozhou, Anhui"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x007","start":192,"date_label":"约192年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"占婆立国","desc":"汉末日南郡象林县人区连自立为王，建立林邑国，后发展为占婆诸国，在越南中部延续一千多年，以海上贸易和印度教文化著称。","importance":2,"lat":15.84,"lng":108.24,"place":"茶荞","title_en":"Founding of Champa","desc_en":"At the end of the Han, Qu Lian of Xianglin county in Rinan commandery declared himself king and founded Linyi, which grew into the Champa polities; they endured over a thousand years in central Vietnam, known for maritime trade and Hindu culture.","date_label_en":"c. 192 CE","place_en":"Tra Kieu"},{"id":"east_asia-x066","start":196,"date_label":"196年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"曹操屯田","desc":"曹操采纳枣祗、韩浩建议，在许都附近招募流民屯田，当年得谷百万斛，后推广各州郡，解决了军粮问题。","importance":2,"lat":34.04,"lng":113.85,"place":"许昌","title_en":"Cao Cao's Military Farms","desc_en":"Following advice from Zao Zhi and Han Hao, Cao Cao recruited displaced people to farm state land near Xu, harvesting a million hu of grain that year; the system was extended to other provinces and solved his army's supply problem.","date_label_en":"196 CE","place_en":"Xuchang"},{"id":"east_asia-x067","start":200,"date_label":"200年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"官渡之战","desc":"曹操在官渡以少敌多，奇袭乌巢焚毁袁绍粮草，大破袁军主力，奠定了统一北方的基础，是中国古代以少胜多的著名战例。","importance":2,"lat":34.72,"lng":113.97,"place":"河南中牟","title_en":"Battle of Guandu","desc_en":"Outnumbered at Guandu, Cao Cao raided Wuchao and burned Yuan Shao's supplies, crushing Yuan's main army; the victory laid the foundation for unifying the north and is a famous example of the few defeating the many.","date_label_en":"200 CE","place_en":"Zhongmou, Henan"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x008","start":200,"end":850,"date_label":"约2—9世纪","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"骠国城邦","desc":"伊洛瓦底江流域的骠人建立室利差呾罗等城邦，使用砖砌城墙和水利设施，信奉佛教，2014年骠国古城列入世界遗产。","importance":2,"lat":18.8,"lng":95.29,"place":"室利差呾罗","title_en":"Pyu City-States","desc_en":"The Pyu of the Irrawaddy basin built city-states such as Sri Ksetra with brick walls and water works and practiced Buddhism; the Pyu ancient cities were inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 2014.","date_label_en":"c. 2nd–9th centuries CE","place_en":"Sri Ksetra"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x074","start":200,"date_label":"约200年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"《密什拿》编成","desc":"犹太领袖犹大·哈纳西在加利利主持将口传律法汇编为《密什拿》，成为此后两部《塔木德》的基础文本。","importance":2,"lat":32.75,"lng":35.28,"place":"塞弗里斯","title_en":"Mishnah Compiled","desc_en":"The Jewish leader Judah ha-Nasi oversaw the compilation of the oral law into the Mishnah in Galilee; it became the foundational text of both later Talmuds.","date_label_en":"c. 200 CE","place_en":"Sepphoris"},{"id":"east_asia-x068","start":205,"date_label":"约3世纪初","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"张仲景《伤寒杂病论》","desc":"东汉末年张仲景著《伤寒杂病论》，确立辨证论治原则，载方剂二百余首，后世分编为《伤寒论》和《金匮要略》，被尊为“医圣”。","importance":2,"lat":32.99,"lng":112.53,"place":"河南南阳","title_en":"Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Cold Damage","desc_en":"At the end of the Eastern Han, Zhang Zhongjing wrote the Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases, establishing treatment based on pattern differentiation and recording over 200 formulas; later divided into the Shanghan Lun and Jingui Yaolüe, it earned him the title \"Sage of Medicine.\"","date_label_en":"c. early 3rd century CE","place_en":"Nanyang, Henan"},{"id":"east_asia-x069","start":208,"date_label":"208年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"赤壁之战","desc":"孙权、刘备联军在赤壁用火攻大败南下的曹操大军，曹操退回北方，三国鼎立格局由此奠定。","importance":3,"lat":29.72,"lng":113.93,"place":"湖北赤壁","title_en":"Battle of Red Cliffs","desc_en":"The allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei used fire attacks at Red Cliffs to rout Cao Cao's southern advance; Cao retreated north, setting the stage for the Three Kingdoms.","date_label_en":"208 CE","place_en":"Chibi, Hubei"},{"id":"east_asia-x070","start":210,"date_label":"约196–220年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"建安文学","desc":"以曹操、曹丕、曹植父子和“建安七子”为代表，诗文反映乱世民生与建功立业之志，风格慷慨悲凉，被称为“建安风骨”。","importance":2,"lat":36.33,"lng":114.62,"place":"邺城","title_en":"Jian'an Literature","desc_en":"Led by Cao Cao and his sons Cao Pi and Cao Zhi along with the \"Seven Masters of Jian'an,\" its poetry and prose reflected the suffering of a turbulent age and the urge to win renown, in a stirring, melancholy style known as the \"Jian'an spirit.\"","date_label_en":"c. 196–220 CE","place_en":"Ye"},{"id":"europe-x059","start":212,"date_label":"212年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"卡拉卡拉敕令","desc":"皇帝卡拉卡拉颁布《安东尼努斯敕令》，授予帝国境内几乎所有自由民罗马公民权，扩大了税基并淡化了公民与行省民之别。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Edict of Caracalla","desc_en":"Emperor Caracalla issued the Constitutio Antoniniana, granting Roman citizenship to nearly all free inhabitants of the empire, widening the tax base and blurring the line between citizens and provincials.","date_label_en":"212 CE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"east_asia-029","start":220,"end":280,"date_label":"220年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"三国鼎立","desc":"曹丕代汉称帝建立魏，次年刘备称帝建蜀汉，229年孙权称帝建吴，三国鼎立正式形成。","importance":2,"lat":34.75,"lng":112.6,"place":"魏都洛阳","title_en":"Three Kingdoms Established","desc_en":"Cao Pi deposed the Han and founded Wei; the next year Liu Bei proclaimed Shu Han, and in 229 Sun Quan proclaimed Wu, formally creating the Three Kingdoms.","date_label_en":"220 CE","place_en":"Luoyang (Wei capital)"},{"id":"east_asia-x071","start":220,"date_label":"220年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"九品中正制","desc":"魏文帝曹丕采纳陈群建议，实行九品中正制，由中正官按家世与才德评定人物等级授官，后演变为门阀士族垄断仕途。","importance":2,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.62,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Nine-Rank System","desc_en":"Emperor Wen of Wei (Cao Pi) adopted Chen Qun's proposal for the nine-rank system, under which rectifiers graded candidates by family background, talent and virtue for office; it later let aristocratic clans monopolize officialdom.","date_label_en":"220 CE","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-038","start":224,"end":651,"date_label":"224—651年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"萨珊波斯帝国","desc":"阿尔达希尔一世推翻安息建立萨珊王朝，以琐罗亚斯德教为国教，与罗马/拜占庭对峙四百余年。","importance":3,"lat":33.09,"lng":44.58,"place":"泰西封","title_en":"Sasanian Persian Empire","desc_en":"Ardashir I overthrew the Parthians and founded the Sasanian dynasty, made Zoroastrianism the state religion, and confronted Rome and Byzantium for over 400 years.","date_label_en":"224–651 CE","place_en":"Ctesiphon"},{"id":"east_asia-x072","start":228,"end":234,"date_label":"228–234年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"诸葛亮北伐","desc":"蜀汉丞相诸葛亮多次出兵北伐曹魏，期间改进连弩、创制木牛流马运粮，234年病逝于五丈原军中，北伐终止。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":107.63,"place":"陕西岐山五丈原","title_en":"Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions","desc_en":"Shu Han chancellor Zhuge Liang repeatedly campaigned north against Cao Wei, improving the repeating crossbow and devising the \"wooden ox and gliding horse\" for supply; he died in camp at Wuzhang Plains in 234, ending the expeditions.","date_label_en":"228–234 CE","place_en":"Wuzhang Plains, Qishan, Shaanxi"},{"id":"east_asia-x073","start":230,"date_label":"230年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"卫温航海至夷洲","desc":"吴大帝孙权派卫温、诸葛直率甲士万人渡海到达夷洲，学界多认为即今台湾，是大陆与台湾往来的早期文献记载。","importance":1,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"吴都建业","title_en":"Wei Wen Sails to Yizhou","desc_en":"Sun Quan, Great Emperor of Wu, sent Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi with 10,000 soldiers across the sea to Yizhou, which most scholars identify as Taiwan; it is an early written record of contact between the mainland and Taiwan.","date_label_en":"230 CE","place_en":"Jianye (Wu capital)"},{"id":"europe-024","start":235,"end":284,"date_label":"235—284年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"三世纪危机","desc":"罗马帝国半个世纪内皇帝频繁更替，外敌入侵、瘟疫与货币贬值交织，帝国一度分裂为三部分，直至戴克里先即位才稳定。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Crisis of the Third Century","desc_en":"Within half a century the Roman Empire saw rapid turnover of emperors amid invasions, plague and currency debasement; the empire briefly split into three parts until Diocletian's accession restored stability.","date_label_en":"235–284 CE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"east_asia-x074","start":239,"date_label":"239年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"卑弥呼遣使曹魏","desc":"据《三国志·魏书》记载，倭国女王卑弥呼遣使到魏，魏明帝封其为“亲魏倭王”并赐金印紫绶与铜镜百枚，邪马台国所在地至今仍有争议。","importance":2,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.62,"place":"魏都洛阳","title_en":"Himiko Sends Envoys to Wei","desc_en":"According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Book of Wei), Queen Himiko of Wa sent envoys to Wei; Emperor Ming named her \"Queen of Wa, Friend of Wei\" and granted a gold seal with purple ribbon and 100 bronze mirrors. The location of Yamatai remains disputed.","date_label_en":"239 CE","place_en":"Luoyang (Wei capital)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x075","start":240,"date_label":"约240年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"摩尼创立摩尼教","desc":"生于两河流域的摩尼宣称自己是继琐罗亚斯德、佛陀、耶稣之后的先知，创立二元论的摩尼教，后沿丝绸之路传至北非与中国。","importance":2,"lat":33.09,"lng":44.58,"place":"泰西封","title_en":"Mani Founds Manichaeism","desc_en":"Born in Mesopotamia, Mani proclaimed himself the prophet after Zoroaster, the Buddha and Jesus and founded dualist Manichaeism, which later spread along the Silk Road to North Africa and China.","date_label_en":"c. 240 CE","place_en":"Ctesiphon"},{"id":"east_asia-030","start":250,"date_label":"约3世纪中叶–7世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"日本古坟时代","desc":"日本各地营建巨大前方后圆坟，大仙陵古坟全长约486米，反映以大和为中心的王权逐渐统合列岛。","importance":2,"lat":34.56,"lng":135.49,"place":"堺市大仙陵古坟","title_en":"Japan's Kofun Period","desc_en":"Huge keyhole-shaped mounded tombs were built across Japan; the Daisen Kofun is about 486 m long, reflecting the gradual unification of the islands under Yamato-centered kingship.","date_label_en":"c. mid-3rd century–7th century CE","place_en":"Daisen Kofun, Sakai"},{"id":"latin_america-006","start":250,"end":900,"date_label":"约250—900年","region":"latin_america","dims":["综合","文化","科技"],"title":"玛雅古典期","desc":"玛雅城邦蒂卡尔、帕伦克、科潘等繁荣，发展出美洲最完备的文字体系、长纪年历法和含零的二十进制数学，9世纪南部低地城邦相继衰落。","importance":3,"lat":17.22,"lng":-89.62,"place":"蒂卡尔","title_en":"Classic Maya Period","desc_en":"Maya city-states such as Tikal, Palenque and Copán flourished, developing the most complete writing system in the Americas, the Long Count calendar and vigesimal mathematics with zero; in the 9th century the southern lowland cities declined one after another.","date_label_en":"c. 250–900 CE","place_en":"Tikal"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-039","start":260,"date_label":"260年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"沙普尔一世俘罗马皇帝","desc":"萨珊王沙普尔一世在埃德萨战役中俘虏罗马皇帝瓦勒良，成为罗马史上唯一被外敌生俘的皇帝。","importance":1,"lat":37.16,"lng":38.79,"place":"埃德萨","title_en":"Shapur I Captures a Roman Emperor","desc_en":"The Sasanian king Shapur I captured Emperor Valerian at the Battle of Edessa, the only Roman emperor ever taken alive by a foreign enemy.","date_label_en":"260 CE","place_en":"Edessa"},{"id":"east_asia-x075","start":263,"date_label":"263年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"刘徽注《九章算术》","desc":"魏晋之际刘徽为《九章算术》作注，用“割圆术”以极限思想求得圆周率约3.14，并对各类算法给出系统论证。","importance":2,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.62,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Liu Hui's Commentary on the Nine Chapters","desc_en":"Around the Wei–Jin transition, Liu Hui annotated the Nine Chapters, using his circle-cutting method, based on the idea of limits, to compute pi as about 3.14 and providing systematic proofs of its algorithms.","date_label_en":"263 CE","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x017","start":270,"date_label":"约270年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"阿克苏姆铸币","desc":"阿克苏姆国王恩杜比斯约在270年开始铸造金、银、铜币，阿克苏姆成为撒哈拉以南非洲最早自铸货币的国家，币文多用希腊文，服务红海国际贸易。","importance":1,"lat":14.13,"lng":38.72,"place":"阿克苏姆","title_en":"Aksumite Coinage","desc_en":"Around 270, King Endubis of Aksum began minting gold, silver and bronze coins, making Aksum the first state in sub-Saharan Africa to issue its own currency; inscriptions were mostly in Greek, serving international Red Sea trade.","date_label_en":"c. 270 CE","place_en":"Aksum"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x076","start":272,"date_label":"272年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"巴尔米拉的兴衰","desc":"沙漠商城巴尔米拉在女王芝诺比娅治下一度控制埃及与小亚细亚，272年被罗马皇帝奥勒良击败，这座商队城市从此衰落。","importance":2,"lat":34.55,"lng":38.27,"place":"巴尔米拉","title_en":"Rise and Fall of Palmyra","desc_en":"Under Queen Zenobia, the desert trading city of Palmyra briefly controlled Egypt and Asia Minor; defeated by Emperor Aurelian in 272, the caravan city then went into decline.","date_label_en":"272 CE","place_en":"Palmyra"},{"id":"east_asia-x076","start":280,"date_label":"280年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"西晋统一与占田制","desc":"晋武帝司马炎灭吴，结束三国分立；随后颁行占田制和户调制，规定各级官民占有土地的限额与赋税标准。","importance":2,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.62,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Western Jin Unification and Land-Quota System","desc_en":"Emperor Wu of Jin (Sima Yan) conquered Wu, ending the Three Kingdoms division; he then introduced the land-quota and household-levy systems, setting landholding limits and tax rates for officials and commoners.","date_label_en":"280 CE","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"east_asia-x077","start":291,"end":306,"date_label":"291–306年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"八王之乱","desc":"西晋宗室诸王为争夺中央权力相互攻杀长达十六年，国力耗尽，北方各族趁机起兵，最终导致西晋灭亡。","importance":2,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.62,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"War of the Eight Princes","desc_en":"Western Jin imperial princes fought one another for central power for 16 years, exhausting the state; northern peoples seized the chance to rise up, ultimately bringing down the Western Jin.","date_label_en":"291–306 CE","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"europe-x060","start":293,"date_label":"293年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"戴克里先四帝共治","desc":"戴克里先建立两正帝两副帝共治体制，扩充军队与行省，301年又颁布限价令试图遏制通胀，暂时结束了三世纪危机。","importance":2,"lat":40.77,"lng":29.92,"place":"尼科米底亚","title_en":"Diocletian's Tetrarchy","desc_en":"Diocletian established rule by two senior and two junior emperors, expanded the army and the number of provinces, and in 301 issued the Edict on Maximum Prices to curb inflation, temporarily ending the Crisis of the Third Century.","date_label_en":"293 CE","place_en":"Nicomedia"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-008","start":300,"end":1200,"date_label":"约300—约1200年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"加纳帝国","desc":"西非萨赫勒地带的加纳帝国（瓦加杜）控制跨撒哈拉黄金与食盐贸易，被阿拉伯人称为“黄金之国”，11世纪后受阿尔莫拉维德运动冲击而衰落。","importance":2,"lat":15.76,"lng":-8.0,"place":"昆比萨利赫","title_en":"Ghana Empire","desc_en":"The Ghana Empire (Wagadu) in the West African Sahel controlled the trans-Saharan gold and salt trade and was called the \"land of gold\" by Arabs; it declined after the Almoravid movement struck it in the 11th century.","date_label_en":"c. 300–c. 1200","place_en":"Koumbi Saleh"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x077","start":300,"date_label":"约3世纪","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"科普特文字形成","desc":"埃及基督徒以希腊字母加若干世俗体字符书写埃及语，形成科普特文字，用于翻译圣经，科普特语至今仍是教会礼仪语言。","importance":1,"lat":25.7,"lng":32.64,"place":"底比斯","title_en":"Coptic Script Emerges","desc_en":"Egyptian Christians wrote Egyptian using the Greek alphabet plus several Demotic signs, creating the Coptic script for translating the Bible; Coptic is still a liturgical language of the church today.","date_label_en":"c. 3rd century CE","place_en":"Thebes"},{"id":"inner_asia-x016","start":300,"date_label":"约3—4世纪","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"尼雅佉卢文书","desc":"精绝古城（尼雅遗址）出土大量用佉卢文书写的木简文书，记录鄯善王国的行政、契约与诉讼，显示犍陀罗文化影响。","importance":1,"lat":37.98,"lng":82.72,"place":"尼雅","title_en":"Kharosthi Documents of Niya","desc_en":"The ancient city of Jingjue (Niya site) has yielded many wooden documents in Kharosthi script recording the administration, contracts and lawsuits of the Shanshan kingdom, showing Gandharan cultural influence.","date_label_en":"c. 3rd–4th centuries CE","place_en":"Niya"},{"id":"inner_asia-x017","start":300,"date_label":"约3世纪起","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"克孜尔千佛洞","desc":"龟兹的克孜尔石窟开凿，壁画以菱格本生故事与“龟兹风”闻名，是中国现存开凿最早的大型佛教石窟群之一。","importance":2,"lat":41.78,"lng":82.51,"place":"克孜尔","title_en":"Kizil Caves","desc_en":"The Kizil Caves of Kucha began to be carved, famed for murals of Jataka tales in diamond-shaped panels and the \"Kucha style\"; they are among the earliest large Buddhist cave complexes surviving in China.","date_label_en":"from c. 3rd century CE","place_en":"Kizil"},{"id":"east_asia-031","start":311,"date_label":"311年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"永嘉之乱与衣冠南渡","desc":"匈奴汉国攻陷洛阳，北方陷入十六国纷争，大批中原士民南迁，317年司马睿在建康建立东晋，江南得到开发。","importance":2,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"建康(南京)","title_en":"Yongjia Disaster and Southern Migration","desc_en":"The Xiongnu Han state sacked Luoyang and the north fell into strife among the Sixteen Kingdoms; masses of Central Plains people moved south, and in 317 Sima Rui founded the Eastern Jin at Jiankang, spurring development of the Jiangnan region.","date_label_en":"311 CE","place_en":"Jiankang (Nanjing)"},{"id":"europe-025","start":313,"date_label":"313年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"米兰敕令","desc":"君士坦丁与李锡尼颁布米兰敕令，承认基督教合法并归还教会财产，基督教从受迫害宗教走向帝国支持。","importance":3,"lat":45.46,"lng":9.19,"place":"米兰","title_en":"Edict of Milan","desc_en":"Constantine and Licinius issued the Edict of Milan, legalizing Christianity and restoring church property; Christianity went from a persecuted faith to one backed by the empire.","date_label_en":"313 CE","place_en":"Milan"},{"id":"east_asia-x078","start":313,"date_label":"313年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"高句丽灭乐浪郡","desc":"高句丽美川王攻灭乐浪郡，次年又取带方郡，结束了中原王朝在朝鲜半岛北部持续四百余年的郡县统治。","importance":2,"lat":39.03,"lng":125.75,"place":"平壤","title_en":"Goguryeo Destroys Lelang","desc_en":"King Micheon of Goguryeo destroyed the Lelang commandery and took Daifang the next year, ending over 400 years of Chinese commandery rule in the northern Korean Peninsula.","date_label_en":"313 CE","place_en":"Pyongyang"},{"id":"inner_asia-x018","start":313,"date_label":"约313年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"粟特古信札","desc":"敦煌附近烽燧出土的粟特文信札讲述商人在中国经商遭遇洛阳战乱，是了解粟特商业网络的最早实物证据。","importance":1,"lat":40.14,"lng":94.66,"place":"敦煌","title_en":"Sogdian Ancient Letters","desc_en":"Sogdian letters found in a watchtower near Dunhuang tell of merchants trading in China caught up in the turmoil at Luoyang; they are the earliest physical evidence of the Sogdian trade network.","date_label_en":"c. 313 CE","place_en":"Dunhuang"},{"id":"south_asia-016","start":320,"end":550,"date_label":"320—约550年","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","政治","文化"],"title":"笈多王朝建立","desc":"旃陀罗笈多一世建立笈多王朝，沙摩陀罗笈多与旃陀罗笈多二世时期疆域扩张，梵语文学、数学与艺术繁荣，常被称为印度古典时代。","importance":3,"lat":25.61,"lng":85.14,"place":"华氏城","title_en":"Gupta Dynasty Founded","desc_en":"Chandragupta I founded the Gupta dynasty, which expanded under Samudragupta and Chandragupta II; Sanskrit literature, mathematics and art flourished in what is often called India's classical age.","date_label_en":"320–c. 550","place_en":"Pataliputra"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x078","start":320,"date_label":"约320年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"帕科米乌斯创立修院","desc":"帕科米乌斯在上埃及塔本尼西建立有共同规章的修道院，与安东尼的独修传统一起开创基督教修道制度，后影响整个欧洲。","importance":2,"lat":26.2,"lng":32.6,"place":"塔本尼西","title_en":"Pachomius Founds Communal Monasticism","desc_en":"Pachomius founded a monastery with a common rule at Tabennisi in Upper Egypt; together with Anthony's hermit tradition, this launched Christian monasticism, which later shaped all of Europe.","date_label_en":"c. 320 CE","place_en":"Tabennisi"},{"id":"europe-x061","start":325,"date_label":"325年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"尼西亚公会议","desc":"君士坦丁召集首次基督教大公会议，谴责阿里乌派，制定《尼西亚信经》并统一复活节日期，奠定正统教义框架。","importance":2,"lat":40.43,"lng":29.72,"place":"尼西亚","title_en":"Council of Nicaea","desc_en":"Constantine convened the first ecumenical council, which condemned Arianism, adopted the Nicene Creed and standardized the date of Easter, setting the framework of orthodox doctrine.","date_label_en":"325 CE","place_en":"Nicaea"},{"id":"europe-026","start":330,"date_label":"330年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"君士坦丁堡落成","desc":"君士坦丁一世将拜占庭扩建为新都君士坦丁堡，帝国重心东移，此城此后千余年为东罗马帝国首都。","importance":2,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.98,"place":"君士坦丁堡","title_en":"Constantinople Inaugurated","desc_en":"Constantine I rebuilt Byzantium as the new capital Constantinople, shifting the empire's center east; the city remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire for over a thousand years.","date_label_en":"330 CE","place_en":"Constantinople"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-009","start":330,"date_label":"约330年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"阿克苏姆皈依基督教","desc":"阿克苏姆国王埃扎纳在叙利亚人弗鲁门提乌斯影响下皈依基督教，钱币上出现十字架，埃塞俄比亚由此成为世界上最早接受基督教的国家之一。","importance":2,"lat":14.13,"lng":38.72,"place":"阿克苏姆","title_en":"Aksum Converts to Christianity","desc_en":"Influenced by the Syrian Frumentius, King Ezana of Aksum converted to Christianity and crosses appeared on his coins, making Ethiopia one of the first countries in the world to adopt Christianity.","date_label_en":"c. 330 CE","place_en":"Aksum"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x018","start":330,"date_label":"约4世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"阿克苏姆巨型石碑","desc":"阿克苏姆人用整块花岗岩雕成多层“楼阁”形石碑，最高者原高约33米，是古代世界最大的独石建筑之一，标示王族墓葬，体现王国财力与工程能力。","importance":1,"lat":14.13,"lng":38.72,"place":"阿克苏姆","title_en":"Giant Stelae of Aksum","desc_en":"The Aksumites carved multi-storied \"tower\" stelae from single blocks of granite, the tallest originally about 33 m high, among the largest monoliths of the ancient world; they marked royal tombs and displayed the kingdom's wealth and engineering skill.","date_label_en":"c. 4th century CE","place_en":"Aksum"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x019","start":340,"date_label":"约4世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"吉兹文字加注元音","desc":"约在埃扎纳时代，吉兹文由仅记辅音的字母发展为以附加符号标示元音的音节文字，这一体系沿用至今，成为阿姆哈拉文、提格雷尼亚文的书写基础。","importance":1,"lat":14.13,"lng":38.72,"place":"阿克苏姆","title_en":"Ge'ez Script Adds Vowels","desc_en":"Around Ezana's time, the Ge'ez script evolved from a consonant-only alphabet into a syllabary marking vowels with added strokes; still in use today, it underlies the writing of Amharic and Tigrinya.","date_label_en":"c. 4th century CE","place_en":"Aksum"},{"id":"inner_asia-013","start":350,"end":600,"date_label":"4—6世纪","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"粟特商人网络","desc":"以撒马尔罕、布哈拉为中心的粟特商人在丝路沿线及中国建立聚落，经营丝绸、香料等贸易，并传播祆教、摩尼教。","importance":3,"lat":39.65,"lng":66.96,"place":"撒马尔罕","title_en":"Sogdian Merchant Network","desc_en":"Sogdian merchants based in Samarkand and Bukhara founded settlements along the Silk Road and in China, trading silk and spices and spreading Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism.","date_label_en":"4th–6th centuries","place_en":"Samarkand"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x020","start":350,"date_label":"约350年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"埃扎纳远征麦罗埃","desc":"阿克苏姆国王埃扎纳约350年出兵尼罗河谷，其铭文记述击败努巴人并抵达麦罗埃一带，此时库施王国已趋衰亡，阿克苏姆成为东北非霸主。","importance":2,"lat":16.94,"lng":33.75,"place":"麦罗埃","title_en":"Ezana's Expedition to Meroë","desc_en":"Around 350, King Ezana of Aksum marched into the Nile Valley; his inscription records defeating the Noba and reaching the Meroë region. By then Kush was in decline, and Aksum became the dominant power of northeast Africa.","date_label_en":"c. 350 CE","place_en":"Meroë"},{"id":"east_asia-x079","start":353,"date_label":"353年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"王羲之《兰亭序》","desc":"永和九年王羲之与谢安等名士在会稽山阴兰亭修禊，饮酒赋诗，王羲之为诗集作序，此帖被誉为“天下第一行书”。","importance":3,"lat":29.92,"lng":120.5,"place":"浙江绍兴兰亭","title_en":"Wang Xizhi's Lanting Preface","desc_en":"In the ninth year of Yonghe, Wang Xizhi gathered with Xie An and other notables at the Orchid Pavilion in Shanyin, Kuaiji, for a purification festival, drinking and composing poems; his preface to the collection is hailed as the \"finest running script under heaven.\"","date_label_en":"353 CE","place_en":"Orchid Pavilion, Shaoxing, Zhejiang"},{"id":"east_asia-x080","start":357,"date_label":"357年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"安岳三号墓壁画","desc":"黄海南道安岳三号墓留有357年的墨书题记，墓内壁画描绘墓主出行行列、厨房、马厩等生活场景，是高句丽早期壁画墓代表。","importance":1,"lat":38.51,"lng":125.49,"place":"黄海南道安岳","title_en":"Anak Tomb No. 3 Murals","desc_en":"Anak Tomb No. 3 in South Hwanghae bears an ink inscription dated 357; its murals depict the tomb owner's procession, kitchen and stables, a prime example of early Goguryeo mural tombs.","date_label_en":"357 CE","place_en":"Anak, South Hwanghae"},{"id":"east_asia-032","start":366,"date_label":"366年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"敦煌莫高窟开凿","desc":"僧人乐僔在敦煌鸣沙山开凿石窟，此后千年间历代营建，莫高窟保存大量壁画与彩塑，是丝路佛教艺术宝库。","importance":2,"lat":40.04,"lng":94.81,"place":"敦煌莫高窟","title_en":"Mogao Caves Begun","desc_en":"The monk Le Zun carved a cave at Mingsha Mountain in Dunhuang; built on by successive dynasties for a thousand years, the Mogao Caves preserve vast murals and painted sculptures, a treasure house of Silk Road Buddhist art.","date_label_en":"366 CE","place_en":"Mogao Caves, Dunhuang"},{"id":"east_asia-x081","start":371,"date_label":"371年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"近肖古王攻平壤","desc":"百济近肖古王北伐高句丽，攻打平壤城，高句丽故国原王中流矢战死，百济进入全盛期，并与东晋、倭国建立往来。","importance":2,"lat":39.03,"lng":125.75,"place":"平壤","title_en":"Geunchogo Attacks Pyongyang","desc_en":"King Geunchogo of Baekje marched north against Goguryeo and attacked Pyongyang, where King Gogugwon of Goguryeo was killed by a stray arrow; Baekje entered its golden age and opened relations with the Eastern Jin and Wa.","date_label_en":"371 CE","place_en":"Pyongyang"},{"id":"east_asia-x082","start":372,"date_label":"372年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"佛教传入高句丽","desc":"前秦苻坚遣僧人顺道携佛像、经文到高句丽，这是佛教传入朝鲜半岛的开端；同年小兽林王设立太学教授儒家经典。","importance":2,"lat":41.12,"lng":126.19,"place":"吉林集安","title_en":"Buddhism Reaches Goguryeo","desc_en":"Fu Jian of the Former Qin sent the monk Sundo to Goguryeo with Buddhist images and scriptures, the start of Buddhism on the Korean Peninsula; that same year King Sosurim founded the Taehak to teach the Confucian classics.","date_label_en":"372 CE","place_en":"Ji'an, Jilin"},{"id":"south_asia-x034","start":375,"end":415,"date_label":"约375—415年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"旃陀罗笈多二世","desc":"笈多王旃陀罗笈多二世击败西部萨卡政权，控制西海岸港口，宫廷文艺繁荣，后世称其为\"超日王\"。","importance":2,"lat":23.18,"lng":75.78,"place":"乌贾因","title_en":"Chandragupta II","desc_en":"The Gupta king Chandragupta II defeated the Western Satraps (Sakas) in the west and took control of west-coast ports; court arts flourished, and later generations called him \"Vikramaditya.\"","date_label_en":"c. 375–415 CE","place_en":"Ujjain"},{"id":"europe-x062","start":378,"date_label":"378年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"阿德里安堡战役","desc":"渡过多瑙河的哥特人在阿德里安堡大败罗马军队，皇帝瓦伦斯阵亡，蛮族自此得以在帝国境内长期立足。","importance":2,"lat":41.68,"lng":26.56,"place":"阿德里安堡","title_en":"Battle of Adrianople","desc_en":"Goths who had crossed the Danube crushed the Roman army at Adrianople, killing Emperor Valens; barbarian peoples thereafter gained a lasting foothold inside the empire.","date_label_en":"378 CE","place_en":"Adrianople"},{"id":"latin_america-x015","start":378,"date_label":"378年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"特奥蒂瓦坎介入蒂卡尔","desc":"据玛雅碑铭，来自特奥蒂瓦坎的将领西亚赫·卡克于378年抵达蒂卡尔，当日蒂卡尔国王身亡，新王朝建立，显示墨西哥中部对玛雅低地的深刻影响。","importance":2,"lat":17.22,"lng":-89.62,"place":"蒂卡尔","title_en":"Teotihuacan Intervenes at Tikal","desc_en":"According to Maya inscriptions, the Teotihuacan general Siyaj K'ak' arrived at Tikal in 378; the Tikal king died that same day and a new dynasty was founded, showing central Mexico's deep influence on the Maya lowlands.","date_label_en":"378 CE","place_en":"Tikal"},{"id":"europe-027","start":380,"date_label":"380年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"基督教成为罗马国教","desc":"狄奥多西一世颁布帖撒罗尼迦敕令，以尼西亚信经派基督教为帝国正统，随后禁止异教祭祀，基督教成为国教。","importance":2,"lat":40.64,"lng":22.94,"place":"帖撒罗尼迦","title_en":"Christianity Becomes Rome's State Religion","desc_en":"Theodosius I issued the Edict of Thessalonica, making Nicene Christianity the empire's orthodoxy; pagan sacrifices were later banned and Christianity became the state religion.","date_label_en":"380 CE","place_en":"Thessalonica"},{"id":"east_asia-x083","start":383,"date_label":"383年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"淝水之战","desc":"前秦苻坚率大军南下攻晋，东晋谢玄率北府兵在淝水大败秦军，“风声鹤唳”出此役；前秦随即瓦解，南北对峙延续。","importance":3,"lat":32.58,"lng":116.79,"place":"安徽寿县","title_en":"Battle of Fei River","desc_en":"Fu Jian of the Former Qin led a huge army south against the Jin; Xie Xuan's Beifu army of the Eastern Jin routed it at the Fei River, the origin of the idiom \"every sound of wind and cry of crane\"; the Former Qin soon collapsed and the north–south division continued.","date_label_en":"383 CE","place_en":"Shou County, Anhui"},{"id":"east_asia-x084","start":384,"date_label":"384年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"佛教传入百济","desc":"胡僧摩罗难陀从东晋来到百济，枕流王以礼相迎，次年在汉山建佛寺度僧，佛教在百济开始传播。","importance":1,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"首尔","title_en":"Buddhism Reaches Baekje","desc_en":"The Serindian monk Marananta came to Baekje from the Eastern Jin and was received with honor by King Chimnyu; the following year a temple was built at Hansan and monks ordained, and Buddhism began spreading in Baekje.","date_label_en":"384 CE","place_en":"Seoul"},{"id":"inner_asia-x019","start":384,"date_label":"384年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"鸠摩罗什","desc":"龟兹高僧鸠摩罗什在吕光破龟兹后被带往凉州，401年入长安主持译经，所译《金刚经》《法华经》等深刻影响东亚佛教。","importance":2,"lat":41.72,"lng":82.96,"place":"龟兹","title_en":"Kumarajiva","desc_en":"After Lü Guang conquered Kucha, the eminent Kuchean monk Kumarajiva was taken to Liangzhou; in 401 he entered Chang'an to lead translation work, and his versions of the Diamond Sutra and Lotus Sutra profoundly influenced East Asian Buddhism.","date_label_en":"384 CE","place_en":"Kucha"},{"id":"europe-028","start":395,"date_label":"395年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"罗马帝国东西分治","desc":"狄奥多西一世去世后，帝国由两子分治东西两部，此后再未统一；东部成为拜占庭帝国，西部日益衰弱。","importance":2,"lat":45.46,"lng":9.19,"place":"米兰","title_en":"Roman Empire Divided East and West","desc_en":"After Theodosius I's death the empire was split between his two sons into eastern and western halves and never reunited; the east became the Byzantine Empire while the west steadily weakened.","date_label_en":"395 CE","place_en":"Milan"},{"id":"east_asia-x085","start":399,"end":412,"date_label":"399–412年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"法显西行求法","desc":"东晋高僧法显从长安出发经西域赴天竺求取戒律，游历三十余国后由海路经狮子国返国，撰《佛国记》记述沿途见闻。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Faxian's Pilgrimage West","desc_en":"The Eastern Jin monk Faxian set out from Chang'an through the Western Regions to India in search of monastic rules, visited over 30 countries and returned by sea via Sri Lanka, recording his travels in the Record of Buddhist Kingdoms.","date_label_en":"399–412 CE","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"south_asia-017","start":400,"date_label":"约4—5世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"迦梨陀娑《沙恭达罗》","desc":"笈多时代诗人迦梨陀娑创作梵语戏剧《沙恭达罗》与长诗《云使》，代表古典梵语文学巅峰，18世纪后经译介对欧洲文学产生影响。","importance":2,"lat":23.18,"lng":75.78,"place":"优禅尼","title_en":"Kalidasa's Shakuntala","desc_en":"The Gupta-era poet Kalidasa wrote the Sanskrit drama Shakuntala and the poem Meghaduta, the summit of classical Sanskrit literature; translated from the 18th century onward, they influenced European literature.","date_label_en":"c. 4th–5th centuries CE","place_en":"Ujjain"},{"id":"southeast_asia-007","start":400,"date_label":"约400年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"印度化与梵文碑铭","desc":"婆罗洲库台出土的穆拉瓦尔曼王梵文石碑是印度尼西亚最早的文字记录，反映印度宗教、王权观念与文字正传入东南亚海岛地区。","importance":2,"lat":-0.18,"lng":116.72,"place":"库台（婆罗洲）","title_en":"Indianization and Sanskrit Inscriptions","desc_en":"The Sanskrit stone inscriptions of King Mulavarman found at Kutai in Borneo are Indonesia's earliest written records, showing Indian religion, ideas of kingship and writing spreading to island Southeast Asia.","date_label_en":"c. 400 CE","place_en":"Kutai (Borneo)"},{"id":"south_asia-x036","start":400,"date_label":"约5世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"德里铁柱","desc":"现立于德里库特布建筑群的铁柱据铭文与笈多时期相关，高约7米，历经一千五百余年基本未锈蚀，展示古印度冶铁技术。","importance":2,"lat":28.52,"lng":77.19,"place":"德里","title_en":"Iron Pillar of Delhi","desc_en":"The iron pillar now standing in Delhi's Qutb complex is linked by its inscription to the Gupta period; about 7 m tall, it has barely rusted in over 1,500 years, showcasing ancient Indian ironworking.","date_label_en":"c. 5th century CE","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x009","start":400,"end":1300,"date_label":"约4—13世纪","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"美山圣地","desc":"占婆诸王在美山谷地持续建造砖砌印度教神庙群，供奉湿婆，是占婆宗教中心，1999年列为世界遗产，越战期间部分被炸毁。","importance":2,"lat":15.76,"lng":108.12,"place":"美山","title_en":"My Son Sanctuary","desc_en":"Champa's kings built brick Hindu temples dedicated to Shiva in the My Son valley over many centuries, making it Champa's religious center; it became a World Heritage Site in 1999, though parts were bombed during the Vietnam War.","date_label_en":"c. 4th–13th centuries","place_en":"My Son"},{"id":"east_asia-x086","start":401,"date_label":"401年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"鸠摩罗什长安译经","desc":"龟兹高僧鸠摩罗什被迎入长安，在后秦主持国立译场，译出《法华经》《金刚经》《中论》等三百余卷，译文流畅影响深远。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Kumarajiva Translates in Chang'an","desc_en":"The Kuchean monk Kumarajiva was welcomed to Chang'an, where he led the state translation bureau of the Later Qin and rendered over 300 fascicles, including the Lotus Sutra, Diamond Sutra and Mulamadhyamakakarika, in fluent and enduringly influential translations.","date_label_en":"401 CE","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"inner_asia-x020","start":402,"date_label":"402年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"柔然汗国","desc":"柔然首领社仑统一漠北，首次使用“可汗”称号，与北魏长期对抗，直至552年被突厥击败。","importance":1,"lat":47.4,"lng":102.8,"place":"漠北","title_en":"Rouran Khaganate","desc_en":"The Rouran leader Shelun unified the Mongolian steppe and was the first to use the title \"khagan\"; the Rouran long fought the Northern Wei until defeated by the Göktürks in 552.","date_label_en":"402 CE","place_en":"Mongolian Plateau (north of the Gobi)"},{"id":"east_asia-x087","start":405,"date_label":"405年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"陶渊明归隐田园","desc":"陶渊明任彭泽县令八十余日即辞官归隐，作《归去来兮辞》，此后的《归园田居》《桃花源记》等开创了田园诗派。","importance":2,"lat":29.71,"lng":116.0,"place":"江西九江","title_en":"Tao Yuanming Retires to the Fields","desc_en":"Tao Yuanming resigned as magistrate of Pengze after just over 80 days and retired, writing \"Returning Home\"; his later works such as \"Returning to Live in the Country\" and \"The Peach Blossom Spring\" founded the school of pastoral poetry.","date_label_en":"405 CE","place_en":"Jiujiang, Jiangxi"},{"id":"europe-x063","start":410,"date_label":"410年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"西哥特人洗劫罗马","desc":"阿拉里克率西哥特人攻入罗马城劫掠三天，这是近800年来罗马首次被外敌攻破，震动整个地中海世界。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Visigoths Sack Rome","desc_en":"Alaric led the Visigoths into Rome and plundered it for three days, the first time in nearly 800 years the city had fallen to a foreign enemy, shocking the entire Mediterranean world.","date_label_en":"410 CE","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"east_asia-x088","start":414,"date_label":"414年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"好太王碑","desc":"高句丽长寿王为其父广开土王立碑，碑高约6.4米，四面刻汉字约1775字，记述高句丽建国传说与广开土王的征战功业。","importance":2,"lat":41.12,"lng":126.19,"place":"吉林集安","title_en":"Gwanggaeto Stele","desc_en":"King Jangsu of Goguryeo erected a stele for his father King Gwanggaeto; about 6.4 m tall and carved on four sides with some 1,775 Chinese characters, it records Goguryeo's founding legend and Gwanggaeto's conquests.","date_label_en":"414 CE","place_en":"Ji'an, Jilin"},{"id":"latin_america-x016","start":426,"date_label":"426年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"科潘王朝建立","desc":"基尼奇·亚克斯·库克·莫在今洪都拉斯科潘建立王朝，传承16位国王约四百年，科潘以精美的石碑雕刻和刻有约2200个字符的象形文字阶梯著称。","importance":1,"lat":14.84,"lng":-89.14,"place":"科潘","title_en":"Copán Dynasty Founded","desc_en":"K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' founded a dynasty at Copán in present-day Honduras that lasted 16 kings over about 400 years; Copán is famed for its finely carved stelae and its Hieroglyphic Stairway of some 2,200 glyphs.","date_label_en":"426 CE","place_en":"Copán"},{"id":"east_asia-x089","start":427,"date_label":"427年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"高句丽迁都平壤","desc":"高句丽长寿王将都城从国内城迁至平壤，推行南进政策，此后高句丽与百济、新罗在汉江流域展开长期争夺。","importance":2,"lat":39.03,"lng":125.75,"place":"平壤","title_en":"Goguryeo Moves Capital to Pyongyang","desc_en":"King Jangsu moved Goguryeo's capital from Gungnae to Pyongyang and pursued a southward policy, beginning a long struggle with Baekje and Silla over the Han River basin.","date_label_en":"427 CE","place_en":"Pyongyang"},{"id":"east_asia-x090","start":439,"date_label":"439年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"北魏统一北方","desc":"北魏太武帝拓跋焘灭北凉，结束十六国分裂局面，统一中国北方，与南方的刘宋形成对峙，南北朝格局由此确立。","importance":2,"lat":40.08,"lng":113.3,"place":"北魏平城(大同)","title_en":"Northern Wei Unifies the North","desc_en":"Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei (Tuoba Tao) destroyed the Northern Liang, ending the Sixteen Kingdoms era and unifying northern China; facing the Liu Song in the south, this established the Northern and Southern dynasties.","date_label_en":"439 CE","place_en":"Pingcheng (Datong), Northern Wei"},{"id":"south_asia-018","start":450,"end":1193,"date_label":"约5世纪—约1193年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"那烂陀寺","desc":"笈多王朝时期在比哈尔建立的那烂陀寺成为佛教最高学府，吸引玄奘、义净等各国学僧，约1193年遭突厥军队焚毁。","importance":2,"lat":25.14,"lng":85.44,"place":"那烂陀","title_en":"Nalanda","desc_en":"Founded in Bihar under the Guptas, Nalanda became the foremost center of Buddhist learning, drawing scholar-monks such as Xuanzang and Yijing from many lands; it was burned by Turkic troops around 1193.","date_label_en":"c. 5th century–c. 1193","place_en":"Nalanda"},{"id":"inner_asia-014","start":450,"end":560,"date_label":"约5世纪中—560年代","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"嚈哒帝国","desc":"嚈哒（白匈人）控制中亚与阿富汗，多次击败萨珊波斯，约560年代被突厥与萨珊联手攻灭。","importance":1,"lat":36.73,"lng":68.86,"place":"昆都士","title_en":"Hephthalite Empire","desc_en":"The Hephthalites (White Huns) controlled Central Asia and Afghanistan and repeatedly defeated Sasanian Persia; around the 560s they were destroyed by the Göktürks and Sasanians acting together.","date_label_en":"c. mid-5th century–560s","place_en":"Kunduz"},{"id":"south_asia-x037","start":450,"date_label":"约5—6世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《大史》编成","desc":"斯里兰卡僧人以巴利文编成编年史《大史》，记述岛上王统与佛教传播，是研究斯里兰卡和南亚古代史的重要文献。","importance":2,"lat":8.31,"lng":80.4,"place":"阿努拉德普勒","title_en":"Mahavamsa Compiled","desc_en":"Sri Lankan monks compiled the Mahavamsa chronicle in Pali, recounting the island's royal lineages and the spread of Buddhism; it is a key source for the ancient history of Sri Lanka and South Asia.","date_label_en":"c. 5th–6th centuries","place_en":"Anuradhapura"},{"id":"north_america-x007","start":450,"end":1450,"date_label":"约450–1450年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"霍霍坎运河网","desc":"霍霍坎人在今菲尼克斯一带的索尔特河谷开凿总长数百公里的灌溉渠，种植玉米、棉花，是前哥伦布时期北美最大的灌溉系统，现代菲尼克斯运河部分沿其旧线。","importance":2,"lat":33.45,"lng":-112.07,"place":"菲尼克斯","title_en":"Hohokam Canal Network","desc_en":"In the Salt River Valley around present-day Phoenix, the Hohokam dug irrigation canals totaling hundreds of kilometers to grow maize and cotton, the largest irrigation system in pre-Columbian North America; some modern Phoenix canals follow their routes.","date_label_en":"c. 450–1450","place_en":"Phoenix"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x079","start":451,"date_label":"451年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"卡尔西顿公会议","desc":"卡尔西顿公会议界定基督“一位二性”，埃及、叙利亚和亚美尼亚的教会拒绝接受，东方诸教会由此与帝国教会长期分立。","importance":2,"lat":40.99,"lng":29.03,"place":"卡尔西顿","title_en":"Council of Chalcedon","desc_en":"The Council of Chalcedon defined Christ as one person in two natures; the churches of Egypt, Syria and Armenia rejected it, and the Oriental churches split from the imperial church for good.","date_label_en":"451 CE","place_en":"Chalcedon"},{"id":"europe-x064","start":451,"date_label":"451年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"沙隆之战","desc":"罗马将领埃提乌斯联合西哥特人在卡塔隆尼平原击退阿提拉率领的匈人大军，阿提拉转攻意大利，两年后去世。","importance":2,"lat":48.96,"lng":4.36,"place":"沙隆","title_en":"Battle of the Catalaunian Plains","desc_en":"The Roman general Aetius, allied with the Visigoths, repelled Attila's Hunnic army on the Catalaunian Plains; Attila turned on Italy instead and died two years later.","date_label_en":"451 CE","place_en":"Châlons"},{"id":"east_asia-x091","start":460,"date_label":"460年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"云冈石窟","desc":"北魏文成帝时，沙门统昙曜主持在平城西武州山开凿五座大窟（昙曜五窟），云冈石窟由此兴起，现存主要洞窟45个。","importance":2,"lat":40.11,"lng":113.12,"place":"山西大同云冈","title_en":"Yungang Grottoes","desc_en":"Under Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei, the chief monk Tanyao oversaw the carving of five great caves (the Tanyao Caves) at Wuzhou Mountain west of Pingcheng, launching the Yungang Grottoes, of which 45 major caves survive.","date_label_en":"460 CE","place_en":"Yungang, Datong, Shanxi"},{"id":"east_asia-x092","start":462,"date_label":"约462年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"祖冲之圆周率与《大明历》","desc":"南朝祖冲之推算圆周率在3.1415926与3.1415927之间，领先世界近千年；他编制的《大明历》首次将岁差引入历法。","importance":3,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"南朝建康","title_en":"Zu Chongzhi's Pi and Daming Calendar","desc_en":"Zu Chongzhi of the Southern Dynasties calculated pi to lie between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927, nearly a thousand years ahead of the world; his Daming calendar was the first to incorporate the precession of the equinoxes.","date_label_en":"c. 462 CE","place_en":"Jiankang (Southern Dynasties)"},{"id":"east_asia-x093","start":471,"date_label":"471年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"稻荷山古坟铁剑铭","desc":"埼玉稻荷山古坟出土铁剑，金错铭文115字，含“辛亥年”与“获加多支卤大王”，学界多认为指雄略天皇，显示大和王权势力已达关东。","importance":2,"lat":36.13,"lng":139.48,"place":"埼玉行田","title_en":"Inariyama Sword Inscription","desc_en":"An iron sword from the Inariyama Kofun in Saitama bears a 115-character gold-inlaid inscription including \"year Xinhai\" and \"Great King Wakatakeru,\" widely identified as Emperor Yūryaku, showing Yamato power had reached the Kantō.","date_label_en":"471 CE","place_en":"Gyōda, Saitama"},{"id":"east_asia-x094","start":475,"date_label":"475年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"百济南迁熊津","desc":"高句丽长寿王攻陷百济都城汉城，百济盖卤王被杀，百济被迫将都城南迁至熊津（今忠清南道公州）。","importance":2,"lat":36.46,"lng":127.12,"place":"忠清南道公州","title_en":"Baekje Moves South to Ungjin","desc_en":"King Jangsu of Goguryeo captured Hanseong, the Baekje capital, killing King Gaero; Baekje was forced to move its capital south to Ungjin (modern Gongju, South Chungcheong).","date_label_en":"475 CE","place_en":"Gongju, South Chungcheong"},{"id":"europe-029","start":476,"date_label":"476年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","综合"],"title":"西罗马帝国灭亡","desc":"日耳曼将领奥多亚克废黜西罗马末代皇帝罗慕路斯·奥古斯都路斯，西罗马帝国终结，通常被视为欧洲中世纪的开端。","importance":3,"lat":44.42,"lng":12.2,"place":"拉文纳","title_en":"Fall of the Western Roman Empire","desc_en":"The Germanic general Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus, the last Western Roman emperor, ending the Western Empire; the event is usually seen as the start of the European Middle Ages.","date_label_en":"476 CE","place_en":"Ravenna"},{"id":"south_asia-x038","start":477,"end":495,"date_label":"477—495年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"西格里耶狮子岩","desc":"斯里兰卡国王迦叶波一世在高约200米的巨岩顶建造王宫，岩壁绘有著名的仕女壁画，山下有对称园林与水景。","importance":2,"lat":7.96,"lng":80.76,"place":"西格里耶","title_en":"Sigiriya Lion Rock","desc_en":"King Kashyapa I of Sri Lanka built a palace atop a rock about 200 m high, its face painted with the famous maiden frescoes, with symmetrical gardens and water features below.","date_label_en":"477–495 CE","place_en":"Sigiriya"},{"id":"east_asia-x095","start":478,"date_label":"478年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"倭五王上表南朝","desc":"据《宋书》记载，倭国赞、珍、济、兴、武五王先后遣使南朝，478年倭王武上表宋顺帝，自称征服东西诸国，请求册封。","importance":1,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"南朝建康","title_en":"Five Kings of Wa Petition the South","desc_en":"According to the Book of Song, the five kings of Wa — San, Chin, Sei, Kō and Bu — sent envoys to the Southern Dynasties; in 478 King Bu petitioned Emperor Shun of Song, claiming to have conquered lands east and west and requesting investiture.","date_label_en":"478 CE","place_en":"Jiankang (Southern Dynasties)"},{"id":"east_asia-x096","start":485,"date_label":"485年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"北魏均田制","desc":"北魏孝文帝颁布均田令，按人口授予露田与桑田，并配合三长制与租调制，这一土地制度沿用至唐朝中期。","importance":3,"lat":40.08,"lng":113.3,"place":"北魏平城(大同)","title_en":"Northern Wei Equal-Field System","desc_en":"Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei decreed the equal-field system, allotting open fields and mulberry fields by household size, together with the three-elders system and grain-and-cloth taxes; it lasted until the mid-Tang.","date_label_en":"485 CE","place_en":"Pingcheng (Datong), Northern Wei"},{"id":"east_asia-x097","start":494,"date_label":"494年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"孝文帝迁都洛阳","desc":"北魏孝文帝迁都洛阳，推行禁胡服、改说汉语、改鲜卑复姓为汉姓、鼓励鲜卑与汉族通婚等改革，加速民族交融。","importance":3,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.62,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Xiaowen Moves Capital to Luoyang","desc_en":"Emperor Xiaowen moved the Northern Wei capital to Luoyang and pursued reforms banning nomadic dress, requiring Chinese speech, replacing Xianbei clan names with Chinese surnames and encouraging Xianbei–Han intermarriage, accelerating ethnic fusion.","date_label_en":"494 CE","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"east_asia-x098","start":494,"date_label":"约494年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"龙门石窟开凿","desc":"北魏迁都洛阳前后开始在伊阙两山开凿龙门石窟，历经东魏、北齐至唐宋，现存窟龛2300余个，奉先寺卢舍那大佛造于唐代。","importance":2,"lat":34.56,"lng":112.47,"place":"洛阳龙门","title_en":"Longmen Grottoes Begun","desc_en":"Around the Northern Wei move to Luoyang, carving began on the two hills of Yique; work continued through the Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, Tang and Song, leaving over 2,300 caves and niches, with the great Vairocana Buddha of Fengxian Temple made under the Tang.","date_label_en":"c. 494 CE","place_en":"Longmen, Luoyang"},{"id":"europe-x065","start":496,"date_label":"约496年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"克洛维受洗","desc":"统一法兰克诸部的克洛维在兰斯接受天主教洗礼，赢得高卢罗马人与教会支持，墨洛温法兰克王国成为西欧最强王国。","importance":2,"lat":49.26,"lng":4.03,"place":"兰斯","title_en":"Baptism of Clovis","desc_en":"Clovis, who had united the Frankish tribes, was baptized a Catholic at Reims, winning the support of the Gallo-Romans and the Church; the Merovingian Frankish kingdom became the strongest in Western Europe.","date_label_en":"c. 496 CE","place_en":"Reims"},{"id":"south_asia-019","start":499,"date_label":"499年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"阿耶波多著历算书","desc":"数学家阿耶波多撰成《阿耶波多历书》，采用位值记数，给出圆周率近似值3.1416，并提出地球自转解释天体视运动。","importance":2,"lat":25.61,"lng":85.14,"place":"华氏城","title_en":"Aryabhata's Treatise","desc_en":"The mathematician Aryabhata completed the Aryabhatiya, using place-value notation, giving pi as approximately 3.1416, and proposing the Earth's rotation to explain the apparent motion of the heavens.","date_label_en":"499 CE","place_en":"Pataliputra"},{"id":"latin_america-007","start":500,"end":1000,"date_label":"约500—1000年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"蒂瓦纳库","desc":"的的喀喀湖南岸的蒂瓦纳库以太阳门和高台田农业著称，是安第斯高原重要的宗教与政治中心，与北方的瓦里并立。","importance":1,"lat":-16.55,"lng":-68.67,"place":"蒂瓦纳库","title_en":"Tiwanaku","desc_en":"Tiwanaku on the southern shore of Lake Titicaca, famed for its Gateway of the Sun and raised-field farming, was a major religious and political center of the Andean altiplano, a counterpart to Wari in the north.","date_label_en":"c. 500–1000","place_en":"Tiwanaku"},{"id":"south_asia-x039","start":500,"end":530,"date_label":"约500—530年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"匈人入侵北印度","desc":"被称为\"白匈奴\"的阿尔孔匈人在头罗曼和摩醯逻矩罗率领下侵入北印度，削弱笈多王朝，相传对佛寺造成破坏。","importance":2,"lat":32.49,"lng":74.53,"place":"奢羯罗","title_en":"Huna Invasions of North India","desc_en":"The Alchon Huns, known as \"White Huns,\" invaded northern India under Toramana and Mihirakula, weakening the Gupta dynasty and reportedly damaging Buddhist monasteries.","date_label_en":"c. 500–530","place_en":"Sakala"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x080","start":500,"date_label":"约500年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"巴比伦塔木德编成","desc":"两河流域苏拉、普姆贝迪塔等经学院的拉比将对《密什拿》的讨论汇编为《巴比伦塔木德》，成为犹太律法最权威的典籍。","importance":2,"lat":33.35,"lng":43.78,"place":"普姆贝迪塔","title_en":"Babylonian Talmud Compiled","desc_en":"Rabbis at Mesopotamian academies such as Sura and Pumbedita compiled their discussions of the Mishnah into the Babylonian Talmud, the most authoritative text of Jewish law.","date_label_en":"c. 500","place_en":"Pumbedita"},{"id":"east_asia-x099","start":501,"date_label":"约501年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"刘勰《文心雕龙》","desc":"南朝刘勰著《文心雕龙》五十篇，系统论述各种文体的源流和文学创作、批评原理，是中国第一部体系完整的文学理论著作。","importance":2,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"南朝建康","title_en":"Liu Xie's Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons","desc_en":"Liu Xie of the Southern Dynasties wrote the 50-chapter Wenxin Diaolong, systematically discussing the origins of literary genres and the principles of composition and criticism; 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after Ichadon's martyrdom around 527 Buddhism gained official recognition, and Silla accelerated its shift from tribal confederation to centralized state.","date_label_en":"520","place_en":"Gyeongju (Silla)"},{"id":"europe-x066","start":524,"date_label":"约524年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"波爱修斯《哲学的慰藉》","desc":"罗马学者波爱修斯被狄奥多里克下狱，在狱中写成《哲学的慰藉》，成为中世纪流传最广的哲学读物之一。","importance":1,"lat":45.19,"lng":9.16,"place":"帕维亚","title_en":"Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy","desc_en":"Imprisoned by Theodoric, the Roman scholar Boethius wrote The Consolation of Philosophy in his cell; it became one of the most widely read philosophical works of the Middle Ages.","date_label_en":"c. 524","place_en":"Pavia"},{"id":"east_asia-x102","start":525,"date_label":"525年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"百济武宁王陵","desc":"1971年在公州宋山里发现的武宁王陵出土墓志石，确认墓主为百济武宁王，墓室为南朝式砖室墓，出土金冠饰等文物四千余件。","importance":2,"lat":36.46,"lng":127.12,"place":"忠清南道公州","title_en":"Tomb of King Muryeong","desc_en":"Discovered at Songsan-ri, Gongju, in 1971, the tomb yielded an epitaph stone identifying its occupant as King Muryeong of Baekje; built as a Southern Dynasties–style brick chamber, it contained over 4,000 artifacts, including gold crown ornaments.","date_label_en":"525","place_en":"Gongju, South Chungcheong"},{"id":"europe-030","start":529,"end":534,"date_label":"529—534年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"查士丁尼法典","desc":"拜占庭皇帝查士丁尼主持编纂《民法大全》，系统整理罗马法，成为后世欧洲大陆法系的重要基础。","importance":2,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.98,"place":"君士坦丁堡","title_en":"Code of Justinian","desc_en":"Byzantine Emperor Justinian oversaw the compilation of the Corpus Juris Civilis, systematically organizing Roman law; it became an important foundation of Europe's later civil-law tradition.","date_label_en":"529–534","place_en":"Constantinople"},{"id":"europe-x067","start":529,"date_label":"约529年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"本笃创立卡西诺山修院","desc":"努西亚的本笃在卡西诺山建修道院并订立《本笃会规》，以“祈祷与劳动”为宗旨，修道院成为中世纪保存典籍与开发农业的中心。","importance":2,"lat":41.49,"lng":13.81,"place":"卡西诺山","title_en":"Benedict Founds Monte Cassino","desc_en":"Benedict of Nursia founded a monastery at Monte Cassino and wrote the Rule of St Benedict, centered on \"prayer and work\"; 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sources record a dim, lightless sun for a full year. The Northern Hemisphere then entered a cold spell of over a century, with crop failures compounding crises such as the Plague of Justinian. |","date_label_en":"536–c. 660"},{"id":"europe-031","start":537,"date_label":"537年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"圣索菲亚大教堂落成","desc":"查士丁尼重建的君士坦丁堡圣索菲亚大教堂落成，其巨大穹顶为拜占庭建筑杰作，长期是基督教世界最大的教堂。","importance":2,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.98,"place":"圣索菲亚大教堂","title_en":"Hagia Sophia Completed","desc_en":"Justinian's rebuilt Hagia Sophia in Constantinople was completed; its vast dome is a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture, and it long remained the largest church in Christendom.","date_label_en":"537","place_en":"Hagia Sophia"},{"id":"east_asia-033","start":538,"date_label":"538年（一说552年）","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"佛教传入日本","desc":"百济圣王向倭国传入佛像与经论，苏我氏崇佛，佛教在日本逐渐扎根，推动了寺院建筑与工艺发展。","importance":2,"lat":34.47,"lng":135.83,"place":"飞鸟(奈良)","title_en":"Buddhism Arrives in Japan","desc_en":"King Seong of Baekje sent Buddhist images and scriptures to Wa; championed by the Soga clan, Buddhism gradually took root in Japan, spurring temple architecture and crafts.","date_label_en":"538 (or 552)","place_en":"Asuka (Nara)"},{"id":"east_asia-x103","start":538,"date_label":"538年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"百济迁都泗沘","desc":"百济圣王将都城迁至泗沘（今扶余），改国号为“南扶余”，积极吸收南朝文化，并向日本传去佛教、儒学与工艺技术。","importance":2,"lat":36.28,"lng":126.91,"place":"忠清南道扶余","title_en":"Baekje Moves Capital to Sabi","desc_en":"King Seong moved the Baekje capital to Sabi (modern Buyeo) and renamed the state \"Southern Buyeo,\" eagerly absorbing Southern Dynasties culture and transmitting Buddhism, Confucian learning and craft techniques to Japan.","date_label_en":"538","place_en":"Buyeo, South Chungcheong"},{"id":"east_asia-x104","start":540,"date_label":"约533–544年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"贾思勰《齐民要术》","desc":"北魏贾思勰著《齐民要术》，系统总结黄河中下游的农作、园艺、畜牧和酿造技术，是中国现存最早、最完整的农书。","importance":2,"lat":36.86,"lng":118.79,"place":"山东寿光","title_en":"Jia Sixie's Qimin Yaoshu","desc_en":"Jia Sixie of Northern Wei wrote the Qimin Yaoshu, systematically summarizing farming, horticulture, animal husbandry and brewing in the middle and lower Yellow River; it is China's earliest and most complete surviving agricultural treatise.","date_label_en":"c. 533–544","place_en":"Shouguang, Shandong"},{"id":"global-008","start":541,"end":750,"date_label":"541—约750年","region":"global","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"查士丁尼瘟疫","desc":"第一次有记载的鼠疫大流行从埃及传入君士坦丁堡，此后在地中海与西亚反复暴发约两百年，严重削弱拜占庭与萨珊波斯。","importance":2,"lat":31.04,"lng":32.55,"place":"埃及培琉喜阿姆","title_en":"Plague of Justinian","desc_en":"The first recorded bubonic plague pandemic spread from Egypt to Constantinople and recurred across the Mediterranean and West Asia for about two centuries, severely weakening Byzantium and Sasanian Persia.","date_label_en":"541–c. 750","place_en":"Pelusium, Egypt"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x021","start":543,"date_label":"约543年起","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"努比亚诸王国皈依基督教","desc":"拜占庭传教士约543年起进入努比亚，诺巴迪亚、马库里亚、阿洛迪亚先后皈依基督教，法拉斯大教堂的壁画成为中世纪努比亚艺术的代表。","importance":1,"lat":22.2,"lng":31.48,"place":"法拉斯","title_en":"Nubian Kingdoms Convert to Christianity","desc_en":"Byzantine missionaries entered Nubia from about 543, and Nobadia, Makuria and Alodia converted to Christianity in turn; the murals of Faras Cathedral are masterpieces of medieval Nubian art.","date_label_en":"from c. 543","place_en":"Faras"},{"id":"east_asia-x105","start":548,"end":552,"date_label":"548–552年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"侯景之乱","desc":"东魏降将侯景在南梁起兵叛乱，攻陷建康，梁武帝困死台城；江南繁华之地惨遭战火，南朝由此急剧衰落。","importance":2,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"南朝建康","title_en":"Hou Jing Rebellion","desc_en":"Hou Jing, a defector from Eastern Wei, rebelled in the Liang, captured Jiankang, and Emperor Wu of Liang died besieged in the palace city; the prosperous Jiangnan was ravaged by war and the Southern Dynasties declined sharply.","date_label_en":"548–552","place_en":"Jiankang (Southern Dynasties)"},{"id":"east_asia-x106","start":550,"date_label":"约550年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"西魏府兵制","desc":"西魏宇文泰建立府兵制，以八柱国统领军队，兵士免除赋役、平时务农、战时出征，后为隋唐所沿用。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Western Wei Fubing System","desc_en":"Yuwen Tai of Western Wei created the fubing militia system, with the army commanded by eight Pillars of State; soldiers were exempt from taxes and labor, farmed in peacetime and fought in wartime, a system later adopted by the Sui and Tang.","date_label_en":"c. 550","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x010","start":550,"end":1050,"date_label":"约6—11世纪","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"堕罗钵底","desc":"湄南河流域的孟人建立堕罗钵底文化，信奉上座部佛教，以法轮石雕著称，为后来泰国佛教文化奠定基础。","importance":2,"lat":13.82,"lng":100.06,"place":"佛统","title_en":"Dvaravati","desc_en":"The Mon of the Chao Phraya basin created the Dvaravati culture, practicing Theravada Buddhism and known for stone Dharma wheels, laying foundations for later Thai Buddhist culture.","date_label_en":"c. 6th–11th centuries","place_en":"Nakhon Pathom"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x081","start":550,"date_label":"约6世纪","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"贡德沙普尔学术中心","desc":"萨珊波斯的贡德沙普尔汇集希腊、叙利亚与印度医学传统，设有医院与学校，其医生后来进入阿拔斯宫廷。","importance":2,"lat":32.28,"lng":48.52,"place":"贡德沙普尔","title_en":"Gondishapur Center of Learning","desc_en":"Gondishapur in Sasanian Persia brought together Greek, Syriac and Indian medical traditions, with a hospital and school; its physicians later served at the Abbasid court.","date_label_en":"c. 6th century","place_en":"Gondishapur"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x022","start":550,"date_label":"约5–7世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"南岛人定居马达加斯加","desc":"来自婆罗洲一带的南岛语族航海者约在5至7世纪抵达马达加斯加，带来水稻、舷外浮杆独木舟等，后与东非班图人融合，马达加斯加语至今属南岛语系。","importance":2,"lat":-18.88,"lng":47.51,"place":"马达加斯加","title_en":"Austronesians Settle Madagascar","desc_en":"Austronesian seafarers from the Borneo region reached Madagascar around the 5th–7th centuries, bringing rice and outrigger canoes; they later mixed with East African Bantu peoples, and Malagasy is still an Austronesian language.","date_label_en":"c. 5th–7th centuries","place_en":"Madagascar"},{"id":"inner_asia-015","start":552,"date_label":"552年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"突厥汗国建立","desc":"阿史那部土门击败柔然，建立突厥汗国，疆域迅速从蒙古高原扩展至咸海，后分裂为东、西突厥。","importance":3,"lat":47.5,"lng":101.0,"place":"于都斤山","title_en":"Göktürk Khaganate Founded","desc_en":"Bumin of the Ashina clan defeated the Rouran and founded the Göktürk Khaganate, which quickly expanded from the Mongolian Plateau to the Aral Sea before splitting into Eastern and Western khaganates.","date_label_en":"552","place_en":"Ötüken"},{"id":"inner_asia-x021","start":560,"date_label":"约560年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"突厥与萨珊灭嚈哒","desc":"西突厥室点密与萨珊库思老一世联合夹击嚈哒，嚈哒灭亡，两国以阿姆河为界瓜分其地，突厥势力抵达中亚绿洲。","importance":2,"lat":36.73,"lng":68.86,"place":"昆都士","title_en":"Göktürks and Sasanians Destroy the Hephthalites","desc_en":"Istämi of the Western Turks and Khosrow I of Persia attacked the Hephthalites from both sides and destroyed them, dividing their lands along the Amu Darya; Turkic power reached the oases of Central Asia.","date_label_en":"c. 560","place_en":"Kunduz"},{"id":"east_asia-x107","start":562,"date_label":"562年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"新罗兼并伽倻","desc":"新罗于532年兼并金官伽倻，562年真兴王又灭大伽倻，完全吞并洛东江流域的伽倻诸国，并在汉江流域树立巡狩碑。","importance":2,"lat":35.73,"lng":128.26,"place":"庆尚北道高灵","title_en":"Silla Annexes Gaya","desc_en":"Silla annexed Geumgwan Gaya in 532, and in 562 King Jinheung destroyed Daegaya, absorbing all the Gaya states of the Nakdong River basin, and erected royal tour monuments in the Han River basin.","date_label_en":"562","place_en":"Goryeong, North Gyeongsang"},{"id":"latin_america-x017","start":562,"date_label":"562年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事"],"title":"卡拉科尔击败蒂卡尔","desc":"与卡拉克穆尔“蛇王朝”结盟的卡拉科尔在“星之战”中击败蒂卡尔，蒂卡尔此后陷入百余年碑铭空白，卡拉克穆尔成为玛雅低地霸主。","importance":1,"lat":16.76,"lng":-89.12,"place":"卡拉科尔","title_en":"Caracol Defeats Tikal","desc_en":"Allied with Calakmul's \"Snake dynasty,\" Caracol defeated Tikal in a \"star war\"; Tikal then fell into a gap of over a century without inscriptions, and Calakmul became the hegemon of the Maya lowlands.","date_label_en":"562","place_en":"Caracol"},{"id":"inner_asia-x022","start":568,"date_label":"568年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"突厥—拜占庭通使","desc":"为绕开波斯直接销售丝绸，西突厥派粟特人马尼亚克出使君士坦丁堡，拜占庭随即派蔡马库斯回访，丝绸外交连接欧亚两端。","importance":2,"lat":39.65,"lng":66.96,"place":"撒马尔罕","title_en":"Turkic–Byzantine Embassies","desc_en":"To sell silk directly and bypass Persia, the Western Turks sent the Sogdian Maniakh as envoy to Constantinople, and Byzantium soon sent Zemarchus in return; silk diplomacy linked the two ends of Eurasia.","date_label_en":"568","place_en":"Samarkand"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x082","start":570,"date_label":"约570年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"马里卜大坝崩溃","desc":"也门古代马里卜大坝在6世纪多次决口后最终废弃，灌溉农业崩溃，引发部落外迁，《古兰经》提及此事。","importance":1,"lat":15.4,"lng":45.25,"place":"马里卜","title_en":"Collapse of the Marib Dam","desc_en":"After repeated breaches in the 6th century, Yemen's ancient Marib Dam was finally abandoned; irrigated farming collapsed and tribes migrated away, an event mentioned in the Quran.","date_label_en":"c. 570","place_en":"Marib"},{"id":"inner_asia-x023","start":570,"date_label":"约6世纪后期","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"巴米扬大佛","desc":"巴米扬山谷崖壁凿出高约55米与38米的两尊立佛及大量石窟，玄奘曾记其盛况，2001年被塔利班炸毁。","importance":2,"lat":34.83,"lng":67.83,"place":"巴米扬","title_en":"Buddhas of Bamiyan","desc_en":"Two standing Buddhas about 55 m and 38 m tall and many caves were carved into the cliffs of the Bamiyan Valley; Xuanzang recorded their splendor, and they were blown up by the Taliban in 2001.","date_label_en":"c. late 6th century","place_en":"Bamiyan"},{"id":"south_asia-x040","start":575,"date_label":"约575年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"《五大历数全书》","desc":"乌贾因天文学家伐拉诃密希拉汇编当时五种天文历算体系，著《五大历数全书》，并著有百科式的《广集》。","importance":2,"lat":23.18,"lng":75.78,"place":"乌贾因","title_en":"Pancha-siddhantika","desc_en":"The Ujjain astronomer Varahamihira compiled five contemporary systems of astronomy and calendrics in the Pancha-siddhantika and also wrote the encyclopedic Brihat Samhita.","date_label_en":"c. 575","place_en":"Ujjain"},{"id":"east_asia-x108","start":576,"date_label":"约576年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"新罗花郎制度","desc":"新罗真兴王时将青少年贵族团体“花郎”制度化，以修身习武、游历山川培养人才，金庾信等统一战争中的名将多出身花郎。","importance":1,"lat":35.84,"lng":129.21,"place":"新罗庆州","title_en":"Silla's Hwarang","desc_en":"Under King Jinheung, Silla institutionalized the hwarang, groups of young aristocrats trained through self-cultivation, martial arts and travel in the mountains; many generals of the unification wars, such as Kim Yu-sin, came from their ranks.","date_label_en":"c. 576","place_en":"Gyeongju (Silla)"},{"id":"east_asia-x109","start":582,"date_label":"582年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"宇文恺营建大兴城","desc":"隋文帝命宇文恺规划新都大兴城（唐称长安），面积约84平方公里，棋盘式街坊布局并设东西两市，成为日本平城京、平安京的范本。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"大兴城(西安)","title_en":"Yuwen Kai Builds Daxing","desc_en":"Emperor Wen of Sui had Yuwen Kai plan the new capital Daxing (Chang'an under the Tang), covering about 84 km² with a grid of wards and East and West Markets; it became the model for Japan's Heijō-kyō and Heian-kyō.","date_label_en":"582","place_en":"Daxing (Xi'an)"},{"id":"east_asia-x110","start":583,"date_label":"583年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"三省六部与《开皇律》","desc":"隋文帝确立三省六部制中央官制，颁行《开皇律》删除酷刑，并把地方州、郡、县三级改为州、县两级，提高行政效率。","importance":3,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"大兴城(西安)","title_en":"Three Departments, Six Ministries and Kaihuang Code","desc_en":"Emperor Wen of Sui established the central system of Three Departments and Six Ministries, issued the Kaihuang Code abolishing cruel punishments, and cut local government from three tiers to two (prefecture and county) for efficiency.","date_label_en":"583","place_en":"Daxing (Xi'an)"},{"id":"inner_asia-x024","start":583,"date_label":"583年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"突厥分裂东西","desc":"突厥汗国因内部汗位之争与隋朝离间，分裂为以蒙古高原为中心的东突厥和以七河与中亚为中心的西突厥。","importance":1,"lat":47.5,"lng":102.5,"place":"漠北","title_en":"Göktürks Split East and West","desc_en":"Through succession struggles and Sui efforts to sow discord, the Göktürk Khaganate split into an Eastern Khaganate centered on the Mongolian Plateau and a Western Khaganate centered on Zhetysu and Central Asia.","date_label_en":"583","place_en":"Mongolian Plateau (north of the Gobi)"},{"id":"east_asia-034","start":589,"end":618,"date_label":"589年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"隋朝统一南北","desc":"隋文帝杨坚灭陈，结束西晋末年以来近三百年的南北分裂，确立三省六部制，清查户口、整顿财政，国力迅速增强。","importance":3,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.94,"place":"大兴城(长安)","title_en":"Sui Reunifies China","desc_en":"Emperor Wen of Sui (Yang Jian) conquered the Chen, ending nearly 300 years of north–south division since the late Western Jin; he set up the Three Departments and Six Ministries, audited households and reorganized finances, rapidly strengthening the state.","date_label_en":"589","place_en":"Daxing (Chang'an)"},{"id":"east_asia-x111","start":596,"date_label":"596年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"飞鸟寺落成","desc":"苏我马子主持兴建的飞鸟寺（法兴寺）塔竣工，是日本第一座正式伽蓝，由百济工匠参与建造，本尊飞鸟大佛为现存日本最古佛像。","importance":2,"lat":34.48,"lng":135.82,"place":"奈良明日香","title_en":"Asuka-dera Completed","desc_en":"The pagoda of Asuka-dera (Hōkō-ji), built under Soga no Umako, was completed; it was Japan's first full temple complex, built with help from Baekje craftsmen, and its Asuka Great Buddha is the oldest surviving Buddhist statue in Japan.","date_label_en":"596","place_en":"Asuka, Nara"},{"id":"europe-x069","start":597,"date_label":"597年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"奥古斯丁坎特伯雷传教","desc":"教皇格里高利一世派奥古斯丁赴英格兰传教，肯特国王埃塞尔伯特受洗，坎特伯雷成为英格兰教会的首席教区。","importance":2,"lat":51.28,"lng":1.08,"place":"坎特伯雷","title_en":"Augustine's Mission to Canterbury","desc_en":"Pope Gregory I sent Augustine to evangelize England; King Æthelberht of Kent was baptized, and Canterbury became the premier see of the English Church.","date_label_en":"597","place_en":"Canterbury"},{"id":"east_asia-x112","start":600,"date_label":"约595–605年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"李春建赵州桥","desc":"隋代工匠李春主持建造赵州桥（安济桥），单孔敞肩石拱跨度约37米，拱肩开小拱减轻自重，是世界现存最古老的敞肩石拱桥。","importance":2,"lat":37.71,"lng":114.77,"place":"河北赵县","title_en":"Li Chun Builds the Zhaozhou Bridge","desc_en":"The Sui craftsman Li Chun built the Zhaozhou (Anji) Bridge, a single open-spandrel stone arch spanning about 37 m with small arches in the spandrels to reduce weight; it is the world's oldest surviving open-spandrel stone arch bridge.","date_label_en":"c. 595–605","place_en":"Zhao County, Hebei"},{"id":"east_asia-x113","start":600,"date_label":"约6世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"百济金铜大香炉","desc":"1993年在扶余陵山里寺址出土的百济金铜大香炉高约62厘米，炉盖雕刻山峦、神兽与乐师，体现百济高超的金属工艺。","importance":1,"lat":36.28,"lng":126.91,"place":"忠清南道扶余","title_en":"Baekje Gilt-Bronze Incense Burner","desc_en":"Unearthed in 1993 at the Neungsan-ri temple site in Buyeo, the Baekje gilt-bronze incense burner stands about 62 cm tall, its lid carved with mountains, mythical beasts and musicians, showing Baekje's superb metalworking.","date_label_en":"c. 6th century","place_en":"Buyeo, South Chungcheong"},{"id":"latin_america-x018","start":600,"end":1000,"date_label":"约600–1000年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"瓦里帝国","desc":"以阿亚库乔附近瓦里城为中心的瓦里人在秘鲁高原建立安第斯第一个扩张型帝国，修建行政中心与道路，并可能使用结绳记事，为印加帝国提供了先例。","importance":2,"lat":-13.06,"lng":-74.13,"place":"瓦里","title_en":"Wari Empire","desc_en":"Centered on the city of Wari near Ayacucho, the Wari built the first expansionist empire of the Andes in the Peruvian highlands, constructing administrative centers and roads and possibly using knotted-cord records, a precedent for the Inca.","date_label_en":"c. 600–1000","place_en":"Wari"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x083","start":602,"end":628,"date_label":"602—628年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"拜占庭—萨珊大战","desc":"萨珊军队一度攻占耶路撒冷与埃及、兵临君士坦丁堡，赫拉克略反攻深入伊朗，两大帝国两败俱伤，为阿拉伯人崛起创造了条件。","importance":2,"lat":33.09,"lng":44.58,"place":"泰西封","title_en":"Byzantine–Sasanian War","desc_en":"Sasanian armies took Jerusalem and Egypt and reached Constantinople before Heraclius counterattacked deep into Iran; both empires were exhausted, paving the way for the rise of the Arabs.","date_label_en":"602–628","place_en":"Ctesiphon"},{"id":"east_asia-x114","start":603,"date_label":"603年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"冠位十二阶","desc":"推古天皇时圣德太子与苏我马子制定冠位十二阶，以德、仁、礼、信、义、智各分大小授予个人，打破氏族世袭任官的传统。","importance":2,"lat":34.47,"lng":135.82,"place":"飞鸟(奈良)","title_en":"Twelve Cap Ranks","desc_en":"Under Empress Suiko, Prince Shōtoku and Soga no Umako created the twelve cap ranks — greater and lesser grades of virtue, benevolence, propriety, sincerity, justice and wisdom — awarded to individuals, breaking with hereditary clan appointment.","date_label_en":"603","place_en":"Asuka (Nara)"},{"id":"east_asia-035","start":604,"date_label":"604年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"圣德太子十七条宪法","desc":"圣德太子制定《十七条宪法》，强调以和为贵、尊崇佛法与君臣秩序，并于607年派小野妹子出使隋朝。","importance":1,"lat":34.61,"lng":135.73,"place":"斑鸠法隆寺","title_en":"Prince Shōtoku's Seventeen-Article Constitution","desc_en":"Prince Shōtoku drew up the Seventeen-Article Constitution, stressing harmony, reverence for Buddhism and the order of ruler and subject; in 607 he sent Ono no Imoko as envoy to the Sui.","date_label_en":"604","place_en":"Hōryū-ji, Ikaruga"},{"id":"east_asia-036","start":605,"date_label":"605年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治","文化"],"title":"科举制创立","desc":"隋炀帝时设进士科，以考试选拔官员（一说始于隋文帝），科举制沿用约一千三百年，并影响朝鲜、越南。","importance":3,"lat":34.62,"lng":112.45,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Imperial Examinations Created","desc_en":"Under Emperor Yang of Sui the jinshi degree was established to select officials by examination (some say under Emperor Wen); the system lasted about 1,300 years and influenced Korea and Vietnam.","date_label_en":"605","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"east_asia-037","start":605,"end":610,"date_label":"605–610年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"开凿隋唐大运河","desc":"隋炀帝开凿通济渠、永济渠等，形成以洛阳为中心、北抵涿郡、南达余杭的大运河，成为南北经济大动脉。","importance":3,"lat":34.62,"lng":112.45,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Grand Canal Dug","desc_en":"Emperor Yang of Sui dug the Tongji, Yongji and other canals, forming a Grand Canal centered on Luoyang that reached Zhuo commandery in the north and Yuhang in the south, the main economic artery between north and south.","date_label_en":"605–610","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"south_asia-020","start":606,"end":647,"date_label":"606—647年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"戒日王与玄奘访印","desc":"戒日王统一北印度大部，以曲女城为中心，崇奉佛教；唐僧玄奘于此期间游学印度，著《大唐西域记》，留下珍贵史料。","importance":2,"lat":27.05,"lng":79.92,"place":"曲女城","title_en":"Harsha and Xuanzang's Visit","desc_en":"Harsha unified most of northern India from his center at Kannauj and patronized Buddhism; the Tang monk Xuanzang studied in India during his reign and wrote the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, an invaluable source.","date_label_en":"606–647","place_en":"Kannauj"},{"id":"east_asia-x115","start":607,"date_label":"607年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"小野妹子遣隋","desc":"圣德太子派小野妹子出使隋朝，国书称“日出处天子致书日没处天子”，令隋炀帝不悦；此后日本多次派留学生、学问僧赴隋学习。","importance":2,"lat":34.47,"lng":135.82,"place":"飞鸟(奈良)","title_en":"Ono no Imoko's Mission to Sui","desc_en":"Prince Shōtoku sent Ono no Imoko to the Sui with a letter from \"the Son of Heaven where the sun rises to the Son of Heaven where the sun sets,\" displeasing Emperor Yang; Japan thereafter repeatedly sent students and scholar-monks to study in Sui China.","date_label_en":"607","place_en":"Asuka (Nara)"},{"id":"east_asia-x116","start":607,"date_label":"607年(传)","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"法隆寺","desc":"圣德太子创建的斑鸠法隆寺，西院伽蓝虽据记载670年焚毁后重建，仍是世界现存最古老的木构建筑群，1993年列入世界遗产。","importance":3,"lat":34.61,"lng":135.73,"place":"奈良斑鸠","title_en":"Hōryū-ji","desc_en":"Founded by Prince Shōtoku at Ikaruga, Hōryū-ji's Western Precinct, though records say it burned in 670 and was rebuilt, is still the world's oldest surviving group of wooden buildings; it became a World Heritage Site in 1993.","date_label_en":"607 (traditional)","place_en":"Ikaruga, Nara"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-041","start":610,"date_label":"约610年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","文化"],"title":"穆罕默德传教","desc":"麦加商人穆罕默德宣称受到天启，开始宣传一神信仰伊斯兰教，其启示后被汇编为《古兰经》。","importance":3,"lat":21.42,"lng":39.83,"place":"麦加","title_en":"Muhammad Begins Preaching","desc_en":"The Meccan merchant Muhammad declared he had received revelation and began preaching the monotheistic faith of Islam; his revelations were later compiled as the Quran.","date_label_en":"c. 610","place_en":"Mecca"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x011","start":610,"date_label":"约7世纪初","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"伊奢那补罗","desc":"真腊王伊奢那跋摩一世以伊奢那补罗为都，即今三坡布雷库遗址，现存大量砖砌神庙，2017年列入世界遗产。","importance":1,"lat":12.87,"lng":105.04,"place":"三坡布雷库","title_en":"Ishanapura","desc_en":"The Chenla king Ishanavarman I made Ishanapura his capital, today the Sambor Prei Kuk site, where many brick temples survive; it became a World Heritage Site in 2017.","date_label_en":"c. early 7th century","place_en":"Sambor Prei Kuk"},{"id":"east_asia-x117","start":612,"date_label":"612年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"萨水大捷","desc":"隋炀帝大举东征高句丽，高句丽将领乙支文德诱敌深入，在萨水半渡而击，隋军渡辽的三十万五千人仅二千七百人生还。","importance":2,"lat":39.62,"lng":125.66,"place":"清川江(安州)","title_en":"Battle of Salsu","desc_en":"Emperor Yang of Sui invaded Goguryeo in force; the Goguryeo general Eulji Mundeok lured the enemy deep and struck as they crossed the Salsu River — of the 305,000 Sui troops who had crossed the Liao, only 2,700 returned.","date_label_en":"612","place_en":"Cheongcheon River (Anju)"},{"id":"latin_america-x019","start":615,"end":683,"date_label":"615–683年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"帕卡尔统治帕伦克","desc":"基尼奇·哈纳布·帕卡尔在帕伦克在位68年，修建宫殿和铭文神庙，1952年考古学家在神庙地下发现其石棺与玉面具，是玛雅考古最重大的发现之一。","importance":2,"lat":17.48,"lng":-92.05,"place":"帕伦克","title_en":"Pakal Rules Palenque","desc_en":"K'inich Janaab Pakal reigned at Palenque for 68 years, building the palace and the Temple of the Inscriptions; in 1952 archaeologists found his sarcophagus and jade mask beneath the temple, one of the greatest discoveries in Maya archaeology.","date_label_en":"615–683","place_en":"Palenque"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x023","start":615,"date_label":"615年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"穆斯林第一次迁徙","desc":"遭麦加贵族迫害的部分早期穆斯林渡海投奔阿克苏姆，国王给予庇护。此事使伊斯兰传统对埃塞俄比亚长期抱有善意，也是伊斯兰教最早进入非洲的记录。","importance":2,"lat":14.13,"lng":38.72,"place":"阿克苏姆","title_en":"First Muslim Migration to Aksum","desc_en":"Persecuted by the Meccan elite, some early Muslims crossed the sea to Aksum, whose king granted them refuge. The episode left Islamic tradition with lasting goodwill toward Ethiopia and is the earliest record of Islam reaching Africa.","date_label_en":"615","place_en":"Aksum"},{"id":"east_asia-038","start":618,"end":907,"date_label":"618年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"唐朝建立","desc":"李渊建立唐朝定都长安，626年李世民通过玄武门之变继位，开创政治清明、虚心纳谏的“贞观之治”。","importance":3,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.94,"place":"长安","title_en":"Tang Dynasty Founded","desc_en":"Li Yuan founded the Tang dynasty with its capital at Chang'an; in 626 Li Shimin took the throne through the Xuanwu Gate Incident and ushered in the \"Reign of Zhenguan,\" known for clean government and openness to criticism.","date_label_en":"618","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"south_asia-x041","start":618,"date_label":"约618—619年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"补罗稽舍二世拒戒日王","desc":"遮娄其王补罗稽舍二世在讷尔默达河一带击败北印度霸主戒日王的南征，确立德干与北印度以讷尔默达河为界的格局。","importance":2,"lat":15.92,"lng":75.68,"place":"巴达米","title_en":"Pulakeshin II Repels Harsha","desc_en":"The Chalukya king Pulakeshin II defeated the southern campaign of Harsha, overlord of northern India, near the Narmada River, establishing the Narmada as the boundary between the Deccan and the north.","date_label_en":"c. 618–619","place_en":"Badami"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-042","start":622,"date_label":"622年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"希吉拉：迁往麦地那","desc":"穆罕默德率信众从麦加迁往麦地那，建立穆斯林社群与政权，这一年被定为伊斯兰历元年。","importance":3,"lat":24.47,"lng":39.61,"place":"麦地那","title_en":"Hijra to Medina","desc_en":"Muhammad led his followers from Mecca to Medina, establishing a Muslim community and polity; this year became the first year of the Islamic calendar.","date_label_en":"622","place_en":"Medina"},{"id":"east_asia-x118","start":626,"date_label":"626年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"玄武门之变","desc":"秦王李世民在长安宫城北门玄武门伏兵，杀死太子李建成和齐王李元吉，随后被立为太子并即位，是为唐太宗。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Xuanwu Gate Incident","desc_en":"Li Shimin, Prince of Qin, ambushed and killed Crown Prince Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, Prince of Qi, at the Xuanwu Gate north of the Chang'an palace; he was then named crown prince and took the throne as Emperor Taizong of Tang.","date_label_en":"626","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-x119","start":627,"end":649,"date_label":"627–649年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"贞观之治","desc":"唐太宗任用房玄龄、杜如晦，虚心接受魏征等人谏诤，轻徭薄赋、完善制度，政治清明、社会安定，被后世奉为治世典范。","importance":3,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Reign of Zhenguan","desc_en":"Emperor Taizong of Tang employed Fang Xuanling and Du Ruhui, heeded remonstrance from Wei Zheng and others, lightened taxes and labor and refined institutions; with clean government and social stability, his reign became a model of good rule.","date_label_en":"627–649","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"south_asia-021","start":628,"date_label":"628年","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"婆罗摩笈多与零的运算","desc":"婆罗摩笈多在《婆罗摩历算书》中把零作为一个数，给出零与负数的运算规则，印度数字与位值制后经阿拉伯世界传入欧洲。","importance":3,"lat":25.0,"lng":72.27,"place":"宾马尔","title_en":"Brahmagupta and Zero","desc_en":"In the Brahmasphutasiddhanta, Brahmagupta treated zero as a number and gave rules for arithmetic with zero and negative numbers; Indian numerals and place value later reached Europe through the Arab world.","date_label_en":"628","place_en":"Bhinmal"},{"id":"east_asia-039","start":629,"end":645,"date_label":"629–645年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"玄奘西行","desc":"玄奘西行天竺求法，历时十余年，携回佛经六百余部，回国后主持译经，并撰《大唐西域记》。","importance":2,"lat":34.22,"lng":108.96,"place":"长安大雁塔","title_en":"Xuanzang's Journey West","desc_en":"Xuanzang traveled to India in search of the Dharma for over a decade, returning with more than 600 Buddhist texts; back home he led translation work and wrote the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions.","date_label_en":"629–645","place_en":"Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-040","start":630,"end":894,"date_label":"630年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"日本遣唐使","desc":"日本首次派出遣唐使，此后两百多年间多次遣使，引入唐朝的律令、都城规划、佛教与汉字文化。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.94,"place":"长安","title_en":"Japanese Embassies to Tang","desc_en":"Japan sent its first embassy to the Tang; over the next two centuries repeated missions brought Tang legal codes, capital planning, Buddhism and Chinese-character culture to Japan.","date_label_en":"630","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"inner_asia-016","start":630,"end":657,"date_label":"630—657年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"唐灭东、西突厥","desc":"唐军630年灭东突厥，657年平定西突厥，设安西、北庭等都护府管辖西域，唐太宗被尊为“天可汗”。","importance":2,"lat":41.72,"lng":82.96,"place":"龟兹(安西)","title_en":"Tang Conquers Eastern and Western Turks","desc_en":"Tang armies destroyed the Eastern Turks in 630 and subdued the Western Turks in 657, setting up the Anxi, Beiting and other protectorates to govern the Western Regions; Emperor Taizong was hailed as \"Heavenly Khagan.\"","date_label_en":"630–657","place_en":"Kucha (Anxi)"},{"id":"east_asia-x120","start":630,"date_label":"630年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"唐灭东突厥","desc":"唐将李靖率军夜袭阴山，擒获东突厥颉利可汗，东突厥灭亡；西北各族君长尊唐太宗为“天可汗”。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Tang Destroys the Eastern Turks","desc_en":"The Tang general Li Jing launched a night raid at the Yin Mountains and captured Illig Khagan of the Eastern Turks, ending their khaganate; rulers of the northwestern peoples honored Emperor Taizong as \"Heavenly Khagan.\"","date_label_en":"630","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"south_asia-x042","start":630,"end":730,"date_label":"约7—8世纪初","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"马马拉普拉姆石雕","desc":"帕拉瓦王朝在海港马马拉普拉姆开凿石窟、雕刻\"恒河降凡\"巨型浮雕并建造海岸神庙，开创南印度达罗毗荼式建筑先河。","importance":2,"lat":12.62,"lng":80.19,"place":"马马拉普拉姆","title_en":"Mamallapuram Rock Carvings","desc_en":"The Pallava dynasty carved cave temples at the port of Mamallapuram, created the giant \"Descent of the Ganges\" relief and built the Shore Temple, pioneering South India's Dravidian architecture.","date_label_en":"c. 7th–early 8th century","place_en":"Mamallapuram"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x084","start":630,"date_label":"630年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"穆斯林进入麦加","desc":"穆罕默德率众几乎兵不血刃进入麦加，清除克尔白中的偶像，麦加成为伊斯兰教的宗教中心，阿拉伯诸部落纷纷归附。","importance":3,"lat":21.42,"lng":39.83,"place":"麦加","title_en":"Muslims Enter Mecca","desc_en":"Muhammad and his followers entered Mecca almost without bloodshed and cleared the idols from the Kaaba; Mecca became Islam's religious center and the Arabian tribes submitted one after another.","date_label_en":"630","place_en":"Mecca"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x085","start":632,"date_label":"632年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"哈里发制度开端","desc":"穆罕默德去世后，阿布·伯克尔被推举为继承人（哈里发），随即平定“叛教战争”，统一阿拉伯半岛并开始对外扩张。","importance":2,"lat":24.47,"lng":39.61,"place":"麦地那","title_en":"Caliphate Begins","desc_en":"After Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr was chosen as his successor (caliph); he quickly put down the Ridda Wars, unified the Arabian Peninsula and began expansion abroad.","date_label_en":"632","place_en":"Medina"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-043","start":636,"date_label":"636年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"雅尔穆克与卡迪西亚战役","desc":"阿拉伯军队在雅尔穆克击败拜占庭、在卡迪西亚击败萨珊（约636/637年），随后迅速夺取叙利亚、伊拉克与埃及。","importance":2,"lat":32.8,"lng":35.95,"place":"雅尔穆克河","title_en":"Battles of Yarmuk and Qadisiyyah","desc_en":"Arab armies defeated the Byzantines at Yarmuk and the Sasanians at Qadisiyyah (c. 636/637), then swiftly took Syria, Iraq and Egypt.","date_label_en":"636","place_en":"Yarmuk River"},{"id":"east_asia-x121","start":639,"date_label":"639年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"百济弥勒寺","desc":"武王时期在益山修建的弥勒寺是百济最大的寺院，西塔出土的舍利奉迎记载明建塔于639年，石塔为现存韩国最古老的石塔之一。","importance":1,"lat":36.01,"lng":127.03,"place":"全罗北道益山","title_en":"Baekje's Mireuksa Temple","desc_en":"Built at Iksan under King Mu, Mireuksa was Baekje's largest temple; a reliquary record from its West Pagoda dates the pagoda to 639, making it one of Korea's oldest surviving stone pagodas.","date_label_en":"639","place_en":"Iksan, North Jeolla"},{"id":"inner_asia-x025","start":640,"date_label":"640年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"唐灭高昌","desc":"唐太宗派侯君集攻灭麴氏高昌，设西州与安西都护府，唐朝势力由此深入塔里木盆地，丝路北道畅通。","importance":2,"lat":42.85,"lng":89.53,"place":"高昌","title_en":"Tang Conquers Gaochang","desc_en":"Emperor Taizong sent Hou Junji to destroy the Qu family's Gaochang kingdom, establishing Xizhou and the Anxi Protectorate; Tang power thus reached deep into the Tarim Basin and opened the Silk Road's northern route.","date_label_en":"640","place_en":"Gaochang"},{"id":"east_asia-x122","start":641,"date_label":"641年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"文成公主入藏","desc":"唐太宗以宗室女文成公主嫁吐蕃赞普松赞干布，相传公主带去佛像、典籍、工匠与农作技术，促进了唐蕃之间的交流。","importance":2,"lat":29.65,"lng":91.12,"place":"拉萨","title_en":"Princess Wencheng Goes to Tibet","desc_en":"Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng, of the imperial clan, to the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo; she is said to have brought Buddhist images, texts, craftsmen and farming techniques, fostering Tang–Tibetan exchange.","date_label_en":"641","place_en":"Lhasa"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x086","start":641,"date_label":"641年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"阿拉伯征服埃及","desc":"阿慕尔·伊本·阿斯攻取埃及，在巴比伦要塞旁建立军镇福斯塔特，埃及的粮食与税收成为哈里发国家的重要支柱。","importance":2,"lat":30.01,"lng":31.23,"place":"福斯塔特","title_en":"Arab Conquest of Egypt","desc_en":"Amr ibn al-As took Egypt and founded the garrison city of Fustat beside the fortress of Babylon; Egypt's grain and taxes became a key pillar of the caliphate.","date_label_en":"641","place_en":"Fustat"},{"id":"east_asia-041","start":645,"date_label":"645年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"大化改新","desc":"中大兄皇子等诛灭苏我氏，次年颁布改新之诏，仿唐推行公地公民和班田收授，向中央集权国家转变。","importance":2,"lat":34.68,"lng":135.52,"place":"难波宫(大阪)","title_en":"Taika Reform","desc_en":"Prince Naka no Ōe and his allies destroyed the Soga clan; the next year the Reform Edict was issued, introducing Tang-style public ownership of land and people and periodic land allotment as Japan moved toward a centralized state.","date_label_en":"645","place_en":"Naniwa Palace (Osaka)"},{"id":"east_asia-x123","start":645,"date_label":"645年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"皇龙寺九层木塔","desc":"新罗善德女王时在皇龙寺建成高约80米的九层木塔，由百济工匠阿非知主持营造，1238年毁于蒙古入侵战火。","importance":1,"lat":35.83,"lng":129.23,"place":"新罗庆州","title_en":"Hwangnyongsa Nine-Story Pagoda","desc_en":"Under Queen Seondeok of Silla, a nine-story wooden pagoda about 80 m tall was completed at Hwangnyongsa, built under the Baekje master craftsman Abiji; it was destroyed by fire during the Mongol invasion of 1238.","date_label_en":"645","place_en":"Gyeongju (Silla)"},{"id":"east_asia-x124","start":647,"date_label":"约7世纪前期","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"瞻星台","desc":"新罗善德女王时期在庆州修建瞻星台，以花岗岩砌成瓶形塔身，高约9米，被认为是东亚现存最古老的天文观测台之一。","importance":2,"lat":35.83,"lng":129.22,"place":"新罗庆州","title_en":"Cheomseongdae Observatory","desc_en":"Built in Gyeongju under Queen Seondeok of Silla, Cheomseongdae is a bottle-shaped granite tower about 9 m tall, thought to be one of the oldest surviving astronomical observatories in East Asia.","date_label_en":"c. early 7th century","place_en":"Gyeongju (Silla)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x087","start":650,"date_label":"约650年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"《古兰经》定本","desc":"第三任哈里发奥斯曼下令校订《古兰经》统一文本并抄送各地，焚毁异本，此后奥斯曼定本成为伊斯兰世界通行的经文。","importance":2,"lat":24.47,"lng":39.61,"place":"麦地那","title_en":"Standard Text of the Quran","desc_en":"The third caliph, Uthman, ordered the Quran collated into a single text, sent copies to the provinces and burned variant versions; the Uthmanic codex became the standard scripture of the Islamic world.","date_label_en":"c. 650","place_en":"Medina"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-044","start":651,"date_label":"651年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"萨珊帝国灭亡","desc":"末代萨珊王伊嗣俟三世在木鹿附近被杀，伊朗并入阿拉伯哈里发国，此后数百年间逐步伊斯兰化，但波斯语言文化得以延续。","importance":2,"lat":37.66,"lng":62.19,"place":"木鹿","title_en":"Fall of the Sasanian Empire","desc_en":"The last Sasanian king, Yazdegerd III, was killed near Merv and Iran was absorbed into the Arab caliphate; it was gradually Islamized over the following centuries, but Persian language and culture endured.","date_label_en":"651","place_en":"Merv"},{"id":"east_asia-x125","start":652,"date_label":"652年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"孙思邈《千金要方》","desc":"唐代医家孙思邈著《备急千金要方》，收方五千余首，涵盖内外妇儿各科，首篇论述“大医精诚”的医德，后世尊其为“药王”。","importance":2,"lat":35.07,"lng":109.07,"place":"陕西铜川耀州","title_en":"Sun Simiao's Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold","desc_en":"The Tang physician Sun Simiao wrote the Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold, with over 5,000 formulas across internal medicine, surgery, gynecology and pediatrics; its opening chapter on the \"sincerity of the great physician\" set out medical ethics, and he was later revered as the \"King of Medicine.\"","date_label_en":"652","place_en":"Yaozhou, Tongchuan, Shaanxi"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x024","start":652,"date_label":"652年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"《巴克特条约》","desc":"阿拉伯军队两度围攻努比亚马库里亚王国的栋古拉未果，双方订立《巴克特条约》，约定互市与年度物资交换，努比亚基督教王国由此延续约六百年。","importance":2,"lat":18.22,"lng":30.75,"place":"老栋古拉","title_en":"Baqt Treaty","desc_en":"After two failed Arab sieges of Dongola, capital of the Nubian kingdom of Makuria, the two sides concluded the Baqt treaty providing for trade and an annual exchange of goods; Christian Nubia endured for about another 600 years.","date_label_en":"652","place_en":"Old Dongola"},{"id":"east_asia-x126","start":653,"date_label":"653年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"《唐律疏议》","desc":"长孙无忌等奉命为《永徽律》逐条作注疏，编成《唐律疏议》，是中国现存最早、最完整的法典，深刻影响东亚各国法律。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Tang Code with Commentary","desc_en":"Zhangsun Wuji and others were commissioned to annotate the Yonghui Code article by article, producing the Tang Code with Commentary, China's earliest and most complete surviving legal code, which deeply influenced law across East Asia.","date_label_en":"653","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-x127","start":659,"date_label":"659年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"《新修本草》","desc":"唐政府组织苏敬等二十余人编成《新修本草》，收载药物八百余种并附药图，被认为是世界上最早由国家颁布的药典。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Newly Revised Materia Medica","desc_en":"The Tang government had Su Jing and over 20 others compile the Newly Revised Materia Medica, listing more than 800 drugs with illustrations; it is considered the world's earliest state-issued pharmacopoeia.","date_label_en":"659","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-x128","start":660,"date_label":"660年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"百济灭亡","desc":"唐将苏定方与新罗金庾信联军夹攻百济，百济将领阶伯在黄山伐率五千决死队战败，泗沘城陷落，义慈王投降。","importance":2,"lat":36.28,"lng":126.91,"place":"忠清南道扶余","title_en":"Fall of Baekje","desc_en":"The allied armies of Tang general Su Dingfang and Silla's Kim Yu-sin attacked Baekje from two sides; the Baekje general Gyebaek's 5,000 men fought to the death and lost at Hwangsanbeol, Sabi fell, and King Uija surrendered.","date_label_en":"660","place_en":"Buyeo, South Chungcheong"},{"id":"inner_asia-x026","start":660,"date_label":"约660年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"大使厅壁画","desc":"撒马尔罕阿弗拉西阿卜遗址的粟特宫殿壁画描绘国王拂呼缦接见各国使节，含唐朝与高句丽使者形象，展现丝路外交盛况。","importance":2,"lat":39.67,"lng":66.98,"place":"撒马尔罕","title_en":"Hall of Ambassadors Murals","desc_en":"Murals in a Sogdian palace at Afrasiab in Samarkand show King Varkhuman receiving envoys from many lands, including Tang and Goguryeo emissaries, illustrating the splendor of Silk Road diplomacy.","date_label_en":"c. 660","place_en":"Samarkand"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-045","start":661,"end":750,"date_label":"661—750年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"倭马亚王朝","desc":"穆阿维叶建立倭马亚王朝，定都大马士革，疆域西至伊比利亚、东达中亚，阿拉伯语成为行政语言。","importance":3,"lat":33.51,"lng":36.31,"place":"大马士革","title_en":"Umayyad Caliphate","desc_en":"Mu'awiya founded the Umayyad dynasty with its capital at Damascus; its territory stretched from Iberia in the west to Central Asia in the east, and Arabic became the language of administration.","date_label_en":"661–750","place_en":"Damascus"},{"id":"east_asia-x129","start":663,"date_label":"663年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"白江口之战","desc":"唐与新罗联军在白江口大败前来援助百济复国军的倭国水军，史载焚烧倭船四百艘，百济复国运动随之失败。","importance":2,"lat":35.99,"lng":126.71,"place":"锦江口(群山)","title_en":"Battle of Baekgang","desc_en":"The allied Tang and Silla forces crushed a Wa fleet sent to aid the Baekje restoration army at the mouth of the Baekgang; records say 400 Japanese ships were burned, and the Baekje restoration movement collapsed.","date_label_en":"663","place_en":"Mouth of the Geum River (Gunsan)"},{"id":"east_asia-042","start":668,"date_label":"668–676年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"新罗统一朝鲜半岛","desc":"唐与新罗联军于668年灭高句丽，676年新罗迫使唐军退出大同江以南，统一朝鲜半岛大部。","importance":2,"lat":35.84,"lng":129.21,"place":"新罗庆州","title_en":"Silla Unifies Korea","desc_en":"Allied Tang and Silla forces destroyed Goguryeo in 668, and in 676 Silla forced Tang troops out of the lands south of the Taedong River, unifying most of the Korean Peninsula.","date_label_en":"668–676","place_en":"Gyeongju (Silla)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x088","start":670,"date_label":"670年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"凯鲁万建城","desc":"欧格白·伊本·纳菲在今突尼斯建立军镇凯鲁万，作为征服马格里布的基地，其大清真寺成为北非伊斯兰学术中心。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":10.1,"place":"凯鲁万","title_en":"Kairouan Founded","desc_en":"Uqba ibn Nafi founded the garrison city of Kairouan in present-day Tunisia as a base for conquering the Maghreb; its Great Mosque became a center of Islamic learning in North Africa.","date_label_en":"670","place_en":"Kairouan"},{"id":"inner_asia-x027","start":670,"date_label":"670年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"吐蕃攻陷安西四镇","desc":"吐蕃攻占西域十八州，唐罢安西四镇，此后唐蕃在塔里木盆地反复争夺，692年王孝杰收复四镇。","importance":1,"lat":41.72,"lng":82.96,"place":"龟兹","title_en":"Tibet Takes the Four Garrisons of Anxi","desc_en":"Tibet seized 18 prefectures of the Western Regions and the Tang abandoned the Four Garrisons of Anxi; the two powers then fought repeatedly over the Tarim Basin until Wang Xiaojie recovered the garrisons in 692.","date_label_en":"670","place_en":"Kucha"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x012","start":671,"end":695,"date_label":"671—695年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"义净在室利佛逝","desc":"唐僧义净往返印度途中长期驻留室利佛逝，抄译佛经，记载当地有千余僧人，可作为赴印求法的预备学处。","importance":2,"lat":-2.99,"lng":104.76,"place":"巨港","title_en":"Yijing in Srivijaya","desc_en":"On his journeys to and from India, the Tang monk Yijing stayed long in Srivijaya copying and translating scriptures; he recorded over a thousand monks there and recommended it as a place to prepare for study in India.","date_label_en":"671–695","place_en":"Palembang"},{"id":"east_asia-x130","start":672,"date_label":"672年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"壬申之乱","desc":"天智天皇死后，其弟大海人皇子起兵与大友皇子争夺皇位，获胜后即位为天武天皇，强化天皇权威并推进律令国家建设。","importance":2,"lat":34.47,"lng":135.82,"place":"飞鸟(奈良)","title_en":"Jinshin War","desc_en":"After Emperor Tenji's death, his brother Prince Ōama rose against Prince Ōtomo for the throne; victorious, he became Emperor Tenmu, strengthening imperial authority and advancing the building of the ritsuryō state.","date_label_en":"672","place_en":"Asuka (Nara)"},{"id":"east_asia-x131","start":676,"date_label":"670–676年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"罗唐战争","desc":"高句丽灭亡后新罗与唐争夺半岛控制权，经买肖城、伎伐浦等战役，676年唐将安东都护府迁至辽东，新罗控制大同江以南地区。","importance":2,"lat":35.84,"lng":129.21,"place":"新罗庆州","title_en":"Silla–Tang War","desc_en":"After Goguryeo's fall, Silla and Tang fought for control of the peninsula; after battles such as Maeso Fortress and Gibeolpo, in 676 the Tang moved the Protectorate General to Pacify the East to Liaodong, leaving Silla in control south of the Taedong River.","date_label_en":"670–676","place_en":"Gyeongju (Silla)"},{"id":"east_asia-x132","start":676,"date_label":"676年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"义湘与华严宗","desc":"新罗僧义湘入唐师从智俨学华严，回国后创建荣州浮石寺弘扬华严宗；同时代的元晓著述宏富，使佛教在新罗民间普及。","importance":1,"lat":36.99,"lng":128.69,"place":"庆尚北道荣州浮石寺","title_en":"Uisang and Hwaeom Buddhism","desc_en":"The Silla monk Uisang studied Huayan under Zhiyan in Tang China, then founded Buseoksa in Yeongju to spread Hwaeom teachings; his contemporary Wonhyo wrote prolifically and popularized Buddhism among Silla's common people.","date_label_en":"676","place_en":"Buseoksa, Yeongju, North Gyeongsang"},{"id":"east_asia-x133","start":677,"date_label":"约677年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"慧能与南宗禅","desc":"禅宗六祖慧能在韶州曹溪宝林寺弘法，主张“直指人心、见性成佛”的顿悟法门，其言行辑为《六祖坛经》，南宗禅成为禅宗主流。","importance":2,"lat":24.66,"lng":113.6,"place":"韶关南华寺","title_en":"Huineng and Southern Chan","desc_en":"The Sixth Patriarch of Chan, Huineng, taught at Baolin Temple in Caoxi, Shaozhou, advocating sudden enlightenment — \"pointing directly at the mind, seeing one's nature and becoming a Buddha\"; his words were compiled as the Platform Sutra, and Southern Chan became the mainstream of Chan.","date_label_en":"c. 677","place_en":"Nanhua Temple, Shaoguan"},{"id":"europe-x070","start":678,"date_label":"约672–678年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"希腊火击退阿拉伯","desc":"拜占庭在阿拉伯舰队围攻君士坦丁堡时首次使用“希腊火”，这种可在水面燃烧的液体火器成为帝国长期守城的秘密武器。","importance":2,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.98,"place":"君士坦丁堡","title_en":"Greek Fire Repels the Arabs","desc_en":"During the Arab naval siege of Constantinople, Byzantium first used \"Greek fire,\" a liquid incendiary that could burn on water and became the empire's long-standing secret weapon of defense.","date_label_en":"c. 672–678","place_en":"Constantinople"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x089","start":680,"date_label":"680年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"卡尔巴拉事件","desc":"先知外孙侯赛因在卡尔巴拉被倭马亚军队杀害，此事成为什叶派信仰与阿舒拉纪念的核心，深刻加剧逊尼—什叶分野。","importance":3,"lat":32.62,"lng":44.03,"place":"卡尔巴拉","title_en":"Battle of Karbala","desc_en":"Husayn, the Prophet's grandson, was killed by Umayyad troops at Karbala; the event became central to Shia faith and the Ashura commemoration, deepening the Sunni–Shia divide.","date_label_en":"680","place_en":"Karbala"},{"id":"europe-x071","start":681,"date_label":"681年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"第一保加利亚帝国","desc":"阿斯巴鲁赫率保加尔人在多瑙河下游击败拜占庭，迫其承认新国家，以普利斯卡为都，保加尔人与斯拉夫人逐渐融合。","importance":2,"lat":43.37,"lng":27.12,"place":"普利斯卡","title_en":"First Bulgarian Empire","desc_en":"Asparukh led the Bulgars to defeat Byzantium on the lower Danube, forcing it to recognize the new state with its capital at Pliska; Bulgars and Slavs gradually merged.","date_label_en":"681","place_en":"Pliska"},{"id":"east_asia-x134","start":682,"date_label":"682年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"新罗设国学","desc":"统一新罗神文王设立国学，以儒家经典教育贵族子弟，后又推行读书三品科，以儒学考试选拔官吏。","importance":1,"lat":35.84,"lng":129.21,"place":"新罗庆州","title_en":"Silla Founds the Gukhak","desc_en":"King Sinmun of Unified Silla founded the Gukhak (National Academy) to teach the Confucian classics to aristocratic youth; later the three-grade reading examination was introduced to select officials through Confucian tests.","date_label_en":"682","place_en":"Gyeongju (Silla)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x013","start":682,"date_label":"682年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"格杜坎布吉碑","desc":"巨港出土的格杜坎布吉碑记载室利佛逝统治者率军远征建国，是已知最早的古马来语碑铭之一。","importance":1,"lat":-2.99,"lng":104.76,"place":"巨港","title_en":"Kedukan Bukit Inscription","desc_en":"The Kedukan Bukit inscription, found at Palembang, records a Srivijayan ruler leading an expedition and founding a polity; it is one of the earliest known inscriptions in Old Malay.","date_label_en":"682","place_en":"Palembang"},{"id":"southeast_asia-008","start":683,"end":1025,"date_label":"约7世纪—11世纪","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["综合","经济","文化"],"title":"室利佛逝称霸海峡","desc":"以巨港为中心的室利佛逝控制马六甲海峡贸易，成为大乘佛教学术中心；唐僧义净曾在此学习梵文，现存683年的格杜坎武吉碑。","importance":3,"lat":-2.98,"lng":104.76,"place":"巨港","title_en":"Srivijaya Dominates the Straits","desc_en":"Centered on Palembang, Srivijaya controlled trade through the Strait of Malacca and became a center of Mahayana Buddhist learning; the Tang monk Yijing studied Sanskrit there, and the Kedukan Bukit inscription of 683 survives.","date_label_en":"c. 7th–11th centuries","place_en":"Palembang"},{"id":"east_asia-x135","start":685,"date_label":"685年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"九州五小京","desc":"新罗神文王将全国划分为九州，并设置五个小京，以此治理统一后扩大的疆域，安置被征服地区的贵族。","importance":1,"lat":35.84,"lng":129.21,"place":"新罗庆州","title_en":"Nine Provinces and Five Secondary Capitals","desc_en":"King Sinmun of Silla divided the realm into nine provinces and set up five secondary capitals to govern the territory enlarged by unification and resettle aristocrats from conquered regions.","date_label_en":"685","place_en":"Gyeongju (Silla)"},{"id":"east_asia-x136","start":690,"date_label":"690年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"武则天称帝","desc":"武则天改唐为周，定都神都洛阳，成为中国历史上唯一的正统女皇帝；她发展科举、首创殿试与武举，提拔庶族官员。","importance":3,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.45,"place":"神都洛阳","title_en":"Wu Zetian Becomes Emperor","desc_en":"Wu Zetian replaced the Tang with her Zhou dynasty, with its capital at Luoyang (\"Divine Capital\"), becoming the only legitimate female emperor in Chinese history; she expanded the examinations, created the palace and military examinations, and promoted officials of non-aristocratic birth.","date_label_en":"690","place_en":"Luoyang (Divine Capital)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-046","start":691,"date_label":"691年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"圆顶清真寺落成","desc":"倭马亚哈里发阿卜杜勒·马利克在耶路撒冷建成圆顶清真寺（岩石圆顶），是现存最早的伊斯兰纪念性建筑之一。","importance":1,"lat":31.78,"lng":35.24,"place":"耶路撒冷","title_en":"Dome of the Rock Completed","desc_en":"The Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik completed the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, one of the earliest surviving monuments of Islamic architecture.","date_label_en":"691","place_en":"Jerusalem"},{"id":"east_asia-x137","start":694,"date_label":"694年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"藤原京","desc":"持统天皇迁都藤原京，这是日本第一座仿中国都城规划、拥有条坊制街区的固定都城，此前宫室多随天皇更替而迁移。","importance":2,"lat":34.5,"lng":135.81,"place":"奈良橿原","title_en":"Fujiwara-kyō","desc_en":"Empress Jitō moved the capital to Fujiwara-kyō, Japan's first permanent capital laid out on the Chinese model with a grid of streets; earlier palaces had usually moved with each new sovereign.","date_label_en":"694","place_en":"Kashihara, Nara"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x090","start":696,"date_label":"696年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"阿拉伯币制改革","desc":"哈里发阿卜杜勒-马利克发行只有阿拉伯文经文、无人像的第纳尔金币和迪尔汗银币，并将行政文书改用阿拉伯语。","importance":2,"lat":33.51,"lng":36.29,"place":"大马士革","title_en":"Arab Coinage Reform","desc_en":"Caliph Abd al-Malik issued gold dinars and silver dirhams bearing only Arabic religious inscriptions and no images, and switched administrative records to Arabic.","date_label_en":"696","place_en":"Damascus"},{"id":"east_asia-x138","start":698,"date_label":"698年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"渤海国建立","desc":"粟末靺鞨首领大祚荣在东牟山建国，713年受唐册封为渤海郡王，后极盛时有“海东盛国”之称，926年为契丹所灭。","importance":2,"lat":43.37,"lng":128.23,"place":"吉林敦化","title_en":"Balhae Founded","desc_en":"Dae Jo-yeong, leader of the Sumo Mohe, founded a state at Mount Dongmou; invested by the Tang as Prince of Bohai Commandery in 713, at its height it was called the \"flourishing land east of the sea,\" until destroyed by the Khitan in 926.","date_label_en":"698","place_en":"Dunhua, Jilin"},{"id":"east_asia-x139","start":700,"date_label":"约7–8世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"唐三彩","desc":"唐代流行以黄、绿、白等色釉烧制的低温釉陶，题材多为马、骆驼、胡人与侍女，主要作为随葬明器，洛阳、西安一带出土最多。","importance":1,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.45,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Tang Sancai","desc_en":"Low-fired pottery with yellow, green and white glazes was popular under the Tang; depicting horses, camels, foreigners and attendants, it was mainly made as burial goods, with most finds around Luoyang and Xi'an.","date_label_en":"c. 7th–8th centuries","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x025","start":700,"date_label":"约700年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"加涅姆帝国兴起","desc":"乍得湖东北的加涅姆国家约在8世纪形成，控制穿越撒哈拉中部通往利比亚费赞的商路，11世纪末国王胡迈皈依伊斯兰教，后演变为加涅姆—博尔努。","importance":1,"lat":14.2,"lng":14.8,"place":"乍得湖东北","title_en":"Rise of the Kanem Empire","desc_en":"The Kanem state northeast of Lake Chad formed around the 8th century, controlling the central Saharan trade route to Fezzan in Libya; King Hummay converted to Islam in the late 11th century, and it later became Kanem–Bornu.","date_label_en":"c. 700","place_en":"Northeast of Lake Chad"},{"id":"east_asia-x140","start":701,"date_label":"701年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"《大宝律令》","desc":"文武天皇时刑部亲王、藤原不比等参照唐律令编成《大宝律令》，确立二官八省中央官制、国郡里地方制度和班田收授制。","importance":3,"lat":34.5,"lng":135.81,"place":"藤原京","title_en":"Taihō Code","desc_en":"Under Emperor Monmu, Prince Osakabe and Fujiwara no Fuhito compiled the Taihō Code on the model of Tang law, establishing the central system of two offices and eight ministries, the province–district–village local system and periodic land allotment.","date_label_en":"701","place_en":"Fujiwara-kyō"},{"id":"inner_asia-x028","start":705,"end":715,"date_label":"705—715年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"屈底波征服河中","desc":"倭马亚呼罗珊总督屈底波·伊本·穆斯林相继攻取布哈拉、撒马尔罕与花剌子模，阿拉伯人在河中地区建立统治。","importance":2,"lat":39.77,"lng":64.42,"place":"布哈拉","title_en":"Qutayba Conquers Transoxiana","desc_en":"Qutayba ibn Muslim, Umayyad governor of Khurasan, took Bukhara, Samarkand and Khwarazm in succession, establishing Arab rule in Transoxiana.","date_label_en":"705–715","place_en":"Bukhara"},{"id":"east_asia-x141","start":708,"date_label":"708年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"和同开珎","desc":"日本发现武藏国秩父的自然铜后改元和铜，铸造仿唐开元通宝的和同开珎，是现存最早的流通货币之一，政府颁布蓄钱叙位令推广使用。","importance":2,"lat":34.5,"lng":135.81,"place":"藤原京","title_en":"Wadō Kaichin Coins","desc_en":"After natural copper was found at Chichibu in Musashi Province, Japan changed the era name to Wadō and minted the Wadō kaichin, modeled on the Tang Kaiyuan tongbao; one of the earliest circulating coins, its use was promoted by a decree granting rank for saving coins.","date_label_en":"708","place_en":"Fujiwara-kyō"},{"id":"east_asia-x142","start":710,"date_label":"710年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"迁都平城京","desc":"元明天皇迁都平城京（今奈良），都城仿唐长安城布局，设朱雀大路和东西市，奈良时代由此开始。","importance":2,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.8,"place":"平城京(奈良)","title_en":"Capital Moves to Heijō-kyō","desc_en":"Empress Genmei moved the capital to Heijō-kyō (modern Nara), laid out after Tang Chang'an with a Suzaku Avenue and East and West Markets, beginning the Nara period.","date_label_en":"710","place_en":"Heijō-kyō (Nara)"},{"id":"europe-032","start":711,"date_label":"711年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"穆斯林进入伊比利亚","desc":"倭马亚王朝军队渡过直布罗陀海峡击败西哥特王国，数年内控制伊比利亚半岛大部，开启长达数百年的安达卢斯时代。","importance":2,"lat":36.14,"lng":-5.35,"place":"直布罗陀","title_en":"Muslims Enter Iberia","desc_en":"Umayyad forces crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and defeated the Visigothic kingdom, controlling most of the Iberian Peninsula within a few years and opening centuries of al-Andalus.","date_label_en":"711","place_en":"Gibraltar"},{"id":"south_asia-022","start":712,"date_label":"712年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"阿拉伯人征服信德","desc":"倭马亚王朝将领穆罕默德·本·卡西姆攻占信德，伊斯兰教首次在南亚建立政权，信德成为阿拉伯与印度之间文化交流的通道。","importance":2,"lat":24.75,"lng":67.52,"place":"提飐（信德）","title_en":"Arab Conquest of Sindh","desc_en":"The Umayyad general Muhammad bin Qasim took Sindh, establishing Islam's first polity in South Asia; Sindh became a conduit of cultural exchange between the Arab world and India.","date_label_en":"712","place_en":"Debal (Sindh)"},{"id":"east_asia-x143","start":712,"end":720,"date_label":"712–720年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《古事记》与《日本书纪》","desc":"太安万侣编成《古事记》，记载神话与天皇世系；720年舍人亲王等以汉文编年体完成《日本书纪》，为日本六国史之首。","importance":2,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.8,"place":"平城京(奈良)","title_en":"Kojiki and Nihon Shoki","desc_en":"Ō no Yasumaro compiled the Kojiki, recording myths and the imperial lineage; in 720 Prince Toneri and others completed the Nihon Shoki, a chronicle in Classical Chinese and the first of Japan's Six National Histories.","date_label_en":"712–720","place_en":"Heijō-kyō (Nara)"},{"id":"east_asia-x144","start":713,"end":741,"date_label":"713–741年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"开元盛世","desc":"唐玄宗前期任用姚崇、宋璟等贤相，整顿吏治、检括逃户，经济空前繁荣，杜甫以“稻米流脂粟米白”追忆当时的富庶。","importance":3,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Kaiyuan Golden Age","desc_en":"In his early reign, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang employed able ministers such as Yao Chong and Song Jing, cleaned up officialdom and re-registered fugitive households; the economy flourished as never before, and Du Fu later recalled the plenty of \"rice glistening with oil, millet white.\"","date_label_en":"713–741","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-x145","start":714,"date_label":"714年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"广州设市舶使","desc":"唐朝在广州设立市舶使，专门管理来华贸易的外国商船和征收关税，这是中国设立专职外贸管理官员的开端。","importance":2,"lat":23.13,"lng":113.26,"place":"广州","title_en":"Maritime Trade Commissioner at Guangzhou","desc_en":"The Tang appointed a Maritime Trade Commissioner at Guangzhou to oversee foreign merchant ships and collect customs duties, the first Chinese official dedicated to managing foreign trade.","date_label_en":"714","place_en":"Guangzhou"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x091","start":715,"date_label":"715年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"倭马亚大清真寺","desc":"瓦利德一世在大马士革原基督教堂址上建成大清真寺，内饰拜占庭工匠制作的金色马赛克，成为后世清真寺建筑的典范。","importance":2,"lat":33.51,"lng":36.31,"place":"大马士革","title_en":"Umayyad Great Mosque","desc_en":"Al-Walid I built the Great Mosque of Damascus on the site of a former church, decorated with gold mosaics by Byzantine craftsmen; it became a model for later mosque architecture.","date_label_en":"715","place_en":"Damascus"},{"id":"europe-x072","start":715,"date_label":"约715年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"林迪斯法恩福音书","desc":"诺森布里亚林迪斯法恩修道院抄绘的福音书融合凯尔特与盎格鲁-撒克逊纹饰，是中世纪早期手抄本艺术的杰作。","importance":1,"lat":55.67,"lng":-1.8,"place":"林迪斯法恩","title_en":"Lindisfarne Gospels","desc_en":"The Gospels copied and illuminated at Lindisfarne monastery in Northumbria blend Celtic and Anglo-Saxon ornament, a masterpiece of early medieval manuscript art.","date_label_en":"c. 715","place_en":"Lindisfarne"},{"id":"europe-x073","start":717,"end":718,"date_label":"717–718年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"阿拉伯第二次围攻君士坦丁堡","desc":"倭马亚大军水陆围攻君士坦丁堡一年，利奥三世凭城墙、希腊火及保加利亚援军击退，阻止了阿拉伯从东南方向进入欧洲。","importance":2,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.98,"place":"君士坦丁堡","title_en":"Second Arab Siege of Constantinople","desc_en":"A great Umayyad army besieged Constantinople by land and sea for a year; Leo III repelled it with the city walls, Greek fire and Bulgarian help, blocking Arab entry into Europe from the southeast.","date_label_en":"717–718","place_en":"Constantinople"},{"id":"inner_asia-017","start":720,"date_label":"约720年代","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"鄂尔浑突厥碑铭","desc":"后突厥汗国在蒙古高原立《阙特勤碑》《暾欲谷碑》等，用古突厥文刻写，是突厥语族最早的长篇文献。","importance":2,"lat":47.56,"lng":102.84,"place":"和硕柴达木","title_en":"Orkhon Inscriptions","desc_en":"The Second Turkic Khaganate erected the Kul Tigin and Tonyukuk inscriptions on the Mongolian Plateau in Old Turkic script, the earliest long texts in any Turkic language.","date_label_en":"c. 720s","place_en":"Khoshoo Tsaidam"},{"id":"europe-x074","start":726,"end":843,"date_label":"726–843年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"拜占庭圣像破坏运动","desc":"利奥三世起拜占庭皇帝下令禁止崇拜圣像，引发长期教义与政治冲突，843年圣像崇拜最终恢复，加深了东西教会隔阂。","importance":2,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.98,"place":"君士坦丁堡","title_en":"Byzantine Iconoclasm","desc_en":"From Leo III onward, Byzantine emperors banned the veneration of icons, sparking long doctrinal and political conflict; icon veneration was finally restored in 843, widening the rift between the Eastern and Western churches.","date_label_en":"726–843","place_en":"Constantinople"},{"id":"east_asia-x146","start":727,"date_label":"727年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"一行与《大衍历》","desc":"僧一行主持全国天文大地测量，南宫说等在河南实测出北极高度差与南北距离的关系，相当于子午线弧长测量；一行据此编成《大衍历》。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Yixing and the Dayan Calendar","desc_en":"The monk Yixing led a nationwide astronomical and geodetic survey; Nangong Yue and others measured in Henan the relation between the pole star's altitude and north–south distance, in effect a meridian arc measurement, and Yixing compiled the Dayan calendar from the results.","date_label_en":"727","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-x147","start":727,"date_label":"727年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"慧超《往五天竺国传》","desc":"新罗僧人慧超经海路赴印度巡礼，727年经中亚回到唐朝安西，记录五天竺诸国见闻；其残卷1908年在敦煌藏经洞被发现。","importance":1,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Hyecho's Pilgrimage to the Five Indian Kingdoms","desc_en":"The Silla monk Hyecho traveled to India by sea on pilgrimage and returned via Central Asia to Tang Anxi in 727, recording his observations of the Five Indias; fragments of his account were found in the Dunhuang Library Cave in 1908.","date_label_en":"727","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"europe-x075","start":731,"date_label":"731年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"比德《英吉利教会史》","desc":"贾罗修道院僧侣比德完成《英吉利教会史》，系统记述英格兰皈依过程，并推广以基督诞生纪年的“公元”纪年法。","importance":1,"lat":54.98,"lng":-1.49,"place":"贾罗","title_en":"Bede's Ecclesiastical History","desc_en":"Bede, a monk of Jarrow, completed the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, systematically recounting England's conversion and popularizing the Anno Domini system of dating from the birth of Christ.","date_label_en":"731","place_en":"Jarrow"},{"id":"europe-x076","start":732,"date_label":"732年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"普瓦捷战役","desc":"法兰克宫相查理·马特在普瓦捷与图尔之间击败倭马亚安达卢斯军队，阻止穆斯林向高卢北部推进，查理因此威望大增。","importance":2,"lat":46.58,"lng":0.34,"place":"普瓦捷","title_en":"Battle of Poitiers (Tours)","desc_en":"The Frankish mayor of the palace Charles Martel defeated an Umayyad army from al-Andalus between Poitiers and Tours, halting the Muslim advance into northern Gaul and greatly boosting Charles's prestige.","date_label_en":"732","place_en":"Poitiers"},{"id":"latin_america-x020","start":738,"date_label":"738年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"基里瓜擒杀科潘国王","desc":"原为科潘附属的基里瓜俘获并处死科潘第十三代国王瓦沙克拉洪·乌巴·卡威尔，基里瓜由此独立并竖立玛雅世界最高的石碑。","importance":1,"lat":14.88,"lng":-89.04,"place":"基里瓜","title_en":"Quiriguá Captures Copán's King","desc_en":"Quiriguá, formerly a vassal of Copán, captured and executed Copán's 13th king, Waxaklajuun Ub'aah K'awiil; Quiriguá thereby won independence and erected the tallest stelae in the Maya world.","date_label_en":"738","place_en":"Quiriguá"},{"id":"inner_asia-x029","start":740,"date_label":"约7—8世纪","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"片治肯特壁画","desc":"粟特城市片治肯特的贵族宅邸绘有大量壁画，描绘史诗、宗教与宴饮场景，是粟特艺术与祆教信仰的重要遗存。","importance":1,"lat":39.48,"lng":67.63,"place":"片治肯特","title_en":"Panjakent Murals","desc_en":"Aristocratic houses in the Sogdian city of Panjakent were covered with murals of epic, religious and banquet scenes, key survivals of Sogdian art and Zoroastrian belief.","date_label_en":"c. 7th–8th centuries","place_en":"Panjakent"},{"id":"east_asia-x148","start":741,"date_label":"741年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"国分寺之诏","desc":"圣武天皇在疫病与动乱中笃信佛教以求镇护国家，下诏在各国兴建国分寺与国分尼寺，以东大寺为总国分寺。","importance":1,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.8,"place":"平城京(奈良)","title_en":"Edict on Provincial Temples","desc_en":"Amid epidemics and unrest, Emperor Shōmu turned to Buddhism to protect the state and decreed that provincial monasteries and nunneries be built in every province, with Tōdai-ji as the head provincial temple.","date_label_en":"741","place_en":"Heijō-kyō (Nara)"},{"id":"east_asia-x149","start":742,"date_label":"742年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"李白供奉翰林","desc":"李白奉诏入长安供奉翰林，不久即被“赐金放还”；其诗想象奇崛、豪放飘逸，《蜀道难》《将进酒》等使他被誉为“诗仙”。","importance":3,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Li Bai at the Hanlin Academy","desc_en":"Li Bai was summoned to Chang'an to serve in the Hanlin Academy but was soon \"sent home with gifts of gold\"; his imaginative, unrestrained poetry, such as \"The Hard Road to Shu\" and \"Bring in the Wine,\" earned him the title \"Immortal of Poetry.\"","date_label_en":"742","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-x150","start":743,"date_label":"743年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"垦田永年私财法","desc":"奈良朝廷颁布垦田永年私财法，承认新开垦土地可永久私有，班田制开始崩溃，贵族与寺社大规模开垦形成早期庄园。","importance":2,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.8,"place":"平城京(奈良)","title_en":"Law on Permanent Ownership of Reclaimed Land","desc_en":"The Nara court decreed that newly reclaimed land could be held privately in perpetuity; the land-allotment system began to collapse as aristocrats, temples and shrines reclaimed land on a large scale, forming early shōen estates.","date_label_en":"743","place_en":"Heijō-kyō (Nara)"},{"id":"inner_asia-018","start":744,"end":840,"date_label":"744—840年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"回鹘汗国","desc":"回鹘取代后突厥称雄蒙古高原，助唐平定安史之乱，以摩尼教为国教，840年被黠戛斯击破后西迁。","importance":2,"lat":47.43,"lng":102.66,"place":"斡耳朵八里","title_en":"Uyghur Khaganate","desc_en":"The Uyghurs replaced the Second Turkic Khaganate as masters of the Mongolian Plateau, helped the Tang suppress the An Lushan Rebellion and made Manichaeism the state religion; broken by the Kyrgyz in 840, they migrated west.","date_label_en":"744–840","place_en":"Ordu-Baliq"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-047","start":750,"end":1258,"date_label":"750—1258年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","政治","经济"],"title":"阿拔斯王朝","desc":"阿拔斯家族推翻倭马亚，762年起建新都巴格达，成为连接地中海与印度洋、中国的贸易与学术中心。","importance":3,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"Abbasid Caliphate","desc_en":"The Abbasid family overthrew the Umayyads and from 762 built a new capital at Baghdad, which became a center of trade and learning linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean and China.","date_label_en":"750–1258","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"south_asia-x043","start":750,"date_label":"约750年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"波罗王朝兴起","desc":"孟加拉豪族推举瞿波罗为王，建立波罗王朝；历代君主护持佛教，扶持那烂陀并兴建超戒寺，使东印度成为晚期佛教中心。","importance":2,"lat":25.32,"lng":87.28,"place":"超戒寺","title_en":"Rise of the Pala Dynasty","desc_en":"Bengal's leading families chose Gopala as king, founding the Pala dynasty; its rulers patronized Buddhism, supported Nalanda and built Vikramashila, making eastern India the center of late Buddhism.","date_label_en":"c. 750","place_en":"Vikramashila"},{"id":"south_asia-x044","start":750,"end":950,"date_label":"约8—10世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"帕西人移居古吉拉特","desc":"部分琐罗亚斯德教徒为躲避伊朗伊斯兰化，经海路移居古吉拉特桑詹，形成帕西社群，后来在孟买商业与工业中影响巨大。","importance":1,"lat":20.2,"lng":72.8,"place":"桑詹","title_en":"Parsis Settle in Gujarat","desc_en":"Some Zoroastrians fleeing the Islamization of Iran sailed to Sanjan in Gujarat, forming the Parsi community, which later had an enormous influence on Bombay's commerce and industry.","date_label_en":"c. 8th–10th centuries","place_en":"Sanjan"},{"id":"global-009","start":751,"date_label":"751年","region":"global","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"怛罗斯之战与造纸西传","desc":"唐军与阿拔斯王朝军队在中亚怛罗斯交战失利；传统说法认为被俘唐朝工匠把造纸术带到撒马尔罕，此后经巴格达传向西方。","importance":2,"lat":42.9,"lng":71.37,"place":"哈萨克斯坦塔拉兹","title_en":"Talas and the Westward Spread of Paper","desc_en":"Tang forces were defeated by an Abbasid army at Talas in Central Asia; traditionally, captured Tang craftsmen brought papermaking to Samarkand, whence it spread west via Baghdad.","date_label_en":"751","place_en":"Taraz, Kazakhstan"},{"id":"inner_asia-019","start":751,"date_label":"751年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","军事","科技"],"title":"怛罗斯之战","desc":"高仙芝率唐军与阿拔斯王朝军队在怛罗斯交战失利；传说战俘将造纸术传入撒马尔罕，此说有争议，但造纸术此后西传。","importance":3,"lat":42.9,"lng":71.37,"place":"塔拉兹附近","title_en":"Battle of Talas","desc_en":"Gao Xianzhi's Tang army was defeated by Abbasid forces at Talas; legend says prisoners brought papermaking to Samarkand. The story is disputed, but papermaking did spread west thereafter.","date_label_en":"751","place_en":"Near Taraz"},{"id":"east_asia-x151","start":751,"date_label":"751年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"佛国寺与石窟庵","desc":"新罗宰相金大城始建佛国寺与石窟庵，石窟庵本尊佛像与穹顶结构体现精湛的石造技术，1995年两者共同列入世界遗产。","importance":2,"lat":35.79,"lng":129.33,"place":"庆州佛国寺","title_en":"Bulguksa and Seokguram","desc_en":"The Silla minister Kim Dae-seong founded Bulguksa and the Seokguram Grotto; Seokguram's main Buddha and domed structure display superb stonework, and both became World Heritage Sites together in 1995.","date_label_en":"751","place_en":"Bulguksa, Gyeongju"},{"id":"east_asia-x152","start":751,"date_label":"不晚于751年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"《无垢净光大陀罗尼经》","desc":"1966年在佛国寺释迦塔内发现雕版印刷的《无垢净光大陀罗尼经》，刊印年代不晚于751年，是现存最早的雕版印刷品之一。","importance":2,"lat":35.79,"lng":129.33,"place":"庆州佛国寺","title_en":"Great Dharani Sutra","desc_en":"In 1966 a woodblock-printed Pure Light Dharani Sutra was found inside the Seokgatap pagoda at Bulguksa; printed no later than 751, it is among the earliest surviving woodblock prints.","date_label_en":"by 751","place_en":"Bulguksa, Gyeongju"},{"id":"east_asia-x153","start":752,"date_label":"752年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"东大寺大佛开眼","desc":"圣武天皇发愿铸造的东大寺卢舍那大佛举行开眼供养，铜像高约15米，耗铜约五百吨，印度僧人菩提僊那主持开眼仪式。","importance":3,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.84,"place":"奈良东大寺","title_en":"Eye-Opening of the Tōdai-ji Great Buddha","desc_en":"The great Vairocana Buddha of Tōdai-ji, vowed by Emperor Shōmu, was consecrated in an eye-opening ceremony led by the Indian monk Bodhisena; the bronze statue stands about 15 m tall and used some 500 tons of copper.","date_label_en":"752","place_en":"Tōdai-ji, Nara"},{"id":"east_asia-x154","start":754,"date_label":"754年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"鉴真抵达平城京","desc":"唐僧鉴真历经五次失败、双目失明后第六次东渡成功，754年抵达平城京传授戒律，759年创建唐招提寺，并传去医药与建筑知识。","importance":3,"lat":34.68,"lng":135.78,"place":"奈良唐招提寺","title_en":"Jianzhen Reaches Heijō-kyō","desc_en":"After five failed attempts and the loss of his sight, the Tang monk Jianzhen (Ganjin) succeeded in crossing to Japan on his sixth try, reaching Heijō-kyō in 754 to transmit the monastic precepts; he founded Tōshōdai-ji in 759 and passed on knowledge of medicine and architecture.","date_label_en":"754","place_en":"Tōshōdai-ji, Nara"},{"id":"east_asia-043","start":755,"end":763,"date_label":"755–763年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"安史之乱","desc":"安禄山、史思明起兵叛乱，长安沦陷，唐朝由盛转衰，此后藩镇割据与宦官专权长期困扰朝廷。","importance":3,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"范阳(幽州)","title_en":"An Lushan Rebellion","desc_en":"An Lushan and Shi Siming rose in rebellion and Chang'an fell; the Tang went from zenith to decline, plagued thereafter by regional military governors and eunuch power.","date_label_en":"755–763","place_en":"Fanyang (Youzhou)"},{"id":"east_asia-x155","start":756,"date_label":"756年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"正仓院宝物","desc":"光明皇后将圣武天皇遗物献给东大寺卢舍那佛，收藏于正仓院，包括唐代乐器、波斯玻璃器等九千余件，有“丝绸之路终点”之称。","importance":2,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.84,"place":"奈良东大寺","title_en":"Shōsōin Treasures","desc_en":"Empress Kōmyō donated Emperor Shōmu's belongings to the Vairocana Buddha of Tōdai-ji; stored in the Shōsōin, the over 9,000 items, including Tang musical instruments and Persian glass, earned it the name \"terminus of the Silk Road.\"","date_label_en":"756","place_en":"Tōdai-ji, Nara"},{"id":"south_asia-x045","start":756,"end":773,"date_label":"约8世纪中后期","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"埃洛拉凯拉萨神庙","desc":"罗湿陀罗拘陀王朝在埃洛拉从整块玄武岩山体向下凿出凯拉萨神庙，是世界最大的独石建筑之一；埃洛拉兼有佛教、印度教和耆那教石窟。","importance":2,"lat":20.02,"lng":75.18,"place":"埃洛拉","title_en":"Kailasa Temple at Ellora","desc_en":"The Rashtrakuta dynasty carved the Kailasa Temple downward from a single basalt hillside at Ellora, one of the world's largest monolithic structures; Ellora also holds Buddhist, Hindu and Jain caves.","date_label_en":"c. mid-to-late 8th century","place_en":"Ellora"},{"id":"europe-x077","start":756,"date_label":"756年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"丕平献土","desc":"丕平三世称王后两度出兵击败伦巴第人，将夺得的拉文纳等地交给教皇，教皇国由此形成，延续至1870年。","importance":2,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.45,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Donation of Pepin","desc_en":"After becoming king, Pepin III twice defeated the Lombards and handed Ravenna and other captured lands to the pope, creating the Papal States, which lasted until 1870.","date_label_en":"756","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"east_asia-x156","start":759,"date_label":"759年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"杜甫“三吏三别”","desc":"安史之乱中，杜甫目睹征兵与离乱，写下《新安吏》《石壕吏》《潼关吏》和《新婚别》《垂老别》《无家别》，被誉为“诗史”。","importance":2,"lat":34.77,"lng":111.2,"place":"河南三门峡","title_en":"Du Fu's \"Three Officers, Three Partings\"","desc_en":"Witnessing conscription and displacement during the An Lushan Rebellion, Du Fu wrote \"The Officer at Xin'an,\" \"The Officer at Shihao,\" \"The Officer at Tong Pass,\" \"Newlyweds Parted,\" \"Parted in Old Age\" and \"Parted Without a Home,\" earning his work the name \"poet-history.\"","date_label_en":"759","place_en":"Sanmenxia, Henan"},{"id":"east_asia-x157","start":759,"date_label":"约759年后","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《万叶集》","desc":"现存日本最早的和歌总集《万叶集》约在8世纪后期编成，收录天皇至平民所作和歌四千五百余首，以汉字表音的“万叶假名”书写。","importance":3,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.8,"place":"平城京(奈良)","title_en":"Man'yōshū","desc_en":"Japan's oldest surviving anthology of waka, the Man'yōshū, was compiled in the late 8th century, collecting over 4,500 poems by everyone from emperors to commoners, written in man'yōgana, Chinese characters used phonetically.","date_label_en":"c. 759 onward","place_en":"Heijō-kyō (Nara)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x092","start":762,"date_label":"762年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"巴格达圆城建立","desc":"阿拔斯哈里发曼苏尔在底格里斯河畔建造三重城墙的圆形新都巴格达，此城迅速成为连接印度洋与地中海的世界贸易中心。","importance":3,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"Round City of Baghdad Founded","desc_en":"The Abbasid caliph al-Mansur built Baghdad, a round new capital with triple walls on the Tigris; it quickly became a world trading center linking the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean.","date_label_en":"762","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"inner_asia-x030","start":762,"date_label":"762年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"回鹘奉摩尼教","desc":"回鹘牟羽可汗助唐平定安史之乱时接触摩尼教僧人，携归漠北并立为国教，摩尼教在回鹘与粟特人中盛行。","importance":2,"lat":47.43,"lng":102.65,"place":"斡耳朵八里","title_en":"Uyghurs Adopt Manichaeism","desc_en":"While helping the Tang suppress the An Lushan Rebellion, the Uyghur ruler Bögü Khagan met Manichaean priests, brought them back to the steppe and made Manichaeism the state religion; it flourished among the Uyghurs and Sogdians.","date_label_en":"762","place_en":"Ordu-Baliq"},{"id":"east_asia-x158","start":763,"date_label":"763年后","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"藩镇割据","desc":"安史之乱平定后，河朔三镇等藩镇节度使父子相承、自署官吏、不输贡赋，唐中央权威衰落，割据延续到唐末。","importance":2,"lat":36.28,"lng":115.15,"place":"魏州(大名)","title_en":"Rise of Regional Warlords","desc_en":"After the An Lushan Rebellion, the three Hebei commands and other military governors passed power from father to son, appointed their own officials and withheld taxes; central Tang authority waned, and the division lasted until the dynasty's end.","date_label_en":"763 onward","place_en":"Weizhou (Daming)"},{"id":"east_asia-x159","start":765,"date_label":"约760–779年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"刘晏改革漕运盐法","desc":"刘晏主持唐朝财政，改漕运为分段转运，又改革盐法实行就场专卖，盐利一度占朝廷财政收入的一半，支撑了战后国用。","importance":2,"lat":32.39,"lng":119.41,"place":"扬州","title_en":"Liu Yan's Transport and Salt Reforms","desc_en":"Running Tang finances, Liu Yan reorganized grain transport into relay stages and reformed the salt monopoly to sell at the production sites; salt revenue at one point made up half of court income, sustaining the state after the war.","date_label_en":"c. 760–779","place_en":"Yangzhou"},{"id":"east_asia-x160","start":771,"date_label":"771年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"圣德大王神钟","desc":"新罗惠恭王时铸成圣德大王神钟（奉德寺钟），高约3.66米、重约18.9吨，钟声浑厚，是韩国现存最大的古钟。","importance":1,"lat":35.84,"lng":129.21,"place":"新罗庆州","title_en":"Divine Bell of King Seongdeok","desc_en":"Cast under King Hyegong of Silla, the Divine Bell of King Seongdeok (Bongdeoksa Bell) is about 3.66 m tall and weighs about 18.9 tons; with its deep, resonant tone it is the largest surviving ancient bell in Korea.","date_label_en":"771","place_en":"Gyeongju (Silla)"},{"id":"east_asia-044","start":780,"date_label":"780年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"两税法","desc":"唐德宗采纳杨炎建议实行两税法，按户等资产和田亩征税、分夏秋两季缴纳，取代按丁征收的租庸调制。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.94,"place":"长安","title_en":"Two-Tax System","desc_en":"Emperor Dezong of Tang adopted Yang Yan's two-tax system, levying taxes by household assets and landholding in summer and autumn installments, replacing the per-capita zu-yong-diao system.","date_label_en":"780","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"southeast_asia-009","start":780,"end":830,"date_label":"约780—830年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"婆罗浮屠建成","desc":"爪哇夏连特拉王朝建造婆罗浮屠，这座大乘佛教建筑由数百万块火山石垒成，饰有约2600幅浮雕，是世界最大的佛教遗迹。","importance":3,"lat":-7.61,"lng":110.2,"place":"婆罗浮屠","title_en":"Borobudur Built","desc_en":"Java's Shailendra dynasty built Borobudur, a Mahayana Buddhist monument of millions of volcanic stone blocks adorned with some 2,600 relief panels, the largest Buddhist monument in the world.","date_label_en":"c. 780–830","place_en":"Borobudur"},{"id":"south_asia-x046","start":780,"end":950,"date_label":"约8—10世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"曲女城三方争霸","desc":"波罗、瞿折罗-波罗提诃罗和罗湿陀罗拘陀三大王朝为争夺恒河要冲曲女城反复交战近两百年，相互消耗，北印度长期分裂。","importance":2,"lat":27.05,"lng":79.92,"place":"曲女城","title_en":"Tripartite Struggle for Kannauj","desc_en":"The Pala, Gurjara-Pratihara and Rashtrakuta dynasties fought repeatedly for nearly two centuries over Kannauj, the key city of the Ganges plain, wearing each other down and leaving northern India long divided.","date_label_en":"c. 8th–10th centuries","place_en":"Kannauj"},{"id":"inner_asia-x031","start":781,"date_label":"781年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"大秦景教碑","desc":"长安大秦寺立《大秦景教流行中国碑》，记述东方教会（景教）635年由阿罗本传入唐朝及其发展，以汉文与叙利亚文书写。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.94,"place":"长安","title_en":"Nestorian Stele","desc_en":"The Stele of the Propagation of the Luminous Religion of Da Qin was erected at the Da Qin monastery in Chang'an, recording the arrival of the Church of the East in Tang China with Alopen in 635 and its growth, inscribed in Chinese and Syriac.","date_label_en":"781","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"south_asia-x047","start":788,"end":820,"date_label":"约8世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"商羯罗与不二论","desc":"喀拉拉出身的哲学家商羯罗注释奥义书与《梵经》，阐发\"梵我不二\"的吠檀多哲学，相传在各地建立修道院，推动婆罗门教复兴。","importance":2,"lat":10.17,"lng":76.44,"place":"卡拉迪","title_en":"Shankara and Advaita","desc_en":"The Kerala-born philosopher Shankara wrote commentaries on the Upanishads and the Brahma Sutras, expounding the non-dual Vedanta of Brahman and Atman; he is said to have founded monasteries across India, spurring a Brahmanical revival.","date_label_en":"c. 8th century","place_en":"Kalady"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x093","start":789,"date_label":"789年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"伊德里斯王朝与非斯","desc":"先知后裔伊德里斯一世在摩洛哥建立伊德里斯王朝，其子伊德里斯二世扩建非斯城，摩洛哥伊斯兰化与阿拉伯化由此加速。","importance":1,"lat":34.06,"lng":-4.98,"place":"非斯","title_en":"Idrisid Dynasty and Fez","desc_en":"Idris I, a descendant of the Prophet, founded the Idrisid dynasty in Morocco; his son Idris II expanded the city of Fez, accelerating Morocco's Islamization and Arabization.","date_label_en":"789","place_en":"Fez"},{"id":"latin_america-x021","start":790,"date_label":"约790年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"博南帕克壁画","desc":"恰帕斯博南帕克神庙三间内室绘满色彩鲜艳的壁画，描绘宫廷仪式、战争与献俘场景，是了解古典期玛雅社会生活最完整的图像资料。","importance":1,"lat":16.7,"lng":-91.07,"place":"博南帕克","title_en":"Bonampak Murals","desc_en":"Three inner rooms of a temple at Bonampak in Chiapas are covered with brilliantly colored murals of court ritual, battle and the presentation of captives, the most complete visual record of Classic Maya social life.","date_label_en":"c. 790","place_en":"Bonampak"},{"id":"europe-033","start":793,"end":1066,"date_label":"793—1066年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","经济"],"title":"维京时代","desc":"以793年劫掠林迪斯法恩修道院为开端，斯堪的纳维亚人四出劫掠、贸易与殖民，足迹远及冰岛、格陵兰、诺曼底与基辅罗斯。","importance":2,"lat":55.68,"lng":-1.8,"place":"林迪斯法恩","title_en":"Viking Age","desc_en":"Beginning with the raid on Lindisfarne monastery in 793, Scandinavians ranged far and wide raiding, trading and colonizing, reaching Iceland, Greenland, Normandy and Kievan Rus'.","date_label_en":"793–1066","place_en":"Lindisfarne"},{"id":"east_asia-x161","start":794,"date_label":"794年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"迁都平安京","desc":"桓武天皇迁都平安京（今京都），城市仿唐长安棋盘格局，此后京都作为日本首都长达一千余年，平安时代开始。","importance":3,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"平安京(京都)","title_en":"Capital Moves to Heian-kyō","desc_en":"Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto), laid out on the grid of Tang Chang'an; Kyoto remained Japan's capital for over a thousand years, and the Heian period began.","date_label_en":"794","place_en":"Heian-kyō (Kyoto)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x094","start":794,"date_label":"约794年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"巴格达造纸坊","desc":"阿拔斯宫廷重臣在巴格达设立造纸坊，纸张迅速取代纸草与羊皮纸，书籍价格下降，推动了文献抄写与官僚文书的大发展。","importance":2,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"Baghdad Paper Mill","desc_en":"A leading Abbasid minister set up a paper mill in Baghdad; paper rapidly replaced papyrus and parchment, books became cheaper, and the copying of texts and bureaucratic records boomed.","date_label_en":"c. 794","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"europe-034","start":800,"date_label":"800年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化","综合"],"title":"查理曼加冕称帝","desc":"圣诞节教皇利奥三世在罗马为法兰克国王查理曼加冕为“罗马人的皇帝”，加洛林文艺复兴兴起，奠定中世纪西欧格局。","importance":3,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.45,"place":"罗马圣彼得大殿","title_en":"Charlemagne Crowned Emperor","desc_en":"On Christmas Day, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne \"Emperor of the Romans\" in Rome; the Carolingian Renaissance followed, shaping medieval Western Europe.","date_label_en":"800","place_en":"St Peter's Basilica, Rome"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-010","start":800,"end":1500,"date_label":"约8—15世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"斯瓦希里城邦兴起","desc":"东非沿海摩加迪沙、基卢瓦、蒙巴萨、桑给巴尔等城邦借印度洋季风贸易兴盛，班图文化与阿拉伯、波斯文化交融，形成斯瓦希里语和伊斯兰化的城市文明。","importance":2,"lat":-8.96,"lng":39.51,"place":"基卢瓦","title_en":"Rise of the Swahili City-States","desc_en":"Coastal East African city-states such as Mogadishu, Kilwa, Mombasa and Zanzibar prospered on Indian Ocean monsoon trade; Bantu culture blended with Arab and Persian influences to form the Swahili language and an Islamic urban civilization.","date_label_en":"c. 8th–15th centuries","place_en":"Kilwa"},{"id":"global-x003","start":800,"end":1202,"date_label":"9世纪—1202年","region":"global","dims":["综合","科技","文化"],"title":"印度—阿拉伯数字西传","desc":"印度发展出含零的十进制位值记数法，经阿拉伯学者花拉子米等传播，1202年斐波那契《计算之书》将其系统引入欧洲，奠定现代算术。","importance":3,"title_en":"Hindu-Arabic Numerals Spread West","desc_en":"India developed decimal place-value notation with zero, which spread through Arab scholars such as al-Khwarizmi; in 1202 Fibonacci's Liber Abaci systematically introduced it to Europe, laying the foundation of modern arithmetic. |","date_label_en":"9th century–1202"},{"id":"east_asia-x162","start":800,"date_label":"约800年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"韩愈柳宗元古文运动","desc":"韩愈、柳宗元倡导古文运动，反对讲究对偶辞藻的骈文，主张“文以载道”，复兴先秦两汉散文传统，影响宋代文风。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and the Guwen Movement","desc_en":"Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan championed the Classical Prose movement, rejecting ornate parallel prose and holding that \"writing conveys the Way\"; reviving the prose of the pre-Qin and Han, it shaped Song literary style.","date_label_en":"c. 800","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"latin_america-x022","start":800,"end":950,"date_label":"约800–950年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"古典玛雅崩溃","desc":"南部低地的玛雅城邦在9世纪相继停止立碑，人口锐减，城市被弃，原因可能包括持续干旱、战乱频繁和环境压力，文明重心北移至尤卡坦。","importance":2,"lat":17.2,"lng":-89.6,"place":"玛雅低地","title_en":"Classic Maya Collapse","desc_en":"In the 9th century the southern lowland Maya cities stopped erecting stelae one after another, populations plummeted and cities were abandoned, possibly due to prolonged drought, endemic warfare and environmental stress; the civilization's center shifted north to Yucatán.","date_label_en":"c. 800–950","place_en":"Maya Lowlands"},{"id":"southeast_asia-010","start":802,"end":1431,"date_label":"802年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"吴哥王朝建立","desc":"阇耶跋摩二世在荔枝山宣布为“神王”，宣告高棉脱离爪哇独立，开启吴哥王朝；高棉帝国依靠庞大水利系统称雄大陆东南亚。","importance":3,"lat":13.57,"lng":104.11,"place":"荔枝山（库伦山）","title_en":"Angkor Founded","desc_en":"Jayavarman II proclaimed himself \"god-king\" on Mount Mahendraparvata, declaring Khmer independence from Java and founding the Angkorian era; the Khmer Empire dominated mainland Southeast Asia on the strength of its vast water management system.","date_label_en":"802","place_en":"Phnom Kulen"},{"id":"east_asia-x163","start":802,"date_label":"802年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"坂上田村麻吕征夷","desc":"征夷大将军坂上田村麻吕征讨东北地区的虾夷，修筑胆泽城，虾夷首领阿弖流为投降，朝廷势力扩展到本州北部。","importance":1,"lat":39.14,"lng":141.14,"place":"岩手奥州胆泽城","title_en":"Sakanoue no Tamuramaro Campaigns Against the Emishi","desc_en":"Shogun Sakanoue no Tamuramaro campaigned against the Emishi of the northeast and built Isawa Castle; the Emishi leader Aterui surrendered, and court power extended into northern Honshu.","date_label_en":"802","place_en":"Isawa Castle, Ōshū, Iwate"},{"id":"east_asia-x164","start":805,"date_label":"805–806年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"最澄与空海","desc":"随遣唐使入唐的最澄归国后在比叡山开创天台宗，空海学密教归国创立真言宗，816年获赐高野山建立道场，平安佛教由此兴起。","importance":2,"lat":35.07,"lng":135.84,"place":"京都比叡山","title_en":"Saichō and Kūkai","desc_en":"Saichō, who had gone to Tang China with an embassy, returned and founded the Tendai school on Mount Hiei; Kūkai studied esoteric Buddhism and founded the Shingon school, receiving Mount Kōya for a monastery in 816, launching Heian Buddhism.","date_label_en":"805–806","place_en":"Mount Hiei, Kyoto"},{"id":"east_asia-x165","start":809,"date_label":"809年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"白居易与新乐府","desc":"白居易倡导“文章合为时而著”，作《卖炭翁》《新乐府》五十首反映民间疾苦，其《长恨歌》《琵琶行》在当时即流传至日本、新罗。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Bai Juyi and the New Yuefu","desc_en":"Bai Juyi argued that \"writing should serve its time,\" composing \"The Old Charcoal Seller\" and fifty \"New Yuefu\" poems on the people's suffering; his \"Song of Everlasting Sorrow\" and \"Song of the Pipa\" reached Japan and Silla in his own lifetime.","date_label_en":"809","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"east_asia-x166","start":810,"date_label":"约806–820年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"飞钱","desc":"唐宪宗时，商人在长安把钱交给各道驻京进奏院等机构，领取凭券后到地方合券取钱，称“飞钱”，是中国汇兑业务的雏形。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Flying Money","desc_en":"Under Emperor Xianzong of Tang, merchants deposited cash in Chang'an with provincial liaison offices and received vouchers that they matched to withdraw cash in the provinces; called \"flying money,\" it was the forerunner of remittance in China.","date_label_en":"c. 806–820","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"inner_asia-020","start":819,"end":999,"date_label":"819—999年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"萨曼王朝","desc":"以布哈拉为中心的萨曼王朝复兴波斯语文学，扶持诗人鲁达基，布哈拉成为学术中心，青年伊本·西那曾在此求学。","importance":2,"lat":39.77,"lng":64.42,"place":"布哈拉","title_en":"Samanid Dynasty","desc_en":"The Samanid dynasty, centered on Bukhara, revived Persian literature and patronized the poet Rudaki; Bukhara became a center of learning, where the young Ibn Sina studied.","date_label_en":"819–999","place_en":"Bukhara"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x095","start":820,"date_label":"约820年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"花拉子米与代数学","desc":"花拉子米在巴格达著《还原与对消计算概要》，系统解一、二次方程，“代数”一词即源于书名；其算术书传播了印度数字，“算法”一词源自其名。","importance":3,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"Al-Khwarizmi and Algebra","desc_en":"In Baghdad al-Khwarizmi wrote The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, systematically solving linear and quadratic equations; the word \"algebra\" comes from its title, his arithmetic spread Indian numerals, and \"algorithm\" derives from his name.","date_label_en":"c. 820","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"east_asia-x167","start":828,"date_label":"828年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","军事"],"title":"张保皋设清海镇","desc":"张保皋自唐回国后奏请在莞岛设清海镇，以万余兵力肃清海盗，掌控新罗、唐与日本之间的海上贸易，被誉为“海上王”。","importance":2,"lat":34.31,"lng":126.76,"place":"全罗南道莞岛","title_en":"Jang Bogo Establishes Cheonghaejin","desc_en":"Returning from Tang China, Jang Bogo petitioned to set up the Cheonghae garrison on Wando; with over 10,000 troops he cleared out pirates and controlled maritime trade among Silla, Tang and Japan, earning the title \"King of the Sea.\"","date_label_en":"828","place_en":"Wando, South Jeolla"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-048","start":830,"date_label":"约9世纪初","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","科技","文化"],"title":"巴格达智慧宫","desc":"阿拔斯哈里发麦蒙时期，巴格达的智慧宫组织翻译希腊、波斯、印度典籍，花剌子密在此著述代数学，推动伊斯兰黄金时代。","importance":3,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"House of Wisdom","desc_en":"Under the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, Baghdad's House of Wisdom organized translations of Greek, Persian and Indian works, and al-Khwarizmi wrote on algebra there, propelling the Islamic Golden Age.","date_label_en":"c. early 9th century","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x014","start":830,"date_label":"约830年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"勿里洞沉船","desc":"1998年在印尼勿里洞海域发现的阿拉伯式缝合木船载有约六万件唐代长沙窑瓷器和金银器，证明九世纪海上丝绸之路繁荣。","importance":2,"lat":-2.85,"lng":107.92,"place":"勿里洞","title_en":"Belitung Shipwreck","desc_en":"Found off Belitung, Indonesia, in 1998, an Arab-style sewn wooden ship carried some 60,000 pieces of Tang Changsha ware along with gold and silver objects, attesting to the thriving 9th-century Maritime Silk Road.","date_label_en":"c. 830","place_en":"Belitung"},{"id":"inner_asia-021","start":840,"end":1212,"date_label":"约840—1212年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"喀喇汗王朝","desc":"突厥部族建立喀喇汗王朝，10世纪中叶萨图克·布格拉汗皈依伊斯兰教，推动中亚突厥人伊斯兰化；后出现《福乐智慧》。","importance":2,"lat":39.47,"lng":75.99,"place":"喀什","title_en":"Kara-Khanid Khanate","desc_en":"Turkic tribes founded the Kara-Khanid Khanate; in the mid-10th century Satuq Bughra Khan converted to Islam, driving the Islamization of Central Asian Turks, and the Kutadgu Bilig was later written under the dynasty.","date_label_en":"c. 840–1212","place_en":"Kashgar"},{"id":"inner_asia-x032","start":840,"date_label":"840年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"回鹘西迁","desc":"漠北回鹘汗国被黠戛斯攻灭，部众西迁，一支在吐鲁番盆地建立高昌回鹘，一支至河西建甘州回鹘，另一部分迁至中亚。","importance":2,"lat":42.95,"lng":89.19,"place":"高昌","title_en":"Uyghur Migration West","desc_en":"The Uyghur Khaganate on the steppe was destroyed by the Kyrgyz and its people migrated: one branch founded the Gaochang Uyghur kingdom in the Turpan Basin, another the Ganzhou Uyghur kingdom in the Hexi Corridor, and others moved to Central Asia.","date_label_en":"840","place_en":"Gaochang"},{"id":"europe-x078","start":843,"date_label":"843年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"凡尔登条约","desc":"查理曼的三个孙子签订凡尔登条约三分帝国，西法兰克与东法兰克分别成为日后法国和德国的雏形。","importance":2,"lat":49.16,"lng":5.38,"place":"凡尔登","title_en":"Treaty of Verdun","desc_en":"Charlemagne's three grandsons divided the empire by the Treaty of Verdun; West Francia and East Francia became the forerunners of France and Germany.","date_label_en":"843","place_en":"Verdun"},{"id":"east_asia-x168","start":845,"date_label":"845年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"会昌灭佛","desc":"唐武宗下令拆毁寺院四千六百余所，勒令僧尼二十六万余人还俗，没收大量寺田与奴婢，铜佛像被熔铸为钱币。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Huichang Persecution of Buddhism","desc_en":"Emperor Wuzong of Tang ordered over 4,600 monasteries demolished and more than 260,000 monks and nuns returned to lay life, confiscating vast temple lands and slaves and melting bronze statues into coins.","date_label_en":"845","place_en":"Chang'an"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x096","start":850,"date_label":"约850年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"铿迪与频率分析","desc":"“阿拉伯哲学家”铿迪在巴格达推动希腊哲学的吸收，并在《破译密码》中首次系统描述利用字母频率破解替换密码的方法。","importance":2,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"Al-Kindi and Frequency Analysis","desc_en":"Al-Kindi, \"the philosopher of the Arabs,\" promoted the absorption of Greek philosophy in Baghdad and, in a treatise on deciphering cryptographic messages, gave the first systematic description of breaking substitution ciphers by letter frequency.","date_label_en":"c. 850","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"north_america-x008","start":850,"end":1150,"date_label":"约850–1150年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","文化","科技"],"title":"查科峡谷","desc":"祖先普韦布洛人在查科峡谷建造多层“大房子”，如普韦布洛博尼托有数百个房间，并修建放射状道路网，查科是当时西南部宗教与贸易中心。","importance":2,"lat":36.06,"lng":-107.96,"place":"查科峡谷","title_en":"Chaco Canyon","desc_en":"Ancestral Puebloans built multistory \"great houses\" in Chaco Canyon, such as Pueblo Bonito with hundreds of rooms, and a radiating road network; 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it is now in the British Library.","date_label_en":"868","place_en":"Dunhuang Library Cave"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x098","start":869,"end":883,"date_label":"869—883年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"僧祇奴起义","desc":"伊拉克南部被驱使排盐碱、开垦沼泽的东非黑人奴隶发动起义，坚持十余年并攻陷巴士拉，严重冲击阿拔斯王朝经济。","importance":1,"lat":30.51,"lng":47.81,"place":"巴士拉","title_en":"Zanj Rebellion","desc_en":"East African slaves forced to clear salt flats and drain marshes in southern Iraq rose in revolt, holding out for over a decade and sacking Basra, dealing a severe blow to the Abbasid economy.","date_label_en":"869–883","place_en":"Basra"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x099","start":870,"date_label":"约870年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"翻译运动高峰","desc":"侯奈因·伊本·伊斯哈格等学者在巴格达将盖伦、希波克拉底、亚里士多德等大量希腊著作译为阿拉伯语，保存并延续了古典学术。","importance":2,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"Height of the Translation Movement","desc_en":"Hunayn ibn Ishaq and other scholars in Baghdad translated many Greek works by Galen, Hippocrates, Aristotle and others into Arabic, preserving and continuing classical learning.","date_label_en":"c. 870","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"europe-x080","start":874,"date_label":"约874年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"维京人定居冰岛","desc":"挪威人英格尔夫·阿尔纳松约874年在雷克雅未克定居，此后数十年移民大批涌入，冰岛成为北大西洋的维京人家园。","importance":1,"lat":64.15,"lng":-21.94,"place":"雷克雅未克","title_en":"Vikings Settle Iceland","desc_en":"The Norwegian Ingólfr Arnarson settled at Reykjavík around 874; settlers poured in over the following decades, and Iceland became a Viking homeland in the North Atlantic.","date_label_en":"c. 874","place_en":"Reykjavík"},{"id":"europe-x081","start":878,"date_label":"878年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"阿尔弗雷德大王","desc":"威塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德在埃丁顿击败丹麦人，划定丹麦法区，修筑设防城镇、组建海军并推动英语译书，被尊为“大王”。","importance":2,"lat":51.06,"lng":-1.31,"place":"温切斯特","title_en":"Alfred the Great","desc_en":"King Alfred of Wessex defeated the Danes at Edington and set the bounds of the Danelaw; he built fortified towns, founded a navy and promoted translation into English, earning the title \"the Great.\"","date_label_en":"878","place_en":"Winchester"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x100","start":879,"date_label":"879年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"伊本·图伦清真寺","desc":"埃及总督伊本·图伦建立自治的图伦王朝，在开罗建造带螺旋宣礼塔的大清真寺，是开罗现存最古老、规模最大的清真寺之一。","importance":1,"lat":30.03,"lng":31.25,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Mosque of Ibn Tulun","desc_en":"Ibn Tulun, governor of Egypt, founded the autonomous Tulunid dynasty and built a great mosque in Cairo with a spiral minaret, one of the oldest and largest surviving mosques in the city.","date_label_en":"879","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"east_asia-x169","start":880,"date_label":"880年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"黄巢攻入长安","desc":"黄巢起义军转战南北，880年攻入长安建立“大齐”政权，虽于884年失败，却沉重打击了唐朝统治，唐亡于此后不久。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"长安","title_en":"Huang Chao Takes Chang'an","desc_en":"Huang Chao's rebel army fought across north and south China, entering Chang'an in 880 and founding the \"Great Qi\" regime; 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he won fame for the \"Proclamation Against Huang Chao\" written on Gao Pian's staff, and his collection Gyewon Pilgyeongjip survives today.","date_label_en":"881","place_en":"Yangzhou"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x016","start":889,"date_label":"约889年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"耶输陀罗补罗与东巴莱","desc":"吴哥王耶输跋摩一世在吴哥地区建都耶输陀罗补罗，并修建巨大的东巴莱人工水库，奠定此后数百年吴哥都城的格局。","importance":2,"lat":13.44,"lng":103.92,"place":"吴哥","title_en":"Yashodharapura and the East Baray","desc_en":"The Angkorian king Yasovarman I built his capital Yashodharapura in the Angkor area along with the huge East Baray reservoir, setting the layout of the Angkor capital for centuries.","date_label_en":"c. 889","place_en":"Angkor"},{"id":"east_asia-x171","start":894,"date_label":"894年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"停止派遣遣唐使","desc":"菅原道真以唐朝衰乱、航海危险为由奏请停派遣唐使，朝廷采纳，此后日本以假名文字和大和绘为标志的“国风文化”兴起。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"平安京(京都)","title_en":"End of the Embassies to Tang","desc_en":"Sugawara no Michizane petitioned to halt the embassies to China, citing Tang turmoil and the dangers of the voyage; the court agreed, and Japan's \"national culture,\" marked by kana script and yamato-e painting, then flourished.","date_label_en":"894","place_en":"Heian-kyō (Kyoto)"},{"id":"europe-x082","start":895,"date_label":"约895年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"马扎尔人进入潘诺尼亚","desc":"阿尔帕德率马扎尔诸部越过喀尔巴阡山定居多瑙河中游平原，即匈牙利人的“征服家园”，从此在中欧扎根。","importance":2,"lat":47.5,"lng":19.04,"place":"布达佩斯","title_en":"Magyars Enter Pannonia","desc_en":"Árpád led the Magyar tribes across the Carpathians to settle the middle Danube plain — the Hungarian \"Conquest of the Homeland\" — taking root in Central Europe.","date_label_en":"c. 895","place_en":"Budapest"},{"id":"east_asia-x172","start":900,"date_label":"900–901年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"后三国时代","desc":"新罗末年地方豪族崛起，甄萱在完山州建立后百济，弓裔建立后高句丽（泰封），朝鲜半岛再度进入三国鼎立。","importance":2,"lat":35.82,"lng":127.15,"place":"全罗北道全州","title_en":"Later Three Kingdoms","desc_en":"Local magnates rose in late Silla: Gyeon Hwon founded Later Baekje at Wansanju and Gung Ye founded Later Goguryeo (Taebong), and the Korean Peninsula again split into three kingdoms.","date_label_en":"900–901","place_en":"Jeonju, North Jeolla"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x102","start":900,"date_label":"约900年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"拉齐区分天花麻疹","desc":"波斯医生拉齐在雷伊和巴格达主持医院，著《论天花与麻疹》首次清楚区分两病，其医学百科《医学集成》后被译为拉丁文。","importance":2,"lat":35.59,"lng":51.43,"place":"雷伊","title_en":"Al-Razi Distinguishes Smallpox and Measles","desc_en":"The Persian physician al-Razi ran hospitals in Rayy and Baghdad; his Treatise on Smallpox and Measles was the first to clearly distinguish the two diseases, and his medical encyclopedia al-Hawi was later translated into Latin.","date_label_en":"c. 900","place_en":"Rayy"},{"id":"inner_asia-x033","start":900,"date_label":"约10世纪","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"萨曼银币北流","desc":"萨曼王朝铸造的大量迪尔汗银币经伏尔加河商路流入罗斯与斯堪的纳维亚，北欧窖藏中出土数以万计，见证欧亚北方贸易。","importance":2,"lat":39.77,"lng":64.42,"place":"布哈拉","title_en":"Samanid Silver Flows North","desc_en":"Vast numbers of Samanid silver dirhams flowed along the Volga trade route into Rus' and Scandinavia; tens of thousands have been found in Nordic hoards, attesting to trade across northern Eurasia.","date_label_en":"c. 10th century","place_en":"Bukhara"},{"id":"europe-x083","start":900,"end":1100,"date_label":"约9–11世纪","region":"europe","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"重犁与三圃制普及","desc":"西北欧普遍采用带犁壁的重犁、马轭与春秋播加休耕的三圃制，粮食产量提高，支撑了11世纪后欧洲人口增长与城镇复兴。","importance":2,"lat":48.8,"lng":2.3,"place":"巴黎盆地","title_en":"Heavy Plough and Three-Field System Spread","desc_en":"Northwestern Europe widely adopted the heavy mouldboard plough, the horse collar and three-field rotation with spring and autumn sowing plus fallow; higher grain yields supported Europe's population growth and urban revival after the 11th century.","date_label_en":"c. 9th–11th centuries","place_en":"Paris Basin"},{"id":"latin_america-x023","start":900,"end":1100,"date_label":"约900–1100年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"奇琴伊察","desc":"尤卡坦北部的奇琴伊察在后古典期初成为玛雅最强大的城市，库库尔坎金字塔在春分秋分呈现“蛇影”，城市拥有大型球场与圣井，控制沿海贸易。","importance":2,"lat":20.68,"lng":-88.57,"place":"奇琴伊察","title_en":"Chichén Itzá","desc_en":"Chichén Itzá in northern Yucatán became the most powerful Maya city of the early Postclassic; the Pyramid of Kukulcán casts a \"serpent shadow\" at the equinoxes, and the city had a great ball court and sacred cenote and controlled coastal trade.","date_label_en":"c. 900–1100","place_en":"Chichén Itzá"},{"id":"latin_america-x024","start":900,"end":1470,"date_label":"约900–1470年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"奇穆王国与昌昌","desc":"奇穆王国以昌昌为都城统治秘鲁北部沿海，昌昌是前哥伦布美洲最大的泥砖城市，奇穆人修建长距离灌溉渠并以金属工艺闻名，约1470年被印加征服。","importance":2,"lat":-8.11,"lng":-79.07,"place":"昌昌","title_en":"Chimú Kingdom and Chan Chan","desc_en":"The Chimú ruled Peru's north coast from their capital Chan Chan, the largest adobe city of the pre-Columbian Americas; they built long irrigation canals, were famed for metalwork, and were conquered by the Inca around 1470.","date_label_en":"c. 900–1470","place_en":"Chan Chan"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x026","start":900,"date_label":"约9–10世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"伊格博-乌库青铜器","desc":"尼日利亚东南伊格博-乌库出土约9至10世纪的青铜器，以失蜡法铸成，纹饰极其精细，同出数万颗玻璃珠，显示当地已参与跨撒哈拉远程贸易。","importance":2,"lat":6.02,"lng":7.02,"place":"伊格博-乌库","title_en":"Igbo-Ukwu Bronzes","desc_en":"Bronzes of the 9th–10th centuries found at Igbo-Ukwu in southeastern Nigeria were lost-wax cast with extraordinarily fine decoration; tens of thousands of glass beads found with them show the area took part in long-distance trans-Saharan trade.","date_label_en":"c. 9th–10th centuries","place_en":"Igbo-Ukwu"},{"id":"east_asia-x173","start":905,"date_label":"905年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《古今和歌集》","desc":"醍醐天皇命纪贯之等编撰日本第一部敕撰和歌集《古今和歌集》，纪贯之以假名写成序文，确立了和歌的审美典范。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"平安京(京都)","title_en":"Kokinshū","desc_en":"Emperor Daigo commissioned Ki no Tsurayuki and others to compile the Kokin Wakashū, Japan's first imperial anthology of waka; Tsurayuki's preface, written in kana, set the aesthetic standard for waka.","date_label_en":"905","place_en":"Heian-kyō (Kyoto)"},{"id":"east_asia-x174","start":907,"date_label":"907年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"唐亡与五代十国","desc":"朱温废唐哀帝建立后梁，中原相继经历梁、唐、晋、汉、周五代更替，南方等地先后出现吴、南唐、吴越、前蜀等十余个政权。","importance":3,"lat":34.8,"lng":114.31,"place":"汴州(开封)","title_en":"Fall of Tang: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms","desc_en":"Zhu Wen deposed Emperor Ai of Tang and founded the Later Liang; the Central Plains then passed through five dynasties — Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Zhou — while more than ten regimes, including Wu, Southern Tang, Wuyue and Former Shu, arose in the south and elsewhere.","date_label_en":"907","place_en":"Bianzhou (Kaifeng)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-049","start":909,"end":1171,"date_label":"909—1171年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"法蒂玛王朝","desc":"什叶派伊斯玛仪派建立法蒂玛王朝，969年征服埃及并建开罗，970年代建爱资哈尔清真寺，与阿拔斯分庭抗礼。","importance":2,"lat":30.05,"lng":31.26,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Fatimid Caliphate","desc_en":"Shia Ismailis founded the Fatimid dynasty, conquered Egypt and founded Cairo in 969, and built al-Azhar Mosque in the 970s, rivaling the Abbasids.","date_label_en":"909–1171","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"europe-x084","start":910,"date_label":"910年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"克吕尼修道院","desc":"阿基坦公爵创建克吕尼修道院，直属教皇、免受世俗干预，克吕尼改革运动推动教会纪律整顿，为后来的教皇改革铺路。","importance":2,"lat":46.43,"lng":4.66,"place":"克吕尼","title_en":"Cluny Abbey","desc_en":"The Duke of Aquitaine founded Cluny Abbey, subject directly to the pope and free from lay interference; the Cluniac reform movement restored church discipline and paved the way for the later papal reform.","date_label_en":"910","place_en":"Cluny"},{"id":"east_asia-x175","start":916,"date_label":"916年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"契丹建国","desc":"耶律阿保机称帝建立契丹国（后改国号为辽），创制契丹大字，后来实行“因俗而治”的南北面官制度，分治契丹与汉地。","importance":2,"lat":43.97,"lng":119.39,"place":"辽上京(巴林左旗)","title_en":"Khitan State Founded","desc_en":"Yelü Abaoji proclaimed himself emperor of the Khitan state (later renamed Liao) and created the Khitan large script; the dynasty later adopted a dual Northern and Southern administration to govern Khitan and Han lands \"according to their customs.\"","date_label_en":"916","place_en":"Shangjing of Liao (Bairin Left Banner)"},{"id":"east_asia-046","start":918,"date_label":"918年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"高丽建立","desc":"王建建立高丽，936年统一朝鲜半岛，以开京为都，崇奉佛教并实行科举，英文名Korea即源于高丽。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":126.55,"place":"开京(开城)","title_en":"Goryeo Founded","desc_en":"Wang Geon founded Goryeo, unified the Korean Peninsula in 936 with its capital at Gaegyeong, patronized Buddhism and adopted civil service examinations; the English name \"Korea\" derives from Goryeo.","date_label_en":"918","place_en":"Gaegyeong (Kaesong)"},{"id":"east_asia-x176","start":926,"date_label":"926年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"渤海国灭亡","desc":"契丹耶律阿保机攻陷渤海都城忽汗城，渤海国灭亡，契丹改设东丹国；部分渤海遗民南下投奔高丽。","importance":2,"lat":43.9,"lng":129.2,"place":"渤海上京(宁安)","title_en":"Fall of Balhae","desc_en":"Yelü Abaoji of the Khitan captured Huhan, the Balhae capital, ending the kingdom; the Khitan set up the Dongdan kingdom in its place, and some Balhae refugees fled south to Goryeo.","date_label_en":"926","place_en":"Sanggyeong of Balhae (Ning'an)"},{"id":"europe-x085","start":929,"date_label":"929年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"科尔多瓦哈里发国","desc":"阿卜杜·拉赫曼三世自称哈里发，科尔多瓦成为西欧最大最繁华的城市，以大清真寺、图书馆和发达的灌溉农业著称。","importance":2,"lat":37.88,"lng":-4.78,"place":"科尔多瓦","title_en":"Caliphate of Córdoba","desc_en":"Abd al-Rahman III proclaimed himself caliph; Córdoba became the largest and most splendid city in Western Europe, famed for its Great Mosque, libraries and advanced irrigated agriculture.","date_label_en":"929","place_en":"Córdoba"},{"id":"inner_asia-x034","start":930,"date_label":"约930年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"鲁达基与新波斯诗歌","desc":"萨曼宫廷诗人鲁达基用新波斯语创作抒情诗，被尊为“波斯诗歌之父”，萨曼王朝推动波斯语成为伊斯兰东方的文学语言。","importance":2,"lat":39.77,"lng":64.42,"place":"布哈拉","title_en":"Rudaki and New Persian Poetry","desc_en":"The Samanid court poet Rudaki wrote lyric poetry in New Persian and is revered as the \"father of Persian poetry\"; the Samanids made Persian the literary language of the Islamic East.","date_label_en":"c. 930","place_en":"Bukhara"},{"id":"europe-x086","start":930,"date_label":"930年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"冰岛阿尔庭议会","desc":"冰岛自由民在辛格韦德利设立全岛议会阿尔庭，每年夏季集会立法与裁判，是世界上最古老的议会之一。","importance":2,"lat":64.26,"lng":-21.13,"place":"辛格韦德利","title_en":"Iceland's Althing","desc_en":"Icelandic freemen established the Althing, an assembly for the whole island at Þingvellir, meeting each summer to make laws and judge cases; it is one of the world's oldest parliaments.","date_label_en":"930","place_en":"Þingvellir"},{"id":"east_asia-x177","start":932,"end":953,"date_label":"932–953年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"国子监雕印九经","desc":"后唐宰相冯道奏请由国子监校定并雕版印刷《九经》，历经四朝二十余年完成，是官方大规模雕印儒家经典的开端。","importance":2,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.45,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Imperial Academy Prints the Nine Classics","desc_en":"Feng Dao, chief minister of the Later Tang, proposed that the Imperial Academy collate and print the Nine Classics from woodblocks; completed over 20 years under four dynasties, it began official large-scale printing of the Confucian classics.","date_label_en":"932–953","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"east_asia-x178","start":936,"date_label":"936年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"高丽统一后三国","desc":"高丽太祖王建接受新罗敬顺王归降后，又在一利川之战击败后百济，重新统一朝鲜半岛，并推行婚姻政策笼络豪族。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":126.55,"place":"开京(开城)","title_en":"Goryeo Reunifies the Later Three Kingdoms","desc_en":"After accepting the surrender of King Gyeongsun of Silla, Taejo Wang Geon of Goryeo defeated Later Baekje at the Battle of Illicheon, reunifying the Korean Peninsula, and used marriage alliances to win over regional magnates.","date_label_en":"936","place_en":"Gaegyeong (Kaesong)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-011","start":938,"date_label":"938年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"白藤江之战与越南自主","desc":"吴权在白藤江以木桩阵击败南汉水军，次年称王，结束越南北部约千年的北属时期，越南走向独立建国。","importance":2,"lat":20.9,"lng":106.78,"place":"白藤江","title_en":"Battle of Bach Dang and Vietnamese Independence","desc_en":"Ngô Quyền defeated the Southern Han fleet on the Bach Dang River with a field of wooden stakes and proclaimed himself king the following year, ending about a thousand years of northern rule over northern Vietnam and setting Vietnam on the path to independence.","date_label_en":"938","place_en":"Bach Dang River"},{"id":"east_asia-x179","start":938,"date_label":"938年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"燕云十六州入辽","desc":"后晋石敬瑭为求契丹支持称帝，把燕云十六州割让给契丹，中原失去北方天然屏障，此后影响北宋边防百余年。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"幽州(北京)","title_en":"Sixteen Prefectures Ceded to Liao","desc_en":"To win Khitan backing for his imperial claim, Shi Jingtang of the Later Jin ceded the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun to the Khitan; the Central Plains lost their natural northern barrier, affecting Northern Song frontier defense for over a century.","date_label_en":"938","place_en":"Youzhou (Beijing)"},{"id":"east_asia-x180","start":939,"date_label":"939年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"平将门之乱","desc":"关东武士平将门攻占常陆等国府，自称“新皇”，次年被平贞盛、藤原秀乡讨灭；同期西国还发生藤原纯友之乱，武士势力抬头。","importance":1,"lat":36.05,"lng":139.89,"place":"茨城坂东","title_en":"Rebellion of Taira no Masakado","desc_en":"The Kantō warrior Taira no Masakado seized the provincial offices of Hitachi and other provinces and proclaimed himself \"New Emperor,\" before being destroyed the next year by Taira no Sadamori and Fujiwara no Hidesato; with Fujiwara no Sumitomo's rebellion in the west at the same time, the warrior class was on the rise.","date_label_en":"939","place_en":"Bandō, Ibaraki"},{"id":"inner_asia-x035","start":940,"date_label":"约10世纪初","region":"inner_asia","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"萨曼王陵","desc":"布哈拉的萨曼王陵以烧砖砌出精巧的立方体加穹顶结构，砖面形成丰富几何纹样，是中亚现存最早的伊斯兰建筑杰作之一。","importance":1,"lat":39.78,"lng":64.4,"place":"布哈拉","title_en":"Samanid Mausoleum","desc_en":"Bukhara's Samanid Mausoleum uses fired brick to form an elegant cube topped by a dome, its brick surfaces laid in rich geometric patterns; it is one of the earliest surviving masterpieces of Islamic architecture in Central Asia.","date_label_en":"c. early 10th century","place_en":"Bukhara"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x103","start":945,"date_label":"945年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"布韦希王朝入巴格达","desc":"来自里海南岸的什叶派布韦希家族攻入巴格达，掌握实权，阿拔斯哈里发从此沦为名义上的宗教领袖。","importance":2,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"Buyids Enter Baghdad","desc_en":"The Shia Buyid family from the southern Caspian took Baghdad and seized real power; the Abbasid caliphs were reduced to nominal religious leaders.","date_label_en":"945","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"global-x004","start":950,"end":1250,"date_label":"约950—1250年","region":"global","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"中世纪气候暖期","desc":"北大西洋等地区气候相对温暖，欧洲农业扩张、人口增长，维京人得以定居格陵兰；但各地变暖并不同步，部分地区遭遇严重干旱。","importance":1,"title_en":"Medieval Warm Period","desc_en":"The North Atlantic and other regions were relatively warm; European agriculture expanded, populations grew and the Vikings settled Greenland, though warming was uneven and some regions suffered severe drought. |","date_label_en":"c. 950–1250"},{"id":"south_asia-x048","start":950,"end":1050,"date_label":"约950—1050年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"克久拉霍神庙群","desc":"金德拉王朝在克久拉霍兴建八十余座印度教与耆那教神庙，现存约二十余座，以精美的高塔和人物雕刻闻名，1986年列为世界遗产。","importance":2,"lat":24.85,"lng":79.92,"place":"克久拉霍","title_en":"Khajuraho Temples","desc_en":"The Chandela dynasty built over 80 Hindu and Jain temples at Khajuraho, of which about 20-odd survive, famed for their soaring towers and exquisite figure sculpture; 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Otto's prestige soared, and he was crowned emperor in 962.","date_label_en":"955","place_en":"Augsburg"},{"id":"east_asia-x182","start":958,"date_label":"956–958年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"光宗改革与科举","desc":"高丽光宗颁布奴婢按检法，解放被豪族非法占有的奴婢；958年采纳后周归化人双冀建议实行科举，加强王权。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":126.55,"place":"开京(开城)","title_en":"Gwangjong's Reforms and Examinations","desc_en":"King Gwangjong of Goryeo issued the Slave Review Act, freeing slaves illegally held by magnates; in 958, on the advice of Shuang Ji, a naturalized official from Later Zhou, he introduced civil service examinations, strengthening royal power.","date_label_en":"956–958","place_en":"Gaegyeong (Kaesong)"},{"id":"east_asia-047","start":960,"end":1279,"date_label":"960年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"北宋建立","desc":"赵匡胤发动陈桥兵变建立宋朝，随后“杯酒释兵权”，强化文官治理与中央集权，形成重文轻武的国策。","importance":3,"lat":34.8,"lng":114.31,"place":"东京开封","title_en":"Northern Song Founded","desc_en":"Zhao Kuangyin founded the Song dynasty through the Chenqiao Mutiny, then \"dissolved military power over a cup of wine,\" strengthening civil governance and centralization and establishing a policy that favored civil over military officials.","date_label_en":"960","place_en":"Kaifeng (Eastern Capital)"},{"id":"east_asia-x183","start":961,"date_label":"961年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"杯酒释兵权","desc":"宋太祖赵匡胤以宴饮劝说石守信等禁军宿将交出兵权，以优厚待遇令其解职，确立了重文抑武、强干弱枝的祖宗家法。","importance":2,"lat":34.8,"lng":114.31,"place":"开封","title_en":"Military Power Dissolved Over Wine","desc_en":"At a banquet, Emperor Taizu of Song persuaded Shi Shouxin and other veteran palace-army generals to give up their commands in return for generous rewards, establishing the dynastic rule of favoring civil over military power and strengthening the center over the regions.","date_label_en":"961","place_en":"Kaifeng"},{"id":"europe-036","start":962,"date_label":"962年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"神圣罗马帝国建立","desc":"德意志国王奥托一世在罗马由教皇加冕为皇帝，开启后世所称的神圣罗马帝国，延续至1806年。","importance":2,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.45,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Holy Roman Empire Founded","desc_en":"King Otto I of Germany was crowned emperor by the pope in Rome, beginning what later came to be called the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806.","date_label_en":"962","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"europe-x088","start":966,"date_label":"966年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"波兰接受基督教","desc":"皮亚斯特王朝的梅什科一世接受洗礼，波兰进入拉丁基督教世界，这一年被视为波兰国家的诞生之年。","importance":2,"lat":52.54,"lng":17.6,"place":"格涅兹诺","title_en":"Poland Adopts Christianity","desc_en":"Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty was baptized, bringing Poland into Latin Christendom; 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he posted resident officials to the provinces and in 992 founded the Gukjagam to train officials.","date_label_en":"982–992","place_en":"Gaegyeong (Kaesong)"},{"id":"east_asia-x187","start":993,"date_label":"993年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"徐熙谈判退契丹","desc":"契丹萧逊宁率军入侵高丽，高丽大臣徐熙赴敌营谈判，契丹撤军，高丽得以开拓鸭绿江以东的江东六州。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":126.55,"place":"开京(开城)","title_en":"Seo Hui Negotiates a Khitan Withdrawal","desc_en":"When the Khitan general Xiao Xunning invaded Goryeo, the minister Seo Hui went to the enemy camp to negotiate; the Khitan withdrew, and Goryeo gained the six garrison settlements east of the Yalu River.","date_label_en":"993","place_en":"Gaegyeong (Kaesong)"},{"id":"south_asia-x049","start":993,"date_label":"约993年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"朱罗征服斯里兰卡北部","desc":"朱罗王罗阇罗阇一世出兵斯里兰卡，攻陷阿努拉德普勒，将北部纳入统治，以波隆纳鲁沃为据点，约七十年后僧伽罗人收复。","importance":2,"lat":7.94,"lng":81.0,"place":"波隆纳鲁沃","title_en":"Chola Conquest of Northern Sri Lanka","desc_en":"The Chola king Rajaraja I invaded Sri Lanka, took Anuradhapura and brought the north under his rule with Polonnaruwa as his base; the Sinhalese recovered it about 70 years later.","date_label_en":"c. 993","place_en":"Polonnaruwa"},{"id":"inner_asia-x039","start":999,"date_label":"999年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"萨曼王朝灭亡","desc":"喀喇汗王朝攻占布哈拉，伽色尼王朝夺取呼罗珊，萨曼王朝瓜分灭亡，河中地区从此进入突厥王朝统治时代。","importance":1,"lat":39.77,"lng":64.42,"place":"布哈拉","title_en":"Fall of the Samanids","desc_en":"The Kara-Khanids captured Bukhara and the Ghaznavids seized Khurasan, partitioning and ending the Samanid state; Transoxiana thereafter entered an era of Turkic dynasties.","date_label_en":"999","place_en":"Bukhara"},{"id":"north_america-004","start":1000,"date_label":"约1000年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"维京人到达纽芬兰","desc":"莱夫·埃里克松率维京人从格陵兰抵达北美，在纽芬兰兰塞奥兹牧草地留下聚落遗址，这是欧洲人首次到达美洲的确证，但定居未能持久。","importance":2,"lat":51.6,"lng":-55.53,"place":"兰塞奥兹牧草地","title_en":"Vikings Reach Newfoundland","desc_en":"Leif Erikson led Vikings from Greenland to North America, leaving a settlement site at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, confirmed proof of the first Europeans in the Americas, though the settlement did not last.","date_label_en":"c. 1000","place_en":"L'Anse aux Meadows"},{"id":"oceania-005","start":1000,"end":1300,"date_label":"约1000—1300年","region":"oceania","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"波利尼西亚远洋航海","desc":"波利尼西亚人乘双体独木舟，凭星象、洋流、风向和鸟类导航，在太平洋上扩散至夏威夷、复活节岛和新西兰，构成“波利尼西亚三角”。","importance":3,"lat":-16.83,"lng":-151.36,"place":"赖阿特阿岛","title_en":"Polynesian Voyaging","desc_en":"Sailing double-hulled canoes and navigating by stars, currents, winds and birds, Polynesians spread across the Pacific to Hawaii, Easter Island and New Zealand, forming the \"Polynesian Triangle.\"","date_label_en":"c. 1000–1300","place_en":"Raiatea"},{"id":"south_asia-x050","start":1000,"date_label":"约10—11世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"新护与\"味\"论美学","desc":"克什米尔哲学家新护注释《舞论》并发展湿婆教哲学，系统阐述审美体验的\"味\"论，是印度美学的集大成者。","importance":1,"lat":34.08,"lng":74.8,"place":"斯利那加","title_en":"Abhinavagupta and Rasa Aesthetics","desc_en":"The Kashmiri philosopher Abhinavagupta commented on the Natyashastra, developed Shaiva philosophy and systematically expounded rasa theory of aesthetic experience, making him the great synthesizer of Indian aesthetics.","date_label_en":"c. 10th–11th centuries","place_en":"Srinagar"},{"id":"south_asia-x051","start":1000,"end":1100,"date_label":"约10—11世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"朱罗青铜像","desc":"朱罗时期工匠以失蜡法铸造湿婆舞王像等青铜神像，造型灵动、工艺精湛，代表南印度金属雕塑的最高水平。","importance":1,"lat":10.78,"lng":79.13,"place":"坦贾武尔","title_en":"Chola Bronzes","desc_en":"Chola-period craftsmen used the lost-wax method to cast bronze deities such as Shiva Nataraja, with dynamic forms and superb workmanship, the high point of South Indian metal sculpture.","date_label_en":"c. 10th–11th centuries","place_en":"Thanjavur"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x105","start":1000,"date_label":"约10—13世纪","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"开罗吉尼泽文书","desc":"开罗福斯塔特本·以斯拉会堂的藏经库保存了数十万件文书残页，详细记录地中海与印度洋犹太商人的贸易、家庭与法律生活。","importance":2,"lat":30.01,"lng":31.23,"place":"福斯塔特","title_en":"Cairo Geniza Documents","desc_en":"The geniza of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat, Cairo, preserved hundreds of thousands of document fragments recording in detail the trade, family and legal lives of Jewish merchants of the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean.","date_label_en":"c. 10th–13th centuries","place_en":"Fustat"},{"id":"europe-x090","start":1000,"date_label":"1000年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"匈牙利王国建立","desc":"斯蒂芬一世在埃斯泰尔戈姆加冕为匈牙利首位国王，推行基督教化、设立主教区与州制，匈牙利成为中欧王国。","importance":2,"lat":47.79,"lng":18.74,"place":"埃斯泰尔戈姆","title_en":"Kingdom of Hungary Founded","desc_en":"Stephen I was crowned the first king of Hungary at Esztergom; he promoted Christianization and created bishoprics and counties, making Hungary a Central European kingdom.","date_label_en":"1000","place_en":"Esztergom"},{"id":"latin_america-x026","start":1000,"date_label":"约600–1600年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"穆伊斯卡与黄金国传说","desc":"哥伦比亚高原的穆伊斯卡人新首领即位时，会全身涂金乘筏至瓜塔维塔湖投献金器，这一仪式衍生出“黄金国”传说，吸引西班牙人不断探险。","importance":1,"lat":4.98,"lng":-73.78,"place":"瓜塔维塔湖","title_en":"Muisca and the El Dorado Legend","desc_en":"When a new Muisca chief of the Colombian highlands took office, he was covered in gold dust and rafted onto Lake Guatavita to cast gold offerings into it; the ritual gave rise to the legend of El Dorado, which drew Spaniards on endless expeditions.","date_label_en":"c. 600–1600","place_en":"Lake Guatavita"},{"id":"north_america-x009","start":1000,"date_label":"约1000–1200年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"图勒文化东扩","desc":"因纽特人的祖先图勒人从阿拉斯加北部迅速东迁至格陵兰，以皮艇、狗拉雪橇和捕鲸技术适应北极，取代了更早的多塞特文化。","importance":1,"lat":71.29,"lng":-156.79,"place":"巴罗角","title_en":"Thule Expansion East","desc_en":"The Thule people, ancestors of the Inuit, migrated rapidly from northern Alaska east to Greenland, adapting to the Arctic with kayaks, dog sleds and whaling, and replacing the earlier Dorset culture.","date_label_en":"c. 1000–1200","place_en":"Point Barrow"},{"id":"oceania-x007","start":1000,"date_label":"约1000–1200年","region":"oceania","dims":["文化"],"title":"夏威夷群岛有人定居","desc":"波利尼西亚航海者从社会群岛或马克萨斯群岛出发，约在1000至1200年间定居夏威夷群岛，带来芋头、猪与狗，逐步发展出复杂的酋长制社会。","importance":1,"lat":19.6,"lng":-155.5,"place":"夏威夷岛","title_en":"Settlement of Hawaii","desc_en":"Polynesian voyagers from the Society or Marquesas Islands settled the Hawaiian Islands around 1000–1200, bringing taro, pigs and dogs, and gradually developed a complex chiefdom society.","date_label_en":"c. 1000–1200","place_en":"Hawaiʻi Island"},{"id":"east_asia-x188","start":1001,"date_label":"约1001年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"清少纳言《枕草子》","desc":"侍奉皇后定子的女官清少纳言写成随笔集《枕草子》，以敏锐细腻的笔触记录宫廷生活与四季风物，与《源氏物语》并称平安文学双璧。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"平安京(京都)","title_en":"Sei Shōnagon's Pillow Book","desc_en":"Sei Shōnagon, a lady-in-waiting to Empress Teishi, wrote The Pillow Book, recording court life and the seasons with keen, delicate observation; 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he is seen as a pioneer of the experimental scientific method.","date_label_en":"c. 1011–1021","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"europe-x091","start":1014,"date_label":"1014年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"巴西尔二世击败保加利亚","desc":"拜占庭皇帝巴西尔二世在克雷迪昂山口大败保加利亚军队，至1018年吞并第一保加利亚帝国，被称为“保加利亚人屠夫”。","importance":2,"lat":41.4,"lng":23.0,"place":"克雷迪昂","title_en":"Basil II Defeats Bulgaria","desc_en":"Byzantine Emperor Basil II crushed the Bulgarian army at the Kleidion pass and by 1018 had annexed the First Bulgarian Empire, earning the name \"Bulgar-Slayer.\"","date_label_en":"1014","place_en":"Kleidion"},{"id":"east_asia-x190","start":1016,"date_label":"1016年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"藤原道长与摄关政治","desc":"藤原道长以外戚身份任摄政，三个女儿先后立为皇后，留下“此世即我世，如月满无缺”之歌，藤原氏摄关政治达到鼎盛。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"平安京(京都)","title_en":"Fujiwara no Michinaga and Regency Rule","desc_en":"As imperial in-law, Fujiwara no Michinaga became regent and saw three daughters made empresses in turn; he wrote the poem \"This world, I think, is truly mine, like the full moon unclouded,\" as Fujiwara regency rule reached its peak.","date_label_en":"1016","place_en":"Heian-kyō (Kyoto)"},{"id":"europe-x092","start":1016,"date_label":"约1016年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"《罗斯法典》","desc":"基辅大公雅罗斯拉夫时期编订《罗斯法典》，以罚金代替血亲复仇，是东斯拉夫最早的成文法典。","importance":1,"lat":50.45,"lng":30.52,"place":"基辅","title_en":"Russkaya Pravda","desc_en":"Under Grand Prince Yaroslav of Kyiv the Russkaya Pravda was compiled, replacing blood feud with fines; it is the earliest written law code of the East Slavs.","date_label_en":"c. 1016","place_en":"Kyiv"},{"id":"east_asia-x191","start":1019,"date_label":"1019年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"龟州大捷","desc":"契丹第三次大举入侵高丽，姜邯赞在龟州大破契丹军，史载十万契丹军生还者仅数千，此后高丽与辽保持长期和平。","importance":2,"lat":39.98,"lng":125.25,"place":"平安北道龟城","title_en":"Battle of Gwiju","desc_en":"In the third great Khitan invasion of Goryeo, Gang Gam-chan routed the Khitan army at Gwiju; records say only a few thousand of 100,000 Khitan troops survived, and Goryeo and Liao kept a long peace thereafter.","date_label_en":"1019","place_en":"Kusong, North Pyongan"},{"id":"east_asia-049","start":1024,"date_label":"1024年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"官方发行交子","desc":"北宋在益州设交子务，由官方发行交子，这是世界上最早由政府发行的纸币，标志商品经济高度发展。","importance":3,"lat":30.66,"lng":104.07,"place":"益州(成都)","title_en":"Government-Issued Jiaozi","desc_en":"The Northern Song set up a Jiaozi Bureau at Yizhou to issue jiaozi officially, the world's earliest government-issued paper money, marking a highly developed commercial economy.","date_label_en":"1024","place_en":"Yizhou (Chengdu)"},{"id":"south_asia-023","start":1025,"date_label":"约1025年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","经济"],"title":"朱罗王朝远征室利佛逝","desc":"南印度朱罗王朝拉金德拉一世派海军远征马六甲海峡的室利佛逝，朱罗国力达到顶峰，体现了泰米尔国家在印度洋的海上实力。","importance":2,"lat":5.73,"lng":100.42,"place":"羯荼（吉打）","title_en":"Chola Expedition Against Srivijaya","desc_en":"Rajendra I of South India's Chola dynasty sent a naval expedition against Srivijaya in the Strait of Malacca; 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it was the forerunner of the modern five-line staff.","date_label_en":"c. 1025","place_en":"Arezzo"},{"id":"south_asia-x054","start":1030,"date_label":"约1030年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"比鲁尼《印度志》","desc":"花剌子模学者比鲁尼随伽色尼军队来到印度，学习梵语，撰写《印度志》，系统介绍印度宗教、哲学、天文与历法，被誉为客观的跨文化研究。","importance":2,"lat":33.55,"lng":68.42,"place":"伽色尼","title_en":"Al-Biruni's India","desc_en":"The Khwarazmian scholar al-Biruni came to India with the Ghaznavid army, learned Sanskrit and wrote his book on India, systematically describing its religion, philosophy, astronomy and calendar; it is hailed as an objective cross-cultural study.","date_label_en":"c. 1030","place_en":"Ghazni"},{"id":"east_asia-x192","start":1033,"end":1044,"date_label":"1033–1044年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"高丽千里长城","desc":"高丽为防御契丹与女真，从鸭绿江口至东海岸都连浦修筑长约千里的长城，历时十余年完成。","importance":1,"lat":40.2,"lng":124.53,"place":"平安北道义州","title_en":"Goryeo's Thousand-Li Wall","desc_en":"To defend against the Khitan and Jurchen, Goryeo built a wall about a thousand li long from the mouth of the Yalu River to Doryeonpo on the east coast, completing it over more than a decade.","date_label_en":"1033–1044","place_en":"Uiju, North Pyongan"},{"id":"inner_asia-023","start":1037,"end":1194,"date_label":"1037—1194年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"塞尔柱帝国","desc":"塞尔柱突厥人自中亚崛起，1040年丹丹坎之战败伽色尼，1055年入巴格达，1071年曼齐刻尔特战役大败拜占庭。","importance":3,"lat":32.65,"lng":51.67,"place":"伊斯法罕","title_en":"Seljuk Empire","desc_en":"The Seljuk Turks rose from Central Asia, defeated the Ghaznavids at Dandanaqan in 1040, entered Baghdad in 1055 and crushed Byzantium at Manzikert in 1071.","date_label_en":"1037–1194","place_en":"Isfahan"},{"id":"europe-x094","start":1037,"date_label":"约1037年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"基辅圣索菲亚大教堂","desc":"雅罗斯拉夫智者在基辅兴建圣索菲亚大教堂，仿拜占庭风格并饰以马赛克与壁画，象征基辅罗斯的繁荣与东正教文化。","importance":1,"lat":50.45,"lng":30.51,"place":"基辅","title_en":"St Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv","desc_en":"Yaroslav the Wise built St Sophia's Cathedral in Kyiv in Byzantine style, adorned with mosaics and frescoes, a symbol of Kievan Rus' prosperity and Orthodox culture.","date_label_en":"c. 1037","place_en":"Kyiv"},{"id":"east_asia-x193","start":1038,"date_label":"1038年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"西夏建国","desc":"党项首领李元昊称帝，国号大夏，都兴庆府，创制西夏文字，与宋、辽形成三足鼎立，并控制河西走廊商路。","importance":2,"lat":38.47,"lng":106.27,"place":"兴庆府(银川)","title_en":"Western Xia Founded","desc_en":"The Tangut leader Li Yuanhao proclaimed himself emperor of Great Xia with its capital at Xingqing, created the Tangut script, formed a three-way balance with Song and Liao, and controlled the Hexi Corridor trade routes.","date_label_en":"1038","place_en":"Xingqing (Yinchuan)"},{"id":"inner_asia-x042","start":1040,"date_label":"1040年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"丹丹坎战役","desc":"塞尔柱突厥人在木鹿附近的丹丹坎击败伽色尼苏丹马苏德，夺取呼罗珊，随后向西扩张建立塞尔柱帝国。","importance":2,"lat":37.66,"lng":61.83,"place":"木鹿附近","title_en":"Battle of Dandanaqan","desc_en":"The Seljuk Turks defeated the Ghaznavid sultan Mas'ud at Dandanaqan near Merv and seized Khurasan, then expanded west to build the Seljuk Empire.","date_label_en":"1040","place_en":"Near Merv"},{"id":"east_asia-050","start":1041,"end":1048,"date_label":"约1041–1048年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"毕昇发明活字印刷","desc":"据沈括《梦溪笔谈》记载，北宋庆历年间毕昇发明胶泥活字印刷术，比欧洲古腾堡金属活字印刷早约四百年。","importance":3,"lat":34.8,"lng":114.31,"place":"开封","title_en":"Bi Sheng Invents Movable Type","desc_en":"According to Shen Kuo's Dream Pool Essays, Bi Sheng invented movable type of baked clay during the Qingli era of the Northern Song, about 400 years before Gutenberg's metal movable type in Europe.","date_label_en":"c. 1041–1048","place_en":"Kaifeng"},{"id":"east_asia-x194","start":1043,"date_label":"1043年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"庆历新政","desc":"宋仁宗任用范仲淹、富弼推行改革，以整顿吏治、严格官员考核、限制恩荫为重点，因触动官僚利益一年余即告失败。","importance":2,"lat":34.8,"lng":114.31,"place":"开封","title_en":"Qingli Reforms","desc_en":"Emperor Renzong of Song had Fan Zhongyan and Fu Bi carry out reforms focused on cleaning up officialdom, tightening evaluations and limiting hereditary appointments; 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thousands of pagodas rose on the Pagan plain, laying the foundation of Burmese culture.","date_label_en":"1044","place_en":"Pagan"},{"id":"north_america-005","start":1050,"end":1350,"date_label":"约1050—1350年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"卡霍基亚","desc":"密西西比文化中心卡霍基亚位于今圣路易斯附近，鼎盛期人口约一两万，建有高约30米的僧侣土丘，是墨西哥以北最大的前哥伦布时代城市。","importance":2,"lat":38.66,"lng":-90.06,"place":"卡霍基亚","title_en":"Cahokia","desc_en":"Cahokia, the center of Mississippian culture near present-day St. Louis, had perhaps 10,000–20,000 people at its height and the roughly 30 m high Monks Mound; it was the largest pre-Columbian city north of Mexico.","date_label_en":"c. 1050–1350","place_en":"Cahokia"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x018","start":1050,"date_label":"约11世纪","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"西巴莱水库","desc":"吴哥修建长约8千米、宽约2千米的西巴莱水库，吴哥地区由运河、堤坝和水库构成庞大水利网络，支撑稠密人口。","importance":2,"lat":13.44,"lng":103.78,"place":"西巴莱","title_en":"West Baray Reservoir","desc_en":"Angkor built the West Baray, a reservoir about 8 km long and 2 km wide; 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it was a hub of medieval medical education.","date_label_en":"c. 11th century","place_en":"Salerno"},{"id":"east_asia-x195","start":1053,"date_label":"约11–12世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"宋代五大名窑","desc":"宋代汝、官、哥、钧、定窑并称五大名窑，汝窑天青釉、钧窑窑变、定窑白瓷各具特色，瓷器成为宋代重要的工艺与贸易商品。","importance":2,"lat":33.87,"lng":113.07,"place":"河南宝丰清凉寺","title_en":"Five Great Kilns of Song","desc_en":"The Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun and Ding kilns were known as the five great kilns of the Song; Ru's sky-blue glaze, Jun's kiln-transmuted colors and Ding's white porcelain each had their own character, and porcelain became a major Song craft and trade good.","date_label_en":"c. 11th–12th centuries","place_en":"Qingliangsi, Baofeng, Henan"},{"id":"east_asia-x196","start":1053,"date_label":"1053年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"平等院凤凰堂","desc":"关白藤原赖通将宇治别墅改为平等院，1053年建成阿弥陀堂（凤凰堂），体现末法思想下对极乐净土的向往，图案今见于日本十元硬币。","importance":2,"lat":34.89,"lng":135.81,"place":"京都宇治","title_en":"Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in","desc_en":"Regent Fujiwara no Yorimichi converted his Uji villa into Byōdō-in, completing its Amida Hall (Phoenix Hall) in 1053; it reflects the longing for the Pure Land amid belief in the age of the Dharma's decline, and its image now appears on Japan's 10-yen coin.","date_label_en":"1053","place_en":"Uji, Kyoto"},{"id":"europe-038","start":1054,"date_label":"1054年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"东西教会大分裂","desc":"罗马教廷使节与君士坦丁堡牧首相互开除教籍，基督教正式分裂为西方天主教与东方正教会。","importance":3,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.98,"place":"君士坦丁堡","title_en":"East–West Schism","desc_en":"Papal legates and the Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other, formally splitting Christianity into the Western Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.","date_label_en":"1054","place_en":"Constantinople"},{"id":"east_asia-x197","start":1055,"date_label":"1055年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"崔冲九斋学堂","desc":"高丽名儒崔冲致仕后开办私学“九斋学堂”，被称为“海东孔子”，此后私学十二徒兴盛，一度超过官学国子监。","importance":1,"lat":37.97,"lng":126.55,"place":"开京(开城)","title_en":"Choe Chung's Nine-Course Academy","desc_en":"After retiring, the eminent Goryeo Confucian Choe Chung opened the private Nine-Course Academy and was called the \"Confucius of the East\"; the Twelve Private Academies then flourished, for a time surpassing the state Gukjagam.","date_label_en":"1055","place_en":"Gaegyeong (Kaesong)"},{"id":"east_asia-x198","start":1056,"date_label":"1056年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"应县木塔","desc":"辽清宁二年建成佛宫寺释迦塔，塔高约67米，全部采用木构件榫卯咬合，历经多次地震屹立至今，是世界现存最高最古老的木塔。","importance":2,"lat":39.57,"lng":113.18,"place":"山西应县","title_en":"Yingxian Wooden Pagoda","desc_en":"Completed in the second year of the Liao Qingning era, the Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple stands about 67 m tall, built entirely of interlocking mortise-and-tenon timber; it has survived many earthquakes and is the world's tallest and oldest surviving wooden pagoda.","date_label_en":"1056","place_en":"Ying County, Shanxi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x109","start":1062,"date_label":"约1062年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"穆拉比特王朝建马拉喀什","desc":"源自撒哈拉柏柏尔部落的穆拉比特运动在马拉喀什建都，统一摩洛哥并北渡伊比利亚，其统治覆盖西非边缘到西班牙。","importance":2,"lat":31.63,"lng":-7.99,"place":"马拉喀什","title_en":"Almoravids Found Marrakesh","desc_en":"The Almoravid movement, rooted in Saharan Berber tribes, made Marrakesh its capital, unified Morocco and crossed into Iberia, ruling from the edge of West Africa to Spain.","date_label_en":"c. 1062","place_en":"Marrakesh"},{"id":"europe-039","start":1066,"date_label":"1066年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"诺曼征服英格兰","desc":"诺曼底公爵威廉在黑斯廷斯战役击败哈罗德二世，加冕为英格兰国王，引入封建制度并编制《末日审判书》。","importance":2,"lat":50.91,"lng":0.49,"place":"黑斯廷斯战场","title_en":"Norman Conquest of England","desc_en":"William, Duke of Normandy, defeated Harold II at the Battle of Hastings and was crowned King of England; he introduced feudalism and commissioned the Domesday Book.","date_label_en":"1066","place_en":"Hastings battlefield"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x110","start":1067,"date_label":"1067年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"尼扎米亚学院","desc":"塞尔柱宰相尼扎姆·穆勒克在巴格达等城市设立尼扎米亚学院，以国家资助培养逊尼派法学人才，成为伊斯兰经学院制度的范本。","importance":2,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"Nizamiyya Madrasas","desc_en":"The Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk founded Nizamiyya madrasas in Baghdad and other cities, training Sunni jurists with state funding; they became the model for the Islamic madrasa system.","date_label_en":"1067","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"east_asia-052","start":1069,"date_label":"1069年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"王安石变法","desc":"王安石推行青苗法、募役法、市易法等新法以富国强兵，引发长期新旧党争，新法最终大多被废除。","importance":2,"lat":34.8,"lng":114.31,"place":"开封","title_en":"Wang Anshi's Reforms","desc_en":"Wang Anshi introduced new policies such as the Green Sprouts loans, hired-service and state trade laws to enrich the state and strengthen the army, sparking long factional strife; most were eventually repealed.","date_label_en":"1069","place_en":"Kaifeng"},{"id":"inner_asia-x043","start":1069,"date_label":"1069年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《福乐智慧》","desc":"喀喇汗王朝诗人优素福·哈斯·哈吉甫用回鹘文突厥语写成长诗《福乐智慧》，探讨治国与修身，献给喀什噶尔的统治者。","importance":2,"lat":39.47,"lng":75.99,"place":"喀什","title_en":"Kutadgu Bilig","desc_en":"The Kara-Khanid poet Yusuf Khass Hajib wrote the long poem Kutadgu Bilig in Turkic in Uyghur script, exploring statecraft and self-cultivation, and dedicated it to the ruler of Kashgar.","date_label_en":"1069","place_en":"Kashgar"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x019","start":1070,"end":1076,"date_label":"1070—1076年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"河内文庙与国子监","desc":"李朝在升龙建文庙祭祀孔子，1076年设国子监，越南儒学教育与科举传统由此确立，文庙至今保存进士题名碑。","importance":2,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.84,"place":"河内","title_en":"Temple of Literature and Imperial Academy, Hanoi","desc_en":"The Ly dynasty built the Temple of Literature in Thang Long to honor Confucius and founded the Imperial Academy in 1076, establishing Vietnam's tradition of Confucian education and examinations; the temple still preserves stelae listing doctoral laureates.","date_label_en":"1070–1076","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x111","start":1071,"date_label":"1071年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"曼齐刻尔特战役","desc":"塞尔柱苏丹阿尔普·阿尔斯兰击败并俘获拜占庭皇帝罗曼努斯四世，突厥人大量进入安纳托利亚，开启当地突厥化进程。","importance":3,"lat":39.14,"lng":42.54,"place":"曼齐刻尔特","title_en":"Battle of Manzikert","desc_en":"The Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan defeated and captured Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV; Turks poured into Anatolia, beginning its Turkification.","date_label_en":"1071","place_en":"Manzikert"},{"id":"inner_asia-x044","start":1072,"date_label":"约1072—1077年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《突厥语大词典》","desc":"喀什噶里在巴格达用阿拉伯语编成《突厥语大词典》，收录突厥诸部语言、民俗与地理，附有圆形世界地图。","importance":2,"lat":39.47,"lng":75.99,"place":"喀什","title_en":"Compendium of the Turkic Dialects","desc_en":"In Baghdad, al-Kashgari compiled the Diwan Lughat al-Turk in Arabic, recording the languages, customs and geography of the Turkic peoples, with a circular world map.","date_label_en":"c. 1072–1077","place_en":"Kashgar"},{"id":"east_asia-x199","start":1074,"date_label":"1074年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"茶马贸易","desc":"北宋熙宁年间在四川设置茶马司，以四川所产茶叶交换吐蕃等西北民族的马匹，茶马互市成为宋代财政与军备的重要环节。","importance":1,"lat":30.66,"lng":104.07,"place":"成都","title_en":"Tea-Horse Trade","desc_en":"During the Xining era the Northern Song set up a Tea and Horse Agency in Sichuan to trade Sichuan tea for horses from the Tibetans and other northwestern peoples; the tea-horse trade became a key part of Song finances and military supply.","date_label_en":"1074","place_en":"Chengdu"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x027","start":1075,"end":1220,"date_label":"约1075–1220年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"马蓬古布韦王国","desc":"林波波河畔的马蓬古布韦是南部非洲最早的阶层化国家，以象牙、黄金换取印度洋珠子，山顶王墓出土的金犀牛闻名，其衰落后中心北移至大津巴布韦。","importance":2,"lat":-22.2,"lng":29.24,"place":"马蓬古布韦","title_en":"Kingdom of Mapungubwe","desc_en":"Mapungubwe on the Limpopo was southern Africa's earliest stratified state, trading ivory and gold for Indian Ocean beads; it is famed for the golden rhinoceros from its hilltop royal graves, and after its decline the center shifted north to Great Zimbabwe.","date_label_en":"c. 1075–1220","place_en":"Mapungubwe"},{"id":"inner_asia-024","start":1077,"end":1231,"date_label":"1077—1231年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"花剌子模王朝","desc":"以玉龙杰赤为中心的花剌子模沙阿王朝一度称霸中亚与伊朗，1218年杀害蒙古商队与使节，招致成吉思汗西征。","importance":2,"lat":42.33,"lng":59.15,"place":"玉龙杰赤","title_en":"Khwarazmian Empire","desc_en":"The Khwarazmshah dynasty, centered on Gurganj, for a time dominated Central Asia and Iran; in 1218 it killed a Mongol caravan and envoys, provoking Genghis Khan's western campaign.","date_label_en":"1077–1231","place_en":"Gurganj"},{"id":"europe-x096","start":1077,"date_label":"1077年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"卡诺莎之行","desc":"神圣罗马皇帝亨利四世因主教叙任权与教皇格里高利七世冲突而被绝罚，冒雪赴卡诺莎城堡忏悔三日，教权声势大涨。","importance":2,"lat":44.58,"lng":10.46,"place":"卡诺莎","title_en":"Walk to Canossa","desc_en":"Excommunicated in the investiture conflict with Pope Gregory VII, Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV went to Canossa Castle through the snow and did penance for three days, a major boost to papal power.","date_label_en":"1077","place_en":"Canossa"},{"id":"east_asia-x200","start":1082,"date_label":"1082年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"苏轼赤壁词赋","desc":"苏轼因“乌台诗案”贬居黄州期间，写下前后《赤壁赋》和《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》，开创豪放词风，并以诗、文、书、画兼擅著称。","importance":2,"lat":30.45,"lng":114.87,"place":"湖北黄冈","title_en":"Su Shi's Red Cliff Works","desc_en":"Exiled to Huangzhou after the Crow Terrace poetry trial, Su Shi wrote the two \"Red Cliff Rhapsodies\" and \"Remembering the Past at Red Cliff\" to the tune Niannujiao, pioneering the bold style of ci poetry; he excelled at poetry, prose, calligraphy and painting alike.","date_label_en":"1082","place_en":"Huanggang, Hubei"},{"id":"europe-x097","start":1082,"date_label":"1082年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"威尼斯获金玺诏书","desc":"拜占庭皇帝为换取威尼斯海军援助颁发金玺诏书，给予其商人在帝国境内免税贸易特权，奠定威尼斯东地中海商业霸权。","importance":2,"lat":45.44,"lng":12.33,"place":"威尼斯","title_en":"Venice Wins a Golden Bull","desc_en":"In exchange for Venetian naval aid, the Byzantine emperor issued a golden bull granting Venetian merchants tax-free trade throughout the empire, laying the foundation of Venice's commercial supremacy in the eastern Mediterranean.","date_label_en":"1082","place_en":"Venice"},{"id":"east_asia-x201","start":1084,"date_label":"1084年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"司马光《资治通鉴》","desc":"司马光主持编纂编年体通史《资治通鉴》，记载自前403年至959年共1362年史事，历时十九年完成，宋神宗赐名。","importance":3,"lat":34.68,"lng":112.45,"place":"洛阳","title_en":"Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian","desc_en":"Sima Guang led the compilation of the chronological history Zizhi Tongjian, covering 1,362 years from 403 BCE to 959 CE; it took 19 years to finish, and Emperor Shenzong of Song bestowed its title.","date_label_en":"1084","place_en":"Luoyang"},{"id":"east_asia-x202","start":1086,"date_label":"1086年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"白河上皇开创院政","desc":"白河天皇让位给幼子后以上皇身份继续执政，开创“院政”，上皇凭借院厅与北面武士压制摄关家，政治重心转移。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"平安京(京都)","title_en":"Retired Emperor Shirakawa Begins Cloister Rule","desc_en":"After abdicating in favor of his young son, Emperor Shirakawa kept governing as retired emperor, inaugurating \"cloister rule\"; with his own office and Northern Guard warriors he checked the regent family, shifting the political center.","date_label_en":"1086","place_en":"Heian-kyō (Kyoto)"},{"id":"europe-x098","start":1086,"date_label":"1086年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"末日审判书","desc":"征服者威廉下令对英格兰土地、人口、牲畜进行全国普查，编成《末日审判书》，是中世纪欧洲最详尽的经济与赋税档案。","importance":2,"lat":51.06,"lng":-1.31,"place":"温切斯特","title_en":"Domesday Book","desc_en":"William the Conqueror ordered a nationwide survey of England's land, people and livestock, compiled as the Domesday Book, the most detailed economic and tax record of medieval Europe.","date_label_en":"1086","place_en":"Winchester"},{"id":"east_asia-053","start":1087,"date_label":"1087年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"泉州设市舶司","desc":"北宋在泉州设立市舶司，泉州与广州成为海上丝绸之路大港，丝绸、瓷器大量外销，香料、药材等输入。","importance":2,"lat":24.87,"lng":118.68,"place":"泉州","title_en":"Maritime Trade Office at Quanzhou","desc_en":"The Northern Song established a Maritime Trade Office at Quanzhou; with Guangzhou it became a great port of the Maritime Silk Road, exporting silk and porcelain in bulk and importing spices and medicines.","date_label_en":"1087","place_en":"Quanzhou"},{"id":"east_asia-x203","start":1087,"date_label":"1011–1087年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"初雕大藏经","desc":"高丽为祈求佛力击退契丹，历时七十余年雕刻完成初雕大藏经，经板藏于大邱符仁寺，1232年毁于蒙古兵火。","importance":2,"lat":35.87,"lng":128.6,"place":"大邱","title_en":"First Tripitaka Koreana","desc_en":"Seeking the Buddha's power to repel the Khitan, Goryeo spent over 70 years carving the first edition of the Buddhist canon; the woodblocks, kept at Buinsa Temple in Daegu, were destroyed by Mongol troops in 1232.","date_label_en":"1011–1087","place_en":"Daegu"},{"id":"europe-040","start":1088,"date_label":"1088年（传统）","region":"europe","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"博洛尼亚大学兴起","desc":"博洛尼亚大学以法学研究闻名，传统定其创立于1088年，与随后的巴黎、牛津大学一起构成欧洲最早的大学体系。","importance":2,"lat":44.49,"lng":11.34,"place":"博洛尼亚","title_en":"Rise of the University of Bologna","desc_en":"Famed for the study of law, the University of Bologna is traditionally dated to 1088; with Paris and Oxford soon after, it formed Europe's earliest university system.","date_label_en":"1088 (traditional)","place_en":"Bologna"},{"id":"east_asia-x204","start":1088,"date_label":"约1088年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"沈括《梦溪笔谈》","desc":"沈括晚年在润州梦溪园著《梦溪笔谈》，记载毕昇活字印刷、指南针磁偏角、“石油”命名等，内容涉及天文、数学、地质与医药。","importance":3,"lat":32.19,"lng":119.43,"place":"江苏镇江","title_en":"Shen Kuo's Dream Pool Essays","desc_en":"In his last years at Mengxi Garden in Runzhou, Shen Kuo wrote the Dream Pool Essays, recording Bi Sheng's movable type, magnetic declination of the compass and the coining of the term \"shiyou\" (petroleum), covering astronomy, mathematics, geology and medicine.","date_label_en":"c. 1088","place_en":"Zhenjiang, Jiangsu"},{"id":"east_asia-x205","start":1088,"date_label":"1088年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"苏颂水运仪象台","desc":"苏颂与韩公廉在开封建成水运仪象台，集浑仪、浑象与自动报时装置于一体，由水力驱动，其擒纵机构被视为后世钟表的先驱。","importance":2,"lat":34.8,"lng":114.31,"place":"开封","title_en":"Su Song's Astronomical Clock Tower","desc_en":"Su Song and Han Gonglian built a water-driven astronomical clock tower in Kaifeng, combining an armillary sphere, a celestial globe and automatic time-telling; its escapement is seen as a forerunner of later clocks.","date_label_en":"1088","place_en":"Kaifeng"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x112","start":1090,"date_label":"1090年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"阿萨辛据阿拉穆特","desc":"尼扎里伊斯玛仪派领袖哈桑·萨巴赫夺取厄尔布尔士山中的阿拉穆特堡，以山堡网络和刺杀手段对抗塞尔柱政权，直至1256年被蒙古攻灭。","importance":1,"lat":36.44,"lng":50.59,"place":"阿拉穆特","title_en":"Assassins Seize Alamut","desc_en":"Hasan-i Sabbah, leader of the Nizari Ismailis, seized the fortress of Alamut in the Alborz Mountains and resisted the Seljuks with a network of mountain castles and assassinations until destroyed by the Mongols in 1256.","date_label_en":"1090","place_en":"Alamut"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x113","start":1095,"date_label":"约1095年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"安萨里的思想转向","desc":"安萨里辞去尼扎米亚学院教职转向苏菲修行，著《哲学家的矛盾》与《宗教学科的复兴》，使苏菲主义融入逊尼派正统。","importance":2,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"Al-Ghazali's Turn","desc_en":"Al-Ghazali resigned his post at the Nizamiyya to pursue Sufi practice and wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers and The Revival of the Religious Sciences, bringing Sufism into Sunni orthodoxy.","date_label_en":"c. 1095","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"europe-041","start":1096,"end":1099,"date_label":"1096—1099年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","文化"],"title":"第一次十字军东征","desc":"响应教皇乌尔班二世1095年的号召，西欧骑士东征，1099年攻占耶路撒冷，建立十字军国家，此后近两百年东征不断。","importance":2,"lat":31.78,"lng":35.23,"place":"耶路撒冷","title_en":"First Crusade","desc_en":"Answering Pope Urban II's call of 1095, Western European knights marched east, took Jerusalem in 1099 and founded the crusader states, launching nearly two centuries of crusades.","date_label_en":"1096–1099","place_en":"Jerusalem"},{"id":"east_asia-x206","start":1097,"date_label":"1097年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"义天创天台宗","desc":"高丽王子出身的大觉国师义天入宋求法归国，在国清寺开创海东天台宗，并编集《新编诸宗教藏总录》刊刻续藏经。","importance":1,"lat":37.97,"lng":126.55,"place":"开京(开城)","title_en":"Uicheon Founds Cheontae","desc_en":"National Preceptor Daegak (Uicheon), a Goryeo prince, studied in Song China and on his return founded the Korean Cheontae school at Gukcheongsa; he also compiled a new catalogue of the scriptures of all schools and printed a supplementary canon.","date_label_en":"1097","place_en":"Gaegyeong (Kaesong)"},{"id":"europe-x099","start":1098,"date_label":"1098年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"熙笃会创立","desc":"罗贝尔在勃艮第西多创立熙笃会，提倡简朴苦修与亲手劳作，熙笃会修院大规模开垦荒地、经营羊毛与冶铁，影响遍及欧洲。","importance":2,"lat":47.13,"lng":5.09,"place":"西多","title_en":"Cistercian Order Founded","desc_en":"Robert founded the Cistercian Order at Cîteaux in Burgundy, promoting austerity and manual labor; Cistercian monasteries cleared wasteland on a large scale and ran wool and ironworks, with influence across Europe.","date_label_en":"1098","place_en":"Cîteaux"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-050","start":1099,"date_label":"1099年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"十字军攻占耶路撒冷","desc":"第一次十字军攻陷耶路撒冷，建立耶路撒冷王国等十字军国家，开启近两百年的东西方冲突。","importance":3,"lat":31.78,"lng":35.23,"place":"耶路撒冷","title_en":"Crusaders Take Jerusalem","desc_en":"The First Crusade captured Jerusalem and founded the Kingdom of Jerusalem and other crusader states, opening nearly two centuries of conflict between East and West.","date_label_en":"1099","place_en":"Jerusalem"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-011","start":1100,"end":1450,"date_label":"约1100—1450年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"大津巴布韦","desc":"绍纳人在今津巴布韦建造不用灰浆的巨大石墙建筑群，以黄金和象牙贸易连通印度洋，鼎盛期人口约一两万，是南部非洲最大的前殖民时代石构遗址。","importance":2,"lat":-20.27,"lng":30.93,"place":"马斯温戈附近","title_en":"Great Zimbabwe","desc_en":"The Shona built a vast complex of mortarless stone walls in present-day Zimbabwe, linked to the Indian Ocean by the gold and ivory trade; with perhaps 10,000–20,000 people at its height, it is the largest precolonial stone site in southern Africa.","date_label_en":"c. 1100–1450","place_en":"Near Masvingo"},{"id":"south_asia-x055","start":1100,"date_label":"约11—12世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"罗摩奴阇与限定不二论","desc":"毗湿奴派哲学家罗摩奴阇以斯里兰甘为中心，提出\"限定不二论\"，强调对神的虔信，为虔信运动提供了理论基础。","importance":2,"lat":10.86,"lng":78.69,"place":"斯里兰甘","title_en":"Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita","desc_en":"Based at Srirangam, the Vaishnava philosopher Ramanuja propounded qualified non-dualism (Vishishtadvaita), stressing devotion to God and giving the bhakti movement its theoretical foundation.","date_label_en":"c. 11th–12th centuries","place_en":"Srirangam"},{"id":"europe-x100","start":1100,"date_label":"约1100年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"《罗兰之歌》","desc":"古法语英雄史诗《罗兰之歌》约成书于1100年，歌颂查理曼的骑士罗兰；同期南法吟游诗人兴起，开创骑士抒情诗传统。","importance":2,"lat":46.58,"lng":0.34,"place":"普瓦捷","title_en":"The Song of Roland","desc_en":"The Old French epic The Song of Roland, celebrating Charlemagne's knight Roland, was composed around 1100; at the same time troubadours arose in southern France, founding the tradition of courtly lyric.","date_label_en":"c. 1100","place_en":"Poitiers"},{"id":"east_asia-x207","start":1102,"date_label":"1102年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"海东通宝","desc":"高丽肃宗采纳义天等人主张推行铸币，设铸钱都监铸造海东通宝等铜钱，但因民间习惯以米、布交易，流通有限。","importance":1,"lat":37.97,"lng":126.55,"place":"开京(开城)","title_en":"Haedong Tongbo Coins","desc_en":"King Sukjong of Goryeo, adopting the proposals of Uicheon and others, promoted coinage and set up a Mint Directorate to cast copper coins such as the Haedong tongbo, but circulation was limited because people were used to trading in rice and cloth.","date_label_en":"1102","place_en":"Gaegyeong (Kaesong)"},{"id":"east_asia-x208","start":1103,"date_label":"1103年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"李诫《营造法式》","desc":"北宋将作监李诫编修《营造法式》并刊行，规定建筑设计标准、材分模数制度与工料定额，是中国古代最完整的建筑技术专书。","importance":2,"lat":34.8,"lng":114.31,"place":"开封","title_en":"Li Jie's Yingzao Fashi","desc_en":"Li Jie of the Northern Song Directorate of Construction compiled and published the Yingzao Fashi, setting standards for architectural design, a modular unit system and quotas for labor and materials; it is the most complete technical treatise on architecture from premodern China.","date_label_en":"1103","place_en":"Kaifeng"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x020","start":1105,"date_label":"约1105年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"阿难陀寺","desc":"蒲甘王江喜陀主持建成阿难陀寺，平面呈十字形，内供四尊立佛，是蒲甘数千座佛塔寺庙中最著名的建筑之一。","importance":2,"lat":21.17,"lng":94.87,"place":"蒲甘","title_en":"Ananda Temple","desc_en":"King Kyansittha of Pagan completed the Ananda Temple, cruciform in plan and housing four standing Buddhas; it is one of the most famous of Pagan's thousands of pagodas and temples.","date_label_en":"c. 1105","place_en":"Pagan"},{"id":"southeast_asia-014","start":1113,"end":1150,"date_label":"约1113—1150年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"吴哥窟建成","desc":"苏利耶跋摩二世兴建供奉毗湿奴的吴哥窟，以五座莲花塔与长廊浮雕著称，是世界最大的宗教建筑，后转为佛教寺院。","importance":3,"lat":13.41,"lng":103.87,"place":"暹粒吴哥窟","title_en":"Angkor Wat Built","desc_en":"Suryavarman II built Angkor Wat, dedicated to Vishnu and famed for its five lotus towers and galleries of reliefs; the world's largest religious monument, it later became a Buddhist temple.","date_label_en":"c. 1113–1150","place_en":"Angkor Wat, Siem Reap"},{"id":"east_asia-x209","start":1113,"date_label":"1113年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《千里江山图》","desc":"北宋宫廷画院十八岁的学生王希孟在宋徽宗亲授下绘成青绿山水长卷《千里江山图》，画卷长近12米，现藏故宫博物院。","importance":2,"lat":34.8,"lng":114.31,"place":"开封","title_en":"A Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains","desc_en":"Wang Ximeng, an 18-year-old student at the Northern Song painting academy taught personally by Emperor Huizong, painted the blue-green landscape scroll A Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains, nearly 12 m long, now in the Palace Museum.","date_label_en":"1113","place_en":"Kaifeng"},{"id":"east_asia-x210","start":1115,"date_label":"1115年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"女真建立金朝","desc":"女真首领完颜阿骨打称帝建立金朝，1125年灭辽，1127年攻破开封俘虏宋徽宗、钦宗，统治中国北方达百余年。","importance":2,"lat":45.51,"lng":126.96,"place":"会宁府(阿城)","title_en":"Jurchens Found the Jin Dynasty","desc_en":"The Jurchen leader Wanyan Aguda proclaimed himself emperor of the Jin dynasty, which destroyed the Liao in 1125 and in 1127 took Kaifeng and captured emperors Huizong and Qinzong of Song, ruling northern China for over a century.","date_label_en":"1115","place_en":"Huining (Acheng)"},{"id":"south_asia-x056","start":1117,"date_label":"1117年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"贝鲁尔神庙","desc":"曷萨拉王毗湿奴伐弹那在贝鲁尔兴建禅那盖沙瓦神庙，以皂石精雕繁复的人物与装饰，是曷萨拉建筑风格的代表。","importance":1,"lat":13.16,"lng":75.86,"place":"贝鲁尔","title_en":"Belur Temple","desc_en":"The Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana built the Chennakeshava Temple at Belur, with intricately carved figures and ornament in soapstone, a prime example of the Hoysala style.","date_label_en":"1117","place_en":"Belur"},{"id":"east_asia-x211","start":1119,"date_label":"1119年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"指南针用于航海","desc":"朱彧《萍洲可谈》记述广州海船“夜则观星，昼则观日，阴晦观指南针”，这是世界上指南针用于航海的最早文献记载。","importance":2,"lat":23.13,"lng":113.26,"place":"广州","title_en":"Compass Used at Sea","desc_en":"Zhu Yu's Pingzhou Table Talk records that Guangzhou ships \"watch the stars at night, the sun by day, and the south-pointing needle when it is overcast,\" the world's earliest written record of the compass used in navigation.","date_label_en":"1119","place_en":"Guangzhou"},{"id":"east_asia-x212","start":1120,"date_label":"约12世纪初","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"《清明上河图》","desc":"北宋张择端绘《清明上河图》，描绘汴京城内外的市井、虹桥、漕船、商铺与各色人物，是宋代城市商业繁荣的生动写照。","importance":3,"lat":34.8,"lng":114.31,"place":"开封","title_en":"Along the River During the Qingming Festival","desc_en":"Zhang Zeduan of the Northern Song painted Along the River During the Qingming Festival, depicting markets, the Rainbow Bridge, grain barges, shops and all manner of people in and around Bianjing, a vivid portrait of Song urban commerce.","date_label_en":"c. early 12th century","place_en":"Kaifeng"},{"id":"europe-x101","start":1122,"date_label":"1122年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"沃尔姆斯宗教协定","desc":"教皇与神圣罗马皇帝亨利五世签订协定，主教由教会选举、皇帝授予世俗权标，结束长达数十年的叙任权之争。","importance":2,"lat":49.63,"lng":8.36,"place":"沃尔姆斯","title_en":"Concordat of Worms","desc_en":"The pope and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agreed that bishops would be elected by the Church while the emperor conferred their secular regalia, ending decades of the investiture controversy.","date_label_en":"1122","place_en":"Worms"},{"id":"inner_asia-025","start":1124,"end":1218,"date_label":"1124—1218年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"西辽","desc":"辽宗室耶律大石西迁中亚建立西辽（喀喇契丹），1141年卡特万之战大败塞尔柱联军，统治中亚近百年。","importance":1,"lat":42.75,"lng":75.25,"place":"八剌沙衮","title_en":"Western Liao","desc_en":"Yelü Dashi of the Liao imperial clan moved west to Central Asia and founded the Western Liao (Qara Khitai); in 1141 he crushed a Seljuk coalition at the Battle of Qatwan, and the dynasty ruled Central Asia for nearly a century.","date_label_en":"1124–1218","place_en":"Balasagun"},{"id":"east_asia-x213","start":1124,"date_label":"1124年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"中尊寺金色堂","desc":"奥州藤原氏藤原清衡在平泉建成中尊寺金色堂，内外贴满金箔，显示奥州藤原氏依靠砂金与良马贸易积累的雄厚财富。","importance":2,"lat":38.99,"lng":141.11,"place":"岩手平泉","title_en":"Konjiki-dō of Chūson-ji","desc_en":"Fujiwara no Kiyohira of the Ōshū Fujiwara built the Konjiki-dō (Golden Hall) of Chūson-ji at Hiraizumi, covered inside and out in gold leaf, displaying the wealth the clan amassed from gold dust and fine horses.","date_label_en":"1124","place_en":"Hiraizumi, Iwate"},{"id":"east_asia-054","start":1127,"date_label":"1127年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"靖康之变与南宋","desc":"女真建立的金攻破开封，俘虏徽、钦二帝，北宋灭亡，赵构即位建立南宋，中国经济文化重心加速南移。","importance":2,"lat":30.25,"lng":120.17,"place":"临安(杭州)","title_en":"Jingkang Incident and Southern Song","desc_en":"The Jurchen Jin took Kaifeng and captured emperors Huizong and Qinzong, ending the Northern Song; Zhao Gou took the throne and founded the Southern Song, accelerating the southward shift of China's economic and cultural center.","date_label_en":"1127","place_en":"Lin'an (Hangzhou)"},{"id":"inner_asia-x045","start":1127,"date_label":"1127年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"布哈拉卡隆宣礼塔","desc":"喀喇汗王朝在布哈拉建成高约46米的卡隆宣礼塔，砖砌纹饰繁复，传说成吉思汗攻城时亦未拆毁。","importance":1,"lat":39.78,"lng":64.41,"place":"布哈拉","title_en":"Kalyan Minaret, Bukhara","desc_en":"The Kara-Khanids built the Kalyan Minaret in Bukhara, about 46 m tall with intricate brickwork; legend says even Genghis Khan spared it when he took the city.","date_label_en":"1127","place_en":"Bukhara"},{"id":"europe-x102","start":1130,"date_label":"1130年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"西西里诺曼王国","desc":"诺曼人罗杰二世加冕为西西里国王，治下拉丁、希腊、阿拉伯文化交融，巴勒莫成为地中海最多元的宫廷之一。","importance":2,"lat":38.12,"lng":13.36,"place":"巴勒莫","title_en":"Norman Kingdom of Sicily","desc_en":"The Norman Roger II was crowned King of Sicily; under his rule Latin, Greek and Arab cultures blended, and Palermo became one of the most diverse courts in the Mediterranean.","date_label_en":"1130","place_en":"Palermo"},{"id":"europe-x103","start":1130,"end":1280,"date_label":"约12–13世纪","region":"europe","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"托莱多翻译运动","desc":"收复后的托莱多聚集基督徒、犹太和穆斯林学者，将亚里士多德、托勒密及阿拉伯科学著作译成拉丁文，推动欧洲学术复兴。","importance":2,"lat":39.86,"lng":-4.02,"place":"托莱多","title_en":"Toledo Translation Movement","desc_en":"Reconquered Toledo drew Christian, Jewish and Muslim scholars who translated Aristotle, Ptolemy and Arabic scientific works into Latin, fueling Europe's revival of learning.","date_label_en":"c. 12th–13th centuries","place_en":"Toledo"},{"id":"east_asia-x214","start":1135,"date_label":"1135年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"妙清之乱","desc":"僧人妙清主张迁都西京（平壤）、称帝建元并北伐金朝，遭开京贵族反对后据西京起兵，被金富轼率军镇压。","importance":1,"lat":39.03,"lng":125.75,"place":"西京(平壤)","title_en":"Myocheong Rebellion","desc_en":"The monk Myocheong urged moving the capital to Seogyeong (Pyongyang), proclaiming an empire with its own era name and attacking the Jin; opposed by the Gaegyeong aristocracy, he rebelled at Seogyeong and was crushed by an army under Kim Bu-sik.","date_label_en":"1135","place_en":"Seogyeong (Pyongyang)"},{"id":"europe-x104","start":1136,"date_label":"1136年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"诺夫哥罗德共和国","desc":"诺夫哥罗德市民驱逐王公，由市民大会维切选举官员和大主教，凭借毛皮贸易与汉萨商人往来，成为罗斯的商业共和国。","importance":2,"lat":58.52,"lng":31.27,"place":"诺夫哥罗德","title_en":"Novgorod Republic","desc_en":"The citizens of Novgorod expelled their prince and had the veche assembly elect officials and the archbishop; thriving on the fur trade with Hanseatic merchants, it became the commercial republic of Rus'.","date_label_en":"1136","place_en":"Novgorod"},{"id":"east_asia-x215","start":1140,"date_label":"1140年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"郾城之战与岳飞北伐","desc":"岳飞北伐在郾城击败金兀术的精锐骑兵，进抵朱仙镇，却被宋高宗以十二道金牌召回，1142年以“莫须有”罪名遇害。","importance":2,"lat":33.59,"lng":114.0,"place":"河南漯河郾城","title_en":"Battle of Yancheng and Yue Fei's Northern Campaign","desc_en":"On his northern campaign Yue Fei defeated the elite cavalry of the Jin commander Wuzhu at Yancheng and advanced to Zhuxian, but Emperor Gaozong of Song recalled him with twelve gold-lacquered edicts; in 1142 he was executed on a trumped-up charge of \"perhaps.\"","date_label_en":"1140","place_en":"Yancheng, Luohe, Henan"},{"id":"europe-x105","start":1140,"date_label":"约1140年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"格拉提安《教令集》","desc":"博洛尼亚的格拉提安整理历代教会法令编成《教令集》，奠定教会法学科，与罗马法研究共同使博洛尼亚成为法学中心。","importance":1,"lat":44.49,"lng":11.34,"place":"博洛尼亚","title_en":"Gratian's Decretum","desc_en":"Gratian of Bologna compiled centuries of church decrees into the Decretum, founding the discipline of canon law; with the study of Roman law, it made Bologna the center of legal studies.","date_label_en":"c. 1140","place_en":"Bologna"},{"id":"east_asia-x216","start":1141,"date_label":"1141年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"绍兴和议","desc":"宋金议和，以淮水至大散关一线为界，南宋向金称臣，每年纳贡银、绢各二十五万，南北对峙格局正式固定。","importance":2,"lat":30.27,"lng":120.16,"place":"临安(杭州)","title_en":"Treaty of Shaoxing","desc_en":"Song and Jin made peace with the border set along the Huai River to Dasan Pass; the Southern Song declared itself a vassal of the Jin and paid 250,000 taels of silver and 250,000 bolts of silk a year, fixing the north–south standoff.","date_label_en":"1141","place_en":"Lin'an (Hangzhou)"},{"id":"inner_asia-x046","start":1141,"date_label":"1141年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"卡特万之战","desc":"西辽耶律大石在撒马尔罕附近的卡特万草原大败塞尔柱苏丹桑贾尔，河中地区归西辽宗主，“约翰长老”传说或与此役有关。","importance":2,"lat":39.65,"lng":66.96,"place":"撒马尔罕","title_en":"Battle of Qatwan","desc_en":"Yelü Dashi of the Western Liao crushed the Seljuk sultan Sanjar on the Qatwan steppe near Samarkand, bringing Transoxiana under Western Liao suzerainty; the legend of \"Prester John\" may be linked to this battle.","date_label_en":"1141","place_en":"Samarkand"},{"id":"europe-x106","start":1143,"date_label":"1143年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"葡萄牙王国获承认","desc":"萨莫拉条约中卡斯蒂利亚承认阿方索·恩里克斯为葡萄牙国王，1147年他在十字军协助下攻占里斯本。","importance":2,"lat":41.44,"lng":-8.3,"place":"吉马良斯","title_en":"Kingdom of Portugal Recognized","desc_en":"In the Treaty of Zamora, Castile recognized Afonso Henriques as King of Portugal; in 1147, aided by crusaders, he captured Lisbon.","date_label_en":"1143","place_en":"Guimarães"},{"id":"east_asia-x217","start":1145,"date_label":"1145年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《三国史记》","desc":"高丽金富轼奉命编撰纪传体史书《三国史记》五十卷，记载新罗、高句丽、百济历史，是朝鲜半岛现存最早的正史。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":126.55,"place":"开京(开城)","title_en":"Samguk Sagi","desc_en":"Commissioned by the court, Kim Bu-sik of Goryeo compiled the Samguk sagi, a 50-fascicle annals-and-biographies history of Silla, Goguryeo and Baekje, the oldest surviving official history of the Korean Peninsula.","date_label_en":"1145","place_en":"Gaegyeong (Kaesong)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x114","start":1147,"date_label":"1147年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"穆瓦希德王朝","desc":"主张严格一神论的穆瓦希德运动攻占马拉喀什推翻穆拉比特王朝，后统一马格里布与安达卢斯，伊本·鲁世德曾在其宫廷任职。","importance":2,"lat":31.62,"lng":-7.99,"place":"马拉喀什","title_en":"Almohad Caliphate","desc_en":"The Almohad movement, preaching strict monotheism, took Marrakesh and overthrew the Almoravids, later unifying the Maghreb and al-Andalus; Ibn Rushd (Averroes) served at its court.","date_label_en":"1147","place_en":"Marrakesh"},{"id":"europe-042","start":1150,"end":1250,"date_label":"12—13世纪","region":"europe","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"哥特式大教堂兴建","desc":"以尖拱、肋架拱顶、飞扶壁和彩色玻璃窗为特征的哥特式建筑兴起，巴黎圣母院、沙特尔大教堂等相继兴建。","importance":2,"lat":48.85,"lng":2.35,"place":"巴黎圣母院","title_en":"Gothic Cathedrals Rise","desc_en":"Gothic architecture, marked by pointed arches, rib vaults, flying buttresses and stained-glass windows, emerged, and cathedrals such as Notre-Dame de Paris and Chartres were built.","date_label_en":"12th–13th centuries","place_en":"Notre-Dame de Paris"},{"id":"east_asia-x218","start":1150,"date_label":"约12世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"高丽青瓷","desc":"高丽青瓷在12世纪达到鼎盛，以“翡色”釉和独创的象嵌技法著称，宋人太平老人《袖中锦》将“高丽秘色”列为天下第一。","importance":2,"lat":34.64,"lng":126.77,"place":"全罗南道康津","title_en":"Goryeo Celadon","desc_en":"Goryeo celadon reached its peak in the 12th century, famed for its \"kingfisher\" glaze and unique inlay technique; the Song author Taiping Laoren in his Xiuzhongjin ranked \"Goryeo secret-color ware\" first under heaven.","date_label_en":"c. 12th century","place_en":"Gangjin, South Jeolla"},{"id":"south_asia-x057","start":1150,"date_label":"1150年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"婆什迦罗二世著作","desc":"婆什迦罗二世著《天文学精髓》，其中《丽罗婆提》讲算术、几何，并讨论不定方程与类似微分的思想，是中世纪印度数学的高峰。","importance":2,"lat":23.18,"lng":75.78,"place":"乌贾因","title_en":"Bhaskara II's Works","desc_en":"Bhaskara II wrote the Siddhanta Shiromani, whose Lilavati covers arithmetic and geometry and discusses indeterminate equations and ideas akin to differentiation, the high point of medieval Indian mathematics.","date_label_en":"1150","place_en":"Ujjain"},{"id":"europe-x107","start":1150,"date_label":"约1150年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"宾根的希尔德加德","desc":"德意志女修道院院长希尔德加德撰写神学异象录、药草与医学著作并创作大量圣歌，是中世纪罕见的女性学者与作曲家。","importance":1,"lat":49.97,"lng":7.9,"place":"宾根","title_en":"Hildegard of Bingen","desc_en":"The German abbess Hildegard wrote theological visions and works on herbs and medicine and composed many chants, a rare female scholar and composer of the Middle Ages.","date_label_en":"c. 1150","place_en":"Bingen"},{"id":"europe-x108","start":1150,"date_label":"约1150年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"巴黎大学兴起","desc":"巴黎圣母院学校的师生逐渐组成行会式团体，约1200年获国王特许，巴黎大学成为经院神学与哲学的欧洲中心。","importance":2,"lat":48.85,"lng":2.34,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Rise of the University of Paris","desc_en":"Masters and students of the Notre-Dame cathedral school gradually formed a guild-like corporation, chartered by the king around 1200; the University of Paris became Europe's center of scholastic theology and philosophy.","date_label_en":"c. 1150","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"south_asia-x058","start":1153,"end":1186,"date_label":"1153—1186年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"波罗迦罗摩巴忽一世","desc":"斯里兰卡国王波罗迦罗摩巴忽一世统一全岛，在波隆纳鲁沃大兴土木，修建巨型水库\"波罗迦罗摩海\"，发展灌溉农业。","importance":2,"lat":7.94,"lng":81.0,"place":"波隆纳鲁沃","title_en":"Parakramabahu I","desc_en":"King Parakramabahu I of Sri Lanka unified the island, built extensively at Polonnaruwa and created the giant Parakrama Samudra reservoir to develop irrigated farming.","date_label_en":"1153–1186","place_en":"Polonnaruwa"},{"id":"east_asia-x219","start":1159,"date_label":"1156–1159年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"保元平治之乱","desc":"皇室与摄关家内部争斗引发保元之乱，三年后又爆发平治之乱，平清盛击败源义朝，武士开始左右中央政局。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"平安京(京都)","title_en":"Hōgen and Heiji Disturbances","desc_en":"Feuds within the imperial house and the regent family sparked the Hōgen Disturbance, followed three years later by the Heiji Disturbance, in which Taira no Kiyomori defeated Minamoto no Yoshitomo; warriors began to sway central politics.","date_label_en":"1156–1159","place_en":"Heian-kyō (Kyoto)"},{"id":"east_asia-x220","start":1160,"date_label":"1160年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"南宋会子","desc":"南宋设立行在会子务发行纸币“会子”，成为东南地区流通最广的货币；后期因军费浩大而滥发，币值不断下跌。","importance":2,"lat":30.27,"lng":120.16,"place":"临安(杭州)","title_en":"Southern Song Huizi","desc_en":"The Southern Song set up a Huizi Bureau in the capital to issue the paper currency huizi, which became the most widely circulated money in the southeast; later overissued to meet huge military costs, it steadily lost value.","date_label_en":"1160","place_en":"Lin'an (Hangzhou)"},{"id":"south_asia-x059","start":1160,"date_label":"约12世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"巴萨瓦与林伽派","desc":"卡纳塔克的巴萨瓦在卡利扬尼宫廷任职，倡导以个人虔信湿婆、反对种姓与繁琐仪式，以卡纳达语诗歌传道，推动林伽派形成。","importance":1,"lat":17.87,"lng":76.95,"place":"巴萨瓦卡利扬","title_en":"Basava and the Lingayats","desc_en":"Basava of Karnataka, an official at the Kalyani court, advocated personal devotion to Shiva and rejected caste and elaborate ritual, preaching through Kannada poetry and shaping the Lingayat movement.","date_label_en":"c. 12th century","place_en":"Basavakalyan"},{"id":"inner_asia-x047","start":1160,"date_label":"约12世纪","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"亚萨维与突厥苏菲主义","desc":"苏菲导师艾哈迈德·亚萨维用突厥语传教，创立亚萨维教团，推动草原突厥人的伊斯兰化；帖木儿后为其修建大陵墓。","importance":2,"lat":43.3,"lng":68.27,"place":"突厥斯坦市","title_en":"Yasawi and Turkic Sufism","desc_en":"The Sufi master Ahmad Yasawi preached in Turkic and founded the Yasawiyya order, advancing the Islamization of the steppe Turks; Timur later built him a great mausoleum.","date_label_en":"c. 12th century","place_en":"Turkistan"},{"id":"south_asia-x060","start":1163,"end":1323,"date_label":"约1163—1323年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"卡卡提亚王朝","desc":"卡卡提亚王朝以瓦朗加尔为都统治德干东部，修建大量灌溉水塘，鼓励泰卢固语文学，1323年被德里苏丹国征服。","importance":1,"lat":17.97,"lng":79.59,"place":"瓦朗加尔","title_en":"Kakatiya Dynasty","desc_en":"The Kakatiya dynasty ruled the eastern Deccan from Warangal, built many irrigation tanks and encouraged Telugu literature; it was conquered by the Delhi Sultanate in 1323.","date_label_en":"c. 1163–1323","place_en":"Warangal"},{"id":"east_asia-x221","start":1167,"date_label":"1167年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"平清盛与日宋贸易","desc":"平清盛成为第一位出任太政大臣的武士，平氏一门显赫一时；他修筑大轮田泊港口积极推动日宋贸易，大量宋钱流入日本。","importance":2,"lat":34.65,"lng":135.17,"place":"神户大轮田泊","title_en":"Taira no Kiyomori and Song Trade","desc_en":"Taira no Kiyomori became the first warrior to serve as Grand Minister, and the Taira clan reached the height of its glory; he built the port of Ōwada no Tomari and actively promoted trade with Song China, and large amounts of Song coins flowed into Japan.","date_label_en":"1167","place_en":"Ōwada no Tomari, Kobe"},{"id":"europe-x109","start":1167,"date_label":"约1167年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"牛津大学兴起","desc":"英王亨利二世禁止英格兰学生赴巴黎求学后，牛津的学术团体迅速壮大，成为英语世界最古老的大学。","importance":2,"lat":51.75,"lng":-1.26,"place":"牛津","title_en":"Rise of Oxford University","desc_en":"After Henry II of England barred English students from studying in Paris, Oxford's scholarly community grew quickly, becoming the oldest university in the English-speaking world.","date_label_en":"c. 1167","place_en":"Oxford"},{"id":"east_asia-x222","start":1170,"date_label":"1170年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"武臣政变","desc":"长期受文臣压抑的武臣郑仲夫等发动政变，杀戮大批文官，废黜毅宗，高丽进入约一百年的武臣执政时期。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":126.55,"place":"开京(开城)","title_en":"Military Coup of 1170","desc_en":"Long held down by civil officials, military officers led by Jeong Jung-bu staged a coup, massacred many civil officials and deposed King Uijong; Goryeo entered about a century of military rule.","date_label_en":"1170","place_en":"Gaegyeong (Kaesong)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x115","start":1171,"date_label":"1171年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"阿尤布王朝建立","desc":"萨拉丁废黜法蒂玛王朝，恢复埃及对阿拔斯哈里发的名义效忠，建立阿尤布王朝，并开建开罗城堡，统一埃及与叙利亚。","importance":2,"lat":30.03,"lng":31.26,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Ayyubid Dynasty Founded","desc_en":"Saladin deposed the Fatimids, restored Egypt's nominal allegiance to the Abbasid caliph and founded the Ayyubid dynasty; he began building the Cairo Citadel and united Egypt and Syria.","date_label_en":"1171","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"east_asia-x223","start":1175,"date_label":"1175年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"鹅湖之会","desc":"朱熹与陆九渊兄弟在信州铅山鹅湖寺论辩治学方法，朱熹重“道问学”，陆九渊重“尊德性”，理学与心学之分由此彰显。","importance":2,"lat":28.21,"lng":117.63,"place":"江西铅山鹅湖","title_en":"Goose Lake Debate","desc_en":"Zhu Xi and the Lu brothers, including Lu Jiuyuan, debated methods of learning at Goose Lake Temple in Qianshan, Xinzhou; Zhu stressed \"following the path of inquiry,\" Lu \"honoring the moral nature,\" highlighting the divide between the School of Principle and the School of Mind.","date_label_en":"1175","place_en":"Goose Lake, Qianshan, Jiangxi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x021","start":1177,"date_label":"1177年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"占婆攻陷吴哥","desc":"占婆军队经洞里萨湖水路突袭吴哥，攻陷都城，此后阇耶跋摩七世起兵驱逐占婆军，并于1181年登基。","importance":2,"lat":13.41,"lng":103.87,"place":"吴哥","title_en":"Champa Sacks Angkor","desc_en":"A Cham army struck Angkor by water across the Tonle Sap and took the capital; Jayavarman VII then rose to drive out the Cham and was crowned in 1181.","date_label_en":"1177","place_en":"Angkor"},{"id":"europe-x110","start":1180,"end":1300,"date_label":"约12–13世纪","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"香槟集市","desc":"香槟伯爵保护下的特鲁瓦、普罗万等地轮流举办全年集市，意大利与佛兰德斯商人在此交易呢绒香料，并发展出汇票与清算。","importance":2,"lat":48.3,"lng":4.08,"place":"特鲁瓦","title_en":"Champagne Fairs","desc_en":"Under the protection of the Counts of Champagne, towns such as Troyes and Provins hosted fairs in rotation throughout the year, where Italian and Flemish merchants traded cloth and spices and developed bills of exchange and clearing.","date_label_en":"c. 12th–13th centuries","place_en":"Troyes"},{"id":"oceania-x008","start":1180,"end":1628,"date_label":"约1180–1628年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"南马都尔","desc":"密克罗尼西亚波纳佩岛外的绍德雷尔王朝以玄武岩巨柱在珊瑚礁上筑起近百座人工岛，构成礼仪与政治中心南马都尔，被称为“太平洋的威尼斯”。","importance":2,"lat":6.84,"lng":158.33,"place":"波纳佩","title_en":"Nan Madol","desc_en":"Off Pohnpei in Micronesia, the Saudeleur dynasty built nearly a hundred artificial islets on the coral reef from massive basalt columns, forming the ceremonial and political center of Nan Madol, called the \"Venice of the Pacific.\"","date_label_en":"c. 1180–1628","place_en":"Pohnpei"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-012","start":1181,"end":1221,"date_label":"约12—13世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"拉利贝拉岩凿教堂","desc":"埃塞俄比亚扎格维王朝国王拉利贝拉在位期间，在整块火山岩中向下凿出十一座教堂，被视为“新耶路撒冷”，至今仍是东正教朝圣圣地。","importance":1,"lat":12.03,"lng":39.04,"place":"拉利贝拉","title_en":"Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela","desc_en":"During the reign of King Lalibela of Ethiopia's Zagwe dynasty, eleven churches were carved downward into solid volcanic rock; seen as a \"New Jerusalem,\" they remain an Orthodox pilgrimage site today.","date_label_en":"c. 12th–13th centuries","place_en":"Lalibela"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x022","start":1181,"end":1218,"date_label":"1181—约1218年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"阇耶跋摩七世","desc":"阇耶跋摩七世尊奉大乘佛教，兴建吴哥通王城与巴戎寺，铭文记载他在全国设立102所医院，并修建驿站与道路。","importance":2,"lat":13.44,"lng":103.86,"place":"吴哥通王城","title_en":"Jayavarman VII","desc_en":"Jayavarman VII embraced Mahayana Buddhism and built Angkor Thom and the Bayon; inscriptions say he founded 102 hospitals across the realm and built rest houses and roads.","date_label_en":"1181–c. 1218","place_en":"Angkor Thom"},{"id":"east_asia-055","start":1185,"date_label":"1185–1192年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"镰仓幕府建立","desc":"1185年源氏在坛之浦灭平氏，1192年源赖朝受封征夷大将军，镰仓幕府确立，日本进入武家政权时代。","importance":2,"lat":35.32,"lng":139.55,"place":"镰仓","title_en":"Kamakura Shogunate Founded","desc_en":"In 1185 the Minamoto destroyed the Taira at Dan-no-ura, and in 1192 Minamoto no Yoritomo was named seii taishōgun; the Kamakura shogunate was established and Japan entered an era of warrior rule.","date_label_en":"1185–1192","place_en":"Kamakura"},{"id":"east_asia-x224","start":1185,"date_label":"1185年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"坛之浦之战","desc":"源义经率源氏水军在关门海峡坛之浦歼灭平氏，年幼的安德天皇随外祖母投海，平氏灭亡，源平合战结束。","importance":2,"lat":33.96,"lng":130.96,"place":"山口下关坛之浦","title_en":"Battle of Dan-no-ura","desc_en":"Minamoto no Yoshitsune led the Minamoto fleet to annihilate the Taira at Dan-no-ura in the Kanmon Strait; the child Emperor Antoku drowned with his grandmother, the Taira fell, and the Genpei War ended.","date_label_en":"1185","place_en":"Dan-no-ura, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi"},{"id":"europe-x111","start":1185,"date_label":"1185年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"第二保加利亚帝国","desc":"阿森与彼得兄弟在特尔诺沃起兵反抗拜占庭，建立第二保加利亚帝国，13世纪前期在伊凡·阿森二世治下称雄巴尔干。","importance":1,"lat":43.08,"lng":25.63,"place":"大特尔诺沃","title_en":"Second Bulgarian Empire","desc_en":"The brothers Asen and Peter rose against Byzantium at Tarnovo and founded the Second Bulgarian Empire, which dominated the Balkans in the early 13th century under Ivan Asen II.","date_label_en":"1185","place_en":"Veliko Tarnovo"},{"id":"europe-x112","start":1185,"date_label":"1185年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"西欧立式风车","desc":"1185年英格兰约克郡有关风车的记载是西欧最早的可靠记录之一，立式风车随后在平原和低地国家广泛用于磨粉与排水。","importance":1,"lat":53.8,"lng":-0.6,"place":"约克郡","title_en":"Post Windmills in Western Europe","desc_en":"A 1185 reference to a windmill in Yorkshire, England, is among the earliest reliable records in Western Europe; post mills then spread widely across plains and the Low Countries for grinding grain and drainage.","date_label_en":"1185","place_en":"Yorkshire"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-051","start":1187,"date_label":"1187年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"萨拉丁收复耶路撒冷","desc":"阿尤布王朝创立者萨拉丁在哈丁战役击溃十字军，随后收复耶路撒冷，引发第三次十字军东征。","importance":2,"lat":31.78,"lng":35.23,"place":"耶路撒冷","title_en":"Saladin Retakes Jerusalem","desc_en":"Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, crushed the crusaders at the Battle of Hattin and then recaptured Jerusalem, prompting the Third Crusade.","date_label_en":"1187","place_en":"Jerusalem"},{"id":"east_asia-056","start":1190,"date_label":"12世纪后期","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"朱熹集理学大成","desc":"朱熹集理学之大成，所撰《四书章句集注》在元代被定为科举标准，程朱理学成为东亚各国的官方正统思想。","importance":2,"lat":27.75,"lng":118.04,"place":"福建武夷山","title_en":"Zhu Xi Synthesizes Neo-Confucianism","desc_en":"Zhu Xi brought Neo-Confucianism to its synthesis; his Collected Commentaries on the Four Books became the civil-examination standard under the Yuan, and Cheng–Zhu learning became official orthodoxy across East Asia.","date_label_en":"Late 12th century","place_en":"Wuyi Mountains, Fujian"},{"id":"south_asia-x061","start":1190,"date_label":"约12世纪末","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"契斯提教团扎根阿杰梅尔","desc":"苏菲圣人穆因丁·契斯提在阿杰梅尔传道，契斯提教团以音乐吟诵和亲近民众著称，成为南亚影响最大的苏菲教团之一。","importance":2,"lat":26.46,"lng":74.63,"place":"阿杰梅尔","title_en":"Chishti Order Takes Root in Ajmer","desc_en":"The Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti preached in Ajmer; the Chishti order, known for musical devotion and closeness to ordinary people, became one of the most influential Sufi orders in South Asia.","date_label_en":"c. late 12th century","place_en":"Ajmer"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x116","start":1190,"date_label":"约1190年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"迈蒙尼德《迷途指津》","desc":"犹太哲学家、医生迈蒙尼德在开罗以阿拉伯语写成《迷途指津》，调和亚里士多德哲学与犹太信仰，深刻影响中世纪犹太与基督教思想。","importance":2,"lat":30.05,"lng":31.25,"place":"福斯塔特","title_en":"Maimonides' Guide for the Perplexed","desc_en":"The Jewish philosopher and physician Maimonides wrote the Guide for the Perplexed in Arabic in Cairo, reconciling Aristotelian philosophy with Jewish faith and deeply influencing medieval Jewish and Christian thought.","date_label_en":"c. 1190","place_en":"Fustat"},{"id":"inner_asia-x048","start":1190,"date_label":"约1190年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"贾姆宣礼塔","desc":"古尔王朝在阿富汗山谷中建成高约65米的贾姆宣礼塔，砖砌纹饰与库法体铭文精美，是世界上第二高的古代砖砌宣礼塔。","importance":1,"lat":34.4,"lng":64.52,"place":"贾姆","title_en":"Minaret of Jam","desc_en":"The Ghurid dynasty built the roughly 65-meter Minaret of Jam in an Afghan valley, with fine brick ornament and Kufic inscriptions; it is the world's second-tallest historic brick minaret.","date_label_en":"c. 1190","place_en":"Jam"},{"id":"north_america-x010","start":1190,"end":1280,"date_label":"约1190–1280年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"梅萨维德崖居","desc":"祖先普韦布洛人在科罗拉多梅萨维德的悬崖凹处建造石砌住所，如有约150个房间的崖宫，13世纪末因长期干旱等原因南迁至格兰德河流域。","importance":1,"lat":37.18,"lng":-108.49,"place":"梅萨维德","title_en":"Mesa Verde Cliff Dwellings","desc_en":"Ancestral Puebloans built stone dwellings in cliff alcoves at Mesa Verde, Colorado, such as the roughly 150-room Cliff Palace; in the late 13th century prolonged drought and other factors drove them south to the Rio Grande valley.","date_label_en":"c. 1190–1280","place_en":"Mesa Verde"},{"id":"east_asia-x225","start":1191,"date_label":"1191年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"荣西传临济宗与茶","desc":"荣西第二次入宋归国，传入临济宗禅法，并带回茶种与饮茶方法，后著《吃茶养生记》，推动饮茶风气在日本流行。","importance":2,"lat":33.59,"lng":130.42,"place":"福冈博多","title_en":"Eisai Brings Rinzai Zen and Tea","desc_en":"Returning from his second trip to Song China, Eisai introduced Rinzai Zen and brought back tea seeds and tea-drinking methods; 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words like 'hammock' and 'hurricane' come from their language, and their population was nearly wiped out after Spanish colonization.","date_label_en":"c. 1200","place_en":"Hispaniola"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x028","start":1200,"date_label":"约12–15世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"伊费青铜头像","desc":"约鲁巴圣城伊费的工匠以铜锌合金与陶土塑造写实人像，比例精准、面部带细纹，代表西非古典艺术高峰，伊费也被约鲁巴人视为人类起源之地。","importance":2,"lat":7.47,"lng":4.56,"place":"伊费","title_en":"Ife Bronze Heads","desc_en":"Artists in Ife, the Yoruba sacred city, made naturalistic heads in copper-zinc alloy and terracotta with precise proportions and fine facial striations, a high point of West African classical art; the Yoruba regard Ife as the birthplace of humankind.","date_label_en":"c. 12th–15th century","place_en":"Ife"},{"id":"europe-x114","start":1202,"date_label":"1202年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"斐波那契《计算之书》","desc":"比萨商人之子斐波那契出版《计算之书》，向欧洲系统介绍印度-阿拉伯数字与位值计数，大大便利了商业记账和计算。","importance":2,"lat":43.72,"lng":10.4,"place":"比萨","title_en":"Fibonacci's Liber Abaci","desc_en":"Fibonacci, son of a Pisan merchant, published Liber Abaci, systematically introducing Hindu-Arabic numerals and place-value notation to Europe and greatly easing commercial bookkeeping and calculation.","date_label_en":"1202","place_en":"Pisa"},{"id":"europe-x115","start":1204,"date_label":"1204年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"十字军攻陷君士坦丁堡","desc":"第四次十字军在威尼斯引导下转攻君士坦丁堡并大肆劫掠，建立拉丁帝国，拜占庭分裂为数个流亡政权，元气大伤。","importance":2,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.98,"place":"君士坦丁堡","title_en":"Crusaders Sack Constantinople","desc_en":"Steered by Venice, the Fourth Crusade turned on Constantinople and plundered it, founding the Latin Empire; 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northern French nobles seized the chance to march south, Béziers was massacred, and Languedoc was eventually absorbed into the French royal domain.","date_label_en":"1209–1229","place_en":"Béziers"},{"id":"south_asia-x063","start":1211,"end":1236,"date_label":"1211—1236年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"伊勒图特米什巩固苏丹国","desc":"伊勒图特米什定都德里，获阿拔斯哈里发册封，推行\"伊克塔\"封地制度并发行银坦卡与铜吉塔尔货币，奠定苏丹国体制。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"德里","title_en":"Iltutmish Consolidates the Sultanate","desc_en":"Iltutmish made Delhi his capital, received investiture from the Abbasid caliph, instituted the iqta land-assignment system, and issued the silver tanka and copper jital, establishing the sultanate's institutions.","date_label_en":"1211–1236","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"europe-x118","start":1212,"date_label":"1212年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"纳瓦斯德托洛萨战役","desc":"卡斯蒂利亚、阿拉贡、纳瓦拉联军大败穆瓦希德王朝军队，基督教王国在伊比利亚半岛取得决定性优势。","importance":2,"lat":38.28,"lng":-3.59,"place":"纳瓦斯德托洛萨","title_en":"Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa","desc_en":"A coalition of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre routed the Almohad army, giving the Christian kingdoms the decisive upper hand in the Iberian Peninsula.","date_label_en":"1212","place_en":"Las Navas de Tolosa"},{"id":"europe-x119","start":1214,"date_label":"1214年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"布汶战役","desc":"法王腓力二世在布汶击败德意志皇帝奥托四世与英王约翰的联军，巩固法国王权，约翰失势后被迫签署《大宪章》。","importance":2,"lat":50.58,"lng":3.18,"place":"布汶","title_en":"Battle of Bouvines","desc_en":"Philip II of France defeated the allied forces of Emperor Otto IV and King John of England at Bouvines, strengthening the French crown; the weakened John was then forced to accept Magna Carta.","date_label_en":"1214","place_en":"Bouvines"},{"id":"europe-043","start":1215,"date_label":"1215年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"《大宪章》签署","desc":"英格兰国王约翰被迫与贵族签订《大宪章》，确认王权受法律约束、未经审判不得剥夺自由人权利，成为宪政传统的象征。","importance":3,"lat":51.44,"lng":-0.56,"place":"兰尼米德","title_en":"Magna Carta Sealed","desc_en":"King John of England was forced to agree to Magna Carta with his barons, affirming that royal power was bound by law and that free men could not be deprived of rights without judgment; it became a symbol of constitutional tradition.","date_label_en":"1215","place_en":"Runnymede"},{"id":"europe-x120","start":1215,"date_label":"1215年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"第四次拉特兰公会议","desc":"英诺森三世召开公会议，确立“变体论”、规定信徒每年至少告解一次，并要求犹太人穿着识别服饰，标志中世纪教权巅峰。","importance":1,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.51,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Fourth Lateran Council","desc_en":"Innocent III convened a council that defined transubstantiation, required the faithful to confess at least once a year, and ordered Jews to wear distinguishing dress, marking the height of medieval papal power.","date_label_en":"1215","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"inner_asia-x050","start":1218,"date_label":"1218年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"讹答剌事件","desc":"花剌子模讹答剌城守将杀害成吉思汗派出的约四百五十人商队，苏丹又杀蒙古使节，直接引发蒙古西征。","importance":2,"lat":42.85,"lng":68.3,"place":"讹答剌","title_en":"Otrar Incident","desc_en":"The Khwarazmian governor of Otrar killed a caravan of about 450 sent by Genghis Khan, and the sultan then killed Mongol envoys, directly provoking the Mongol invasion of the west.","date_label_en":"1218","place_en":"Otrar"},{"id":"inner_asia-027","start":1219,"end":1221,"date_label":"1219—1221年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"蒙古西征花剌子模","desc":"成吉思汗率军攻灭花剌子模，布哈拉、撒马尔罕、玉龙杰赤、木鹿等名城遭屠戮与破坏，中亚人口锐减。","importance":2,"lat":39.65,"lng":66.96,"place":"撒马尔罕","title_en":"Mongol Conquest of Khwarazm","desc_en":"Genghis Khan destroyed the Khwarazmian Empire; great cities such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Urgench, and Merv were massacred and ravaged, and Central Asia's population plummeted.","date_label_en":"1219–1221","place_en":"Samarkand"},{"id":"europe-x121","start":1220,"date_label":"约1220年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"斯诺里与冰岛萨迦","desc":"冰岛学者斯诺里·斯图鲁松撰写《散文埃达》和挪威王列传，冰岛萨迦文学兴盛，保存了大量北欧神话与维京时代记忆。","importance":2,"lat":64.66,"lng":-21.29,"place":"雷克霍特","title_en":"Snorri and the Icelandic Sagas","desc_en":"The Icelandic scholar Snorri Sturluson wrote the Prose Edda and the sagas of Norwegian kings; Icelandic saga literature flourished, preserving much of Norse mythology and Viking Age memory.","date_label_en":"c. 1220","place_en":"Reykholt"},{"id":"east_asia-x227","start":1221,"date_label":"1221年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"承久之乱","desc":"后鸟羽上皇起兵讨伐镰仓幕府，执权北条义时派大军攻入京都，上皇被流放隐岐，幕府设六波罗探题监视朝廷，武家权力压倒公家。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"平安京(京都)","title_en":"Jōkyū War","desc_en":"Retired Emperor Go-Toba rose against the Kamakura shogunate; regent Hōjō Yoshitoki sent a large army into Kyoto, exiled Go-Toba to Oki, and set up the Rokuhara Tandai to watch the court, as warrior power overtook the aristocracy.","date_label_en":"1221","place_en":"Heian-kyō (Kyoto)"},{"id":"inner_asia-x051","start":1221,"date_label":"1221年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"丘处机西行","desc":"全真道长丘处机应成吉思汗之召万里西行，在兴都库什山下觐见，其弟子李志常撰《长春真人西游记》记录沿途见闻。","importance":1,"lat":39.65,"lng":66.96,"place":"撒马尔罕","title_en":"Qiu Chuji's Journey West","desc_en":"Summoned by Genghis Khan, the Quanzhen Daoist master Qiu Chuji traveled thousands of miles west to meet him below the Hindu Kush; his disciple Li Zhichang recorded the journey in Travels to the West of Changchun.","date_label_en":"1221","place_en":"Samarkand"},{"id":"europe-x122","start":1222,"date_label":"1222年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"匈牙利金玺诏书","desc":"匈牙利国王安德烈二世颁布金玺诏书，承认贵族免税、不受无端拘捕及反抗违法国王的权利，常被比作匈牙利的《大宪章》。","importance":1,"lat":47.19,"lng":18.41,"place":"塞克什白堡","title_en":"Hungarian Golden Bull","desc_en":"King Andrew II of Hungary issued the Golden Bull, recognizing nobles' tax exemption, freedom from arbitrary arrest, and right to resist an unlawful king; it is often called Hungary's Magna Carta.","date_label_en":"1222","place_en":"Székesfehérvár"},{"id":"east_asia-x228","start":1224,"date_label":"约1175–1224年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"法然与亲鸾的净土信仰","desc":"法然提倡专修念佛开创净土宗；其弟子亲鸾约于1224年著《教行信证》，形成净土真宗，主张“恶人正机”，在平民中广泛传播。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"平安京(京都)","title_en":"Pure Land Faith of Hōnen and Shinran","desc_en":"Hōnen founded the Jōdo (Pure Land) school centered on exclusive nembutsu; his disciple Shinran wrote the Kyōgyōshinshō around 1224, forming Jōdo Shinshū, which taught that the wicked are the primary object of salvation and spread widely among commoners.","date_label_en":"c. 1175–1224","place_en":"Heian-kyō (Kyoto)"},{"id":"east_asia-x229","start":1225,"date_label":"1225年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"赵汝适《诸蕃志》","desc":"泉州市舶司提举赵汝适根据询问外商所得著《诸蕃志》，记载亚洲与东非五十余国的地理、风俗与物产，是研究海上丝路的重要文献。","importance":1,"lat":24.87,"lng":118.68,"place":"泉州","title_en":"Zhao Rugua's Zhu Fan Zhi","desc_en":"Zhao Rugua, superintendent of maritime trade at Quanzhou, compiled the Zhu Fan Zhi from interviews with foreign merchants, recording the geography, customs, and products of more than fifty lands in Asia and East Africa; it is a key source on the Maritime Silk Road.","date_label_en":"1225","place_en":"Quanzhou"},{"id":"inner_asia-x052","start":1225,"date_label":"约1225年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"察合台汗国","desc":"成吉思汗次子察合台受封中亚草原与河中，以阿力麻里一带为中心，形成察合台汗国，后分裂为东西两部。","importance":2,"lat":44.06,"lng":80.85,"place":"阿力麻里","title_en":"Chagatai Khanate","desc_en":"Chagatai, Genghis Khan's second son, received the Central Asian steppe and Transoxiana; centered around Almaliq, his realm became the Chagatai Khanate, which later split into eastern and western halves.","date_label_en":"c. 1225","place_en":"Almaliq"},{"id":"europe-x123","start":1226,"date_label":"1226年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"条顿骑士团入普鲁士","desc":"波兰马佐夫舍公爵邀请条顿骑士团征服异教的普鲁士人，骑士团建立修会国家，以马尔堡为中心统治波罗的海南岸。","importance":2,"lat":54.04,"lng":19.03,"place":"马尔堡","title_en":"Teutonic Knights Enter Prussia","desc_en":"Duke Konrad of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to conquer the pagan Prussians; the order built a monastic state ruling the southern Baltic coast from Marienburg.","date_label_en":"1226","place_en":"Marienburg (Malbork)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x118","start":1229,"date_label":"约1229年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"罗姆苏丹国商队驿站","desc":"塞尔柱罗姆苏丹国沿商路兴建大量石砌商队驿站，由国家为商旅提供食宿与保险，阿克萨赖附近的苏丹哈尼为其中最大者之一。","importance":1,"lat":38.25,"lng":33.55,"place":"苏丹哈尼","title_en":"Caravanserais of the Sultanate of Rum","desc_en":"The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum built many stone caravanserais along trade routes, where the state provided lodging, food, and insurance for travelers; Sultan Han near Aksaray is one of the largest.","date_label_en":"c. 1229","place_en":"Sultanhanı"},{"id":"east_asia-x230","start":1232,"date_label":"1232年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"迁都江华岛抗蒙","desc":"蒙古军入侵高丽，执政崔瑀将朝廷迁至江华岛，凭借海峡抵抗蒙古近四十年，本土民众则在各地山城坚守抗战。","importance":2,"lat":37.75,"lng":126.49,"place":"江华岛","title_en":"Court Moves to Ganghwa to Resist the Mongols","desc_en":"When the Mongols invaded Goryeo, ruler Choe U moved the court to Ganghwa Island, using the strait to resist for nearly forty years, while people on the mainland held out in mountain fortresses.","date_label_en":"1232","place_en":"Ganghwa Island"},{"id":"east_asia-x231","start":1232,"date_label":"1232年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"《御成败式目》","desc":"执权北条泰时制定《御成败式目》51条，是日本第一部武家成文法，规定御家人的权利义务与诉讼准则，影响后世武家法。","importance":2,"lat":35.32,"lng":139.55,"place":"镰仓","title_en":"Goseibai Shikimoku","desc_en":"Regent Hōjō Yasutoki issued the 51-article Goseibai Shikimoku, Japan's first written warrior law code, setting out the rights and duties of vassals and rules for lawsuits and shaping later warrior law.","date_label_en":"1232","place_en":"Kamakura"},{"id":"east_asia-x232","start":1234,"date_label":"1234年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"蒙宋联军灭金","desc":"蒙古与南宋联军围攻蔡州，金哀宗传位后自缢，金朝灭亡；此后南宋与蒙古因争夺河南而爆发长期战争。","importance":2,"lat":33.0,"lng":114.36,"place":"蔡州(汝南)","title_en":"Mongols and Song Destroy the Jin","desc_en":"Mongol and Southern Song forces besieged Caizhou; Emperor Aizong of Jin abdicated and hanged himself, and the Jin dynasty fell. The Song and Mongols then fought a long war over Henan.","date_label_en":"1234","place_en":"Caizhou (Runan)"},{"id":"east_asia-x233","start":1234,"date_label":"约1234年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"金属活字印《古今详定礼文》","desc":"据李奎报《东国李相国集》记载，高丽在江华岛用铸字印刷《古今详定礼文》二十八部，是世界上使用金属活字印书的早期记录。","importance":2,"lat":37.75,"lng":126.49,"place":"江华岛","title_en":"Metal-Type Printing of Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun","desc_en":"According to Yi Gyu-bo's collected works, Goryeo printed 28 copies of the Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun with cast type on Ganghwa Island, one of the world's earliest records of printing books with metal movable type.","date_label_en":"c. 1234","place_en":"Ganghwa Island"},{"id":"inner_asia-x053","start":1234,"date_label":"约1234年起","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"蒙古驿站制度","desc":"窝阔台时期系统建立“站赤”，每隔一定距离设驿站供应马匹与给养，持牌符者可高速通行，大大便利了欧亚间的信息与人员往来。","importance":2,"lat":47.2,"lng":102.82,"place":"哈拉和林","title_en":"Mongol Relay-Post System","desc_en":"Under Ögedei the yam system was set up, with stations at set intervals supplying horses and provisions; holders of paiza tablets could travel at speed, greatly easing the movement of news and people across Eurasia.","date_label_en":"From c. 1234","place_en":"Karakorum"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-013","start":1235,"end":1600,"date_label":"约1235—约1600年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["综合","政治","经济"],"title":"马里帝国","desc":"松迪亚塔·凯塔约1235年击败苏苏王国建立马里帝国，控制尼日尔河流域与班布克、布雷金矿，成为西非最富庶的伊斯兰帝国，16世纪后逐渐瓦解。","importance":3,"lat":11.38,"lng":-8.38,"place":"尼亚尼","title_en":"Mali Empire","desc_en":"Sundiata Keita defeated the Sosso around 1235 and founded the Mali Empire, controlling the Niger valley and the Bambuk and Bure goldfields; it became West Africa's richest Islamic empire before gradually breaking up after the 16th century.","date_label_en":"c. 1235–c. 1600","place_en":"Niani"},{"id":"inner_asia-x054","start":1235,"date_label":"1235年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"窝阔台建哈拉和林","desc":"窝阔台汗在鄂尔浑河畔修建都城哈拉和林，城中有穆斯林、汉人工匠与各教寺院，成为欧亚使节与商人的汇聚之地。","importance":2,"lat":47.2,"lng":102.82,"place":"哈拉和林","title_en":"Ögedei Builds Karakorum","desc_en":"Ögedei Khan built the capital Karakorum on the Orkhon River; with Muslim and Chinese artisans and temples of many faiths, it became a meeting place for envoys and merchants from across Eurasia.","date_label_en":"1235","place_en":"Karakorum"},{"id":"inner_asia-028","start":1236,"end":1242,"date_label":"1236—1242年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"拔都西征","desc":"拔都率军征服伏尔加保加尔与罗斯诸公国，攻入波兰、匈牙利；此后建立的金帐汗国统治罗斯两百余年。","importance":2,"lat":47.17,"lng":47.32,"place":"萨莱","title_en":"Batu's Western Campaign","desc_en":"Batu conquered Volga Bulgaria and the Rus' principalities and invaded Poland and Hungary; the Golden Horde he then founded ruled Rus' for over two centuries.","date_label_en":"1236–1242","place_en":"Sarai"},{"id":"southeast_asia-015","start":1238,"end":1438,"date_label":"约1238年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"素可泰王国","desc":"泰人建立素可泰王国，摆脱高棉控制；兰甘亨王时期据传于1283年创制泰文字母，上座部佛教成为泰人国家的核心信仰。","importance":2,"lat":17.02,"lng":99.7,"place":"素可泰","title_en":"Sukhothai Kingdom","desc_en":"The Thais founded the Sukhothai Kingdom, breaking free of Khmer control; King Ram Khamhaeng reputedly created the Thai alphabet in 1283, and Theravada Buddhism became the core faith of the Thai state.","date_label_en":"c. 1238","place_en":"Sukhothai"},{"id":"europe-044","start":1240,"date_label":"1240年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"蒙古攻陷基辅","desc":"拔都率蒙古军攻陷并焚毁基辅，罗斯诸公国随后臣服于金帐汗国，开始约两个半世纪的“鞑靼桎梏”。","importance":2,"lat":50.45,"lng":30.52,"place":"基辅","title_en":"Mongols Sack Kyiv","desc_en":"Batu's Mongol army took and burned Kyiv; the Rus' principalities then submitted to the Golden Horde, beginning roughly two and a half centuries of the 'Tatar Yoke'.","date_label_en":"1240","place_en":"Kyiv"},{"id":"inner_asia-x055","start":1240,"date_label":"约1240年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《蒙古秘史》","desc":"用畏兀儿体蒙古文写成的《蒙古秘史》记述成吉思汗家族起源与征战，是蒙古最早的历史文学作品。","importance":2,"lat":47.2,"lng":102.82,"place":"哈拉和林","title_en":"The Secret History of the Mongols","desc_en":"Written in Uyghur-script Mongolian, the Secret History of the Mongols recounts the origins and campaigns of Genghis Khan's family and is the earliest Mongol work of history and literature.","date_label_en":"c. 1240","place_en":"Karakorum"},{"id":"europe-x124","start":1241,"date_label":"1241年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"列格尼卡之战","desc":"拔都西征的蒙古军在西里西亚列格尼卡击败波兰与日耳曼骑士，又在蒂萨河畔大败匈牙利，次年因窝阔台去世而东返。","importance":2,"lat":51.21,"lng":16.16,"place":"列格尼卡","title_en":"Battle of Legnica","desc_en":"Mongol forces of Batu's campaign defeated Polish and German knights at Legnica in Silesia and routed the Hungarians on the Tisza plain, then withdrew east the next year after Ögedei's death.","date_label_en":"1241","place_en":"Legnica"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x119","start":1242,"date_label":"约1242年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"伊本·纳菲斯与肺循环","desc":"大马士革出身的医生伊本·纳菲斯在开罗行医，在《医典》注释中正确描述了血液经肺循环，比欧洲同类发现早约三个世纪。","importance":2,"lat":30.05,"lng":31.25,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Ibn al-Nafis and Pulmonary Circulation","desc_en":"The Damascus-born physician Ibn al-Nafis, practicing in Cairo, correctly described the pulmonary circulation of blood in his commentary on the Canon of Medicine, about three centuries before similar European findings.","date_label_en":"c. 1242","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"europe-x125","start":1242,"date_label":"1242年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"冰湖之战","desc":"诺夫哥罗德王公亚历山大·涅夫斯基在楚德湖冰面击败利沃尼亚骑士团，遏止了天主教骑士团向罗斯西北的扩张。","importance":2,"lat":58.69,"lng":27.47,"place":"楚德湖","title_en":"Battle on the Ice","desc_en":"Prince Alexander Nevsky of Novgorod defeated the Livonian Order on the frozen Lake Peipus, halting the Catholic knights' expansion into northwestern Rus'.","date_label_en":"1242","place_en":"Lake Peipus"},{"id":"east_asia-x234","start":1244,"date_label":"1244年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"道元创永平寺","desc":"道元入宋学习曹洞禅归国，提倡“只管打坐”，1244年在越前创建永平寺，著《正法眼藏》，曹洞宗成为日本禅宗大宗。","importance":1,"lat":36.06,"lng":136.36,"place":"福井永平寺","title_en":"Dōgen Founds Eihei-ji","desc_en":"After studying Caodong (Sōtō) Zen in Song China, Dōgen taught 'just sitting' (shikantaza), founded Eihei-ji in Echizen in 1244, and wrote the Shōbōgenzō; Sōtō became a major branch of Japanese Zen.","date_label_en":"1244","place_en":"Eihei-ji, Fukui"},{"id":"east_asia-x235","start":1247,"date_label":"1247年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"宋慈《洗冤集录》","desc":"南宋提点刑狱宋慈总结前人检验经验著《洗冤集录》，系统阐述尸体检验、伤痕鉴别与死因判断，是世界上最早的系统法医学著作。","importance":2,"lat":28.23,"lng":112.94,"place":"湖南长沙","title_en":"Song Ci's Xiyuan Jilu","desc_en":"Southern Song judicial commissioner Song Ci drew on earlier experience to write the Xiyuan Jilu (Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified), systematically covering autopsy, wound identification, and cause of death; it is the world's earliest systematic work of forensic medicine.","date_label_en":"1247","place_en":"Changsha, Hunan"},{"id":"east_asia-x236","start":1247,"date_label":"1247年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"秦九韶《数书九章》","desc":"南宋数学家秦九韶著《数书九章》，提出求解一次同余式组的“大衍求一术”和高次方程数值解法“正负开方术”，居当时世界领先水平。","importance":2,"lat":30.89,"lng":120.09,"place":"浙江湖州","title_en":"Qin Jiushao's Mathematical Treatise","desc_en":"Southern Song mathematician Qin Jiushao wrote the Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections, presenting the 'great extension' method for systems of linear congruences and a numerical method for solving higher-degree equations, then world-leading.","date_label_en":"1247","place_en":"Huzhou, Zhejiang"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-052","start":1250,"end":1517,"date_label":"1250—1517年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"马穆鲁克王朝","desc":"奴隶军人出身的马穆鲁克在埃及与叙利亚掌权，1260年在艾因贾鲁特击败蒙古军，1291年攻陷阿卡，终结十字军国家。","importance":2,"lat":30.03,"lng":31.26,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Mamluk Sultanate","desc_en":"Mamluks of slave-soldier origin took power in Egypt and Syria, defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260, and captured Acre in 1291, ending the crusader states.","date_label_en":"1250–1517","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"oceania-007","start":1250,"end":1300,"date_label":"约1250—1300年","region":"oceania","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"毛利人祖先抵达新西兰","desc":"东波利尼西亚航海者乘独木舟抵达新西兰（奥特亚罗瓦），成为毛利人祖先，新西兰是地球上最后被人类定居的大块陆地之一。","importance":2,"lat":-41.51,"lng":174.07,"place":"怀劳沙洲","title_en":"Māori Ancestors Reach New Zealand","desc_en":"Eastern Polynesian voyagers reached New Zealand (Aotearoa) by canoe and became the ancestors of the Māori; New Zealand was one of the last major landmasses on Earth to be settled by humans.","date_label_en":"c. 1250–1300","place_en":"Wairau Bar"},{"id":"south_asia-x064","start":1250,"date_label":"约1250年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"科纳拉克太阳神庙","desc":"东恒伽王那罗辛哈一世在奥里萨海岸修建太阳神庙，整体设计为太阳神的巨大战车，带有24个雕刻精美的石轮。","importance":2,"lat":19.89,"lng":86.09,"place":"科纳拉克","title_en":"Konark Sun Temple","desc_en":"Eastern Ganga king Narasimhadeva I built a sun temple on the Odisha coast, designed as the sun god's colossal chariot with 24 intricately carved stone wheels.","date_label_en":"c. 1250","place_en":"Konark"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x029","start":1250,"date_label":"约13世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"摩加迪沙商贸兴盛","desc":"摩加迪沙在13世纪前后成为东非北段最富庶的港口，铸造本地钱币，出口织物与黄金。伊本·白图泰1331年到访时，记述其苏丹宫廷与繁荣市场。","importance":1,"lat":2.04,"lng":45.34,"place":"摩加迪沙","title_en":"Mogadishu's Trade Flourishes","desc_en":"Around the 13th century Mogadishu became the richest port of the northern East African coast, minting its own coins and exporting textiles and gold. Ibn Battuta, visiting in 1331, described its sultan's court and thriving markets.","date_label_en":"c. 13th century","place_en":"Mogadishu"},{"id":"east_asia-x237","start":1251,"date_label":"1236–1251年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"八万大藏经","desc":"高丽在江华岛设大藏都监，历时十六年重刻大藏经，现存经板81258块，保存于陕川海印寺，2007年列入世界记忆名录。","importance":3,"lat":35.8,"lng":128.1,"place":"陕川海印寺","title_en":"Tripitaka Koreana","desc_en":"Goryeo set up a Tripitaka directorate on Ganghwa Island and spent sixteen years recarving the Buddhist canon; the 81,258 surviving woodblocks are kept at Haeinsa in Hapcheon and were inscribed on the Memory of the World Register in 2007.","date_label_en":"1236–1251","place_en":"Haeinsa, Hapcheon"},{"id":"east_asia-x238","start":1252,"date_label":"1252年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"镰仓大佛","desc":"高德院阿弥陀佛铜像约于1252年开始铸造，高约11米，原有大殿后被海啸等摧毁，大佛露天端坐至今，是镰仓的象征。","importance":1,"lat":35.32,"lng":139.54,"place":"镰仓高德院","title_en":"Great Buddha of Kamakura","desc_en":"Casting of the bronze Amida Buddha at Kōtoku-in began around 1252; about 11 meters tall, it lost its hall to a tsunami and other disasters and has sat in the open ever since as the symbol of Kamakura.","date_label_en":"1252","place_en":"Kōtoku-in, Kamakura"},{"id":"europe-x126","start":1252,"date_label":"1252年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"佛罗伦萨金币弗罗林","desc":"佛罗伦萨铸造含金约3.5克的弗罗林金币，成色稳定，成为欧洲国际贸易的标准货币，威尼斯于1284年仿铸杜卡特金币。","importance":2,"lat":43.77,"lng":11.26,"place":"佛罗伦萨","title_en":"The Florentine Florin","desc_en":"Florence minted the gold florin, containing about 3.5 grams of gold; its stable fineness made it the standard currency of European international trade, and Venice followed with the gold ducat in 1284.","date_label_en":"1252","place_en":"Florence"},{"id":"east_asia-x239","start":1253,"date_label":"1253年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"日莲宗创立","desc":"日莲在安房清澄寺开始宣讲专唱“南无妙法莲华经”题目，后著《立正安国论》上呈幕府，批评其他宗派，屡遭流放。","importance":1,"lat":35.15,"lng":140.15,"place":"千叶清澄寺","title_en":"Nichiren Buddhism Founded","desc_en":"At Seichō-ji in Awa, Nichiren began preaching the exclusive chanting of 'Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō'; he later submitted the Risshō Ankoku Ron to the shogunate, attacked other sects, and was repeatedly exiled.","date_label_en":"1253","place_en":"Seichō-ji, Chiba"},{"id":"inner_asia-x056","start":1254,"date_label":"1254年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"鲁布鲁克到访哈拉和林","desc":"法国国王派遣的方济各会士鲁布鲁克抵达哈拉和林觐见蒙哥汗，记录了城中的宗教辩论与各国工匠，是欧洲人对蒙古的重要见闻。","importance":1,"lat":47.2,"lng":102.82,"place":"哈拉和林","title_en":"William of Rubruck Visits Karakorum","desc_en":"The Franciscan William of Rubruck, sent by the French king, reached Karakorum and met Möngke Khan; his account of the city's religious debates and foreign artisans is a key European eyewitness record of the Mongols.","date_label_en":"1254","place_en":"Karakorum"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x120","start":1256,"date_label":"1256年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"伊儿汗国建立","desc":"旭烈兀西征灭阿萨辛与阿拔斯哈里发，建立以伊朗为中心的伊儿汗国，先后以马拉盖、大不里士为都，统治伊朗与两河。","importance":2,"lat":38.08,"lng":46.29,"place":"大不里士","title_en":"Ilkhanate Founded","desc_en":"Hülegü's western campaign destroyed the Assassins and the Abbasid Caliphate and founded the Iran-centered Ilkhanate, which ruled Iran and Mesopotamia from Maragheh and later Tabriz.","date_label_en":"1256","place_en":"Tabriz"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-053","start":1258,"date_label":"1258年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"蒙古攻陷巴格达","desc":"旭烈兀率蒙古军攻陷巴格达，处死末代哈里发，阿拔斯王朝灭亡，城市遭严重破坏，伊斯兰世界中心转移。","importance":3,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"Mongols Sack Baghdad","desc_en":"Hülegü's Mongol army took Baghdad and executed the last caliph; the Abbasid Caliphate ended, the city was devastated, and the center of the Islamic world shifted.","date_label_en":"1258","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x121","start":1258,"date_label":"约1258—1273年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"鲁米《玛斯纳维》","desc":"苏菲诗人鲁米在科尼亚写成长诗《玛斯纳维》，其门徒发展出以旋转舞闻名的梅夫拉维教团，鲁米作品至今广为传诵。","importance":2,"lat":37.87,"lng":32.5,"place":"科尼亚","title_en":"Rumi's Masnavi","desc_en":"In Konya the Sufi poet Rumi composed the long poem the Masnavi; his followers founded the Mevlevi order, famed for its whirling dance, and his works are still widely recited.","date_label_en":"c. 1258–1273","place_en":"Konya"},{"id":"east_asia-x240","start":1259,"date_label":"1259年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"钓鱼城之战","desc":"蒙古大汗蒙哥亲率大军攻合州钓鱼城，宋军凭山城坚守数月，蒙哥死于城下，蒙古诸王因争夺汗位而撤军。","importance":2,"lat":30.0,"lng":106.28,"place":"重庆合川钓鱼城","title_en":"Battle of Diaoyu Fortress","desc_en":"Great Khan Möngke personally led an assault on Diaoyu Fortress at Hezhou; Song troops held the mountain stronghold for months, Möngke died beneath its walls, and the Mongol princes withdrew to contest the succession.","date_label_en":"1259","place_en":"Diaoyu Fortress, Hechuan, Chongqing"},{"id":"east_asia-x241","start":1259,"date_label":"1259年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"寿春突火枪","desc":"南宋寿春府创制突火枪，以巨竹为筒，内装火药与“子窠”，点燃后可将子窠射出，被视为管形射击火器的先驱。","importance":1,"lat":32.58,"lng":116.79,"place":"安徽寿县","title_en":"Shouchun Fire Lance","desc_en":"Shouchun prefecture in the Southern Song created a fire lance with a large bamboo barrel holding gunpowder and a 'zike' projectile that was shot out when lit; it is regarded as a forerunner of barrel firearms.","date_label_en":"1259","place_en":"Shou County, Anhui"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x122","start":1259,"date_label":"1259年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"马拉盖天文台","desc":"纳西尔丁·图西在旭烈兀支持下建马拉盖天文台，编制《伊儿汗天文表》，提出“图西双轮”模型，类似构造后见于哥白尼著作。","importance":3,"lat":37.39,"lng":46.24,"place":"马拉盖","title_en":"Maragheh Observatory","desc_en":"With Hülegü's backing, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi built the Maragheh observatory, compiled the Ilkhanic Tables, and proposed the 'Tusi couple'; a similar construction later appears in Copernicus's work.","date_label_en":"1259","place_en":"Maragheh"},{"id":"global-011","start":1260,"date_label":"13—14世纪","region":"global","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"火药武器西传","desc":"中国发明的火药与火器在13至14世纪经蒙古时代的交流传入伊斯兰世界和欧洲，火炮后来改变了攻城战与国家军事格局。","importance":2,"title_en":"Gunpowder Weapons Spread West","desc_en":"Gunpowder and firearms invented in China reached the Islamic world and Europe in the 13th–14th centuries through Mongol-era exchange; cannon later transformed siege warfare and the military balance among states.","date_label_en":"13th–14th century"},{"id":"inner_asia-029","start":1260,"date_label":"约1260年代","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","经济","政治"],"title":"蒙古和平与汗国分立","desc":"蒙古帝国分裂为元、伊儿、察合台、金帐等汗国，但驿站贯通欧亚，马可·波罗等人往来，商品与技术广泛交流。","importance":3,"lat":47.2,"lng":102.82,"place":"哈拉和林","title_en":"Pax Mongolica and the Divided Khanates","desc_en":"The Mongol Empire split into the Yuan, Ilkhanate, Chagatai, and Golden Horde khanates, yet relay posts still spanned Eurasia; travelers like Marco Polo came and went, and goods and technologies were widely exchanged.","date_label_en":"c. 1260s","place_en":"Karakorum"},{"id":"east_asia-x242","start":1260,"date_label":"1260年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"中统元宝交钞","desc":"忽必烈即位后发行“中统元宝交钞”，以银为本位，纸币成为元朝全国通行的主要货币，马可·波罗游记对此有详细描述。","importance":2,"lat":42.36,"lng":116.18,"place":"开平(上都)","title_en":"Zhongtong Paper Money","desc_en":"After his accession Kublai issued the Zhongtong banknotes, backed by silver; paper money became the Yuan's main currency nationwide, as Marco Polo's travels describe in detail.","date_label_en":"1260","place_en":"Kaiping (Shangdu)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x123","start":1260,"date_label":"1260年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","军事"],"title":"艾因贾鲁特战役","desc":"马穆鲁克苏丹忽都思与拜巴尔斯在巴勒斯坦艾因贾鲁特击败蒙古军，阻止了蒙古向埃及推进，确立马穆鲁克为伊斯兰世界的保卫者。","importance":3,"lat":32.55,"lng":35.36,"place":"艾因贾鲁特","title_en":"Battle of Ain Jalut","desc_en":"Mamluk sultan Qutuz and Baybars defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in Palestine, halting the Mongol advance on Egypt and establishing the Mamluks as defenders of the Islamic world.","date_label_en":"1260","place_en":"Ain Jalut"},{"id":"east_asia-x243","start":1261,"date_label":"1261年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"杨辉三角","desc":"南宋杨辉在《详解九章算法》中引录北宋贾宪的“开方作法本源”图，即二项式系数三角形，比欧洲帕斯卡三角早约四百年。","importance":1,"lat":30.27,"lng":120.16,"place":"临安(杭州)","title_en":"Yang Hui's Triangle","desc_en":"In his Detailed Analysis of the Nine Chapters, Southern Song mathematician Yang Hui reproduced Jia Xian's Northern Song diagram of binomial coefficients, about four centuries before Europe's Pascal's triangle.","date_label_en":"1261","place_en":"Lin'an (Hangzhou)"},{"id":"europe-x127","start":1261,"date_label":"1261年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"拜占庭收复君士坦丁堡","desc":"尼西亚帝国的米海尔八世帕列奥列格收复君士坦丁堡，恢复拜占庭帝国，但帝国已无力重振，日益受制于意大利商人与奥斯曼人。","importance":1,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.98,"place":"君士坦丁堡","title_en":"Byzantines Retake Constantinople","desc_en":"Michael VIII Palaiologos of the Empire of Nicaea recaptured Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire, but it could no longer revive and fell increasingly under the sway of Italian merchants and the Ottomans.","date_label_en":"1261","place_en":"Constantinople"},{"id":"europe-045","start":1265,"end":1274,"date_label":"1265—1274年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"阿奎那《神学大全》","desc":"托马斯·阿奎那撰写《神学大全》，以亚里士多德哲学系统论证基督教神学，成为经院哲学的高峰之作。","importance":1,"lat":48.85,"lng":2.34,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Aquinas's Summa Theologiae","desc_en":"Thomas Aquinas wrote the Summa Theologiae, using Aristotelian philosophy to systematically argue Christian theology; it is the pinnacle of scholasticism.","date_label_en":"1265–1274","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"europe-x128","start":1265,"date_label":"1265年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"孟福尔议会","desc":"贵族领袖西蒙·德·孟福尔召集议会，首次邀请各郡骑士与城市市民代表出席，被视为英国下议院的起源。","importance":2,"lat":51.5,"lng":-0.13,"place":"威斯敏斯特","title_en":"Simon de Montfort's Parliament","desc_en":"Baronial leader Simon de Montfort summoned a parliament that for the first time invited knights of the shires and burgesses of the towns, regarded as the origin of the English House of Commons.","date_label_en":"1265","place_en":"Westminster"},{"id":"europe-x129","start":1267,"date_label":"约1267年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"罗杰·培根《大著作》","desc":"方济各会士罗杰·培根向教皇呈交《大著作》，强调数学与实验在认识自然中的作用，论及光学与透镜，被视为实验科学先驱。","importance":1,"lat":51.75,"lng":-1.26,"place":"牛津","title_en":"Roger Bacon's Opus Majus","desc_en":"The Franciscan Roger Bacon sent the pope his Opus Majus, stressing mathematics and experiment in understanding nature and discussing optics and lenses; he is seen as a pioneer of experimental science.","date_label_en":"c. 1267","place_en":"Oxford"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x030","start":1270,"date_label":"1270年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"所罗门王朝复兴","desc":"叶库诺·阿姆拉克推翻扎格维王朝，自称所罗门与示巴女王后裔，建立所罗门王朝。该王朝断续统治埃塞俄比亚至1974年，奠定君主神圣合法性的叙事。","importance":2,"lat":11.59,"lng":37.39,"place":"阿姆哈拉高原","title_en":"Solomonic Dynasty Restored","desc_en":"Yekuno Amlak overthrew the Zagwe dynasty, claimed descent from Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, and founded the Solomonic dynasty, which ruled Ethiopia intermittently until 1974 and anchored the narrative of the monarchy's sacred legitimacy.","date_label_en":"1270","place_en":"Amhara Highlands"},{"id":"east_asia-057","start":1271,"end":1368,"date_label":"1271年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"元朝统一中国","desc":"忽必烈定国号为元，1279年崖山海战灭南宋，元朝统一中国，推行行省制度，以大都（今北京）为首都。","importance":3,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"大都(北京)","title_en":"Yuan Dynasty Unifies China","desc_en":"Kublai adopted the dynastic name Yuan; after destroying the Southern Song at the naval Battle of Yamen in 1279, the Yuan unified China, instituted the province system, and made Dadu (modern Beijing) its capital.","date_label_en":"1271","place_en":"Dadu (Beijing)"},{"id":"east_asia-x244","start":1273,"date_label":"1268–1273年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"襄阳之战","desc":"元军围攻襄阳、樊城近六年，宋军坚守，最终元军使用西域工匠制造的回回炮攻破樊城，襄阳守将吕文焕投降，南宋门户洞开。","importance":2,"lat":32.01,"lng":112.12,"place":"湖北襄阳","title_en":"Siege of Xiangyang","desc_en":"Yuan forces besieged Xiangyang and Fancheng for nearly six years against stubborn Song defense; counterweight trebuchets built by Western Asian engineers finally breached Fancheng, Xiangyang's commander Lü Wenhuan surrendered, and the Southern Song lay open.","date_label_en":"1268–1273","place_en":"Xiangyang, Hubei"},{"id":"east_asia-x245","start":1273,"date_label":"1270–1273年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"三别抄抗蒙","desc":"高丽朝廷出陆降蒙后，武臣政权的精锐部队三别抄拒不投降，先后据守珍岛和济州岛抵抗，1273年被丽蒙联军平定。","importance":1,"lat":33.5,"lng":126.53,"place":"济州岛","title_en":"Sambyeolcho Rebellion","desc_en":"When the Goryeo court left Ganghwa and submitted to the Mongols, the Sambyeolcho, elite troops of the military regime, refused to surrender and held out on Jindo and then Jeju Island until crushed by Goryeo-Mongol forces in 1273.","date_label_en":"1270–1273","place_en":"Jeju Island"},{"id":"east_asia-058","start":1274,"date_label":"1274年、1281年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"元朝两次征日","desc":"元朝联合高丽两次渡海进攻日本，均因日军抵抗和台风袭击而失败，日本将暴风称为“神风”。","importance":2,"lat":33.6,"lng":130.4,"place":"博多湾","title_en":"Mongol Invasions of Japan","desc_en":"The Yuan, with Goryeo, twice crossed the sea to attack Japan; both failed due to Japanese resistance and typhoons, which the Japanese called kamikaze, 'divine wind'.","date_label_en":"1274, 1281","place_en":"Hakata Bay"},{"id":"east_asia-x246","start":1275,"date_label":"1275年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"马可·波罗来华","desc":"威尼斯商人之子马可·波罗随父辈抵达元上都，此后在中国生活约十七年，回国后口述的游记激发了欧洲人对东方的向往。","importance":2,"lat":42.36,"lng":116.18,"place":"元上都","title_en":"Marco Polo Reaches China","desc_en":"Marco Polo, son of a Venetian merchant, reached the Yuan summer capital Shangdu with his father and uncle and lived in China for about seventeen years; the travel account he dictated after returning fired European fascination with the East.","date_label_en":"1275","place_en":"Shangdu"},{"id":"east_asia-x247","start":1279,"date_label":"1279年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"崖山海战","desc":"元将张弘范在崖山海面击败南宋最后的水师，丞相陆秀夫背负幼帝赵昺投海殉国，南宋灭亡。","importance":2,"lat":22.25,"lng":113.08,"place":"广东江门崖门","title_en":"Battle of Yamen","desc_en":"Yuan general Zhang Hongfan defeated the last Southern Song fleet off Yamen; chancellor Lu Xiufu leapt into the sea carrying the child emperor Zhao Bing, and the Southern Song fell.","date_label_en":"1279","place_en":"Yamen, Jiangmen, Guangdong"},{"id":"east_asia-059","start":1281,"date_label":"1281年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"郭守敬《授时历》","desc":"郭守敬等编制《授时历》并于1281年颁行，一年取365.2425日，与现行公历相同，精度领先当时世界。","importance":1,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"大都(北京)","title_en":"Guo Shoujing's Shoushi Calendar","desc_en":"Guo Shoujing and others compiled the Shoushi calendar, issued in 1281; it set the year at 365.2425 days, the same as today's Gregorian calendar, leading the world in precision at the time.","date_label_en":"1281","place_en":"Dadu (Beijing)"},{"id":"east_asia-x248","start":1281,"date_label":"约1281年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"一然《三国遗事》","desc":"高丽僧人一然编撰《三国遗事》，收录檀君神话等大量正史未载的传说、佛教史料和乡歌，是研究古代朝鲜的重要文献。","importance":2,"lat":36.24,"lng":128.57,"place":"庆尚北道军威","title_en":"Iryeon's Samguk Yusa","desc_en":"The Goryeo monk Iryeon compiled the Samguk Yusa, preserving the Dangun myth and many legends, Buddhist records, and hyangga songs absent from official histories; it is a key source on ancient Korea.","date_label_en":"c. 1281","place_en":"Gunwi, North Gyeongsang"},{"id":"east_asia-x249","start":1282,"date_label":"1282年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"元朝海运漕粮","desc":"元朝开辟南粮北运的海上航线，从刘家港出海北上至直沽，再转运大都，年运量最高达三百余万石，促进了沿海航运发展。","importance":1,"lat":31.46,"lng":121.13,"place":"太仓刘家港","title_en":"Yuan Sea Transport of Grain","desc_en":"The Yuan opened a sea route to ship southern grain north, sailing from Liujiagang to Zhigu and on to Dadu; annual shipments peaked at over three million shi, spurring coastal shipping.","date_label_en":"1282","place_en":"Liujiagang, Taicang"},{"id":"east_asia-x250","start":1283,"date_label":"1283年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"文天祥就义","desc":"南宋丞相文天祥兵败被俘，在大都狱中拒绝元朝劝降，写下《正气歌》，1283年从容就义，其“人生自古谁无死”传诵千古。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"大都(北京)","title_en":"Martyrdom of Wen Tianxiang","desc_en":"Captured after defeat, Southern Song chancellor Wen Tianxiang refused Yuan offers to submit while imprisoned in Dadu, wrote the Song of Righteousness, and calmly met his execution in 1283; his line 'Since ancient times, who has not died?' is recited to this day.","date_label_en":"1283","place_en":"Dadu (Beijing)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x124","start":1284,"date_label":"1284年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"盖拉温医院","desc":"马穆鲁克苏丹盖拉温在开罗建成大型医院，分设内科、外科、眼科等病房，免费收治各阶层病人，并附设教学设施。","importance":2,"lat":30.05,"lng":31.26,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Qalawun Hospital","desc_en":"Mamluk sultan Qalawun built a great hospital in Cairo with separate wards for internal medicine, surgery, ophthalmology, and more; it treated patients of all classes free and included teaching facilities.","date_label_en":"1284","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"europe-x130","start":1286,"date_label":"约1286年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"眼镜的发明","desc":"约13世纪80年代意大利出现用于矫正老花的凸透镜眼镜，比萨修士吉奥达诺1306年布道时称其发明不足20年。","importance":2,"lat":43.72,"lng":10.4,"place":"比萨","title_en":"Invention of Eyeglasses","desc_en":"Convex-lens spectacles for farsightedness appeared in Italy around the 1280s; in a 1306 sermon the Pisan friar Giordano said they had been invented less than 20 years earlier.","date_label_en":"c. 1286","place_en":"Pisa"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x023","start":1287,"date_label":"1287年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"元军攻蒲甘","desc":"元朝军队南下攻入蒲甘，蒲甘王朝随之瓦解，缅甸进入多国分立时期，掸人等地方势力兴起并长期割据。","importance":2,"lat":21.17,"lng":94.86,"place":"蒲甘","title_en":"Yuan Attack on Bagan","desc_en":"Yuan troops advanced south into Bagan and the Pagan kingdom collapsed; Burma entered a period of division as the Shan and other regional powers rose and long held sway.","date_label_en":"1287","place_en":"Bagan"},{"id":"east_asia-x251","start":1288,"date_label":"1288年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"宣政院辖西藏","desc":"元朝将总制院改称宣政院，掌管全国佛教事务和吐蕃地区军政，西藏地区正式纳入中央王朝的行政管辖。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"大都(北京)","title_en":"Xuanzheng Yuan Governs Tibet","desc_en":"The Yuan renamed its Zongzhi Yuan the Xuanzheng Yuan, overseeing Buddhist affairs nationwide and the military and civil administration of Tibet, formally bringing Tibet under central administration.","date_label_en":"1288","place_en":"Dadu (Beijing)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x024","start":1288,"date_label":"1288年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"陈兴道大破元军","desc":"元朝第三次进攻大越，陈兴道在白藤江以木桩阵配合潮汐歼灭元朝水军，大越成功抵御三次元军入侵。","importance":2,"lat":20.93,"lng":106.79,"place":"白藤江","title_en":"Tran Hung Dao Crushes the Yuan","desc_en":"In the third Yuan invasion of Dai Viet, Tran Hung Dao used stakes in the Bach Dang River and the tides to destroy the Yuan fleet; Dai Viet repelled all three Yuan invasions.","date_label_en":"1288","place_en":"Bach Dang River"},{"id":"south_asia-x065","start":1290,"end":1325,"date_label":"约13世纪末—14世纪初","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"阿米尔·霍斯陆","desc":"诗人阿米尔·霍斯陆用波斯语和早期印地语写作，师从苏菲圣人尼扎姆丁，被认为对卡瓦里音乐和印度斯坦语文学贡献重大。","importance":1,"lat":28.59,"lng":77.24,"place":"德里","title_en":"Amir Khusrau","desc_en":"The poet Amir Khusrau wrote in Persian and early Hindavi and was a disciple of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin; he is credited with major contributions to qawwali music and Hindustani literature.","date_label_en":"c. late 13th–early 14th century","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x125","start":1291,"date_label":"1291年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"阿卡陷落","desc":"马穆鲁克苏丹阿什拉夫·哈利勒攻陷十字军在黎凡特的最后重镇阿卡，延续近两百年的十字军国家宣告终结。","importance":2,"lat":32.93,"lng":35.08,"place":"阿卡","title_en":"Fall of Acre","desc_en":"Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil captured Acre, the last major crusader stronghold in the Levant, ending crusader states that had lasted nearly two centuries.","date_label_en":"1291","place_en":"Acre"},{"id":"europe-x131","start":1291,"date_label":"1291年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"瑞士邦联起源","desc":"乌里、施维茨、下瓦尔登三个森林州订立永久同盟以抵御哈布斯堡，此后逐步扩大为瑞士邦联，8月1日成为瑞士国庆日。","importance":2,"lat":46.97,"lng":8.59,"place":"吕特利","title_en":"Origins of the Swiss Confederacy","desc_en":"The three forest cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden formed a perpetual alliance against the Habsburgs that gradually grew into the Swiss Confederacy; August 1 became Swiss National Day.","date_label_en":"1291","place_en":"Rütli"},{"id":"europe-x132","start":1291,"date_label":"1291年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"穆拉诺玻璃岛","desc":"威尼斯为防火灾和保密，将玻璃作坊集中迁往穆拉诺岛，穆拉诺玻璃工艺享誉欧洲，工匠受严格管控不得外流。","importance":1,"lat":45.46,"lng":12.35,"place":"穆拉诺","title_en":"Murano Glass Island","desc_en":"To prevent fires and guard trade secrets, Venice moved its glassworks to the island of Murano; Murano glass became famous across Europe, and its artisans were strictly forbidden to leave.","date_label_en":"1291","place_en":"Murano"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x025","start":1292,"date_label":"1292年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"兰甘亨碑","desc":"素可泰兰甘亨碑据传立于1292年，以早期泰文书写，记述国王功绩与\"水中有鱼、田中有稻\"的繁荣景象，其真实性曾有争议。","importance":2,"lat":17.02,"lng":99.7,"place":"素可泰","title_en":"Ram Khamhaeng Inscription","desc_en":"The Ram Khamhaeng inscription of Sukhothai, reputedly erected in 1292 and written in early Thai script, records the king's deeds and a prosperous land with 'fish in the water and rice in the fields'; its authenticity has been disputed.","date_label_en":"1292","place_en":"Sukhothai"},{"id":"southeast_asia-016","start":1293,"end":1527,"date_label":"1293年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"满者伯夷建立","desc":"拉登·维查耶利用元军征爪哇之机建立满者伯夷，宰相加查·马达推行扩张，14世纪势力遍及今印尼群岛大部，后被伊斯兰国家取代。","importance":3,"lat":-7.56,"lng":112.38,"place":"特罗乌兰","title_en":"Majapahit Founded","desc_en":"Raden Wijaya exploited the Yuan expedition to Java to found Majapahit; under the expansion of prime minister Gajah Mada its power reached most of today's Indonesian archipelago in the 14th century, before it was supplanted by Islamic states.","date_label_en":"1293","place_en":"Trowulan"},{"id":"east_asia-x252","start":1293,"date_label":"1293年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"郭守敬开通惠河","desc":"郭守敬主持开凿通惠河，引西山诸泉水入大都，漕船可直达城内积水潭，加上会通河等工程，京杭大运河全线贯通。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"大都(北京)","title_en":"Guo Shoujing Opens the Tonghui River","desc_en":"Guo Shoujing directed the digging of the Tonghui River, channeling springs from the Western Hills into Dadu so grain barges could reach Jishuitan inside the city; with the Huitong River and other works, the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal was fully linked.","date_label_en":"1293","place_en":"Dadu (Beijing)"},{"id":"east_asia-x253","start":1295,"date_label":"约1295年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"黄道婆改革棉纺","desc":"黄道婆从海南崖州回到松江乌泥泾，传授黎族纺织技术，改进轧棉、弹棉、纺纱和织布工具，松江一带成为全国棉纺织中心。","importance":2,"lat":31.23,"lng":121.47,"place":"上海","title_en":"Huang Daopo Reforms Cotton Spinning","desc_en":"Huang Daopo returned from Yazhou on Hainan to Wunijing in Songjiang, taught Li textile techniques, and improved tools for ginning, bowing, spinning, and weaving; the Songjiang area became China's cotton textile center.","date_label_en":"c. 1295","place_en":"Shanghai"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x126","start":1295,"date_label":"1295年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"合赞汗改宗伊斯兰","desc":"伊儿汗合赞即位后皈依伊斯兰教，并改革税制与驿站；宰相拉施特奉命编纂世界史巨著《史集》。","importance":2,"lat":38.08,"lng":46.29,"place":"大不里士","title_en":"Ghazan Khan Converts to Islam","desc_en":"Ilkhan Ghazan converted to Islam on his accession and reformed taxation and the relay posts; his vizier Rashid al-Din was commissioned to compile the great world history Jami al-Tawarikh.","date_label_en":"1295","place_en":"Tabriz"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x026","start":1296,"date_label":"1296年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"孟莱王建清迈","desc":"兰纳王孟莱建立清迈城作为都城，兰纳王国统治泰北数百年，形成独特的兰纳文化与文字。","importance":2,"lat":18.79,"lng":98.99,"place":"清迈","title_en":"Mangrai Founds Chiang Mai","desc_en":"King Mangrai of Lan Na founded Chiang Mai as his capital; the Lan Na kingdom ruled northern Thailand for centuries, developing a distinctive Lan Na culture and script.","date_label_en":"1296","place_en":"Chiang Mai"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x027","start":1296,"end":1297,"date_label":"1296—1297年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《真腊风土记》","desc":"元朝使团随员周达观在吴哥居留约一年，归国后著《真腊风土记》，是唯一详述吴哥鼎盛时期城市与社会的同时代记录。","importance":2,"lat":13.44,"lng":103.86,"place":"吴哥通王城","title_en":"Zhou Daguan's Customs of Cambodia","desc_en":"Zhou Daguan, a member of a Yuan embassy, stayed about a year at Angkor and later wrote A Record of Cambodia: The Land and Its People, the only contemporary detailed account of the city and society at Angkor's height.","date_label_en":"1296–1297","place_en":"Angkor Thom"},{"id":"southeast_asia-017","start":1297,"date_label":"约13世纪末","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"伊斯兰教传入海岛东南亚","desc":"苏门答腊北部的须文答剌-巴赛成为东南亚最早的伊斯兰王国之一，其苏丹马利克·萨利赫墓碑年代为1297年，伊斯兰教随商路传播。","importance":2,"lat":5.13,"lng":97.26,"place":"须文答剌-巴赛","title_en":"Islam Reaches Island Southeast Asia","desc_en":"Samudera Pasai in northern Sumatra became one of Southeast Asia's earliest Islamic kingdoms; the tombstone of its sultan Malik al-Saleh dates to 1297, and Islam spread along trade routes.","date_label_en":"c. late 13th century","place_en":"Samudera Pasai"},{"id":"east_asia-x254","start":1297,"date_label":"1297年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"永仁德政令","desc":"元军侵日后，御家人因战费负担而贫困，幕府颁布永仁德政令，命令无偿归还御家人典卖的土地，但造成金融混乱。","importance":1,"lat":35.32,"lng":139.55,"place":"镰仓","title_en":"Einin Debt-Relief Decree","desc_en":"After the Mongol invasions, vassals were impoverished by war costs; the shogunate issued the Einin tokusei decree ordering land they had pawned or sold returned without compensation, causing financial turmoil.","date_label_en":"1297","place_en":"Kamakura"},{"id":"europe-x133","start":1298,"date_label":"1298年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"《马可·波罗游记》","desc":"威尼斯商人马可·波罗在热那亚狱中口述东方见闻，由鲁斯蒂谦笔录成书，激发了欧洲人对中国与亚洲财富的向往。","importance":2,"lat":44.41,"lng":8.93,"place":"热那亚","title_en":"The Travels of Marco Polo","desc_en":"Imprisoned in Genoa, the Venetian merchant Marco Polo dictated his account of the East to Rustichello, who wrote it down; the book stirred European longing for the riches of China and Asia.","date_label_en":"1298","place_en":"Genoa"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-054","start":1299,"end":1922,"date_label":"约1299—1922年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"奥斯曼帝国建立","desc":"奥斯曼一世在安纳托利亚西北部建立公国，后发展为横跨欧亚非、延续六百余年的奥斯曼帝国。","importance":3,"lat":40.02,"lng":30.18,"place":"索于特","title_en":"Ottoman Empire Founded","desc_en":"Osman I founded a principality in northwestern Anatolia that grew into the Ottoman Empire, spanning Europe, Asia, and Africa and lasting over six centuries.","date_label_en":"c. 1299–1922","place_en":"Söğüt"},{"id":"south_asia-x066","start":1299,"end":1306,"date_label":"约1299—1306年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"德里苏丹国抵御蒙古","desc":"阿拉乌丁·卡尔吉多次击退察合台汗国蒙古军队对德里的进攻，加强西北边防，使北印度避免了蒙古征服。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"德里","title_en":"Delhi Sultanate Repels the Mongols","desc_en":"Alauddin Khalji repeatedly drove back Chagatai Mongol attacks on Delhi and strengthened the northwestern frontier, sparing northern India from Mongol conquest.","date_label_en":"c. 1299–1306","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"europe-046","start":1300,"date_label":"约1300年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"汉萨同盟兴盛","desc":"以吕贝克为中心的北德意志城市商人同盟控制波罗的海与北海贸易，约14世纪达到鼎盛，影响北欧经济数百年。","importance":2,"lat":53.87,"lng":10.69,"place":"吕贝克","title_en":"Rise of the Hanseatic League","desc_en":"A league of north German merchant towns centered on Lübeck controlled Baltic and North Sea trade, peaking around the 14th century and shaping northern Europe's economy for centuries.","date_label_en":"c. 1300","place_en":"Lübeck"},{"id":"global-x005","start":1300,"end":1850,"date_label":"约1300—1850年","region":"global","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"小冰期","desc":"全球多地气温偏低，冰川前进，17世纪最为寒冷，歉收、饥荒与动乱频发，被认为与“17世纪总危机”及明清易代等事件相关。","importance":2,"title_en":"Little Ice Age","desc_en":"Temperatures fell in many parts of the world and glaciers advanced, coldest in the 17th century; frequent crop failures, famines, and unrest are thought to be linked to the 'General Crisis of the 17th century' and the Ming–Qing transition.","date_label_en":"c. 1300–1850"},{"id":"east_asia-x255","start":1300,"date_label":"约13世纪后期","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"关汉卿与元杂剧","desc":"元代杂剧兴盛，关汉卿创作《窦娥冤》《救风尘》等六十余种，与王实甫《西厢记》等共同标志中国戏曲走向成熟。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"大都(北京)","title_en":"Guan Hanqing and Yuan Drama","desc_en":"Yuan zaju drama flourished; Guan Hanqing wrote over sixty plays such as The Injustice to Dou E and Rescued by a Coquette, which with Wang Shifu's Romance of the Western Chamber marked the maturing of Chinese opera.","date_label_en":"c. late 13th century","place_en":"Dadu (Beijing)"},{"id":"south_asia-x067","start":1300,"end":1316,"date_label":"约1300—1316年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"阿拉乌丁市场管制","desc":"阿拉乌丁·卡尔吉对德里粮食、布匹、牲畜实行官定价格，以实物征收高额土地税，设立官仓与市场监督官，以供养庞大军队。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"德里","title_en":"Alauddin's Market Controls","desc_en":"Alauddin Khalji fixed official prices for grain, cloth, and livestock in Delhi, collected heavy land tax in kind, and set up state granaries and market inspectors to support his huge army.","date_label_en":"c. 1300–1316","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x127","start":1300,"date_label":"约13—15世纪","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"卡里米商人","desc":"以开罗和亚丁为据点的卡里米商人垄断红海香料与印度洋贸易，在马穆鲁克治下积累巨额财富，向国家放贷。","importance":1,"lat":12.78,"lng":45.02,"place":"亚丁","title_en":"Karimi Merchants","desc_en":"Based in Cairo and Aden, the Karimi merchants dominated the Red Sea spice and Indian Ocean trade, amassing great wealth under the Mamluks and lending to the state.","date_label_en":"c. 13th–15th century","place_en":"Aden"},{"id":"europe-x134","start":1300,"end":1400,"date_label":"约13–14世纪","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"佛兰德斯呢绒业","desc":"根特、布鲁日、伊普尔依靠进口英格兰羊毛发展呢绒纺织，成为北欧最大的手工业中心，也使佛兰德斯成为英法争夺的焦点。","importance":2,"lat":51.05,"lng":3.72,"place":"根特","title_en":"Flemish Cloth Industry","desc_en":"Ghent, Bruges, and Ypres built a woolen cloth industry on imported English wool, becoming northern Europe's largest manufacturing center and making Flanders a focus of Anglo-French rivalry.","date_label_en":"c. 13th–14th century","place_en":"Ghent"},{"id":"europe-x135","start":1305,"date_label":"约1305年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"乔托斯克罗维尼壁画","desc":"乔托在帕多瓦斯克罗维尼礼拜堂绘制基督与圣母生平壁画，以立体人物和真实情感突破拜占庭程式，开文艺复兴绘画先声。","importance":2,"lat":45.41,"lng":11.88,"place":"帕多瓦","title_en":"Giotto's Scrovegni Frescoes","desc_en":"Giotto painted the lives of Christ and the Virgin in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua; his solid figures and genuine emotion broke with Byzantine convention and heralded Renaissance painting.","date_label_en":"c. 1305","place_en":"Padua"},{"id":"europe-047","start":1307,"end":1321,"date_label":"约1307—1321年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"但丁写作《神曲》","desc":"但丁用托斯卡纳方言写成长诗《神曲》，描绘地狱、炼狱与天堂之旅，奠定意大利语文学基础，被视为文艺复兴先声。","importance":2,"lat":44.42,"lng":12.2,"place":"拉文纳","title_en":"Dante Writes the Divine Comedy","desc_en":"Dante wrote the Divine Comedy in the Tuscan vernacular, depicting a journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise; it laid the foundation of Italian literature and is seen as a forerunner of the Renaissance.","date_label_en":"c. 1307–1321","place_en":"Ravenna"},{"id":"europe-x136","start":1309,"end":1377,"date_label":"1309–1377年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"阿维尼翁教廷","desc":"教皇克雷芒五世移居阿维尼翁，此后近70年教廷受法国王室影响，被称为“巴比伦之囚”，教廷威信下降。","importance":2,"lat":43.95,"lng":4.81,"place":"阿维尼翁","title_en":"Avignon Papacy","desc_en":"Pope Clement V moved to Avignon, and for nearly 70 years the papacy was under the influence of the French crown, the so-called 'Babylonian Captivity', and papal prestige declined.","date_label_en":"1309–1377","place_en":"Avignon"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x031","start":1310,"date_label":"约14世纪初","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"基尔瓦胡苏尼库布瓦宫","desc":"基尔瓦苏丹在海边岩岬上修建胡苏尼库布瓦宫，有百余间房、庭院与八角形水池，基尔瓦当时控制索法拉黄金贸易，是斯瓦希里海岸最繁荣的城邦。","importance":1,"lat":-8.96,"lng":39.51,"place":"基尔瓦","title_en":"Husuni Kubwa Palace, Kilwa","desc_en":"The sultan of Kilwa built the Husuni Kubwa palace on a seaside headland, with over a hundred rooms, courtyards, and an octagonal pool; Kilwa then controlled the Sofala gold trade and was the most prosperous Swahili city-state.","date_label_en":"c. early 14th century","place_en":"Kilwa"},{"id":"east_asia-x256","start":1313,"date_label":"1313年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"王祯《农书》","desc":"元代王祯著《农书》，配有大量农具图谱，附录《造活字印书法》记载他在旌德试制木活字和转轮排字架的方法。","importance":2,"lat":30.29,"lng":118.54,"place":"安徽旌德","title_en":"Wang Zhen's Treatise on Agriculture","desc_en":"Yuan author Wang Zhen wrote the Nong Shu, illustrated with many farm tools; its appendix on movable-type printing describes his wooden type and revolving type-case trials at Jingde.","date_label_en":"1313","place_en":"Jingde, Anhui"},{"id":"inner_asia-x057","start":1313,"date_label":"1313年起","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"金帐汗国伊斯兰化","desc":"月即别汗即位后推动金帐汗国皈依伊斯兰教，萨莱发展为繁荣的商业都市，汗国在其治下达到鼎盛。","importance":1,"lat":47.17,"lng":47.25,"place":"萨莱","title_en":"Islamization of the Golden Horde","desc_en":"Upon his accession Özbeg Khan led the Golden Horde's conversion to Islam; Sarai grew into a thriving commercial city, and the khanate reached its peak under his rule.","date_label_en":"From 1313","place_en":"Sarai"},{"id":"europe-x137","start":1315,"end":1317,"date_label":"1315–1317年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"欧洲大饥荒","desc":"连年阴雨导致北欧粮食绝收，饥荒与牲畜瘟疫造成部分地区一成以上人口死亡，终结了中世纪盛期的长期人口增长。","importance":2,"lat":50.85,"lng":2.88,"place":"伊普尔","title_en":"Great Famine of Europe","desc_en":"Years of incessant rain caused harvest failures across northern Europe; famine and cattle plague killed over a tenth of the population in some areas, ending the long population growth of the High Middle Ages.","date_label_en":"1315–1317","place_en":"Ypres"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x032","start":1320,"date_label":"约1320年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"《列王荣耀》成书","desc":"吉兹文史诗《列王荣耀》约在14世纪初编成，讲述示巴女王与所罗门之子孟尼利克将约柜带到埃塞俄比亚，成为所罗门王朝与埃塞俄比亚民族认同的核心文本。","importance":1,"lat":14.13,"lng":38.72,"place":"阿克苏姆","title_en":"The Kebra Nagast Compiled","desc_en":"The Ge'ez epic Kebra Nagast, compiled around the early 14th century, tells how Menelik, son of the Queen of Sheba and Solomon, brought the Ark of the Covenant to Ethiopia; it became the core text of the Solomonic dynasty and Ethiopian identity.","date_label_en":"c. 1320","place_en":"Aksum"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-014","start":1324,"date_label":"1324年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"曼萨·穆萨朝觐","desc":"马里国王曼萨·穆萨率庞大队伍携大量黄金赴麦加朝觐，途经开罗时挥金如土致当地金价下跌，使马里富名远扬，欧洲地图上也开始绘出他的形象。","importance":3,"lat":11.38,"lng":-8.38,"place":"尼亚尼（马里都城）","title_en":"Mansa Musa's Pilgrimage","desc_en":"Mansa Musa of Mali traveled to Mecca with a vast retinue and great quantities of gold; his lavish spending in Cairo depressed the local price of gold, spreading Mali's fame for wealth, and his image began appearing on European maps.","date_label_en":"1324","place_en":"Niani (capital of Mali)"},{"id":"europe-x138","start":1324,"date_label":"约1320年代","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"奥卡姆剃刀","desc":"方济各会士奥卡姆的威廉主张“如无必要，勿增实体”，倡导唯名论，削弱了经院哲学体系，影响近代经验主义。","importance":1,"lat":51.75,"lng":-1.26,"place":"牛津","title_en":"Ockham's Razor","desc_en":"The Franciscan William of Ockham held that 'entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity' and championed nominalism, weakening the scholastic system and influencing modern empiricism.","date_label_en":"c. 1320s","place_en":"Oxford"},{"id":"latin_america-008","start":1325,"end":1521,"date_label":"1325—1521年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"阿兹特克帝国","desc":"墨西加人约1325年在湖中岛上建特诺奇蒂特兰，1428年结成三城同盟后扩张为阿兹特克帝国，以朝贡、市场和人祭著称，都城人口约20万。","importance":3,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"特诺奇蒂特兰","title_en":"Aztec Empire","desc_en":"Around 1325 the Mexica founded Tenochtitlan on an island in a lake; after forming the Triple Alliance in 1428 they expanded into the Aztec Empire, known for tribute, markets, and human sacrifice, with a capital of about 200,000 people.","date_label_en":"1325–1521","place_en":"Tenochtitlan"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x128","start":1325,"date_label":"1325年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"伊本·白图泰出游","desc":"丹吉尔人伊本·白图泰赴麦加朝觐后周游近三十年，足迹远至东非、印度、中国与马里，口述的游记是14世纪世界的珍贵记录。","importance":2,"lat":35.77,"lng":-5.8,"place":"丹吉尔","title_en":"Ibn Battuta Sets Out","desc_en":"Ibn Battuta of Tangier made the pilgrimage to Mecca and then traveled for nearly thirty years, reaching East Africa, India, China, and Mali; his dictated travelogue is a precious record of the 14th-century world.","date_label_en":"1325","place_en":"Tangier"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x129","start":1326,"date_label":"1326年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"奥斯曼取布尔萨","desc":"奥尔汗攻取拜占庭城市布尔萨并以之为都，奥斯曼从边境小国转向成形国家，布尔萨后来成为丝绸贸易中心。","importance":1,"lat":40.19,"lng":29.06,"place":"布尔萨","title_en":"Ottomans Take Bursa","desc_en":"Orhan captured the Byzantine city of Bursa and made it his capital, as the Ottomans grew from a frontier principality into a formed state; Bursa later became a center of the silk trade.","date_label_en":"1326","place_en":"Bursa"},{"id":"south_asia-x068","start":1327,"end":1330,"date_label":"1327—1330年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"图格鲁克迁都与铜币","desc":"穆罕默德·宾·图格鲁克强令朝臣迁都德干道拉塔巴德，又发行以铜代银的代币，因伪造泛滥失败，两项改革均造成混乱。","importance":2,"lat":19.94,"lng":75.21,"place":"道拉塔巴德","title_en":"Tughluq's Capital Move and Token Coinage","desc_en":"Muhammad bin Tughluq forced his court to move the capital to Daulatabad in the Deccan and issued copper token coins in place of silver, which failed amid rampant forgery; both reforms caused chaos.","date_label_en":"1327–1330","place_en":"Daulatabad"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x033","start":1327,"date_label":"1327年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"津加里贝尔清真寺","desc":"曼萨·穆萨朝觐归来后，聘请安达卢斯建筑师萨赫利在廷巴克图修建津加里贝尔清真寺，以泥土与木材筑成，是萨赫勒泥砖建筑风格的代表。","importance":2,"lat":16.77,"lng":-3.01,"place":"廷巴克图","title_en":"Djinguereber Mosque","desc_en":"Back from his pilgrimage, Mansa Musa engaged the Andalusian architect al-Sahili to build the Djinguereber Mosque in Timbuktu of earth and timber, a landmark of the Sahelian mud-brick style.","date_label_en":"1327","place_en":"Timbuktu"},{"id":"east_asia-060","start":1330,"date_label":"14世纪","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"景德镇青花瓷外销","desc":"元代景德镇成熟烧制青花瓷，大量外销西亚等地，明清时景德镇成为“瓷都”，瓷器成为中国最重要的出口商品之一。","importance":2,"lat":29.29,"lng":117.21,"place":"景德镇","title_en":"Jingdezhen Blue-and-White Exports","desc_en":"Under the Yuan, Jingdezhen perfected blue-and-white porcelain, exported in great quantities to West Asia and beyond; in the Ming and Qing it became the 'Porcelain Capital', and porcelain one of China's most important exports.","date_label_en":"14th century","place_en":"Jingdezhen"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-015","start":1330,"end":1600,"date_label":"14—16世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"廷巴克图学术中心","desc":"廷巴克图的桑科尔清真寺等成为伊斯兰学术中心，汇聚学者与大量手抄本，涉及法学、天文、数学与医学，保存至今的廷巴克图手稿达数十万件。","importance":2,"lat":16.77,"lng":-3.01,"place":"廷巴克图","title_en":"Timbuktu as a Center of Learning","desc_en":"Timbuktu's Sankore Mosque and others became centers of Islamic scholarship, gathering scholars and many manuscripts on law, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine; hundreds of thousands of Timbuktu manuscripts survive today.","date_label_en":"14th–16th century","place_en":"Timbuktu"},{"id":"east_asia-x257","start":1334,"date_label":"1333–1334年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"建武新政","desc":"后醍醐天皇联合足利尊氏、新田义贞推翻镰仓幕府，改元建武亲政，但重公家轻武士的政策引发不满，两年多即告失败。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"平安京(京都)","title_en":"Kenmu Restoration","desc_en":"Emperor Go-Daigo, allied with Ashikaga Takauji and Nitta Yoshisada, overthrew the Kamakura shogunate and launched direct imperial rule under the Kenmu era, but policies favoring courtiers over warriors bred discontent and it collapsed within about two years.","date_label_en":"1333–1334","place_en":"Heian-kyō (Kyoto)"},{"id":"south_asia-x069","start":1334,"end":1342,"date_label":"1334—1342年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"伊本·白图泰在德里","desc":"摩洛哥旅行家伊本·白图泰在德里苏丹国任法官约八年，后奉使出访，其游记详细记载了图格鲁克王朝的宫廷与社会。","importance":1,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"德里","title_en":"Ibn Battuta in Delhi","desc_en":"The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta served as a judge in the Delhi Sultanate for about eight years before going abroad as an envoy; his travelogue describes the Tughluq court and society in detail.","date_label_en":"1334–1342","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"south_asia-026","start":1336,"end":1646,"date_label":"1336年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"毗奢耶那伽罗帝国","desc":"诃里诃罗与布迦兄弟在南印度建立毗奢耶那伽罗帝国，首都亨比繁荣富庶，1565年塔利科塔战役惨败后衰落。","importance":2,"lat":15.33,"lng":76.46,"place":"亨比","title_en":"Vijayanagara Empire","desc_en":"The brothers Harihara and Bukka founded the Vijayanagara Empire in southern India; its capital Hampi grew rich and prosperous, but the empire declined after its crushing defeat at Talikota in 1565.","date_label_en":"1336","place_en":"Hampi"},{"id":"east_asia-x258","start":1336,"end":1392,"date_label":"1336–1392年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"南北朝对立","desc":"足利尊氏拥立光明天皇（北朝），后醍醐天皇逃往吉野另立朝廷（南朝），两朝对立近六十年，1392年由足利义满促成合一。","importance":2,"lat":34.37,"lng":135.86,"place":"奈良吉野","title_en":"Northern and Southern Courts","desc_en":"Ashikaga Takauji enthroned Emperor Kōmyō (Northern Court) while Go-Daigo fled to Yoshino and set up a rival court (Southern Court); the two courts were divided for nearly sixty years until Ashikaga Yoshimitsu reunited them in 1392.","date_label_en":"1336–1392","place_en":"Yoshino, Nara"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x028","start":1336,"date_label":"约1336年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"加查·马达誓言","desc":"满者伯夷宰相加查·马达立誓统一努山塔拉群岛，此后满者伯夷势力扩展至苏门答腊、婆罗洲等地。","importance":2,"lat":-7.56,"lng":112.38,"place":"特罗乌兰","title_en":"Gajah Mada's Oath","desc_en":"Majapahit prime minister Gajah Mada vowed to unite the Nusantara archipelago; Majapahit's power subsequently spread to Sumatra, Borneo, and beyond.","date_label_en":"c. 1336","place_en":"Trowulan"},{"id":"europe-048","start":1337,"end":1453,"date_label":"1337—1453年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"英法百年战争","desc":"英法围绕王位继承与领土断续交战百余年，长弓与火炮改变战争形态，圣女贞德扭转战局，法国最终获胜。","importance":2,"lat":47.9,"lng":1.91,"place":"奥尔良","title_en":"Hundred Years' War","desc_en":"England and France fought intermittently for over a century over the French succession and territory; longbows and cannon transformed warfare, Joan of Arc turned the tide, and France ultimately won.","date_label_en":"1337–1453","place_en":"Orléans"},{"id":"east_asia-x259","start":1338,"date_label":"1338年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"室町幕府建立","desc":"足利尊氏被北朝任命为征夷大将军，开创足利幕府，后因第三代将军足利义满在京都室町建“花之御所”而称室町幕府。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"京都","title_en":"Muromachi Shogunate Founded","desc_en":"Ashikaga Takauji was named shogun by the Northern Court and founded the Ashikaga shogunate, later called the Muromachi shogunate after the third shogun Yoshimitsu built his 'Palace of Flowers' in Muromachi, Kyoto.","date_label_en":"1338","place_en":"Kyoto"},{"id":"europe-x139","start":1341,"date_label":"1341年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"彼特拉克与人文主义","desc":"彼特拉克在罗马卡比托利欧山获桂冠诗人称号，他搜集古典抄本、推崇西塞罗，被誉为“人文主义之父”。","importance":2,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.49,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Petrarch and Humanism","desc_en":"Petrarch was crowned poet laureate on Rome's Capitoline Hill; he collected classical manuscripts and revered Cicero, and is hailed as the 'father of humanism'.","date_label_en":"1341","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"global-012","start":1346,"end":1353,"date_label":"1346—1353年","region":"global","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"黑死病","desc":"鼠疫经黑海沿岸商路传入地中海与欧洲，夺去欧洲约三分之一至一半人口，劳动力短缺动摇封建制度，西亚北非也遭重创。","importance":3,"lat":45.03,"lng":35.38,"place":"克里米亚卡法","title_en":"The Black Death","desc_en":"Plague spread via Black Sea trade routes to the Mediterranean and Europe, killing roughly a third to half of Europe's population; labor shortages shook feudalism, and West Asia and North Africa were also devastated.","date_label_en":"1346–1353","place_en":"Caffa, Crimea"},{"id":"europe-x140","start":1346,"date_label":"1346年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"克雷西战役","desc":"百年战争中，英军以长弓手在克雷西大败兵力占优的法国骑士，随后围攻并占领加来，显示了步兵与远程武器的威力。","importance":2,"lat":50.25,"lng":1.88,"place":"克雷西","title_en":"Battle of Crécy","desc_en":"In the Hundred Years' War, English longbowmen routed a larger force of French knights at Crécy, then besieged and took Calais, demonstrating the power of infantry and missile weapons.","date_label_en":"1346","place_en":"Crécy"},{"id":"europe-x141","start":1346,"date_label":"1346年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"杜尚称帝","desc":"塞尔维亚国王斯特凡·杜尚在斯科普里加冕称帝，疆域扩至希腊北部，1349年颁布《杜尚法典》，塞尔维亚国力达到顶峰。","importance":1,"lat":41.99,"lng":21.43,"place":"斯科普里","title_en":"Dušan Crowned Emperor","desc_en":"King Stefan Dušan of Serbia was crowned emperor in Skopje, extended his realm into northern Greece, and issued Dušan's Code in 1349, as Serbian power reached its peak.","date_label_en":"1346","place_en":"Skopje"},{"id":"south_asia-x070","start":1347,"end":1527,"date_label":"1347—1527年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"巴赫曼尼苏丹国","desc":"德干贵族反叛德里，建立巴赫曼尼苏丹国，初都古尔伯加，后迁比德尔，与毗奢耶那伽罗长期争战，后分裂为五个德干苏丹国。","importance":2,"lat":17.33,"lng":76.83,"place":"古尔伯加","title_en":"Bahmani Sultanate","desc_en":"Deccan nobles rebelled against Delhi and founded the Bahmani Sultanate, first at Gulbarga and later Bidar; it fought Vijayanagara for generations before splitting into five Deccan sultanates.","date_label_en":"1347–1527","place_en":"Gulbarga"},{"id":"europe-x142","start":1348,"date_label":"1348年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"布拉格查理大学","desc":"神圣罗马皇帝查理四世在布拉格创建大学，是中欧第一所大学，布拉格随之成为帝国的政治与文化中心。","importance":1,"lat":50.09,"lng":14.42,"place":"布拉格","title_en":"Charles University, Prague","desc_en":"Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV founded a university in Prague, the first in Central Europe, as Prague became the empire's political and cultural center.","date_label_en":"1348","place_en":"Prague"},{"id":"east_asia-x260","start":1349,"date_label":"1349年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"汪大渊《岛夷志略》","desc":"元代汪大渊两次搭乘商船远航南海与印度洋，归国后著《岛夷志略》，记载海外二百余个地名及其风俗物产与贸易情况。","importance":1,"lat":24.87,"lng":118.68,"place":"泉州","title_en":"Wang Dayuan's Daoyi Zhilüe","desc_en":"Yuan traveler Wang Dayuan twice sailed on merchant ships through the South China Sea and Indian Ocean, then wrote the Daoyi Zhilüe, recording over two hundred overseas places with their customs, products, and trade.","date_label_en":"1349","place_en":"Quanzhou"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x029","start":1350,"end":1550,"date_label":"约14—16世纪","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"宋加洛陶瓷","desc":"素可泰与西萨查那莱一带窑场大量烧制青瓷与釉下彩陶瓷，经海路远销菲律宾、印尼和日本，许多沉船中都有发现。","importance":1,"lat":17.43,"lng":99.79,"place":"西萨查那莱","title_en":"Sawankhalok Ceramics","desc_en":"Kilns around Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai mass-produced celadon and underglaze-painted wares, shipped by sea to the Philippines, Indonesia, and Japan; they have been found in many shipwrecks.","date_label_en":"c. 14th–16th century","place_en":"Si Satchanalai"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x130","start":1350,"date_label":"约1350年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"伊本·沙提尔的行星模型","desc":"大马士革倭马亚清真寺的报时官伊本·沙提尔构建不用托勒密偏心等距点的行星模型，其数学结构与后来哥白尼的模型高度相似。","importance":2,"lat":33.51,"lng":36.31,"place":"大马士革","title_en":"Ibn al-Shatir's Planetary Models","desc_en":"Ibn al-Shatir, timekeeper of Damascus's Umayyad Mosque, built planetary models without Ptolemy's equant; their mathematical structure closely resembles Copernicus's later models.","date_label_en":"c. 1350","place_en":"Damascus"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x131","start":1350,"date_label":"约1350年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"马林王朝的经学院","desc":"以非斯为都的马林王朝修建布伊纳尼亚等装饰华美的经学院，非斯成为马格里布学术中心，伊本·赫勒敦曾在此任职。","importance":1,"lat":34.06,"lng":-4.98,"place":"非斯","title_en":"Marinid Madrasas","desc_en":"The Marinid dynasty, ruling from Fez, built richly decorated madrasas such as the Bou Inania; Fez became the Maghreb's center of learning, where Ibn Khaldun once served.","date_label_en":"c. 1350","place_en":"Fez"},{"id":"southeast_asia-018","start":1351,"end":1767,"date_label":"1351年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"阿瑜陀耶王国","desc":"乌通王建立阿瑜陀耶王国，后吞并素可泰，凭借湄南河稻米与对外贸易繁荣数百年，首都被欧洲人誉为东方大都会。","importance":2,"lat":14.36,"lng":100.57,"place":"阿瑜陀耶","title_en":"Ayutthaya Kingdom","desc_en":"King U Thong founded the Ayutthaya Kingdom, which later absorbed Sukhothai and prospered for centuries on Chao Phraya rice and foreign trade; Europeans hailed its capital as a great metropolis of the East.","date_label_en":"1351","place_en":"Ayutthaya"},{"id":"east_asia-x261","start":1351,"date_label":"1351年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"红巾军起义","desc":"元廷强征民夫治理黄河，韩山童、刘福通以白莲教组织民众，头裹红巾起义，各地纷纷响应，元朝统治迅速瓦解。","importance":2,"lat":32.89,"lng":115.81,"place":"安徽阜阳","title_en":"Red Turban Rebellion","desc_en":"When the Yuan court conscripted laborers to tame the Yellow River, Han Shantong and Liu Futong organized followers through the White Lotus sect and rose in red turbans; revolts spread everywhere and Yuan rule quickly crumbled.","date_label_en":"1351","place_en":"Fuyang, Anhui"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x034","start":1352,"date_label":"1352–1353年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"伊本·白图泰访马里","desc":"摩洛哥旅行家伊本·白图泰1352年穿越撒哈拉访问马里帝国，记录了曼萨苏莱曼的宫廷礼仪、社会治安与伊斯兰习俗，是研究马里的重要一手资料。","importance":1,"lat":11.38,"lng":-8.38,"place":"尼亚尼","title_en":"Ibn Battuta Visits Mali","desc_en":"In 1352 the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta crossed the Sahara to visit the Mali Empire, recording Mansa Sulayman's court ceremonial, public security, and Islamic customs, a vital firsthand source on Mali.","date_label_en":"1352–1353","place_en":"Niani"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x030","start":1353,"date_label":"1353年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"法昂建澜沧王国","desc":"法昂在吴哥支持下统一老挝各部，以琅勃拉邦为都建立澜沧王国，号称\"万象之国\"，并引入上座部佛教。","importance":2,"lat":19.89,"lng":102.14,"place":"琅勃拉邦","title_en":"Fa Ngum Founds Lan Xang","desc_en":"With Angkorian support, Fa Ngum united the Lao principalities and founded the Lan Xang kingdom, the 'Land of a Million Elephants', with its capital at Luang Prabang, introducing Theravada Buddhism.","date_label_en":"1353","place_en":"Luang Prabang"},{"id":"inner_asia-x058","start":1353,"date_label":"约1353年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"秃黑鲁帖木儿改宗","desc":"东察合台汗秃黑鲁帖木儿皈依伊斯兰教，据载随其改宗者数以十万计，加速了天山以北与塔里木盆地的伊斯兰化。","importance":1,"lat":44.06,"lng":80.85,"place":"阿力麻里","title_en":"Tughlugh Timur Converts","desc_en":"Tughlugh Timur, khan of the eastern Chagatai realm, converted to Islam, reportedly followed by hundreds of thousands, accelerating the Islamization of the lands north of the Tianshan and the Tarim Basin.","date_label_en":"c. 1353","place_en":"Almaliq"},{"id":"europe-x143","start":1353,"date_label":"1353年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"薄伽丘《十日谈》","desc":"薄伽丘以黑死病期间十位青年避居乡间讲述的一百个故事构成《十日谈》，讽刺教会、肯定世俗欲望，开欧洲短篇小说先河。","importance":2,"lat":43.77,"lng":11.26,"place":"佛罗伦萨","title_en":"Boccaccio's Decameron","desc_en":"Boccaccio's Decameron frames a hundred tales told by ten young people sheltering in the countryside during the Black Death; it satirizes the Church, affirms worldly desire, and pioneered the European short story.","date_label_en":"1353","place_en":"Florence"},{"id":"east_asia-x262","start":1356,"date_label":"1356年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"恭愍王反元改革","desc":"高丽恭愍王趁元朝衰落清除亲元势力奇氏家族，废除征东行省理问所，收复双城总管府所辖领土，恢复高丽旧制。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":126.55,"place":"开京(开城)","title_en":"King Gongmin's Anti-Yuan Reforms","desc_en":"Exploiting Yuan decline, King Gongmin of Goryeo purged the pro-Yuan Gi clan, abolished the Yuan's Eastern Expedition Branch Secretariat office, recovered lands held by the Ssangseong Commandery, and restored Goryeo's old institutions.","date_label_en":"1356","place_en":"Gaegyeong (Kaesong)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x132","start":1356,"date_label":"1356年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"苏丹哈桑清真寺","desc":"马穆鲁克苏丹哈桑在开罗兴建清真寺兼经学院，规模宏大、四伊旺布局，代表马穆鲁克建筑的最高水平，1363年前后完工。","importance":1,"lat":30.03,"lng":31.26,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan","desc_en":"Mamluk sultan Hasan built a vast mosque-madrasa in Cairo with a four-iwan plan, the summit of Mamluk architecture, completed around 1363.","date_label_en":"1356","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"europe-x144","start":1356,"date_label":"1356年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"帝国金玺诏书","desc":"查理四世颁布金玺诏书，规定由七位选帝侯以多数票选举德意志国王，确立神圣罗马帝国延续四百余年的选举制度。","importance":2,"lat":49.45,"lng":11.08,"place":"纽伦堡","title_en":"Golden Bull of 1356","desc_en":"Charles IV issued the Golden Bull, providing for the German king to be elected by majority vote of seven prince-electors, an electoral system that lasted over four centuries in the Holy Roman Empire.","date_label_en":"1356","place_en":"Nuremberg"},{"id":"east_asia-x263","start":1363,"date_label":"1363年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"鄱阳湖之战","desc":"朱元璋与陈友谅在鄱阳湖展开决战，朱军以火攻焚毁陈军巨舰，陈友谅中箭身亡，朱元璋由此奠定统一江南的基础。","importance":2,"lat":29.1,"lng":116.3,"place":"江西鄱阳湖","title_en":"Battle of Lake Poyang","desc_en":"Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang fought a decisive battle on Lake Poyang; Zhu's fire attack burned Chen's giant ships, Chen was killed by an arrow, and Zhu laid the foundation for uniting the south.","date_label_en":"1363","place_en":"Lake Poyang, Jiangxi"},{"id":"east_asia-x264","start":1363,"date_label":"1363年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"文益渐引种棉花","desc":"高丽使臣文益渐出使元朝回国时带回棉花种子，与岳父郑天益在山清试种成功，棉布逐渐取代麻布成为主要衣料。","importance":2,"lat":35.42,"lng":127.87,"place":"庆尚南道山清","title_en":"Mun Ik-jeom Introduces Cotton","desc_en":"Returning from an embassy to the Yuan, Goryeo envoy Mun Ik-jeom brought back cotton seeds and, with his father-in-law Jeong Cheon-ik, grew them successfully in Sancheong; cotton gradually replaced hemp as the main clothing fabric.","date_label_en":"1363","place_en":"Sancheong, South Gyeongsang"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x133","start":1363,"date_label":"约14世纪后期","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"禁卫军的建立","desc":"奥斯曼苏丹穆拉德一世时期建立以被征服地区基督徒少年为来源的步兵禁卫军，后形成“德夫希尔梅”征募制，是帝国扩张的中坚。","importance":2,"lat":40.19,"lng":29.06,"place":"布尔萨","title_en":"Janissary Corps Founded","desc_en":"Under Sultan Murad I the Ottomans created the Janissary infantry from Christian boys of conquered lands, later formalized as the devshirme levy; it became the backbone of imperial expansion.","date_label_en":"c. late 14th century","place_en":"Bursa"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x031","start":1365,"date_label":"1365年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《爪哇史颂》","desc":"满者伯夷宫廷诗人普拉潘卡以古爪哇语写成长诗《爪哇史颂》，记述哈奄·武禄王巡行与属国，是研究满者伯夷的核心史料。","importance":2,"lat":-7.56,"lng":112.38,"place":"特罗乌兰","title_en":"The Nagarakretagama","desc_en":"Majapahit court poet Prapanca wrote the Old Javanese poem Nagarakretagama, describing King Hayam Wuruk's royal progresses and vassal states; it is the core source on Majapahit.","date_label_en":"1365","place_en":"Trowulan"},{"id":"east_asia-061","start":1368,"end":1644,"date_label":"1368年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"明朝建立","desc":"朱元璋在南京建立明朝，同年攻克大都，元廷退回漠北，他废除丞相、强化皇权并推行海禁政策。","importance":3,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"应天(南京)","title_en":"Ming Dynasty Founded","desc_en":"Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming dynasty in Nanjing and took Dadu the same year, driving the Yuan court back to the northern steppe; he abolished the chancellorship, strengthened imperial power, and imposed a maritime ban.","date_label_en":"1368","place_en":"Yingtian (Nanjing)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x032","start":1368,"end":1500,"date_label":"约14—15世纪","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"文莱苏丹国","desc":"文莱统治者皈依伊斯兰教，文莱苏丹国兴起，凭借海上贸易一度控制婆罗洲北部沿海和菲律宾南部部分地区。","importance":2,"lat":4.89,"lng":114.94,"place":"斯里巴加湾","title_en":"Sultanate of Brunei","desc_en":"Brunei's ruler converted to Islam and the Sultanate of Brunei arose, for a time controlling, through maritime trade, the coast of northern Borneo and parts of the southern Philippines.","date_label_en":"c. 14th–15th century","place_en":"Bandar Seri Begawan"},{"id":"inner_asia-030","start":1370,"end":1507,"date_label":"1370—1507年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"帖木儿帝国","desc":"帖木儿以撒马尔罕为都，征伐波斯、印度、奥斯曼，1402年安卡拉之战俘虏奥斯曼苏丹巴耶济德一世。","importance":3,"lat":39.65,"lng":66.96,"place":"撒马尔罕","title_en":"Timurid Empire","desc_en":"Timur ruled from Samarkand and campaigned against Persia, India, and the Ottomans, capturing Ottoman sultan Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara in 1402.","date_label_en":"1370–1507","place_en":"Samarkand"},{"id":"east_asia-062","start":1377,"date_label":"1377年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"《直指》金属活字","desc":"高丽清州兴德寺以金属活字印成《白云和尚抄录佛祖直指心体要节》，是现存最早的金属活字印刷书籍。","importance":2,"lat":36.64,"lng":127.49,"place":"清州兴德寺","title_en":"Jikji Printed with Metal Type","desc_en":"Heungdeok Temple in Cheongju printed the Jikji, an anthology of Zen teachings, with metal movable type; it is the oldest surviving book printed with metal type.","date_label_en":"1377","place_en":"Heungdeok Temple, Cheongju"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-055","start":1377,"date_label":"1377年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"伊本·赫勒敦《历史绪论》","desc":"北非学者伊本·赫勒敦完成《历史绪论》，以“群体凝聚力”解释王朝兴衰，被视为社会学与历史哲学的先驱。","importance":2,"lat":35.06,"lng":1.05,"place":"弗伦达附近","title_en":"Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah","desc_en":"North African scholar Ibn Khaldun completed the Muqaddimah, explaining the rise and fall of dynasties through 'asabiyya' (group cohesion); he is regarded as a pioneer of sociology and the philosophy of history.","date_label_en":"1377","place_en":"Near Frenda"},{"id":"east_asia-x265","start":1377,"date_label":"1377年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"崔茂宣与火药","desc":"崔茂宣向元朝商人学习火药制法，奏请设立火㷁都监制造火器；1380年高丽军在镇浦用火炮焚毁倭寇船只五百艘。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":126.55,"place":"开京(开城)","title_en":"Choe Mu-seon and Gunpowder","desc_en":"Choe Mu-seon learned to make gunpowder from a Yuan merchant and petitioned for a Firearms Directorate; in 1380 Goryeo forces used cannon at Jinpo to burn 500 Japanese pirate ships.","date_label_en":"1377","place_en":"Gaegyeong (Kaesong)"},{"id":"europe-x145","start":1378,"date_label":"1378年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"梳毛工起义","desc":"佛罗伦萨毛纺业中无行会权利的梳毛工起义，一度夺取政权并建立新行会，数年后被富商寡头镇压，是早期城市劳工运动。","importance":1,"lat":43.77,"lng":11.26,"place":"佛罗伦萨","title_en":"Revolt of the Ciompi","desc_en":"The Ciompi, Florentine wool workers without guild rights, rose up, briefly seized power, and created new guilds before being crushed by the merchant oligarchy a few years later; it was an early urban labor movement.","date_label_en":"1378","place_en":"Florence"},{"id":"europe-x146","start":1378,"end":1417,"date_label":"1378–1417年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"西方教会大分裂","desc":"罗马与阿维尼翁先后各立教皇，后又出现第三位，基督教世界分裂近四十年，直至康斯坦茨公会议才恢复统一。","importance":2,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.45,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Western Schism","desc_en":"Rival popes were elected in Rome and Avignon, later joined by a third; Christendom was divided for nearly forty years until the Council of Constance restored unity.","date_label_en":"1378–1417","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"east_asia-x266","start":1380,"date_label":"1380年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"废丞相与胡惟庸案","desc":"明太祖朱元璋以谋反罪诛杀丞相胡惟庸，随即废除中书省和丞相制度，由六部直接对皇帝负责，皇权高度集中。","importance":2,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"应天(南京)","title_en":"Chancellorship Abolished and the Hu Weiyong Case","desc_en":"The Hongwu Emperor executed chancellor Hu Weiyong for treason and then abolished the Secretariat and the chancellorship, making the Six Ministries answer directly to the emperor and concentrating imperial power.","date_label_en":"1380","place_en":"Yingtian (Nanjing)"},{"id":"south_asia-x071","start":1380,"end":1425,"date_label":"约14—15世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"喀拉拉数学学派","desc":"摩陀婆开创喀拉拉天文数学学派，得出正弦、余弦和反正切的无穷级数展开，比欧洲同类成果早约两个世纪。","importance":3,"lat":10.34,"lng":76.21,"place":"伊林贾拉库达","title_en":"Kerala School of Mathematics","desc_en":"Madhava founded the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics, deriving infinite series for sine, cosine, and arctangent about two centuries before comparable European results.","date_label_en":"c. 14th–15th century","place_en":"Irinjalakuda"},{"id":"europe-x147","start":1380,"date_label":"1380年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"库利科沃战役","desc":"莫斯科大公德米特里·顿斯科伊在顿河畔库利科沃原野击败金帐汗国权臣马麦，打破蒙古不可战胜的神话，提升了莫斯科威望。","importance":2,"lat":53.66,"lng":38.66,"place":"库利科沃","title_en":"Battle of Kulikovo","desc_en":"Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow defeated the Golden Horde strongman Mamai on Kulikovo Field by the Don, shattering the myth of Mongol invincibility and raising Moscow's prestige.","date_label_en":"1380","place_en":"Kulikovo"},{"id":"east_asia-x267","start":1381,"end":1387,"date_label":"1381–1387年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"黄册与鱼鳞图册","desc":"明朝1381年在全国编定赋役黄册登记户口，1387年完成丈量土地的鱼鳞图册，形成户籍与地籍两套征收赋役的基础档案。","importance":2,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"应天(南京)","title_en":"Yellow Registers and Fish-Scale Maps","desc_en":"In 1381 the Ming compiled the Yellow Registers of households nationwide for taxes and labor service, and in 1387 completed the fish-scale land survey maps, creating twin household and cadastral records for taxation.","date_label_en":"1381–1387","place_en":"Yingtian (Nanjing)"},{"id":"europe-x148","start":1381,"date_label":"1381年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"英格兰农民起义","desc":"因人头税与限制工资的法令，瓦特·泰勒率农民攻入伦敦，要求废除农奴制；起义被镇压，但人头税被放弃，农奴制此后衰落。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.09,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Peasants' Revolt in England","desc_en":"Provoked by the poll tax and wage-limiting laws, Wat Tyler led peasants into London demanding an end to serfdom; the revolt was crushed, but the poll tax was abandoned and serfdom then declined.","date_label_en":"1381","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-x149","start":1382,"date_label":"约1382年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"威克里夫英译圣经","desc":"牛津神学家威克里夫批评教会财富与教皇权威，其追随者把拉丁文圣经译成英文，思想影响了波希米亚的胡斯。","importance":1,"lat":51.75,"lng":-1.26,"place":"牛津","title_en":"Wycliffe's English Bible","desc_en":"Oxford theologian John Wycliffe criticized the Church's wealth and papal authority; his followers translated the Latin Bible into English, and his ideas influenced Jan Hus in Bohemia.","date_label_en":"c. 1382","place_en":"Oxford"},{"id":"europe-x150","start":1386,"date_label":"1386年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"波兰立陶宛联合","desc":"立陶宛大公约盖拉依克列沃联合协议受洗并迎娶波兰女王雅德维加，加冕为波兰国王，开创雅盖隆王朝。","importance":2,"lat":54.31,"lng":26.29,"place":"克列沃","title_en":"Union of Poland and Lithuania","desc_en":"Under the Union of Krewo, Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania was baptized, married Queen Jadwiga of Poland, and was crowned King of Poland, founding the Jagiellonian dynasty.","date_label_en":"1386","place_en":"Krewo"},{"id":"europe-x151","start":1387,"date_label":"约1387年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"乔叟《坎特伯雷故事集》","desc":"乔叟以中古英语写成《坎特伯雷故事集》，通过朝圣者讲故事描绘英国各阶层群像，奠定英语文学的地位。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Chaucer's Canterbury Tales","desc_en":"Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in Middle English, portraying all ranks of English society through pilgrims' stories and establishing English as a literary language.","date_label_en":"c. 1387","place_en":"London"},{"id":"east_asia-x268","start":1388,"date_label":"1388年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"威化岛回军","desc":"奉命北伐辽东的李成桂在鸭绿江威化岛回师开京，废黜禑王，掌握实权，四年后建立朝鲜王朝。","importance":2,"lat":40.08,"lng":124.4,"place":"鸭绿江威化岛","title_en":"Retreat from Wihwa Island","desc_en":"Ordered north against Liaodong, Yi Seong-gye turned his army back at Wihwa Island on the Yalu, marched on Gaegyeong, deposed King U, and took power; four years later he founded the Joseon dynasty.","date_label_en":"1388","place_en":"Wihwa Island, Yalu River"},{"id":"europe-x152","start":1389,"date_label":"1389年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"科索沃战役","desc":"塞尔维亚王公拉扎尔率巴尔干联军在科索沃平原迎战奥斯曼军队，双方君主均阵亡，塞尔维亚此后沦为奥斯曼附庸。","importance":2,"lat":42.69,"lng":21.13,"place":"科索沃平原","title_en":"Battle of Kosovo","desc_en":"Prince Lazar of Serbia led a Balkan coalition against the Ottomans on the Field of Kosovo; both rulers were killed, and Serbia then became an Ottoman vassal.","date_label_en":"1389","place_en":"Kosovo Field"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-016","start":1390,"end":1914,"date_label":"约1390—1914年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"刚果王国","desc":"刚果王国位于今安哥拉北部与刚果河下游，1491年国王恩津加·恩库武受洗，其子阿方索一世推行基督教并与葡萄牙往来，后深受奴隶贸易与内战之害。","importance":2,"lat":-6.27,"lng":14.24,"place":"姆班扎刚果","title_en":"Kingdom of Kongo","desc_en":"The Kingdom of Kongo lay in today's northern Angola and the lower Congo River; King Nzinga a Nkuwu was baptized in 1491 and his son Afonso I promoted Christianity and ties with Portugal, but the kingdom later suffered greatly from the slave trade and civil war.","date_label_en":"c. 1390–1914","place_en":"Mbanza Kongo"},{"id":"east_asia-063","start":1392,"end":1910,"date_label":"1392年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"朝鲜王朝建立","desc":"李成桂推翻高丽建立朝鲜王朝，后定都汉阳（今首尔），以儒学为治国理念，王朝延续五百余年。","importance":2,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉城(首尔)","title_en":"Joseon Dynasty Founded","desc_en":"Yi Seong-gye overthrew Goryeo and founded the Joseon dynasty, later making Hanyang (modern Seoul) its capital; 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the Tughluq dynasty was crippled and the Delhi Sultanate fragmented further.","date_label_en":"Dec 1398","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"east_asia-x271","start":1399,"end":1402,"date_label":"1399–1402年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"靖难之役","desc":"燕王朱棣以“清君侧”为名起兵反对削藩的建文帝，历时三年攻入南京，建文帝下落不明，朱棣即位为明成祖。","importance":2,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"应天(南京)","title_en":"Jingnan Campaign","desc_en":"Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, rebelled against the Jianwen Emperor's curbs on the princes in the name of 'clearing evil from the emperor's side'; after three years he took Nanjing, the Jianwen Emperor vanished, and Zhu Di took the throne as the Yongle Emperor.","date_label_en":"1399–1402","place_en":"Yingtian (Nanjing)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-019","start":1400,"end":1511,"date_label":"约1400年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"马六甲王国兴起","desc":"拜里米苏拉建立马六甲，借助明朝册封与郑和船队往来壮大，统治者皈依伊斯兰教，马六甲成为东西方香料与丝绸的中转大港。","importance":3,"lat":2.19,"lng":102.25,"place":"马六甲城","title_en":"Rise of the Malacca Sultanate","desc_en":"Parameswara founded Malacca, which grew strong through Ming investiture and the visits of Zheng He's fleets; its rulers converted to Islam, and Malacca became a great entrepôt for spices and silk between East and West.","date_label_en":"c. 1400","place_en":"Malacca City"},{"id":"europe-050","start":1400,"end":1550,"date_label":"约15—16世纪","region":"europe","dims":["文化","综合"],"title":"意大利文艺复兴","desc":"以佛罗伦萨为中心，人文主义复兴古典学术，布鲁内莱斯基、达·芬奇、米开朗基罗、拉斐尔等开创艺术与建筑新时代。","importance":3,"lat":43.77,"lng":11.26,"place":"佛罗伦萨","title_en":"Italian Renaissance","desc_en":"Centered on Florence, humanists revived classical learning, while Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and others opened a new era in art and architecture.","date_label_en":"c. 15th–16th century","place_en":"Florence"},{"id":"east_asia-x272","start":1400,"date_label":"约1400年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"世阿弥与能乐","desc":"观阿弥、世阿弥父子在足利义满庇护下将猿乐发展为能乐，世阿弥著《风姿花传》提出“幽玄”“花”等美学理念。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"京都","title_en":"Zeami and Noh Theater","desc_en":"Under Ashikaga Yoshimitsu's patronage, Kan'ami and his son Zeami developed sarugaku into Noh; Zeami's Fūshikaden set out aesthetic ideals such as yūgen and hana ('the flower').","date_label_en":"c. 1400","place_en":"Kyoto"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x033","start":1400,"end":1500,"date_label":"约15世纪","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"马六甲法典","desc":"马六甲王国编成《马六甲法典》与《马六甲海事法》，规范刑法、商业和航海事务，为马来世界各苏丹国所仿效。","importance":1,"lat":2.19,"lng":102.25,"place":"马六甲","title_en":"Laws of Malacca","desc_en":"The Malacca Sultanate compiled the Undang-Undang Melaka and the Maritime Laws of Malacca, regulating criminal law, commerce, and navigation; they were emulated by sultanates across the Malay world.","date_label_en":"c. 15th century","place_en":"Malacca"},{"id":"latin_america-x028","start":1400,"date_label":"约15世纪","region":"latin_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"奇南帕浮田","desc":"阿兹特克人在墨西哥谷地浅湖中以淤泥和植物堆筑人工田块“奇南帕”，可一年多熟，养活了特诺奇蒂特兰约20万人口，霍奇米尔科至今仍保留此景观。","importance":2,"lat":19.26,"lng":-99.1,"place":"霍奇米尔科","title_en":"Chinampa Floating Gardens","desc_en":"In the shallow lakes of the Valley of Mexico, the Aztecs built artificial plots called chinampas from mud and vegetation, yielding several harvests a year and feeding Tenochtitlan's roughly 200,000 people; the landscape survives at Xochimilco.","date_label_en":"c. 15th century","place_en":"Xochimilco"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x134","start":1402,"date_label":"1402年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事"],"title":"安卡拉战役","desc":"帖木儿在安卡拉大败奥斯曼军，俘获苏丹巴耶济德一世，奥斯曼陷入十余年的王位争夺内战，君士坦丁堡的陷落因此推迟。","importance":2,"lat":39.93,"lng":32.86,"place":"安卡拉","title_en":"Battle of Ankara","desc_en":"Timur crushed the Ottomans at Ankara and captured Sultan Bayezid I; the Ottomans fell into more than a decade of succession civil war, delaying the fall of Constantinople.","date_label_en":"1402","place_en":"Ankara"},{"id":"east_asia-x273","start":1404,"date_label":"1404年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"勘合贸易","desc":"足利义满接受明朝册封为“日本国王”，开始以勘合符为凭证的日明朝贡贸易，日本输出刀剑、铜、硫磺，输入铜钱、生丝与书籍。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"京都","title_en":"Tally Trade with Ming China","desc_en":"Ashikaga Yoshimitsu accepted Ming investiture as 'King of Japan' and began tribute trade certified by tallies; Japan exported swords, copper, and sulfur and imported copper coins, raw silk, and books.","date_label_en":"1404","place_en":"Kyoto"},{"id":"inner_asia-x059","start":1404,"date_label":"1399—1404年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"比比哈努姆清真寺","desc":"帖木儿远征印度后在撒马尔罕兴建巨型比比哈努姆清真寺，蓝色穹顶与高大门廊代表帖木儿建筑的宏伟风格。","importance":2,"lat":39.66,"lng":66.98,"place":"撒马尔罕","title_en":"Bibi-Khanym Mosque","desc_en":"After his Indian campaign, Timur built the colossal Bibi-Khanym Mosque in Samarkand; its blue dome and towering portal epitomize the grandeur of Timurid architecture.","date_label_en":"1399–1404","place_en":"Samarkand"},{"id":"inner_asia-x060","start":1404,"date_label":"1404年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"克拉维约出使撒马尔罕","desc":"卡斯蒂利亚使节克拉维约抵达撒马尔罕觐见帖木儿，其游记详细记述帖木儿宫廷、城市建筑与远方商品。","importance":1,"lat":39.65,"lng":66.96,"place":"撒马尔罕","title_en":"Clavijo's Embassy to Samarkand","desc_en":"Castilian envoy Ruy González de Clavijo reached Samarkand and met Timur; his travel account describes Timur's court, the city's architecture, and goods from distant lands in detail.","date_label_en":"1404","place_en":"Samarkand"},{"id":"east_asia-064","start":1405,"end":1433,"date_label":"1405–1433年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治","经济"],"title":"郑和下西洋","desc":"郑和率庞大船队七下西洋，经东南亚、南亚、西亚，最远到达东非沿岸，访问三十多个国家和地区。","importance":3,"lat":31.61,"lng":121.16,"place":"太仓刘家港","title_en":"Zheng He's Voyages","desc_en":"Zheng He led vast fleets on seven voyages through Southeast Asia, South Asia, and West Asia, reaching as far as the East African coast and visiting more than thirty countries and regions.","date_label_en":"1405–1433","place_en":"Liujiagang, Taicang"},{"id":"south_asia-x073","start":1405,"end":1433,"date_label":"1405—1433年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"郑和船队访古里","desc":"明朝郑和船队多次停靠喀拉拉古里，与当地统治者扎莫林通好贸易，古里是船队前往西亚与东非的重要中转港。","importance":2,"lat":11.25,"lng":75.78,"place":"卡利卡特","title_en":"Zheng He's Fleet at Calicut","desc_en":"Zheng He's Ming fleets repeatedly called at Calicut in Kerala, establishing friendly trade with its ruler, the Zamorin; Calicut was a key waypoint for voyages to West Asia and East Africa.","date_label_en":"1405–1433","place_en":"Calicut"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x034","start":1405,"end":1433,"date_label":"1405—1433年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"郑和船队驻马六甲","desc":"郑和船队多次以马六甲为中转基地设立仓库，明朝册封马六甲王，助其摆脱暹罗控制，马六甲借此成为海峡贸易中心。","importance":2,"lat":2.19,"lng":102.25,"place":"马六甲","title_en":"Zheng He's Fleet Based at Malacca","desc_en":"Zheng He's fleets repeatedly used Malacca as a waystation with warehouses; Ming investiture of Malacca's king helped it escape Siamese control, and Malacca became the center of Strait trade.","date_label_en":"1405–1433","place_en":"Malacca"},{"id":"inner_asia-x061","start":1405,"date_label":"1405年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"帖木儿东征途中病逝","desc":"帖木儿率大军东征明朝，行至讹答剌病逝，东征中止，其子孙争夺继承权，帝国逐渐分裂。","importance":1,"lat":42.85,"lng":68.3,"place":"讹答剌","title_en":"Timur Dies on His Eastern Campaign","desc_en":"Timur led a great army east against the Ming but died of illness at Otrar; the campaign was abandoned, his descendants fought over the succession, and the empire gradually fragmented.","date_label_en":"1405","place_en":"Otrar"},{"id":"europe-x155","start":1407,"date_label":"1407年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"热那亚圣乔治银行","desc":"热那亚债权人组成的圣乔治银行成立，接管国家债务与税收管理，是欧洲最早的公共银行之一，延续至1805年。","importance":1,"lat":44.41,"lng":8.93,"place":"热那亚","title_en":"Bank of Saint George, Genoa","desc_en":"Genoa's creditors formed the Bank of Saint George, which took over management of the state debt and taxes; one of Europe's earliest public banks, it lasted until 1805.","date_label_en":"1407","place_en":"Genoa"},{"id":"east_asia-x274","start":1408,"date_label":"1408年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《永乐大典》","desc":"明成祖命解缙、姚广孝等编成大型类书《永乐大典》，共22877卷，汇集古籍七八千种，正本下落不明，副本今仅存四百余册。","importance":3,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"应天(南京)","title_en":"The Yongle Encyclopedia","desc_en":"The Yongle Emperor ordered Xie Jin, Yao Guangxiao, and others to compile the Yongle Dadian, a vast encyclopedia of 22,877 chapters drawing on seven to eight thousand texts; the original is lost and only some four hundred volumes of the copy survive.","date_label_en":"1408","place_en":"Yingtian (Nanjing)"},{"id":"inner_asia-x062","start":1409,"date_label":"1409年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"沙哈鲁定都赫拉特","desc":"帖木儿之子沙哈鲁以赫拉特为都，其妃高哈尔·沙德资助建造清真寺与经学院，赫拉特成为波斯—突厥文化中心。","importance":2,"lat":34.35,"lng":62.2,"place":"赫拉特","title_en":"Shah Rukh Makes Herat His Capital","desc_en":"Timur's son Shah Rukh ruled from Herat; his consort Gawhar Shad funded mosques and madrasas, and Herat became a center of Perso-Turkic culture.","date_label_en":"1409","place_en":"Herat"},{"id":"europe-x156","start":1410,"date_label":"1410年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"格伦瓦尔德之战","desc":"波兰立陶宛联军在格伦瓦尔德（坦嫩贝格）大败条顿骑士团，大团长阵亡，骑士团从此由盛转衰。","importance":2,"lat":53.49,"lng":20.1,"place":"格伦瓦尔德","title_en":"Battle of Grunwald","desc_en":"A Polish-Lithuanian army routed the Teutonic Knights at Grunwald (Tannenberg), killing their Grand Master; the order thereafter went into decline.","date_label_en":"1410","place_en":"Grunwald"},{"id":"south_asia-x074","start":1411,"date_label":"1411年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"艾哈迈达巴德建城","desc":"古吉拉特苏丹艾哈迈德·沙在萨巴尔马蒂河畔建立艾哈迈达巴德，后发展为纺织与商贸重镇，2017年古城列入世界遗产。","importance":1,"lat":23.02,"lng":72.57,"place":"艾哈迈达巴德","title_en":"Founding of Ahmedabad","desc_en":"Sultan Ahmad Shah of Gujarat founded Ahmedabad on the Sabarmati River; it grew into a center of textiles and trade, and its historic city was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 2017.","date_label_en":"1411","place_en":"Ahmedabad"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x135","start":1415,"date_label":"1415年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","经济"],"title":"葡萄牙夺取休达","desc":"葡萄牙攻占摩洛哥北岸港口休达，这是欧洲人在非洲建立的第一个海外据点，被视为葡萄牙海外扩张的开端。","importance":2,"lat":35.89,"lng":-5.32,"place":"休达","title_en":"Portugal Seizes Ceuta","desc_en":"Portugal captured Ceuta on Morocco's northern coast, the first European overseas foothold in Africa, regarded as the start of Portuguese overseas expansion.","date_label_en":"1415","place_en":"Ceuta"},{"id":"europe-x157","start":1415,"date_label":"1415年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"胡斯殉道","desc":"布拉格神学家扬·胡斯持安全通行证赴康斯坦茨公会议申辩，却被判为异端处以火刑，引发波希米亚长期宗教战争。","importance":2,"lat":47.66,"lng":9.18,"place":"康斯坦茨","title_en":"Martyrdom of Jan Hus","desc_en":"Prague theologian Jan Hus traveled to the Council of Constance under a safe-conduct to defend his views but was condemned as a heretic and burned, sparking long religious wars in Bohemia.","date_label_en":"1415","place_en":"Constance"},{"id":"europe-x158","start":1415,"date_label":"1415年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"阿金库尔战役","desc":"英王亨利五世以疲惫之师在阿金库尔借泥泞地形和长弓击溃法国骑士，随后征服诺曼底，并于1420年迫使法国签订特鲁瓦条约。","importance":2,"lat":50.46,"lng":2.14,"place":"阿金库尔","title_en":"Battle of Agincourt","desc_en":"Henry V's weary army used muddy ground and longbows to rout French knights at Agincourt; he then conquered Normandy and in 1420 forced France to accept the Treaty of Troyes.","date_label_en":"1415","place_en":"Agincourt"},{"id":"europe-x159","start":1415,"date_label":"1415年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","军事"],"title":"葡萄牙攻占休达","desc":"葡萄牙远征军攻占北非港口休达，标志欧洲海外殖民扩张的开端，参战的恩里克王子此后致力于组织沿非洲西岸的探索。","importance":2,"lat":35.89,"lng":-5.32,"place":"休达","title_en":"Portuguese Capture of Ceuta","desc_en":"A Portuguese expedition took the North African port of Ceuta, marking the beginning of European overseas colonial expansion; Prince Henry, who fought there, went on to organize exploration down Africa's west coast.","date_label_en":"1415","place_en":"Ceuta"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x035","start":1418,"date_label":"约1418年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"郑和船队抵东非","desc":"明朝郑和船队在第五次下西洋前后到达摩加迪沙、布拉瓦、马林迪等东非港口，此前马林迪使团曾向明廷进献长颈鹿，被视为祥瑞“麒麟”。","importance":1,"lat":-3.22,"lng":40.12,"place":"马林迪","title_en":"Zheng He's Fleet Reaches East Africa","desc_en":"Around its fifth voyage, Zheng He's Ming fleet reached East African ports such as Mogadishu, Brava, and Malindi; earlier a Malindi embassy had presented a giraffe to the Ming court, hailed as an auspicious qilin.","date_label_en":"c. 1418","place_en":"Malindi"},{"id":"europe-x160","start":1419,"end":1434,"date_label":"1419–1434年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","文化"],"title":"胡斯战争","desc":"胡斯派以布拉格“掷出窗外事件”为开端起义，杨·杰式卡以车阵与火器屡败帝国十字军，最终达成妥协保留部分宗教权利。","importance":2,"lat":50.09,"lng":14.42,"place":"布拉格","title_en":"Hussite Wars","desc_en":"The Hussites rose up, beginning with the Defenestration of Prague; Jan Žižka's wagon forts and firearms repeatedly defeated imperial crusades, and a compromise eventually preserved some of their religious rights.","date_label_en":"1419–1434","place_en":"Prague"},{"id":"inner_asia-031","start":1420,"date_label":"1420年代","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"兀鲁伯天文台","desc":"帖木儿之孙兀鲁伯在撒马尔罕建天文台，编成《兀鲁伯星表》，测定上千颗恒星位置，精度为当时世界领先。","importance":3,"lat":39.67,"lng":67.01,"place":"撒马尔罕","title_en":"Ulugh Beg's Observatory","desc_en":"Timur's grandson Ulugh Beg built an observatory in Samarkand and compiled the Zij-i Sultani star catalogue, fixing the positions of about a thousand stars with world-leading precision for the time.","date_label_en":"1420s","place_en":"Samarkand"},{"id":"east_asia-x275","start":1420,"date_label":"1420年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"集贤殿","desc":"朝鲜世宗扩充集贤殿，聚集年轻学者从事经史研究、编书与制度设计，成为训民正音创制和众多编纂事业的核心机构。","importance":2,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉阳(首尔)","title_en":"Hall of Worthies","desc_en":"King Sejong of Joseon expanded the Jiphyeonjeon (Hall of Worthies), gathering young scholars for classical and historical research, compilation, and institutional design; it was central to creating Hunminjeongeum and many compilations.","date_label_en":"1420","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"south_asia-x075","start":1420,"end":1470,"date_label":"1420—1470年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"宰因·阿比丁治克什米尔","desc":"克什米尔苏丹宰因·阿比丁实行宗教宽容，组织梵语典籍译为波斯语，引入造纸、地毯和纸浆工艺，被誉为\"伟大的苏丹\"。","importance":1,"lat":34.08,"lng":74.8,"place":"斯利那加","title_en":"Zain-ul-Abidin Rules Kashmir","desc_en":"Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir practiced religious tolerance, had Sanskrit texts translated into Persian, and introduced papermaking, carpet weaving, and papier-mâché; he is remembered as 'Budshah', the Great King.","date_label_en":"1420–1470","place_en":"Srinagar"},{"id":"europe-x161","start":1420,"end":1436,"date_label":"1420–1436年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"布鲁内莱斯基穹顶","desc":"布鲁内莱斯基为佛罗伦萨圣母百花大教堂设计建造无脚手架支撑的双层八角穹顶，并发明起重机械，被视为文艺复兴建筑的开端。","importance":2,"lat":43.77,"lng":11.26,"place":"佛罗伦萨","title_en":"Brunelleschi's Dome","desc_en":"Brunelleschi designed and built the double-shelled octagonal dome of Florence Cathedral without supporting centering and invented lifting machines for it, regarded as the beginning of Renaissance architecture.","date_label_en":"1420–1436","place_en":"Florence"},{"id":"east_asia-x276","start":1421,"date_label":"1421年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"迁都北京与紫禁城","desc":"明成祖营建北京宫殿，紫禁城于1420年建成，1421年正式迁都北京；紫禁城占地约72万平方米，是现存规模最大的古代木构宫殿群。","importance":3,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京","title_en":"Capital Moves to Beijing; 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Covering about 720,000 square meters, it is the largest surviving complex of ancient wooden palace buildings.","date_label_en":"1421","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x277","start":1428,"date_label":"1428年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"正长土一揆","desc":"近江坂本的运输业者马借首先起事，京都周边农民随即群起要求德政，捣毁酒屋、土仓等高利贷者，撕毁借据，是日本首次大规模农民一揆。","importance":1,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"京都","title_en":"Shōchō Uprising","desc_en":"Packhorse carriers (bashaku) of Sakamoto in Ōmi rose first, and peasants around Kyoto followed, demanding debt cancellation, smashing sake brewers' and storehouse moneylenders' premises and tearing up loan deeds; it was Japan's first large-scale peasant uprising.","date_label_en":"1428","place_en":"Kyoto"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x035","start":1428,"date_label":"1428年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"黎利建立后黎朝","desc":"黎利领导蓝山起义，历时十年击退明军，建立后黎朝定都升龙，阮廌撰写《平吴大诰》宣告大越独立。","importance":2,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.84,"place":"河内","title_en":"Le Loi Founds the Later Le Dynasty","desc_en":"Le Loi led the Lam Son uprising and after ten years drove out the Ming army, founding the Later Le dynasty with its capital at Thang Long; Nguyen Trai's Great Proclamation upon the Pacification of the Wu declared Dai Viet's independence.","date_label_en":"1428","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"latin_america-x029","start":1428,"date_label":"1428年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"阿兹特克三方同盟","desc":"特诺奇蒂特兰、特斯科科与特拉科潘结成三方同盟，推翻阿斯卡波察尔科的特帕内克霸权，此后同盟向四方征服，建立起向数百座城邦征收贡赋的帝国。","importance":2,"lat":19.51,"lng":-98.88,"place":"特斯科科","title_en":"Aztec Triple Alliance","desc_en":"Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan formed the Triple Alliance and overthrew the Tepanec hegemony of Azcapotzalco; the alliance then conquered in all directions, building an empire that drew tribute from hundreds of city-states.","date_label_en":"1428","place_en":"Texcoco"},{"id":"east_asia-x278","start":1429,"date_label":"1429年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"《农事直说》","desc":"世宗命郑招等调查各道老农经验，编成《农事直说》，是朝鲜第一部根据本国风土总结的农书，推动了农业技术普及。","importance":1,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉阳(首尔)","title_en":"Straight Talk on Farming","desc_en":"Sejong had Jeong Cho and others survey experienced farmers in each province and compile the Nongsa jikseol, Joseon's first agricultural manual based on local conditions, spreading farming techniques.","date_label_en":"1429","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"east_asia-x279","start":1429,"date_label":"1429年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"琉球王国统一","desc":"中山王尚巴志统一北山、中山、南山三国，建立琉球王国，以首里为都，借助对明朝贡开展东亚与东南亚间的中转贸易。","importance":2,"lat":26.22,"lng":127.72,"place":"那霸首里","title_en":"Ryukyu Kingdom Unified","desc_en":"King Shō Hashi of Chūzan united the three kingdoms of Hokuzan, Chūzan, and Nanzan into the Ryukyu Kingdom with its capital at Shuri, using tribute to the Ming to run entrepôt trade between East and Southeast Asia.","date_label_en":"1429","place_en":"Shuri, Naha"},{"id":"europe-x162","start":1429,"date_label":"1429年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"贞德解奥尔良之围","desc":"农家少女贞德率法军解除英军对奥尔良的围攻，护送王太子查理七世到兰斯加冕，扭转了百年战争局势。","importance":2,"lat":47.9,"lng":1.9,"place":"奥尔良","title_en":"Joan of Arc Relieves Orléans","desc_en":"The peasant girl Joan of Arc led French troops to lift the English siege of Orléans and escorted the Dauphin Charles VII to his coronation at Reims, turning the tide of the Hundred Years' War.","date_label_en":"1429","place_en":"Orléans"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x036","start":1430,"date_label":"约15世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"穆塔帕王国","desc":"大津巴布韦衰落后，绍纳人在赞比西河南岸建立穆塔帕王国，控制内陆黄金与象牙输往印度洋的贸易，16世纪起葡萄牙人试图渗透其金矿区。","importance":2,"lat":-16.6,"lng":31.0,"place":"津巴布韦北部","title_en":"Kingdom of Mutapa","desc_en":"After Great Zimbabwe declined, the Shona founded the Mutapa kingdom south of the Zambezi, controlling the trade of inland gold and ivory to the Indian Ocean; from the 16th century the Portuguese tried to penetrate its goldfields.","date_label_en":"c. 15th century","place_en":"Northern Zimbabwe"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x036","start":1431,"date_label":"1431年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"阿瑜陀耶攻陷吴哥","desc":"阿瑜陀耶军队攻陷吴哥，高棉王室此后南迁至金边一带，吴哥逐渐被弃，高棉进入后吴哥时期。","importance":2,"lat":13.44,"lng":103.86,"place":"吴哥","title_en":"Ayutthaya Sacks Angkor","desc_en":"Ayutthaya's army took Angkor; the Khmer court then moved south toward Phnom Penh, Angkor was gradually abandoned, and Cambodia entered its post-Angkor period.","date_label_en":"1431","place_en":"Angkor"},{"id":"east_asia-x280","start":1434,"date_label":"1434年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"蒋英实自击漏","desc":"出身官奴的工匠蒋英实奉世宗之命制成自动报时的水钟“自击漏”和仰釜日晷，并参与制作浑天仪等天文仪器。","importance":2,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉阳(首尔)","title_en":"Jang Yeong-sil's Water Clock","desc_en":"Jang Yeong-sil, a craftsman of government-slave origin, built for Sejong the self-striking water clock Jagyeongnu and the hemispherical sundial Angbu Ilgu, and helped make armillary spheres and other astronomical instruments.","date_label_en":"1434","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"europe-x163","start":1434,"date_label":"1434年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"凡·艾克与油画","desc":"扬·凡·艾克完成《阿尔诺芬尼夫妇像》，他完善了油彩画法，以精细光影与写实细节开创早期尼德兰画派。","importance":2,"lat":51.21,"lng":3.22,"place":"布鲁日","title_en":"Van Eyck and Oil Painting","desc_en":"Jan van Eyck completed the Arnolfini Portrait; refining oil technique, he founded Early Netherlandish painting with subtle light and realistic detail.","date_label_en":"1434","place_en":"Bruges"},{"id":"east_asia-x281","start":1436,"date_label":"1436年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"金花银与白银货币化","desc":"明英宗时将南直隶、浙江等地部分田赋折银征收，称“金花银”；此后赋役折银范围扩大，白银逐渐成为明朝的主要流通货币。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Gold-Floral Silver and Monetized Silver","desc_en":"Under Emperor Yingzong, part of the land tax in Nanzhili, Zhejiang, and elsewhere was commuted to silver, known as 'gold-floral silver'; commutation then spread, and silver gradually became the Ming's main currency.","date_label_en":"1436","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"latin_america-009","start":1438,"end":1533,"date_label":"1438—1533年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"印加帝国","desc":"帕查库蒂即位后印加从库斯科迅速扩张，鼎盛时纵贯安第斯山脉数千公里，修建约4万公里道路网，用结绳记事，建有马丘比丘。","importance":3,"lat":-13.53,"lng":-71.97,"place":"库斯科","title_en":"Inca Empire","desc_en":"After Pachacuti's accession the Inca expanded rapidly from Cusco; at its height the empire stretched thousands of kilometers along the Andes, with a road network of about 40,000 km, knotted-cord records, and Machu Picchu.","date_label_en":"1438–1533","place_en":"Cusco"},{"id":"europe-x164","start":1439,"date_label":"1439年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"佛罗伦萨公会议","desc":"拜占庭皇帝与希腊教士赴佛罗伦萨谋求东西教会合一，合一短暂而无效，但随行的希腊学者推动了意大利的柏拉图研究。","importance":1,"lat":43.77,"lng":11.26,"place":"佛罗伦萨","title_en":"Council of Florence","desc_en":"The Byzantine emperor and Greek clergy came to Florence seeking union of the Eastern and Western churches; the union was brief and ineffective, but the Greek scholars who came spurred Platonic studies in Italy.","date_label_en":"1439","place_en":"Florence"},{"id":"europe-x165","start":1440,"date_label":"1440年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"瓦拉证伪君士坦丁献土","desc":"人文主义者洛伦佐·瓦拉用语文学方法证明《君士坦丁献土》是后世伪作，动摇教皇世俗权力的依据，开文本批判先河。","importance":1,"lat":40.85,"lng":14.27,"place":"那不勒斯","title_en":"Valla Exposes the Donation of Constantine","desc_en":"Humanist Lorenzo Valla used philology to prove the Donation of Constantine a later forgery, undermining a basis of papal temporal power and pioneering textual criticism.","date_label_en":"1440","place_en":"Naples"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x037","start":1440,"date_label":"约1440年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"贝宁王国奥巴埃瓦雷","desc":"奥巴埃瓦雷登位后扩张贝宁王国，重建都城并修筑庞大的土墙壕沟体系，宫廷铸铜行会兴盛，贝宁成为西非森林地带最强大的国家之一。","importance":2,"lat":6.34,"lng":5.62,"place":"贝宁城","title_en":"Oba Ewuare of Benin","desc_en":"On taking the throne, Oba Ewuare expanded the Kingdom of Benin, rebuilt the capital, and built vast systems of earthen walls and moats; royal brass-casting guilds flourished, and Benin became one of the strongest states of the West African forest.","date_label_en":"c. 1440","place_en":"Benin City"},{"id":"east_asia-x282","start":1441,"date_label":"1441年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"测雨器","desc":"朝鲜世宗时制成测雨器并于次年在全国推行，统一规格测量和上报雨量，是世界上最早的标准化雨量观测制度之一。","importance":2,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉阳(首尔)","title_en":"Rain Gauge","desc_en":"Under King Sejong, Joseon made a rain gauge and the next year deployed it nationwide to measure and report rainfall to a uniform standard, one of the world's earliest standardized rainfall observation systems.","date_label_en":"1441","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"east_asia-x283","start":1442,"date_label":"1442年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"《七政算》","desc":"世宗命郑麟趾等参考元《授时历》与回回历，编成以汉阳为基准的历法《七政算》内外篇，可推算日月食与五星运行。","importance":1,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉阳(首尔)","title_en":"Chiljeongsan Calendar","desc_en":"Sejong ordered Jeong In-ji and others to draw on the Yuan Shoushi calendar and the Islamic calendar to compile the Chiljeongsan, inner and outer volumes based on Hanyang, able to predict eclipses and planetary motion.","date_label_en":"1442","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x038","start":1445,"date_label":"1445年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"阿尔金贸易站","desc":"葡萄牙在今毛里塔尼亚沿海的阿尔金岛建立贸易站，以布匹、马匹换取黄金与奴隶，这是欧洲人在非洲西海岸第一个固定据点，开启了沿海贸易时代。","importance":1,"lat":20.6,"lng":-16.45,"place":"阿尔金岛","title_en":"Arguin Trading Post","desc_en":"Portugal set up a trading post on Arguin Island off today's Mauritania, exchanging cloth and horses for gold and slaves; it was Europe's first permanent foothold on Africa's west coast, opening an era of coastal trade.","date_label_en":"1445","place_en":"Arguin Island"},{"id":"east_asia-065","start":1446,"date_label":"1446年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"颁布训民正音","desc":"朝鲜世宗主持创制训民正音（韩文字母），1446年颁布，使普通百姓易于读写，今为韩国与朝鲜的通用文字。","importance":3,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉城(首尔)","title_en":"Hunminjeongeum Promulgated","desc_en":"King Sejong of Joseon oversaw the creation of Hunminjeongeum (the Korean alphabet), promulgated in 1446 so ordinary people could easily read and write; it is today the script of both Koreas.","date_label_en":"1446","place_en":"Hanseong (Seoul)"},{"id":"east_asia-x284","start":1449,"date_label":"1449年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"土木之变","desc":"明英宗在宦官王振怂恿下亲征瓦剌，在土木堡兵败被俘；兵部尚书于谦拥立景帝，组织北京保卫战击退瓦剌军。","importance":2,"lat":40.38,"lng":115.43,"place":"河北怀来土木堡","title_en":"Tumu Crisis","desc_en":"Urged on by the eunuch Wang Zhen, Emperor Yingzong led a campaign against the Oirats and was defeated and captured at Tumu; War Minister Yu Qian enthroned the Jingtai Emperor and organized the defense of Beijing, driving off the Oirats.","date_label_en":"1449","place_en":"Tumubao, Huailai, Hebei"},{"id":"europe-051","start":1450,"date_label":"约1450年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","文化","综合"],"title":"古登堡活字印刷","desc":"美因茨的古登堡发展金属活字印刷术，约1455年印成《古登堡圣经》，书籍成本大降，知识传播迅速加快。","importance":3,"lat":50.0,"lng":8.27,"place":"美因茨","title_en":"Gutenberg's Movable Type","desc_en":"Gutenberg of Mainz developed metal movable-type printing and printed the Gutenberg Bible around 1455; book costs fell sharply and the spread of knowledge accelerated.","date_label_en":"c. 1450","place_en":"Mainz"},{"id":"north_america-006","start":1450,"date_label":"约15—16世纪","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"易洛魁联盟","desc":"莫霍克、奥奈达、奥农达加、卡尤加、塞内卡五族结成易洛魁（豪德诺索尼）联盟，以“大和平法”议事，1722年塔斯卡罗拉加入，成立时间说法不一。","importance":2,"lat":43.05,"lng":-76.15,"place":"锡拉丘兹附近","title_en":"Iroquois Confederacy","desc_en":"The Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca formed the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy, deliberating under the Great Law of Peace; the Tuscarora joined in 1722, and its founding date is debated.","date_label_en":"c. 15th–16th century","place_en":"Near Syracuse"},{"id":"global-x006","start":1450,"end":1750,"date_label":"15—18世纪","region":"global","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"咖啡的全球传播","desc":"咖啡饮用于15世纪在也门苏菲派中兴起，经奥斯曼帝国传入欧洲，咖啡馆成为商业与公共讨论场所；荷兰、法国等将其种植扩展到爪哇和美洲。","importance":2,"title_en":"Global Spread of Coffee","desc_en":"Coffee drinking arose among Sufis in Yemen in the 15th century and reached Europe via the Ottoman Empire, where coffeehouses became places of business and public discussion; the Dutch, French, and others spread its cultivation to Java and the Americas.","date_label_en":"15th–18th century"},{"id":"south_asia-x076","start":1450,"end":1500,"date_label":"约15世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"卡比尔诗歌","desc":"瓦拉纳西织工诗人卡比尔以通俗语言写作，批评偶像崇拜与种姓，融合虔信与苏菲思想，其诗收入锡克教圣典。","importance":2,"lat":25.32,"lng":83.01,"place":"瓦拉纳西","title_en":"Poetry of Kabir","desc_en":"Kabir, a weaver-poet of Varanasi, wrote in the vernacular, criticizing idol worship and caste and blending bhakti devotion with Sufi thought; his verses are included in the Sikh scripture.","date_label_en":"c. 15th century","place_en":"Varanasi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x037","start":1450,"date_label":"约15世纪中叶","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"阿瑜陀耶萨克迪纳制","desc":"阿瑜陀耶王戴莱洛迦纳整顿官制，以授田数量划定从王族到平民的等级\"萨克迪纳\"，构建了延续数百年的社会秩序。","importance":2,"lat":14.36,"lng":100.57,"place":"大城","title_en":"Ayutthaya's Sakdina System","desc_en":"King Borommatrailokanat of Ayutthaya reorganized the bureaucracy and ranked everyone from royalty to commoners by entitled landholding, the sakdina, building a social order that lasted for centuries.","date_label_en":"c. mid-15th century","place_en":"Ayutthaya"},{"id":"latin_america-x030","start":1450,"date_label":"约1450年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"马丘比丘","desc":"印加皇帝帕查库特克约在1450年下令在安第斯山脊修建马丘比丘，石块干砌严丝合缝，可能为皇家庄园，西班牙人未曾发现，1911年因宾厄姆而闻名世界。","importance":2,"lat":-13.16,"lng":-72.55,"place":"马丘比丘","title_en":"Machu Picchu","desc_en":"Around 1450 the Inca emperor Pachacuti ordered Machu Picchu built on an Andean ridge with precisely fitted dry-stone masonry, possibly as a royal estate; never found by the Spanish, it became world-famous through Bingham in 1911.","date_label_en":"c. 1450","place_en":"Machu Picchu"},{"id":"latin_america-x031","start":1450,"date_label":"约15世纪","region":"latin_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"印加道路网","desc":"印加帝国修建以库斯科为中心、总长约3万公里的道路网“卡帕克·尼安”，配套驿站与吊桥，由信使接力传递消息，2014年列入世界遗产。","importance":2,"lat":-13.53,"lng":-71.97,"place":"库斯科","title_en":"Inca Road System","desc_en":"The Inca built the Qhapaq Ñan, a road network of about 30,000 km centered on Cusco, with waystations and suspension bridges and relay runners carrying messages; it became a World Heritage Site in 2014.","date_label_en":"c. 15th century","place_en":"Cusco"},{"id":"latin_america-x032","start":1450,"date_label":"约15世纪","region":"latin_america","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"结绳记事奇普","desc":"没有文字的印加帝国以奇普记录人口、贡赋与仓储，以绳结位置和类型表示十进制数字，由专职官员掌管，是帝国行政的核心工具。","importance":1,"lat":-13.53,"lng":-71.97,"place":"库斯科","title_en":"Quipu Knotted Records","desc_en":"Lacking writing, the Inca recorded population, tribute, and storehouse contents on quipus, with knot position and type representing decimal numbers; kept by specialist officials, they were a core tool of imperial administration.","date_label_en":"c. 15th century","place_en":"Cusco"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x039","start":1450,"date_label":"约15世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"咖啡从埃塞俄比亚传出","desc":"咖啡树原产埃塞俄比亚西南卡法一带，约15世纪经也门苏菲派传播，成为提神饮品，后经摩卡港行销伊斯兰世界与欧洲，深刻改变全球饮食与贸易。","importance":2,"lat":7.27,"lng":36.24,"place":"邦加","title_en":"Coffee Spreads from Ethiopia","desc_en":"The coffee plant is native to the Kaffa area of southwestern Ethiopia; around the 15th century it spread through Yemeni Sufis as a stimulant drink and was later traded via the port of Mocha to the Islamic world and Europe, profoundly changing global diet and trade.","date_label_en":"c. 15th century","place_en":"Bonga"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-056","start":1453,"date_label":"1453年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"攻陷君士坦丁堡","desc":"奥斯曼苏丹穆罕默德二世用巨炮攻破君士坦丁堡，拜占庭帝国灭亡，城市成为奥斯曼新都伊斯坦布尔。","importance":3,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.98,"place":"君士坦丁堡","title_en":"Ottomans Conquer Constantinople","desc_en":"Ottoman sultan Mehmed II breached Constantinople with giant cannon; 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much of the city was reduced to ashes, shogunal authority collapsed, and Japan entered the Warring States period.","date_label_en":"1467–1477","place_en":"Kyoto"},{"id":"europe-x168","start":1469,"date_label":"1469年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"斐迪南与伊莎贝拉联姻","desc":"阿拉贡王子斐迪南与卡斯蒂利亚公主伊莎贝拉成婚，两人继位后共治两国，为统一的西班牙王国奠定基础。","importance":2,"lat":41.65,"lng":-4.72,"place":"巴利亚多利德","title_en":"Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella","desc_en":"Prince Ferdinand of Aragon married Princess Isabella of Castile; after inheriting their thrones they ruled both kingdoms jointly, laying the foundation for a united Spanish monarchy.","date_label_en":"1469","place_en":"Valladolid"},{"id":"latin_america-x033","start":1470,"date_label":"约1470年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事"],"title":"印加征服奇穆","desc":"印加王子图帕克·印卡·尤潘基率军征服奇穆王国，将其工匠迁往库斯科，印加帝国由此控制秘鲁北部富庶的沿海地区。","importance":1,"lat":-8.11,"lng":-79.07,"place":"昌昌","title_en":"Inca Conquest of Chimú","desc_en":"The Inca prince Túpac Inca Yupanqui conquered the Chimú kingdom and relocated its artisans to Cusco, bringing the rich coastal lands of northern Peru under Inca control.","date_label_en":"c. 1470","place_en":"Chan Chan"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x038","start":1471,"date_label":"1471年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"后黎朝攻破毗阇耶","desc":"黎圣宗亲征攻陷占婆都城毗阇耶，俘获占婆国王，占婆势力从此一蹶不振，越南向南扩张的步伐明显加快。","importance":2,"lat":13.87,"lng":109.05,"place":"归仁","title_en":"Dai Viet Takes Vijaya","desc_en":"Emperor Le Thanh Tong personally led the capture of the Cham capital Vijaya and seized the Cham king; 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it was the dynasty's fundamental legal code.","date_label_en":"1485","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"europe-x170","start":1485,"date_label":"约1485年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"波提切利《维纳斯的诞生》","desc":"受美第奇家族赞助的波提切利以古典神话为题材绘制《维纳斯的诞生》，体现佛罗伦萨新柏拉图主义与世俗美的追求。","importance":2,"lat":43.77,"lng":11.26,"place":"佛罗伦萨","title_en":"Botticelli's Birth of Venus","desc_en":"Backed by Medici patronage, Botticelli painted The Birth of Venus on a classical mythological theme, reflecting Florentine Neoplatonism and the pursuit of secular beauty.","date_label_en":"c. 1485","place_en":"Florence"},{"id":"east_asia-x287","start":1486,"date_label":"1486年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"雪舟《山水长卷》","desc":"画僧雪舟曾随遣明船入明学习，归国后在山口完成《四季山水图卷》（山水长卷），确立了日本水墨画的独特风格。","importance":2,"lat":34.19,"lng":131.47,"place":"山口","title_en":"Sesshū's Long Landscape Scroll","desc_en":"The painter-monk Sesshū, who had studied in Ming China with a Japanese embassy, completed the Landscape of the Four Seasons (Long Scroll) in Yamaguchi, establishing a distinctive Japanese style of ink painting.","date_label_en":"1486","place_en":"Yamaguchi"},{"id":"east_asia-x288","start":1488,"date_label":"1488年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"加贺一向一揆","desc":"净土真宗本愿寺门徒在加贺国发动一向一揆，推翻守护富樫政亲，此后约百年加贺由门徒自治，被称为“百姓所持之国”。","importance":1,"lat":36.56,"lng":136.66,"place":"石川金泽","title_en":"Ikkō-ikki of Kaga","desc_en":"Followers of the Jōdo Shinshū Hongan-ji launched an Ikkō-ikki uprising in Kaga, overthrowing the governor Togashi Masachika; for about a century Kaga was self-governed by the faithful, called 'the province ruled by peasants'.","date_label_en":"1488","place_en":"Kanazawa, Ishikawa"},{"id":"inner_asia-x065","start":1488,"date_label":"约1488年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"毕扎德细密画","desc":"赫拉特画家毕扎德在苏丹侯赛因·拜哈拉宫廷创作细密画，以生动人物与构图著称，深刻影响萨法维与莫卧儿绘画。","importance":1,"lat":34.35,"lng":62.2,"place":"赫拉特","title_en":"Behzad's Miniatures","desc_en":"The Herat painter Behzad created miniatures at the court of Sultan Husayn Bayqara, renowned for lively figures and composition, deeply influencing Safavid and Mughal painting.","date_label_en":"c. 1488","place_en":"Herat"},{"id":"europe-x171","start":1488,"date_label":"1488年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"迪亚士绕过好望角","desc":"葡萄牙航海家迪亚士率船队绕过非洲南端，证明大西洋与印度洋相通，为十年后达·伽马开辟通往印度的航路铺路。","importance":2,"lat":38.71,"lng":-9.14,"place":"里斯本","title_en":"Dias Rounds the Cape of Good Hope","desc_en":"Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias sailed around Africa's southern tip, proving the Atlantic and Indian Oceans connected and paving the way for Vasco da Gama's route to India a decade later.","date_label_en":"1488","place_en":"Lisbon"},{"id":"east_asia-x289","start":1489,"date_label":"1489年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"银阁寺与东山文化","desc":"将军足利义政在京都东山建山庄，观音殿即银阁，书院造建筑、枯山水庭园、茶道与花道在此时期发展，奠定日本传统生活美学。","importance":2,"lat":35.03,"lng":135.8,"place":"京都银阁寺","title_en":"Ginkaku-ji and Higashiyama Culture","desc_en":"Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa built a villa in Kyoto's Higashiyama whose Kannon Hall is the Silver Pavilion; 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that same year they funded Columbus's westward voyage, and Spain turned to overseas expansion.","date_label_en":"1492","place_en":"Granada"},{"id":"europe-x172","start":1492,"date_label":"1492年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"西班牙驱逐犹太人","desc":"天主教双王颁布阿尔罕布拉法令，限令不改宗的犹太人离境，大批塞法迪犹太人流亡葡萄牙、北非和奥斯曼帝国。","importance":2,"lat":37.18,"lng":-3.6,"place":"格拉纳达","title_en":"Expulsion of the Jews from Spain","desc_en":"The Catholic Monarchs issued the Alhambra Decree ordering unconverted Jews to leave; large numbers of Sephardic Jews fled to Portugal, North Africa, and the Ottoman Empire.","date_label_en":"1492","place_en":"Granada"},{"id":"global-014","start":1493,"date_label":"1492年后","region":"global","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"哥伦布大交换","desc":"美洲的玉米、马铃薯、番薯、辣椒传入旧大陆，旧大陆的小麦、牛马和天花、麻疹传入美洲，美洲原住民人口因疫病锐减。","importance":3,"title_en":"The Columbian Exchange","desc_en":"American maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and chili peppers reached the Old World, while Old World wheat, cattle, horses, smallpox, and measles reached the Americas, where Indigenous populations plummeted from disease.","date_label_en":"After 1492"},{"id":"europe-x173","start":1494,"date_label":"1494年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"帕乔利阐述复式记账","desc":"数学家卢卡·帕乔利在威尼斯出版《算术、几何、比与比例概要》，首次系统阐述威尼斯商人的复式记账法，被誉为“会计学之父”。","importance":2,"lat":45.44,"lng":12.33,"place":"威尼斯","title_en":"Pacioli Explains Double-Entry Bookkeeping","desc_en":"Mathematician Luca Pacioli published the Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalità in Venice, the first systematic account of Venetian double-entry bookkeeping, earning him the title 'father of accounting'.","date_label_en":"1494","place_en":"Venice"},{"id":"europe-x174","start":1494,"date_label":"1494年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"托德西利亚斯条约","desc":"在教皇调停下，西班牙与葡萄牙约定以佛得角以西370里格的子午线瓜分新发现土地，葡萄牙后据此取得巴西。","importance":2,"lat":41.5,"lng":-5.0,"place":"托德西利亚斯","title_en":"Treaty of Tordesillas","desc_en":"Through papal mediation, Spain and Portugal agreed to divide newly discovered lands along a meridian 370 leagues west of Cape Verde; Portugal later claimed Brazil on this basis.","date_label_en":"1494","place_en":"Tordesillas"},{"id":"europe-x175","start":1494,"end":1559,"date_label":"1494–1559年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"意大利战争","desc":"法王查理八世进军那不勒斯引发法国、西班牙与神圣罗马帝国争夺意大利的长期战争，最终西班牙主导意大利，城市国家日渐衰落。","importance":2,"lat":40.85,"lng":14.27,"place":"那不勒斯","title_en":"Italian Wars","desc_en":"Charles VIII of France's march on Naples set off a long struggle among France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire for Italy; Spain ultimately dominated Italy as the city-states declined.","date_label_en":"1494–1559","place_en":"Naples"},{"id":"europe-x176","start":1495,"date_label":"1495–1498年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"达·芬奇《最后的晚餐》","desc":"达·芬奇在米兰圣玛利亚感恩修道院餐厅绘制《最后的晚餐》，以透视构图与人物心理刻画著称，是盛期文艺复兴的代表作。","importance":2,"lat":45.47,"lng":9.17,"place":"米兰","title_en":"Leonardo's Last Supper","desc_en":"Leonardo da Vinci painted The Last Supper in the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan; famed for its perspective and psychological portrayal, it is a masterpiece of the High Renaissance.","date_label_en":"1495–1498","place_en":"Milan"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x043","start":1496,"date_label":"1496–1497年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"阿斯基亚朝觐","desc":"桑海皇帝阿斯基亚·穆罕默德一世赴麦加朝觐，获封“苏丹的哈里发”，回国后推行伊斯兰行政、整顿度量衡并扶持廷巴克图学者，桑海进入鼎盛期。","importance":1,"lat":16.27,"lng":-0.04,"place":"加奥","title_en":"Askia's Pilgrimage","desc_en":"Songhai emperor Askia Muhammad I made the pilgrimage to Mecca and was named caliph of the Sudan; back home he instituted Islamic administration, standardized weights and measures, and supported Timbuktu's scholars as Songhai reached its peak.","date_label_en":"1496–1497","place_en":"Gao"},{"id":"north_america-x011","start":1497,"date_label":"1497年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"卡伯特抵达纽芬兰","desc":"受英王亨利七世资助的约翰·卡伯特横渡大西洋抵达纽芬兰一带，报告附近海域鳕鱼极多，此后欧洲渔船纷纷前来，英国据此主张对北美的权利。","importance":1,"lat":48.65,"lng":-53.11,"place":"博纳维斯塔","title_en":"Cabot Reaches Newfoundland","desc_en":"Funded by Henry VII, John Cabot crossed the Atlantic to the Newfoundland area and reported waters teeming with cod; European fishing fleets soon followed, and England based its claims to North America on his voyage.","date_label_en":"1497","place_en":"Bonavista"},{"id":"global-015","start":1498,"date_label":"1498年5月","region":"global","dims":["经济"],"title":"达·伽马抵达印度","desc":"葡萄牙航海家达·伽马绕过非洲好望角抵达印度卡利卡特，开辟欧洲直通亚洲的海上航路，欧洲人从此进入印度洋贸易。","importance":2,"lat":11.25,"lng":75.78,"place":"印度卡利卡特","title_en":"Vasco da Gama Reaches India","desc_en":"Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama rounded Africa's Cape of Good Hope and reached Calicut, India, opening a direct sea route from Europe to Asia and bringing Europeans into Indian Ocean trade.","date_label_en":"May 1498","place_en":"Calicut, India"},{"id":"south_asia-027","start":1498,"date_label":"1498年5月","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"达·伽马抵达卡利卡特","desc":"葡萄牙航海家达·伽马绕过好望角抵达印度西南海岸卡利卡特，开辟欧洲直达印度的海路，欧洲势力开始介入印度洋贸易。","importance":3,"lat":11.26,"lng":75.78,"place":"卡利卡特","title_en":"Da Gama Arrives at Calicut","desc_en":"Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached Calicut on India's southwest coast, opening a direct sea route to India as European powers began to intrude into Indian Ocean trade.","date_label_en":"May 1498","place_en":"Calicut"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-018","start":1498,"date_label":"1498年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"达·伽马抵达东非","desc":"葡萄牙航海家达·伽马绕过好望角后抵达莫桑比克、蒙巴萨和马林迪，在马林迪聘得领航员前往印度，此后葡萄牙以武力控制斯瓦希里海岸贸易。","importance":2,"lat":-3.22,"lng":40.12,"place":"马林迪","title_en":"Da Gama Reaches East Africa","desc_en":"After rounding the Cape, Vasco da Gama reached Mozambique, Mombasa, and Malindi, hiring a pilot at Malindi for the crossing to India; Portugal later used force to control trade on the Swahili coast.","date_label_en":"1498","place_en":"Malindi"},{"id":"east_asia-x290","start":1498,"end":1545,"date_label":"1498–1545年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"四大士祸","desc":"朝鲜燕山君至明宗时期，勋旧派与士林派矛盾激化，先后发生戊午、甲子、己卯、乙巳四次士祸，大批士林官员遇害。","importance":1,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉阳(首尔)","title_en":"Four Literati Purges","desc_en":"From King Yeonsan to King Myeongjong of Joseon, conflict between the meritorious Hungu faction and the Sarim literati escalated into four purges, in 1498, 1504, 1519, and 1545, in which many Sarim officials were killed.","date_label_en":"1498–1545","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"south_asia-028","start":1500,"date_label":"约15世纪末—16世纪初","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"那纳克创立锡克教","desc":"古鲁那纳克在旁遮普传教，主张一神信仰、众生平等，反对种姓区分，锡克教由此形成，其经典后编为《古鲁·格兰特·萨希布》。","importance":2,"lat":32.09,"lng":75.01,"place":"卡尔塔尔布尔","title_en":"Nanak Founds Sikhism","desc_en":"Guru Nanak preached in Punjab a faith in one God and the equality of all, rejecting caste distinctions; Sikhism took shape, and its scripture was later compiled as the Guru Granth Sahib.","date_label_en":"c. late 15th–early 16th century","place_en":"Kartarpur"},{"id":"inner_asia-032","start":1500,"end":1599,"date_label":"16世纪","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"乌兹别克汗国兴起","desc":"昔班尼率乌兹别克人夺取河中地区，建立布哈拉汗国；同期哈萨克汗国形成，中亚进入诸汗国并立时代。","importance":1,"lat":39.77,"lng":64.42,"place":"布哈拉","title_en":"Rise of the Uzbek Khanates","desc_en":"Muhammad Shaybani led the Uzbeks to seize Transoxiana and founded the Khanate of Bukhara; with the Kazakh Khanate forming at the same time, Central Asia entered an age of rival khanates.","date_label_en":"16th century","place_en":"Bukhara"},{"id":"latin_america-011","start":1500,"date_label":"1500年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"卡布拉尔抵达巴西","desc":"葡萄牙航海家卡布拉尔前往印度途中抵达巴西海岸，依1494年《托德西利亚斯条约》宣称归葡萄牙所有，巴西成为美洲唯一的葡语大国。","importance":2,"lat":-16.45,"lng":-39.06,"place":"塞古罗港","title_en":"Cabral Reaches Brazil","desc_en":"On his way to India, Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral reached the Brazilian coast and claimed it for Portugal under the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas; Brazil became the Americas' only large Portuguese-speaking nation.","date_label_en":"1500","place_en":"Porto Seguro"},{"id":"south_asia-x077","start":1500,"end":1534,"date_label":"约1500—1534年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"柴坦尼亚与黑天信仰","desc":"孟加拉圣者柴坦尼亚以集体唱颂黑天名号传播虔信，创立高迪亚毗湿奴派，影响孟加拉和奥里萨，后来的国际奎师那知觉协会即源于此派。","importance":1,"lat":23.41,"lng":88.37,"place":"纳巴德维普","title_en":"Chaitanya and Krishna Devotion","desc_en":"The Bengali saint Chaitanya spread devotion through congregational chanting of Krishna's names and founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism, influential in Bengal and Odisha; the later International Society for Krishna Consciousness descends from it.","date_label_en":"c. 1500–1534","place_en":"Nabadwip"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x041","start":1500,"end":1700,"date_label":"约16—17世纪","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"万丹胡椒港","desc":"爪哇西部的万丹苏丹国以胡椒出口为支柱，吸引中国、葡萄牙、荷兰、英国商人，1596年荷兰首支船队即抵达万丹。","importance":2,"lat":-6.03,"lng":106.15,"place":"万丹","title_en":"Pepper Port of Banten","desc_en":"The Banten Sultanate of western Java relied on pepper exports, attracting Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, and English merchants; the first Dutch fleet arrived at Banten in 1596.","date_label_en":"c. 16th–17th century","place_en":"Banten"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x137","start":1500,"date_label":"约15—16世纪","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"也门咖啡与摩卡港","desc":"也门苏菲修士饮用咖啡以助夜祷，咖啡种植在也门山区兴起，摩卡港成为17世纪世界咖啡贸易的主要输出港。","importance":2,"lat":13.32,"lng":43.25,"place":"摩卡","title_en":"Yemeni Coffee and the Port of Mocha","desc_en":"Yemeni Sufis drank coffee to stay awake for night prayers; coffee cultivation took hold in Yemen's highlands, and Mocha became the main export port of the world coffee trade in the 17th century.","date_label_en":"c. 15th–16th century","place_en":"Mocha"},{"id":"europe-x177","start":1500,"date_label":"1500年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"丢勒与北方文艺复兴","desc":"纽伦堡画家丢勒完成正面自画像，他两度游学意大利，把透视与人体比例引入德意志，其木刻与铜版画通过印刷广泛流传。","importance":1,"lat":49.45,"lng":11.08,"place":"纽伦堡","title_en":"Dürer and the Northern Renaissance","desc_en":"Nuremberg painter Albrecht Dürer completed his frontal self-portrait; after two study trips to Italy he brought perspective and human proportion to Germany, and his woodcuts and engravings spread widely through print.","date_label_en":"1500","place_en":"Nuremberg"},{"id":"europe-x178","start":1500,"date_label":"约1500年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"博斯《人间乐园》","desc":"尼德兰画家耶罗尼米斯·博斯创作三联画《人间乐园》，以奇幻怪诞的形象描绘天堂、尘世与地狱，风格独树一帜。","importance":1,"lat":51.69,"lng":5.3,"place":"斯海尔托亨博斯","title_en":"Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights","desc_en":"Netherlandish painter Hieronymus Bosch created the triptych The Garden of Earthly Delights, depicting Paradise, the earthly world, and Hell with fantastical, grotesque imagery in a style all his own.","date_label_en":"c. 1500","place_en":"'s-Hertogenbosch"},{"id":"oceania-x009","start":1500,"date_label":"约1500年","region":"oceania","dims":["文化"],"title":"莫里奥里和平传统","desc":"定居查塔姆群岛的波利尼西亚人形成莫里奥里文化，祖先努努库立下禁止杀戮的“努努库法”，1835年毛利人入侵时莫里奥里人坚持不抵抗，遭受重创。","importance":1,"lat":-43.95,"lng":-176.55,"place":"查塔姆群岛","title_en":"Moriori Tradition of Peace","desc_en":"Polynesians who settled the Chatham Islands developed Moriori culture; their ancestor Nunuku laid down 'Nunuku's Law' forbidding killing, and when Māori invaded in 1835 the Moriori held to non-resistance and suffered devastating losses.","date_label_en":"c. 1500","place_en":"Chatham Islands"},{"id":"oceania-x010","start":1500,"date_label":"约1500年","region":"oceania","dims":["军事"],"title":"毛利人的帕堡","desc":"随着人口增长与土地争夺，毛利人在山丘上修建带梯田、壕沟和木栅的防御性村落“帕”，奥克兰火山锥上遗留大量此类遗址，体现部落间战争的激烈。","importance":1,"lat":-36.88,"lng":174.76,"place":"伊甸山","title_en":"Māori Pā Fortifications","desc_en":"As population grew and land disputes mounted, Māori built defended hilltop villages called pā with terraces, ditches, and palisades; many such sites remain on Auckland's volcanic cones, reflecting intense intertribal warfare.","date_label_en":"c. 1500","place_en":"Maungawhau / Mount Eden"},{"id":"global-016","start":1501,"end":1867,"date_label":"16—19世纪","region":"global","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"大西洋奴隶贸易","desc":"约1250万非洲人被强行运往美洲，近两百万人死于横渡途中，奴隶劳动支撑了美洲种植园经济，给非洲社会造成长期创伤。","importance":3,"lat":14.67,"lng":-17.4,"place":"塞内加尔戈雷岛","title_en":"Atlantic Slave Trade","desc_en":"About 12.5 million Africans were forcibly shipped to the Americas, nearly two million dying in the crossing; enslaved labor sustained the plantation economies of the Americas and inflicted lasting trauma on African societies.","date_label_en":"16th–19th century","place_en":"Gorée Island, Senegal"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-057","start":1501,"end":1736,"date_label":"1501—1736年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"萨法维王朝","desc":"伊斯玛仪一世建立萨法维王朝，定什叶派十二伊玛目派为国教，奠定伊朗什叶派身份；阿拔斯一世时以伊斯法罕为都。","importance":2,"lat":32.65,"lng":51.67,"place":"伊斯法罕","title_en":"Safavid Dynasty","desc_en":"Ismail I founded the Safavid dynasty and made Twelver Shi'ism the state religion, shaping Iran's Shi'ite identity; under Abbas I the capital was Isfahan.","date_label_en":"1501–1736","place_en":"Isfahan"},{"id":"europe-x179","start":1503,"date_label":"1503年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"塞维利亚贸易署","desc":"西班牙王室在塞维利亚设立贸易署，垄断与美洲的贸易、航海许可和白银入库，塞维利亚由此成为16世纪欧洲最富庶的港口之一。","importance":2,"lat":37.39,"lng":-5.98,"place":"塞维利亚","title_en":"Casa de Contratación, Seville","desc_en":"The Spanish crown established the House of Trade in Seville to monopolize American trade, navigation licenses, and the receipt of silver, making Seville one of 16th-century Europe's richest ports.","date_label_en":"1503","place_en":"Seville"},{"id":"inner_asia-x066","start":1504,"date_label":"1504年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"巴布尔夺取喀布尔","desc":"帖木儿后裔巴布尔被昔班尼逐出河中，转而夺取喀布尔，以之为基地多次南下，1526年在印度建立莫卧儿帝国。","importance":2,"lat":34.53,"lng":69.17,"place":"喀布尔","title_en":"Babur Takes Kabul","desc_en":"Driven from Transoxiana by Shaybani, Timur's descendant Babur seized Kabul and used it as a base for repeated raids south, founding the Mughal Empire in India in 1526.","date_label_en":"1504","place_en":"Kabul"},{"id":"europe-x180","start":1504,"date_label":"1504年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"米开朗基罗《大卫》","desc":"米开朗基罗用一整块大理石雕成高逾5米的《大卫》像，立于佛罗伦萨市政厅前，成为共和国自由精神与盛期文艺复兴的象征。","importance":2,"lat":43.77,"lng":11.26,"place":"佛罗伦萨","title_en":"Michelangelo's David","desc_en":"Michelangelo carved the over-5-meter David from a single block of marble; 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the surviving fragment shows the coasts of South America and Africa and is precious evidence of early mapping of the Americas.","date_label_en":"1513","place_en":"Gallipoli"},{"id":"europe-x183","start":1513,"date_label":"1513年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"马基雅维利《君主论》","desc":"失势的佛罗伦萨官员马基雅维利写成《君主论》，主张君主为保有国家可不拘传统道德，开创以现实利害分析政治的近代政治学。","importance":2,"lat":43.77,"lng":11.26,"place":"佛罗伦萨","title_en":"Machiavelli's The Prince","desc_en":"Out of office, the Florentine official Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince, arguing a ruler may set aside traditional morality to preserve the state, founding modern political science grounded in practical interest.","date_label_en":"1513","place_en":"Florence"},{"id":"latin_america-x035","start":1513,"date_label":"1513年","region":"latin_america","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"巴尔沃亚望见太平洋","desc":"西班牙人巴尔沃亚在原住民向导带领下穿越巴拿马达连地峡，成为首个从美洲望见太平洋的欧洲人，为后来征服秘鲁铺平道路。","importance":1,"lat":8.4,"lng":-77.8,"place":"达连","title_en":"Balboa Sights the Pacific","desc_en":"Guided by Indigenous people, the Spaniard Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Darién in Panama and became the first European to see the Pacific from the Americas, paving the way for the later conquest of Peru.","date_label_en":"1513","place_en":"Darién"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x139","start":1514,"date_label":"1514年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"查尔迪兰战役","desc":"奥斯曼苏丹塞利姆一世凭火炮与火枪大败萨法维骑兵，夺取东安纳托利亚，大致奠定此后土耳其与伊朗的边界格局。","importance":2,"lat":39.08,"lng":44.33,"place":"查尔迪兰","title_en":"Battle of Chaldiran","desc_en":"Ottoman sultan Selim I used artillery and muskets to rout the Safavid cavalry and seized eastern Anatolia, roughly fixing the later border between Turkey and Iran.","date_label_en":"1514","place_en":"Chaldiran"},{"id":"inner_asia-x067","start":1514,"date_label":"1514年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"叶尔羌汗国","desc":"察合台后裔赛义德汗以叶尔羌为都建立叶尔羌汗国，统治塔里木盆地一百六十余年，后被准噶尔所灭。","importance":1,"lat":38.42,"lng":77.24,"place":"叶尔羌","title_en":"Yarkent Khanate","desc_en":"Sultan Said Khan, a Chagatai descendant, founded the Yarkent Khanate with its capital at Yarkand; it ruled the Tarim Basin for over 160 years before falling to the Dzungars.","date_label_en":"1514","place_en":"Yarkand"},{"id":"europe-x184","start":1516,"date_label":"1516年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"伊拉斯谟希腊文新约","desc":"“人文主义王子”伊拉斯谟在巴塞尔出版希腊文与拉丁文对照的《新约》校订本，倡导回归原典，为宗教改革提供了文本基础。","importance":2,"lat":47.56,"lng":7.59,"place":"巴塞尔","title_en":"Erasmus's Greek New Testament","desc_en":"Erasmus, the 'Prince of Humanists', published in Basel a critical edition of the New Testament in parallel Greek and Latin, urging a return to the sources and providing the textual basis for the Reformation.","date_label_en":"1516","place_en":"Basel"},{"id":"europe-x185","start":1516,"date_label":"1516年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"莫尔《乌托邦》","desc":"英格兰人文主义者托马斯·莫尔在鲁汶出版《乌托邦》，虚构一个财产公有的理想岛国以批判圈地等社会弊病，“乌托邦”一词由此而来。","importance":1,"lat":50.88,"lng":4.7,"place":"鲁汶","title_en":"More's Utopia","desc_en":"English humanist Thomas More published Utopia in Leuven, imagining an ideal island with common property to criticize social ills such as enclosure; 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Magellan was killed in the Philippines, and Elcano brought the Victoria home in 1522, completing the first voyage around the globe.","date_label_en":"1519–1522","place_en":"Sanlúcar, Spain"},{"id":"latin_america-012","start":1519,"end":1521,"date_label":"1519—1521年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"科尔特斯征服阿兹特克","desc":"科尔特斯率数百西班牙人联合特拉斯卡拉等原住民盟友，借天花流行之机于1521年攻陷特诺奇蒂特兰，在其废墟上建立墨西哥城与新西班牙。","importance":3,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"特诺奇蒂特兰","title_en":"Cortés Conquers the Aztecs","desc_en":"Cortés, with a few hundred Spaniards and Indigenous allies such as Tlaxcala, took advantage of a smallpox epidemic to capture Tenochtitlan in 1521, building Mexico City and New Spain on its ruins.","date_label_en":"1519–1521","place_en":"Tenochtitlan"},{"id":"europe-x186","start":1519,"date_label":"1519年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"富格尔资助查理五世","desc":"奥格斯堡银行家雅各布·富格尔提供巨额贷款帮助西班牙国王查理当选神圣罗马皇帝，富格尔家族因采矿与金融成为欧洲首富。","importance":2,"lat":48.37,"lng":10.9,"place":"奥格斯堡","title_en":"Fugger Finances Charles V","desc_en":"Augsburg banker Jakob Fugger provided huge loans that helped King Charles of Spain win election as Holy Roman Emperor; mining and finance made the Fuggers the richest family in Europe.","date_label_en":"1519","place_en":"Augsburg"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-059","start":1520,"end":1566,"date_label":"1520—1566年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"苏莱曼大帝时代","desc":"苏莱曼一世在位期间奥斯曼疆域达鼎盛，1529年围攻维也纳，编修法典，建筑师希南修建苏莱曼尼耶清真寺。","importance":2,"lat":41.02,"lng":28.96,"place":"伊斯坦布尔","title_en":"Age of Suleiman the Magnificent","desc_en":"Under Suleiman I the Ottoman Empire reached its greatest extent; he besieged Vienna in 1529, codified the laws, and the architect Sinan built the Süleymaniye Mosque.","date_label_en":"1520–1566","place_en":"Istanbul"},{"id":"latin_america-x037","start":1520,"date_label":"1520年","region":"latin_america","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"天花摧毁原住民","desc":"天花随西班牙人传入墨西哥，1520年在特诺奇蒂特兰暴发，皇帝奎特拉瓦克也因病死去。此后百年间多种旧大陆疫病使美洲原住民人口锐减约九成。","importance":3,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"特诺奇蒂特兰","title_en":"Smallpox Devastates Native Peoples","desc_en":"Smallpox arrived in Mexico with the Spanish and broke out in Tenochtitlan in 1520, killing Emperor Cuitláhuac. Over the following century Old World diseases reduced the Indigenous population of the Americas by about 90 percent.","date_label_en":"1520","place_en":"Tenochtitlan"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x042","start":1521,"date_label":"1521年4月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"麦克坦之战","desc":"麦哲伦船队抵达宿务，麦哲伦在麦克坦岛与酋长拉普拉普的战斗中阵亡，拉普拉普被菲律宾视为抵抗外来入侵的英雄。","importance":2,"lat":10.31,"lng":123.98,"place":"麦克坦","title_en":"Battle of Mactan","desc_en":"Magellan's fleet reached Cebu, and Magellan was killed on Mactan Island fighting the chief Lapulapu, who is honored in the Philippines as a hero of resistance to foreign invasion.","date_label_en":"Apr 1521","place_en":"Mactan"},{"id":"east_asia-x292","start":1522,"date_label":"1522年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《三国演义》刊行","desc":"现存最早的《三国志通俗演义》刻本序于嘉靖元年，罗贯中据史书与民间说话编成，与《水浒传》等章回小说标志通俗文学兴起。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Romance of the Three Kingdoms Published","desc_en":"The earliest surviving edition of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms has a preface dated 1522; compiled by Luo Guanzhong from histories and oral storytelling, it and novels like Water Margin marked the rise of vernacular literature.","date_label_en":"1522","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"europe-x187","start":1523,"date_label":"1523年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"瑞典脱离卡尔马联合","desc":"古斯塔夫·瓦萨领导瑞典起义驱逐丹麦统治，当选国王，随后没收教会财产推行路德宗，瑞典成为独立的近代国家。","importance":2,"lat":59.33,"lng":18.07,"place":"斯德哥尔摩","title_en":"Sweden Leaves the Kalmar Union","desc_en":"Gustav Vasa led a Swedish uprising that expelled Danish rule and was elected king; he then confiscated church property and introduced Lutheranism, making Sweden an independent modern state.","date_label_en":"1523","place_en":"Stockholm"},{"id":"europe-x188","start":1524,"end":1525,"date_label":"1524–1525年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"德意志农民战争","desc":"受宗教改革激发，德意志南部和中部农民提出《十二条款》起义，要求废除农奴制，最终在弗兰肯豪森等地被诸侯镇压，约十万人丧生。","importance":2,"lat":51.36,"lng":11.1,"place":"弗兰肯豪森","title_en":"German Peasants' War","desc_en":"Inspired by the Reformation, peasants in southern and central Germany rose up with the Twelve Articles demanding an end to serfdom; princes crushed them at Frankenhausen and elsewhere, and about 100,000 died.","date_label_en":"1524–1525","place_en":"Frankenhausen"},{"id":"south_asia-029","start":1526,"end":1857,"date_label":"1526年","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"莫卧儿帝国建立","desc":"帖木儿后裔巴布尔在第一次帕尼帕特战役中凭借火炮击败洛迪王朝，建立莫卧儿帝国，此后统治印度大部达两个多世纪。","importance":3,"lat":29.39,"lng":76.97,"place":"帕尼帕特","title_en":"Mughal Empire Founded","desc_en":"Babur, a descendant of Timur, used artillery to defeat the Lodi dynasty at the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal Empire, which ruled most of India for over two centuries.","date_label_en":"1526","place_en":"Panipat"},{"id":"europe-x189","start":1526,"date_label":"1526年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"莫哈奇战役","desc":"苏莱曼大帝在莫哈奇大败匈牙利军队，国王路易二世溺亡，匈牙利随后被奥斯曼、哈布斯堡及特兰西瓦尼亚三分。","importance":2,"lat":45.99,"lng":18.68,"place":"莫哈奇","title_en":"Battle of Mohács","desc_en":"Suleiman the Magnificent crushed the Hungarian army at Mohács; King Louis II drowned, and Hungary was then divided among the Ottomans, the Habsburgs, and Transylvania.","date_label_en":"1526","place_en":"Mohács"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x045","start":1526,"date_label":"1526年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"阿方索一世致信葡王","desc":"刚果国王阿方索一世致信葡萄牙国王，抗议葡商非法掳掠刚果臣民为奴，要求派遣教师与医生而非奴隶贩子，这些信件是非洲人抵制奴隶贸易的珍贵记录。","importance":1,"lat":-6.27,"lng":14.24,"place":"姆班扎刚果","title_en":"Afonso I Writes to the King of Portugal","desc_en":"King Afonso I of Kongo wrote to the King of Portugal protesting the illegal seizure of Kongo subjects as slaves by Portuguese merchants and asking for teachers and doctors rather than slave traders; the letters are a precious record of African resistance to the slave trade.","date_label_en":"1526","place_en":"Mbanza Kongo"},{"id":"europe-x190","start":1527,"date_label":"1527年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"罗马之劫","desc":"查理五世的军队因欠饷哗变，攻入罗马大肆劫掠，教皇克雷芒七世被困圣天使堡，此事常被视为罗马文艺复兴盛期的终结。","importance":2,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.46,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Sack of Rome","desc_en":"Unpaid troops of Charles V mutinied, stormed Rome, and plundered it, trapping Pope Clement VII in Castel Sant'Angelo; it is often seen as the end of the High Renaissance in Rome.","date_label_en":"1527","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x140","start":1529,"date_label":"1529年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"海雷丁与阿尔及尔","desc":"海雷丁·巴巴罗萨在奥斯曼支持下夺取阿尔及尔港外西班牙堡垒，阿尔及尔成为奥斯曼在马格里布的据点和地中海私掠中心。","importance":1,"lat":36.78,"lng":3.06,"place":"阿尔及尔","title_en":"Hayreddin and Algiers","desc_en":"With Ottoman backing, Hayreddin Barbarossa seized the Spanish fortress off Algiers harbor; Algiers became the Ottoman base in the Maghreb and a center of Mediterranean privateering.","date_label_en":"1529","place_en":"Algiers"},{"id":"europe-x191","start":1529,"date_label":"1529年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"维也纳之围","desc":"苏莱曼率奥斯曼大军围攻维也纳，因补给困难与寒冬撤退，这次围城标志奥斯曼向中欧扩张的最远点之一。","importance":2,"lat":48.21,"lng":16.37,"place":"维也纳","title_en":"Siege of Vienna","desc_en":"Suleiman led a great Ottoman army to besiege Vienna but withdrew owing to supply problems and winter; the siege marked one of the farthest points of Ottoman expansion into Central Europe.","date_label_en":"1529","place_en":"Vienna"},{"id":"latin_america-x038","start":1529,"end":1532,"date_label":"约1529–1532年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"印加内战","desc":"瓦伊纳·卡帕克可能死于欧洲传入的天花，其子瓦斯卡尔与阿塔瓦尔帕争夺王位爆发内战，阿塔瓦尔帕刚获胜，皮萨罗便抵达，帝国内部分裂为征服者所利用。","importance":1,"lat":-13.53,"lng":-71.97,"place":"库斯科","title_en":"Inca Civil War","desc_en":"Huayna Capac likely died of smallpox brought by Europeans, and his sons Huáscar and Atahualpa fought a civil war for the throne; Atahualpa had just won when Pizarro arrived, and the conquerors exploited the empire's divisions.","date_label_en":"c. 1529–1532","place_en":"Cusco"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x046","start":1529,"end":1543,"date_label":"1529–1543年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","文化"],"title":"阿达尔—埃塞俄比亚战争","desc":"阿达尔苏丹国伊玛目艾哈迈德·格兰率军入侵埃塞俄比亚，借助火器席卷高原，后埃塞俄比亚在葡萄牙援军帮助下于1543年反击获胜，格兰阵亡。","importance":2,"lat":9.31,"lng":42.12,"place":"哈勒尔","title_en":"Adal–Ethiopian War","desc_en":"Imam Ahmad Gragn of the Adal Sultanate invaded Ethiopia and swept across the highlands with firearms; with Portuguese help Ethiopia struck back and won in 1543, and Gragn was killed.","date_label_en":"1529–1543","place_en":"Harar"},{"id":"europe-x192","start":1530,"date_label":"约1530年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"帕拉塞尔苏斯与医疗化学","desc":"瑞士医生帕拉塞尔苏斯挑战盖伦权威，主张用矿物与化学药剂治病，提出“剂量决定毒性”，被视为毒理学与药物化学先驱。","importance":1,"lat":47.56,"lng":7.59,"place":"巴塞尔","title_en":"Paracelsus and Iatrochemistry","desc_en":"Swiss physician Paracelsus challenged Galen's authority, advocated treating disease with minerals and chemical remedies, and held that 'the dose makes the poison'; he is seen as a pioneer of toxicology and pharmaceutical chemistry.","date_label_en":"c. 1530","place_en":"Basel"},{"id":"europe-x193","start":1531,"date_label":"1531年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"安特卫普交易所","desc":"安特卫普建成专门用于商品与票据交易的新交易所大楼，这座港口城市集中了葡萄牙香料、英国呢绒与南德白银贸易，成为当时欧洲的金融中心。","importance":2,"lat":51.22,"lng":4.4,"place":"安特卫普","title_en":"Antwerp Exchange","desc_en":"Antwerp completed a new exchange building dedicated to trading goods and bills; the port concentrated the Portuguese spice, English cloth, and south German silver trades and became Europe's financial center of the day.","date_label_en":"1531","place_en":"Antwerp"},{"id":"latin_america-x039","start":1531,"date_label":"1531年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"瓜达卢佩圣母","desc":"据传统说法，原住民胡安·迭戈1531年在特佩亚克山见到圣母显现，瓜达卢佩圣母崇拜融合原住民信仰与天主教，成为墨西哥民族与宗教认同的核心象征。","importance":2,"lat":19.48,"lng":-99.12,"place":"特佩亚克","title_en":"Our Lady of Guadalupe","desc_en":"According to tradition, the Indigenous man Juan Diego saw an apparition of the Virgin on Tepeyac Hill in 1531; devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe blended Indigenous belief with Catholicism and became a core symbol of Mexican national and religious identity.","date_label_en":"1531","place_en":"Tepeyac"},{"id":"latin_america-013","start":1532,"end":1533,"date_label":"1532—1533年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"皮萨罗征服印加","desc":"皮萨罗趁印加内战之机，在卡哈马卡俘虏印加皇帝阿塔瓦尔帕，勒索满屋黄金后将其处死，1533年进占库斯科，西班牙随后建立秘鲁总督区。","importance":3,"lat":-7.16,"lng":-78.51,"place":"卡哈马卡","title_en":"Pizarro Conquers the Inca","desc_en":"Exploiting the Inca civil war, Pizarro captured Emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca, extorted a room full of gold, then executed him; 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Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy making the king supreme head of the Church of England, and the monasteries were then dissolved and their property seized.","date_label_en":"1534","place_en":"London"},{"id":"latin_america-x040","start":1535,"date_label":"1535年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"新西班牙总督区","desc":"西班牙设立新西班牙总督区，以墨西哥城为首府，管辖今墨西哥、中美洲、加勒比及后来的菲律宾，总督制度延续近三百年。","importance":1,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"墨西哥城","title_en":"Viceroyalty of New Spain","desc_en":"Spain created the Viceroyalty of New Spain with its capital at Mexico City, governing today's Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and later the Philippines; the viceregal system lasted nearly three centuries.","date_label_en":"1535","place_en":"Mexico City"},{"id":"latin_america-x041","start":1539,"date_label":"1539年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"美洲第一台印刷机","desc":"胡安·帕布洛在墨西哥城开设美洲第一家印刷所，印制宗教书籍与原住民语言教义，比英属北美的第一台印刷机早约一个世纪。","importance":1,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"墨西哥城","title_en":"First Printing Press in the Americas","desc_en":"Juan Pablos opened the first print shop in the Americas in Mexico City, printing religious books and catechisms in Indigenous languages, about a century before the first press in British North America.","date_label_en":"1539","place_en":"Mexico City"},{"id":"south_asia-x082","start":1540,"end":1545,"date_label":"1540—1545年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"舍尔沙改革","desc":"舍尔沙击败胡马雍建立苏尔王朝，发行银币\"卢比\"、丈量土地定税并整修大干道，这些制度多为后来莫卧儿王朝沿用。","importance":2,"lat":24.95,"lng":84.03,"place":"萨萨拉姆","title_en":"Sher Shah's Reforms","desc_en":"Sher Shah defeated Humayun and founded the Sur dynasty, issuing the silver rupee, surveying land for taxation, and rebuilding the Grand Trunk Road; 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during her reign of over forty years English sea power, literature, and the arts flourished in what is called the Elizabethan era.","date_label_en":"1558","place_en":"London"},{"id":"east_asia-x295","start":1560,"date_label":"1560年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"桶狭间之战","desc":"尾张小大名织田信长以约二千兵力奇袭进军京都途中的今川义元本阵，今川义元战死，织田信长一举成名。","importance":2,"lat":35.06,"lng":136.98,"place":"名古屋桶狭间","title_en":"Battle of Okehazama","desc_en":"Oda Nobunaga, a minor lord of Owari, launched a surprise attack with about 2,000 men on Imagawa Yoshimoto's headquarters as Imagawa marched on Kyoto; Imagawa was killed and Nobunaga won instant fame.","date_label_en":"1560","place_en":"Okehazama, Nagoya"},{"id":"europe-x204","start":1560,"date_label":"约1560–1620年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"欧洲价格革命","desc":"美洲白银大量涌入西班牙并流向欧洲各地，加上人口增长，16世纪欧洲物价上涨数倍，固定收入的地主受损，商人阶层崛起。","importance":2,"lat":37.39,"lng":-5.98,"place":"塞维利亚","title_en":"European Price Revolution","desc_en":"Huge inflows of American silver into Spain and onward across Europe, together with population growth, multiplied European prices several times over in the 16th century; landlords on fixed incomes suffered while the merchant class rose.","date_label_en":"c. 1560–1620","place_en":"Seville"},{"id":"east_asia-x296","start":1561,"date_label":"1561年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"戚继光台州抗倭","desc":"戚继光以招募的义乌矿工农民编练“戚家军”，创鸳鸯阵，1561年在台州一带九战九捷，此后与俞大猷等平定东南沿海倭患。","importance":2,"lat":28.66,"lng":121.42,"place":"浙江台州","title_en":"Qi Jiguang Fights Pirates at Taizhou","desc_en":"Qi Jiguang trained the 'Qi Family Army' from recruited Yiwu miners and peasants and devised the mandarin-duck formation; in 1561 he won nine battles out of nine around Taizhou, and with Yu Dayou and others then ended the wokou pirate scourge on the southeast coast.","date_label_en":"1561","place_en":"Taizhou, Zhejiang"},{"id":"latin_america-x045","start":1564,"date_label":"1564年","region":"latin_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"万卡韦利卡汞矿","desc":"秘鲁万卡韦利卡发现汞矿，1570年代汞齐化炼银法推广至波托西，使低品位银矿得以大规模开采，但矿工在汞毒与米塔劳役制下死亡惨重。","importance":1,"lat":-12.79,"lng":-74.97,"place":"万卡韦利卡","title_en":"Huancavelica Mercury Mine","desc_en":"Mercury was discovered at Huancavelica, Peru; in the 1570s the mercury amalgamation process for silver spread to Potosí, enabling large-scale mining of low-grade ore, but miners died in great numbers from mercury poisoning and mita forced labor.","date_label_en":"1564","place_en":"Huancavelica"},{"id":"global-018","start":1565,"end":1815,"date_label":"1565—1815年","region":"global","dims":["经济"],"title":"白银全球流动","desc":"西属美洲波托西等地大量产银，经大西洋流入欧洲、经马尼拉大帆船横渡太平洋，大量最终流入明清中国，形成首个全球货币网络。","importance":3,"lat":-19.59,"lng":-65.75,"place":"玻利维亚波托西","title_en":"Global Silver Flows","desc_en":"Silver mined in great quantities at Potosí and elsewhere in Spanish America crossed the Atlantic to Europe and the Pacific on the Manila galleons, much of it ending up in Ming and Qing China, forming the first global monetary network.","date_label_en":"1565–1815","place_en":"Potosí, Bolivia"},{"id":"southeast_asia-021","start":1565,"end":1815,"date_label":"1565—1815年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"马尼拉大帆船贸易","desc":"西班牙在菲律宾建立殖民统治后，大帆船往返马尼拉与阿卡普尔科，以美洲白银交换中国丝绸瓷器，连接起亚洲与美洲的贸易网络。","importance":3,"lat":14.59,"lng":120.98,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"Manila Galleon Trade","desc_en":"After Spain established colonial rule in the Philippines, galleons sailed between Manila and Acapulco, exchanging American silver for Chinese silk and porcelain and linking the trade networks of Asia and the Americas.","date_label_en":"1565–1815","place_en":"Manila"},{"id":"south_asia-x085","start":1565,"date_label":"1565年1月","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"塔利科塔战役","desc":"德干苏丹国联军击败毗奢耶那伽罗军队，随后洗劫首都亨比，这座繁华城市从此荒废，南印度最后的大印度教帝国衰落。","importance":2,"lat":16.47,"lng":76.31,"place":"塔利科塔","title_en":"Battle of Talikota","desc_en":"The allied Deccan sultanates defeated the Vijayanagara army and then sacked the capital Hampi; the splendid city was abandoned, and the last great Hindu empire of southern India declined.","date_label_en":"Jan 1565","place_en":"Talikota"},{"id":"east_asia-067","start":1567,"date_label":"1567年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"隆庆开关","desc":"明朝部分解除海禁，开放福建月港对外贸易，大量美洲与日本白银流入中国，换取丝绸、瓷器与茶叶。","importance":2,"lat":24.45,"lng":117.82,"place":"漳州月港","title_en":"Longqing Opening","desc_en":"The Ming partly lifted its maritime ban, opening Yuegang in Fujian to foreign trade; large amounts of American and Japanese silver flowed into China in exchange for silk, porcelain, and tea.","date_label_en":"1567","place_en":"Yuegang, Zhangzhou"},{"id":"east_asia-x297","start":1568,"date_label":"1568年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"李滉《圣学十图》","desc":"朝鲜大儒李滉（退溪）向宣祖进献《圣学十图》，阐发朱子学心性论；他创办陶山书堂，其学说对日本江户儒学也有影响。","importance":2,"lat":36.57,"lng":128.73,"place":"庆尚北道安东","title_en":"Yi Hwang's Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning","desc_en":"The great Joseon Confucian Yi Hwang (Toegye) presented the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning to King Seonjo, expounding Zhu Xi's theory of mind and nature; he founded the Dosan Seodang, and his teachings also influenced Edo-period Japanese Confucianism.","date_label_en":"1568","place_en":"Andong, North Gyeongsang"},{"id":"europe-x205","start":1568,"end":1648,"date_label":"1568–1648年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"荷兰八十年战争","desc":"尼德兰贵族与市民因宗教迫害和重税反抗西班牙统治，奥兰治亲王威廉领导起义，北方七省最终于1648年获得独立承认。","importance":2,"lat":50.85,"lng":4.35,"place":"布鲁塞尔","title_en":"Eighty Years' War","desc_en":"Netherlandish nobles and townspeople rebelled against Spanish rule over religious persecution and heavy taxes; William of Orange led the revolt, and the seven northern provinces finally won recognition of independence in 1648.","date_label_en":"1568–1648","place_en":"Brussels"},{"id":"europe-x206","start":1569,"date_label":"1569年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"墨卡托投影","desc":"佛兰德斯地理学家墨卡托在杜伊斯堡发表采用等角圆柱投影的世界地图，航线在图上为直线，成为航海图的标准投影。","importance":2,"lat":51.43,"lng":6.76,"place":"杜伊斯堡","title_en":"Mercator Projection","desc_en":"Flemish geographer Gerardus Mercator published a world map in Duisburg using a conformal cylindrical projection on which courses of constant bearing appear as straight lines; it became the standard projection for nautical charts.","date_label_en":"1569","place_en":"Duisburg"},{"id":"europe-x207","start":1569,"date_label":"1569年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"卢布林联合","desc":"波兰王国与立陶宛大公国签订卢布林联合，组成共享国王与议会的波兰-立陶宛联邦，成为当时欧洲面积最大的国家之一。","importance":2,"lat":51.25,"lng":22.57,"place":"卢布林","title_en":"Union of Lublin","desc_en":"The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania signed the Union of Lublin, forming the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with a shared king and parliament, one of Europe's largest states at the time.","date_label_en":"1569","place_en":"Lublin"},{"id":"latin_america-015","start":1570,"end":1700,"date_label":"16—18世纪","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"甘蔗种植园经济","desc":"巴西东北部和加勒比群岛建立大规模甘蔗种植园，依赖输入的非洲奴隶劳动，蔗糖成为最重要的殖民商品之一，加勒比人口结构被彻底改变。","importance":2,"lat":-8.05,"lng":-34.88,"place":"伯南布哥","title_en":"Sugar Plantation Economy","desc_en":"Large sugarcane plantations were established in northeastern Brazil and the Caribbean, relying on imported enslaved African labor; sugar became one of the most important colonial commodities, and the Caribbean's population was utterly transformed.","date_label_en":"16th–18th century","place_en":"Pernambuco"},{"id":"east_asia-x298","start":1570,"date_label":"约1570年代","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"戚继光修蓟镇长城","desc":"戚继光调任蓟镇总兵后，主持增修蓟镇一带长城，创建空心敌台千余座，今八达岭、金山岭等砖砌长城多为明中后期所修。","importance":2,"lat":40.36,"lng":116.02,"place":"北京八达岭","title_en":"Qi Jiguang Rebuilds the Jizhen Great Wall","desc_en":"Appointed commander of Jizhen, Qi Jiguang oversaw rebuilding of the Great Wall in that sector, adding over a thousand hollow watchtowers; most of today's brick wall at Badaling, Jinshanling, and elsewhere dates from the mid-to-late Ming.","date_label_en":"c. 1570s","place_en":"Badaling, Beijing"},{"id":"south_asia-x086","start":1571,"end":1585,"date_label":"1571—1585年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"法塔赫布尔西格里","desc":"阿克巴在阿格拉附近建新都法塔赫布尔西格里，融合波斯与印度建筑风格，其\"信仰之屋\"曾召集各宗教学者辩论。","importance":2,"lat":27.09,"lng":77.66,"place":"法塔赫布尔","title_en":"Fatehpur Sikri","desc_en":"Akbar built a new capital at Fatehpur Sikri near Agra, blending Persian and Indian architecture; its Ibadat Khana ('House of Worship') hosted debates among scholars of many religions.","date_label_en":"1571–1585","place_en":"Fatehpur Sikri"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x044","start":1571,"date_label":"1571年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"黎牙实比建马尼拉","desc":"西班牙人黎牙实比攻占马尼拉并定为西属菲律宾首府，此后西班牙在菲律宾统治三百余年，天主教广泛传播。","importance":2,"lat":14.59,"lng":120.97,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"Legazpi Founds Manila","desc_en":"The Spaniard Miguel López de Legazpi took Manila and made it the capital of the Spanish Philippines; Spain ruled the islands for over three centuries, and Catholicism spread widely.","date_label_en":"1571","place_en":"Manila"},{"id":"europe-x208","start":1571,"date_label":"1571年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"勒班陀海战","desc":"西班牙、威尼斯与教皇国组成的神圣同盟舰队在希腊勒班陀附近海域大败奥斯曼舰队，是最后一场以桨帆船为主的大海战。","importance":2,"lat":38.25,"lng":21.1,"place":"勒班陀","title_en":"Battle of Lepanto","desc_en":"The Holy League fleet of Spain, Venice, and the Papal States routed the Ottoman fleet near Lepanto in Greece, the last great naval battle fought mainly with oared galleys.","date_label_en":"1571","place_en":"Lepanto"},{"id":"europe-x209","start":1572,"date_label":"1572年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"圣巴托洛缪大屠杀","desc":"在胡格诺派领袖纳瓦拉的亨利婚礼期间，巴黎天主教徒屠杀聚集的新教徒，并蔓延至外省，死者数以千计，法国宗教战争激化。","importance":2,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.35,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre","desc_en":"During the wedding of Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre, Parisian Catholics massacred the assembled Protestants, and the killing spread to the provinces; thousands died and France's Wars of Religion intensified.","date_label_en":"1572","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"latin_america-x046","start":1572,"date_label":"1572年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"图帕克·阿马鲁一世遇害","desc":"西班牙总督托莱多攻陷印加残余政权最后据点比尔卡班巴，在库斯科处死末代印加王图帕克·阿马鲁一世，随后推行集中村落与米塔劳役改革。","importance":1,"lat":-13.53,"lng":-71.97,"place":"库斯科","title_en":"Execution of Túpac Amaru I","desc_en":"Viceroy Francisco de Toledo took Vilcabamba, the last stronghold of the Neo-Inca state, and executed the last Inca ruler, Túpac Amaru I, in Cusco, then imposed forced resettlement into towns and mita labor reforms.","date_label_en":"1572","place_en":"Cusco"},{"id":"south_asia-x087","start":1574,"date_label":"1574年起","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《罗摩功行之湖》","desc":"诗人杜尔西达斯用阿瓦德语改写罗摩故事，创作《罗摩功行之湖》，在北印度广为传诵，至今是罗摩剧演出的基础文本。","importance":2,"lat":25.32,"lng":83.01,"place":"瓦拉纳西","title_en":"The Ramcharitmanas","desc_en":"The poet Tulsidas retold the Rama story in Awadhi as the Ramcharitmanas, widely recited in northern India and still the basic text of Ramlila performances.","date_label_en":"From 1574","place_en":"Varanasi"},{"id":"east_asia-x299","start":1575,"date_label":"1575年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"李珥《圣学辑要》","desc":"李珥（栗谷）编成《圣学辑要》进呈宣祖，主张“气发理乘”，并提出改革贡纳、养兵十万等主张，与李滉并称朝鲜性理学双璧。","importance":2,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉阳(首尔)","title_en":"Yi I's Essentials of Sage Learning","desc_en":"Yi I (Yulgok) compiled the Seonghak Jibyo for King Seonjo, holding that 'qi issues and li rides on it', and proposed reforms such as overhauling tribute payments and raising an army of 100,000; he and Yi Hwang are the twin pillars of Joseon Neo-Confucianism.","date_label_en":"1575","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"east_asia-x300","start":1575,"date_label":"1575年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"长篠之战","desc":"织田信长与德川家康联军以大量火绳枪配合防马栅，大败武田胜赖的骑兵，显示出火器在日本战争中的决定性作用。","importance":2,"lat":34.92,"lng":137.56,"place":"爱知新城长篠","title_en":"Battle of Nagashino","desc_en":"The allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu used massed matchlocks behind anti-cavalry palisades to rout Takeda Katsuyori's cavalry, showing the decisive role of firearms in Japanese warfare.","date_label_en":"1575","place_en":"Nagashino, Shinshiro, Aichi"},{"id":"europe-x210","start":1576,"date_label":"1576年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"第谷天堡天文台","desc":"丹麦天文学家第谷在汶岛建天堡天文台，以肉眼仪器取得当时最精确的行星观测数据，后为开普勒发现行星运动定律提供基础。","importance":2,"lat":55.91,"lng":12.7,"place":"汶岛","title_en":"Tycho's Uraniborg Observatory","desc_en":"Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe built the Uraniborg observatory on the island of Hven, obtaining the most precise naked-eye planetary observations of the time, which later underpinned Kepler's laws of planetary motion.","date_label_en":"1576","place_en":"Hven"},{"id":"east_asia-x301","start":1577,"date_label":"1576–1577年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"安土城与乐市乐座","desc":"织田信长在琵琶湖畔修筑安土城，1577年在城下町颁布乐市乐座令，废除行会特权和市场税，吸引商人促进商业发展。","importance":2,"lat":35.16,"lng":136.14,"place":"滋贺安土","title_en":"Azuchi Castle and Free Markets","desc_en":"Oda Nobunaga built Azuchi Castle by Lake Biwa and in 1577 issued the rakuichi rakuza decree in its castle town, abolishing guild privileges and market taxes to attract merchants and boost commerce.","date_label_en":"1576–1577","place_en":"Azuchi, Shiga"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x143","start":1577,"date_label":"1577年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"伊斯坦布尔天文台","desc":"塔居丁在伊斯坦布尔建立天文台，使用机械钟测时，但1580年即因宗教保守派反对与政治原因被拆毁。","importance":1,"lat":41.03,"lng":28.98,"place":"伊斯坦布尔","title_en":"Istanbul Observatory","desc_en":"Taqi al-Din founded an observatory in Istanbul that used mechanical clocks for timekeeping, but it was demolished in 1580 amid opposition from religious conservatives and political motives.","date_label_en":"1577","place_en":"Istanbul"},{"id":"east_asia-x302","start":1578,"date_label":"1578年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"李时珍《本草纲目》","desc":"李时珍历时二十七年、三易其稿完成《本草纲目》，载药1892种，附方一万余首，1596年刊行后流传东亚与欧洲。","importance":3,"lat":30.23,"lng":115.43,"place":"湖北蕲春","title_en":"Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica","desc_en":"After twenty-seven years and three drafts, Li Shizhen completed the Bencao Gangmu, listing 1,892 medicinal substances and over ten thousand prescriptions; published in 1596, it spread throughout East Asia and Europe.","date_label_en":"1578","place_en":"Qichun, Hubei"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x144","start":1578,"date_label":"1578年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"三王之战","desc":"摩洛哥萨阿德王朝在凯比尔堡附近大败入侵的葡萄牙军，葡王塞巴斯蒂安战死，葡萄牙王位危机后被西班牙兼并。","importance":2,"lat":35.0,"lng":-5.9,"place":"凯比尔堡","title_en":"Battle of the Three Kings","desc_en":"Morocco's Saadi dynasty crushed an invading Portuguese army near Ksar el-Kebir; King Sebastian was killed, and the ensuing Portuguese succession crisis led to annexation by Spain.","date_label_en":"1578","place_en":"Ksar el-Kebir"},{"id":"inner_asia-x068","start":1578,"date_label":"1578年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"格鲁派传入蒙古","desc":"土默特部阿勒坦汗与索南嘉措在青海仰华寺会面，赠其“达赖喇嘛”称号，藏传佛教格鲁派由此在蒙古各部广泛传播。","importance":2,"lat":36.3,"lng":100.6,"place":"仰华寺","title_en":"Gelug Buddhism Reaches the Mongols","desc_en":"Altan Khan of the Tümed met Sonam Gyatso at Yanghua Monastery in Qinghai and gave him the title 'Dalai Lama'; Gelug Tibetan Buddhism then spread widely among the Mongol tribes.","date_label_en":"1578","place_en":"Yanghua Monastery"},{"id":"east_asia-x303","start":1581,"date_label":"1581年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"一条鞭法","desc":"首辅张居正在清丈全国田亩后推行一条鞭法，将田赋、徭役和杂税合并，一律折银征收，标志着中国赋役制度由实物向货币转变。","importance":3,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Single Whip Reform","desc_en":"After a nationwide land survey, Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng implemented the Single Whip Law, consolidating land tax, labor service, and miscellaneous levies into a single payment in silver, marking China's shift from taxes in kind to money.","date_label_en":"1581","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"europe-x211","start":1581,"date_label":"1581年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"荷兰独立宣言","desc":"尼德兰北方各省议会通过《誓绝法案》，宣布不再效忠西班牙国王腓力二世，以君主违背契约为由废黜君主，影响后世独立宣言。","importance":2,"lat":52.08,"lng":4.31,"place":"海牙","title_en":"Dutch Act of Abjuration","desc_en":"The States General of the northern Netherlands passed the Act of Abjuration, renouncing allegiance to Philip II of Spain and deposing him for breaking his contract with his subjects; it influenced later declarations of independence.","date_label_en":"1581","place_en":"The Hague"},{"id":"east_asia-x304","start":1582,"date_label":"1582年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"本能寺之变","desc":"织田信长在京都本能寺遭部将明智光秀突袭，自尽身亡；羽柴秀吉迅速回师在山崎击败光秀，继承了统一事业。","importance":3,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.76,"place":"京都本能寺","title_en":"Honnō-ji Incident","desc_en":"Oda Nobunaga was attacked at Honnō-ji in Kyoto by his general Akechi Mitsuhide and took his own life; Hashiba Hideyoshi swiftly returned and defeated Mitsuhide at Yamazaki, taking over the work of unification.","date_label_en":"1582","place_en":"Honnō-ji, Kyoto"},{"id":"east_asia-x305","start":1582,"date_label":"1582年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"天正遣欧少年使节","desc":"九州大友、有马、大村三位天主教大名派遣四名少年赴欧，觐见西班牙国王和罗马教皇，1590年带回金属活字印刷机。","importance":1,"lat":32.75,"lng":129.88,"place":"长崎","title_en":"Tenshō Embassy to Europe","desc_en":"Three Christian daimyo of Kyushu, Ōtomo, Arima, and Ōmura, sent four boys to Europe, where they met the King of Spain and the Pope; in 1590 they brought back a metal movable-type printing press.","date_label_en":"1582","place_en":"Nagasaki"},{"id":"inner_asia-x069","start":1582,"date_label":"1582年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"叶尔马克攻灭西伯利亚汗国","desc":"斯特罗加诺夫家族资助的哥萨克首领叶尔马克越过乌拉尔山，攻占西伯利亚汗国都城伊斯克尔，俄国向亚洲腹地扩张由此开始。","importance":2,"lat":58.15,"lng":68.3,"place":"伊斯克尔","title_en":"Yermak Conquers the Khanate of Sibir","desc_en":"Funded by the Stroganov family, the Cossack leader Yermak crossed the Urals and took Isker, capital of the Khanate of Sibir, beginning Russia's expansion into the heart of Asia.","date_label_en":"1582","place_en":"Isker"},{"id":"europe-x212","start":1582,"date_label":"1582年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"格里高利历","desc":"教皇格里高利十三世颁布新历，删去10天并调整闰年规则以修正儒略历的累积误差，天主教国家率先采用，今为世界通用历法。","importance":2,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.45,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Gregorian Calendar","desc_en":"Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a new calendar, dropping 10 days and adjusting leap-year rules to correct the Julian calendar's accumulated error; adopted first by Catholic countries, it is now used worldwide.","date_label_en":"1582","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"inner_asia-x070","start":1585,"date_label":"1585年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"额尔德尼召","desc":"喀尔喀阿巴岱汗在哈拉和林故址附近建额尔德尼召，这是外蒙古第一座大型藏传佛教寺院，部分使用了哈拉和林遗址石料。","importance":1,"lat":47.2,"lng":102.84,"place":"哈拉和林","title_en":"Erdene Zuu Monastery","desc_en":"Abtai Khan of the Khalkha built Erdene Zuu near the ruins of Karakorum, the first large Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Outer Mongolia, partly using stone from the old city.","date_label_en":"1585","place_en":"Karakorum"},{"id":"europe-x213","start":1585,"date_label":"1585年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","军事"],"title":"安特卫普陷落","desc":"西班牙军队攻陷安特卫普，新教商人与工匠大批北迁，荷兰随后封锁斯海尔德河，欧洲商业与金融中心由此转移到阿姆斯特丹。","importance":2,"lat":51.22,"lng":4.4,"place":"安特卫普","title_en":"Fall of Antwerp","desc_en":"Spanish forces captured Antwerp; Protestant merchants and artisans moved north en masse, the Dutch then blockaded the Scheldt, and Europe's commercial and financial center shifted to Amsterdam.","date_label_en":"1585","place_en":"Antwerp"},{"id":"europe-059","start":1588,"date_label":"1588年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"西班牙无敌舰队覆灭","desc":"西班牙派大型舰队进攻英格兰，遭英军火船袭击与风暴重创而失败，英格兰海上地位上升，西班牙霸权开始动摇。","importance":2,"lat":50.99,"lng":2.13,"place":"格拉沃利讷","title_en":"Defeat of the Spanish Armada","desc_en":"Spain sent a great fleet against England, but it was battered by English fireships and storms and failed; England's naval standing rose and Spanish hegemony began to waver.","date_label_en":"1588","place_en":"Gravelines"},{"id":"east_asia-x306","start":1588,"date_label":"1582–1598年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"太阁检地与刀狩令","desc":"丰臣秀吉在全国统一度量标准丈量土地，按石高登记耕作者；1588年又颁布刀狩令收缴农民武器，确立兵农分离的身份秩序。","importance":3,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.53,"place":"大阪城","title_en":"Taikō Land Survey and Sword Hunt","desc_en":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi surveyed land nationwide with standardized measures, registering cultivators by kokudaka yield; in 1588 his Sword Hunt edict disarmed the peasantry, establishing a status order separating warriors from farmers.","date_label_en":"1582–1598","place_en":"Osaka Castle"},{"id":"east_asia-x307","start":1590,"date_label":"1590年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"丰臣秀吉统一日本","desc":"丰臣秀吉围攻小田原城迫使北条氏投降，东北大名随即臣服，日本结束一百多年的战国割据，实现统一。","importance":2,"lat":35.26,"lng":139.15,"place":"神奈川小田原","title_en":"Hideyoshi Unifies Japan","desc_en":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi besieged Odawara Castle and forced the Hōjō to surrender, after which the northeastern daimyo submitted; Japan's century-long Warring States division ended in unification.","date_label_en":"1590","place_en":"Odawara, Kanagawa"},{"id":"east_asia-x308","start":1591,"date_label":"1591年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"千利休与侘茶","desc":"堺商人出身的茶人千利休集“侘茶”之大成，崇尚简素、静寂之美，建造待庵等草庵茶室，1591年奉丰臣秀吉之命切腹。","importance":2,"lat":34.57,"lng":135.48,"place":"大阪堺","title_en":"Sen no Rikyū and Wabi Tea","desc_en":"Sen no Rikyū, a tea master from a Sakai merchant family, perfected wabi-cha, prizing simplicity and quiet beauty and building rustic tearooms such as Taian; in 1591 he was ordered by Hideyoshi to commit seppuku.","date_label_en":"1591","place_en":"Sakai, Osaka"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x047","start":1591,"date_label":"1591年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"通迪比战役","desc":"摩洛哥远征军携带火枪与火炮穿越撒哈拉，在通迪比击溃兵力占优的桑海军队，桑海帝国崩溃，西非萨赫勒随后分裂为多个小国。","importance":2,"lat":16.7,"lng":-0.1,"place":"通迪比","title_en":"Battle of Tondibi","desc_en":"A Moroccan expedition armed with muskets and cannon crossed the Sahara and routed a larger Songhai army at Tondibi; the Songhai Empire collapsed and the West African Sahel fragmented into many small states.","date_label_en":"1591","place_en":"Tondibi"},{"id":"east_asia-068","start":1592,"end":1598,"date_label":"1592–1598年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"壬辰战争","desc":"丰臣秀吉两次出兵侵略朝鲜，朝鲜水军将领李舜臣以龟船屡败日军，明朝出兵援朝，日军最终撤退。","importance":2,"lat":34.8,"lng":128.4,"place":"朝鲜南海岸","title_en":"Imjin War","desc_en":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi twice invaded Korea; Korean admiral Yi Sun-sin repeatedly defeated the Japanese with turtle ships, the Ming sent troops to aid Joseon, and the Japanese eventually withdrew.","date_label_en":"1592–1598","place_en":"Southern coast of Korea"},{"id":"east_asia-x309","start":1592,"date_label":"1592年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《西游记》刊行","desc":"现存最早的百回本《西游记》为万历二十年金陵世德堂刊本，以玄奘取经故事为本，塑造了孙悟空等形象，作者通常认为是吴承恩。","importance":2,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"南京","title_en":"Journey to the West Published","desc_en":"The earliest surviving 100-chapter edition of Journey to the West was printed by the Shidetang in Nanjing in 1592; based on Xuanzang's pilgrimage, it created characters like Sun Wukong and is usually attributed to Wu Cheng'en.","date_label_en":"1592","place_en":"Nanjing"},{"id":"east_asia-x310","start":1592,"date_label":"1592年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"闲山岛大捷","desc":"壬辰战争中，李舜臣率朝鲜水军在闲山岛海域以“鹤翼阵”大败日本水军，切断了日军经海路北上的补给线。","importance":2,"lat":34.76,"lng":128.48,"place":"庆尚南道统营","title_en":"Battle of Hansan Island","desc_en":"During the Imjin War, Yi Sun-sin led the Korean navy to rout the Japanese fleet off Hansan Island with a 'crane wing' formation, cutting the Japanese supply route north by sea.","date_label_en":"1592","place_en":"Tongyeong, South Gyeongsang"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x045","start":1593,"date_label":"1593年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"纳黎萱象战","desc":"阿瑜陀耶王子纳黎萱在象战中击杀缅甸王储，阿瑜陀耶摆脱东吁控制恢复独立，纳黎萱被奉为泰国民族英雄。","importance":2,"lat":14.47,"lng":100.13,"place":"素攀武里","title_en":"Naresuan's Elephant Duel","desc_en":"Prince Naresuan of Ayutthaya killed the Burmese crown prince in an elephant duel; Ayutthaya threw off Toungoo control and regained independence, and Naresuan is revered as a Thai national hero.","date_label_en":"1593","place_en":"Suphan Buri"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x046","start":1593,"date_label":"1593年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"菲律宾首本印刷书","desc":"西班牙传教士在马尼拉以木版印刷《基督教教义》，含西班牙文、他加禄文及巴伊巴因字母文本，是菲律宾已知最早的印刷书之一。","importance":1,"lat":14.59,"lng":120.97,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"First Printed Book in the Philippines","desc_en":"Spanish missionaries in Manila printed the Doctrina Christiana from woodblocks, with text in Spanish, Tagalog, and Baybayin script; it is one of the earliest known printed books in the Philippines.","date_label_en":"1593","place_en":"Manila"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x048","start":1593,"date_label":"1593年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事"],"title":"蒙巴萨耶稣堡","desc":"葡萄牙人在蒙巴萨修建耶稣堡，以控制东非沿海航线。1698年阿曼人经长期围攻夺取该堡，葡萄牙在赤道以北东非海岸的势力随之终结。","importance":1,"lat":-4.06,"lng":39.68,"place":"蒙巴萨","title_en":"Fort Jesus, Mombasa","desc_en":"The Portuguese built Fort Jesus at Mombasa to control East African coastal routes. In 1698 the Omanis took it after a long siege, ending Portuguese power on the East African coast north of the equator.","date_label_en":"1593","place_en":"Mombasa"},{"id":"east_asia-x311","start":1597,"date_label":"1597年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"鸣梁海战","desc":"丁酉再乱中，复职的李舜臣仅率十三艘战船，利用鸣梁海峡湍急潮流击退一百余艘日舰，扭转了海上战局。","importance":2,"lat":34.57,"lng":126.31,"place":"全罗南道珍岛","title_en":"Battle of Myeongnyang","desc_en":"During the second Japanese invasion, the reinstated Yi Sun-sin used the swift tides of the Myeongnyang Strait to repel over a hundred Japanese ships with just thirteen warships, turning the tide of the naval war.","date_label_en":"1597","place_en":"Jindo, South Jeolla"},{"id":"europe-060","start":1598,"date_label":"1598年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"南特敕令","desc":"法王亨利四世颁布南特敕令，给予新教胡格诺派信仰自由与政治权利，结束法国宗教战争。","importance":1,"lat":47.22,"lng":-1.55,"place":"南特","title_en":"Edict of Nantes","desc_en":"Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, granting Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship and political rights and ending the French Wars of Religion.","date_label_en":"1598","place_en":"Nantes"},{"id":"east_asia-x312","start":1598,"date_label":"1598年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"汤显祖《牡丹亭》","desc":"汤显祖弃官归临川后完成传奇《牡丹亭》，以杜丽娘因情而死又复生的故事歌颂至情，与《西厢记》并称，至今仍是昆曲经典剧目。","importance":2,"lat":27.95,"lng":116.36,"place":"江西抚州临川","title_en":"Tang Xianzu's The Peony Pavilion","desc_en":"After leaving office and returning to Linchuan, Tang Xianzu completed the chuanqi play The Peony Pavilion, celebrating supreme love through Du Liniang, who dies of love and returns to life; ranked with Romance of the Western Chamber, it remains a Kunqu classic.","date_label_en":"1598","place_en":"Linchuan, Fuzhou, Jiangxi"},{"id":"east_asia-x313","start":1598,"date_label":"1598年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"露梁海战","desc":"中朝联合水军在露梁海域截击撤退的日军，明将邓子龙与朝鲜统帅李舜臣均在激战中阵亡，壬辰战争至此结束。","importance":2,"lat":34.94,"lng":127.87,"place":"庆尚南道南海","title_en":"Battle of Noryang","desc_en":"Allied Ming and Korean fleets intercepted the withdrawing Japanese at Noryang; Ming general Deng Zilong and Korean commander Yi Sun-sin were both killed in the fierce fighting, and the Imjin War ended.","date_label_en":"1598","place_en":"Namhae, South Gyeongsang"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x145","start":1598,"date_label":"1598年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"阿拔斯一世迁都伊斯法罕","desc":"萨法维沙阿拔斯一世迁都伊斯法罕，引入亚美尼亚商人经营丝绸出口，并改组军队削弱红头部落势力，萨法维臻于鼎盛。","importance":2,"lat":32.65,"lng":51.67,"place":"伊斯法罕","title_en":"Abbas I Moves the Capital to Isfahan","desc_en":"Safavid Shah Abbas I moved his capital to Isfahan, brought in Armenian merchants to run silk exports, and reorganized the army to curb the Qizilbash tribes, bringing the Safavids to their peak.","date_label_en":"1598","place_en":"Isfahan"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x146","start":1598,"end":1629,"date_label":"1598—1629年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"伊斯法罕伊玛目广场","desc":"阿拔斯一世在伊斯法罕修建巨型广场，四周有王室清真寺、谢赫洛特法拉清真寺、宫殿与大巴扎，集宗教、王权与商业于一体。","importance":2,"lat":32.66,"lng":51.68,"place":"伊斯法罕","title_en":"Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Isfahan","desc_en":"Abbas I built a vast square in Isfahan surrounded by the Royal Mosque, the Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, a palace, and the Grand Bazaar, uniting religion, royal power, and commerce.","date_label_en":"1598–1629","place_en":"Isfahan"},{"id":"east_asia-069","start":1600,"end":1868,"date_label":"1600–1603年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"江户幕府建立","desc":"德川家康在关原之战获胜，1603年任征夷大将军开创江户幕府，日本进入二百六十余年的相对和平时期。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.76,"place":"江户(东京)","title_en":"Edo Shogunate Founded","desc_en":"Tokugawa Ieyasu won the Battle of Sekigahara and in 1603 became shogun, founding the Edo shogunate; Japan entered over 260 years of relative peace.","date_label_en":"1600–1603","place_en":"Edo (Tokyo)"},{"id":"south_asia-031","start":1600,"end":1874,"date_label":"1600年12月","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"英国东印度公司成立","desc":"伊丽莎白一世向东印度公司颁发特许状，授予好望角以东贸易专营权；公司先在苏拉特等地设商馆，后逐步演变为统治印度的政治力量。","importance":3,"lat":21.17,"lng":72.83,"place":"苏拉特","title_en":"English East India Company Founded","desc_en":"Elizabeth I granted the East India Company a charter with a monopoly on trade east of the Cape of Good Hope; it set up factories at Surat and elsewhere and gradually became the political power ruling India.","date_label_en":"Dec 1600","place_en":"Surat"},{"id":"europe-061","start":1600,"end":1613,"date_label":"约1600—1613年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"莎士比亚的创作高峰","desc":"莎士比亚在伦敦环球剧院等地上演《哈姆雷特》《李尔王》《麦克白》等剧作，其戏剧极大丰富了英语与世界文学。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.1,"place":"伦敦环球剧院","title_en":"Shakespeare at His Peak","desc_en":"Shakespeare staged Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, and other plays at the Globe and elsewhere in London; his drama vastly enriched English and world literature.","date_label_en":"c. 1600–1613","place_en":"Globe Theatre, London"},{"id":"south_asia-x088","start":1600,"end":1700,"date_label":"约17世纪","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"达卡平纹细布","desc":"孟加拉达卡织工生产的平纹细布轻薄如纱，是莫卧儿宫廷与欧洲市场的奢侈品，后在英国机织布冲击下衰落。","importance":1,"lat":23.81,"lng":90.41,"place":"达卡","title_en":"Dhaka Muslin","desc_en":"Muslin woven in Dhaka, Bengal, was as fine as gauze, a luxury for the Mughal court and European markets; it later declined under competition from British machine-made cloth.","date_label_en":"c. 17th century","place_en":"Dhaka"},{"id":"europe-x214","start":1600,"date_label":"1600年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"布鲁诺被处火刑","desc":"主张宇宙无限、世界众多的哲学家乔尔达诺·布鲁诺被宗教裁判所判为异端，在罗马鲜花广场被处以火刑。","importance":2,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.47,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Bruno Burned at the Stake","desc_en":"Philosopher Giordano Bruno, who argued for an infinite universe with many worlds, was condemned as a heretic by the Inquisition and burned at Rome's Campo de' Fiori.","date_label_en":"1600","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"europe-x215","start":1600,"date_label":"1600年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"吉尔伯特《论磁》","desc":"英国医生威廉·吉尔伯特出版《论磁》，通过实验证明地球本身是一个大磁体，并区分磁与静电，创造“电”这一词的拉丁词源。","importance":1,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Gilbert's De Magnete","desc_en":"English physician William Gilbert published De Magnete, showing by experiment that the Earth itself is a great magnet, distinguishing magnetism from static electricity, and coining the Latin root of the word 'electric'.","date_label_en":"1600","place_en":"London"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x049","start":1600,"date_label":"约17世纪","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"奥约帝国","desc":"约鲁巴人的奥约帝国以骑兵称雄，17至18世纪控制今尼日利亚西南及达荷美，并通过沿海港口参与大西洋贸易，1830年代因内乱与北方圣战而瓦解。","importance":1,"lat":8.95,"lng":4.38,"place":"老奥约","title_en":"Oyo Empire","desc_en":"The Yoruba Oyo Empire dominated by cavalry, controlling today's southwestern Nigeria and Dahomey in the 17th–18th centuries and joining Atlantic trade through coastal ports; it collapsed in the 1830s amid internal strife and jihad from the north.","date_label_en":"c. 17th century","place_en":"Old Oyo"},{"id":"east_asia-x314","start":1601,"date_label":"1601年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"利玛窦入京","desc":"意大利耶稣会士利玛窦获准进入北京并长居，他以“合儒”策略传教，绘制汉文世界地图《坤舆万国全图》，开启明末西学东渐。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Matteo Ricci Enters Beijing","desc_en":"The Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci was allowed to enter and reside in Beijing; he evangelized by accommodating Confucianism and drew the Chinese world map Kunyu Wanguo Quantu, opening the late-Ming transmission of Western learning.","date_label_en":"1601","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x315","start":1601,"date_label":"1601年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"苏州织工抗税","desc":"万历年间宦官孙隆到苏州加征机户税，织工在葛成带领下聚众抗议，殴毙税官；当时苏州已有“机户出资、机工出力”的雇佣关系。","importance":1,"lat":31.3,"lng":120.62,"place":"苏州","title_en":"Suzhou Weavers' Tax Revolt","desc_en":"When the eunuch Sun Long imposed new taxes on Suzhou loom owners in the Wanli era, weavers led by Ge Cheng protested en masse and beat tax officials to death; 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they formed the 'Donglin faction', which later fought bitterly with the eunuch Wei Zhongxian's clique.","date_label_en":"1604","place_en":"Wuxi, Jiangsu"},{"id":"east_asia-x317","start":1604,"date_label":"1604年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"朱印船贸易","desc":"德川幕府向获准出海的商船颁发盖有朱印的渡航许可状，朱印船远航东南亚各地，各地形成多个日本町，后随锁国而终止。","importance":2,"lat":32.75,"lng":129.88,"place":"长崎","title_en":"Red-Seal Ship Trade","desc_en":"The Tokugawa shogunate issued voyage permits stamped with a red seal to approved merchant ships, which sailed throughout Southeast Asia, where Japanese towns formed; the trade ended with the closed-country policy.","date_label_en":"1604","place_en":"Nagasaki"},{"id":"south_asia-x089","start":1604,"date_label":"1604年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《阿迪格兰特》编成","desc":"第五代古鲁阿尔琼在阿姆利则将历代古鲁及卡比尔等圣者的诗歌编成《阿迪格兰特》，安放于新建的哈尔曼迪尔，后成为锡克教永恒圣典。","importance":2,"lat":31.62,"lng":74.88,"place":"阿姆利则","title_en":"Adi Granth Compiled","desc_en":"The fifth Guru, Arjan, compiled the hymns of the Gurus and saints such as Kabir into the Adi Granth at Amritsar and installed it in the newly built Harmandir; it later became the eternal scripture of Sikhism.","date_label_en":"1604","place_en":"Amritsar"},{"id":"europe-x216","start":1605,"date_label":"1605年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"塞万提斯《堂吉诃德》","desc":"塞万提斯出版《堂吉诃德》第一部，以讽刺骑士小说的落魄绅士故事描绘西班牙社会，被视为第一部现代小说。","importance":2,"lat":40.42,"lng":-3.7,"place":"马德里","title_en":"Cervantes's Don Quixote","desc_en":"Cervantes published Part One of Don Quixote, portraying Spanish society through a down-at-heel gentleman in a satire of chivalric romances; it is regarded as the first modern novel.","date_label_en":"1605","place_en":"Madrid"},{"id":"latin_america-x047","start":1605,"end":1694,"date_label":"约1605–1694年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"帕尔马雷斯逃奴王国","desc":"巴西东北部的逃亡奴隶在内陆建立帕尔马雷斯，人口达数千至上万，多次击退殖民军，1694年被攻破，领袖祖比于1695年遇害，今成为巴西黑人意识的象征。","importance":2,"lat":-9.15,"lng":-36.13,"place":"巴里加山","title_en":"Quilombo of Palmares","desc_en":"Escaped slaves in northeastern Brazil founded Palmares in the interior, with thousands to tens of thousands of people; 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it survived on tobacco, and the first Africans were brought there in 1619.","date_label_en":"1607","place_en":"Jamestown"},{"id":"east_asia-x318","start":1607,"date_label":"1607年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"《几何原本》中译","desc":"徐光启与利玛窦合作译出欧几里得《几何原本》前六卷，创译“点、线、面、平行线”等术语，沿用至今。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Euclid's Elements in Chinese","desc_en":"Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci translated the first six books of Euclid's Elements, coining Chinese terms for 'point', 'line', 'surface', and 'parallel lines' that are still used today.","date_label_en":"1607","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x047","start":1607,"end":1636,"date_label":"1607—1636年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"亚齐伊斯坎达尔·穆达","desc":"亚齐苏丹伊斯坎达尔·穆达控制苏门答腊北部胡椒产区，多次进攻葡属马六甲，亚齐成为伊斯兰学术与贸易重镇。","importance":2,"lat":5.55,"lng":95.32,"place":"班达亚齐","title_en":"Iskandar Muda of Aceh","desc_en":"Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh controlled the pepper lands of northern Sumatra and repeatedly attacked Portuguese Malacca; Aceh became a center of Islamic learning and trade.","date_label_en":"1607–1636","place_en":"Banda Aceh"},{"id":"europe-x217","start":1607,"date_label":"1607年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"蒙特威尔第《奥菲欧》","desc":"蒙特威尔第在曼托瓦宫廷首演歌剧《奥菲欧》，以丰富的器乐与戏剧化独唱确立歌剧形式，标志巴洛克音乐的成熟。","importance":2,"lat":45.16,"lng":10.79,"place":"曼托瓦","title_en":"Monteverdi's L'Orfeo","desc_en":"Monteverdi premiered the opera L'Orfeo at the Mantuan court; its rich instrumentation and dramatic solo singing established the operatic form and marked the maturity of Baroque music.","date_label_en":"1607","place_en":"Mantua"},{"id":"north_america-008","start":1608,"date_label":"1608年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"魁北克城建立","desc":"法国探险家尚普兰建立魁北克城，成为新法兰西的中心，法国殖民者与原住民开展毛皮贸易，奠定了加拿大法语区的基础。","importance":1,"lat":46.81,"lng":-71.21,"place":"魁北克城","title_en":"Quebec City Founded","desc_en":"French explorer Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City, which became the center of New France; French colonists traded furs with Indigenous peoples, laying the foundation of French-speaking Canada.","date_label_en":"1608","place_en":"Quebec City"},{"id":"east_asia-x319","start":1608,"date_label":"1608年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"大同法","desc":"朝鲜光海君时首先在京畿道实行大同法，把各地以土产缴纳的贡物改为按田结征收米、布，至1708年推广到全国大部分地区。","importance":2,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉阳(首尔)","title_en":"Daedong Law","desc_en":"Under Gwanghaegun, Joseon first applied the Daedong law in Gyeonggi Province, converting tribute paid in local products into levies of rice and cloth assessed on land; by 1708 it covered most of the country.","date_label_en":"1608","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"east_asia-x320","start":1609,"date_label":"1609年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"萨摩入侵琉球","desc":"萨摩藩岛津氏出兵攻占首里，俘虏琉球国王尚宁，此后琉球在继续向中国朝贡的同时受萨摩控制，形成“两属”状态。","importance":2,"lat":26.22,"lng":127.72,"place":"那霸首里","title_en":"Satsuma Invades Ryukyu","desc_en":"The Shimazu of Satsuma domain seized Shuri and captured King Shō Nei; thereafter Ryukyu, while still paying tribute to China, was controlled by Satsuma, a state of dual subordination.","date_label_en":"1609","place_en":"Shuri, Naha"},{"id":"europe-x218","start":1609,"date_label":"1609年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"开普勒行星定律","desc":"开普勒在布拉格出版《新天文学》，依据第谷数据提出行星沿椭圆轨道运行等定律，1619年又提出第三定律，为牛顿力学铺路。","importance":2,"lat":50.09,"lng":14.42,"place":"布拉格","title_en":"Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion","desc_en":"Kepler published Astronomia Nova in Prague, using Tycho's data to show that planets move in elliptical orbits; he added his third law in 1619, paving the way for Newtonian mechanics.","date_label_en":"1609","place_en":"Prague"},{"id":"europe-x219","start":1609,"date_label":"1609年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"阿姆斯特丹银行","desc":"阿姆斯特丹市政府创办汇兑银行，以足值银行货币统一结算混乱的各地铸币，阿姆斯特丹成为欧洲支付与汇兑中心。","importance":2,"lat":52.37,"lng":4.9,"place":"阿姆斯特丹","title_en":"Bank of Amsterdam","desc_en":"Amsterdam's city government founded an exchange bank that settled the chaotic mix of coinage in full-value bank money, making Amsterdam Europe's center of payments and exchange.","date_label_en":"1609","place_en":"Amsterdam"},{"id":"latin_america-x048","start":1609,"date_label":"1609年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"耶稣会巴拉圭传教区","desc":"耶稣会在巴拉圭地区设立瓜拉尼人传教村，组织集体农业与手工业并保护原住民免遭奴役，鼎盛时数十村落十余万人，1767年耶稣会被逐后衰落。","importance":1,"lat":-27.26,"lng":-55.53,"place":"圣伊格纳西奥","title_en":"Jesuit Missions of Paraguay","desc_en":"The Jesuits set up Guaraní mission villages (reductions) in the Paraguay region, organizing communal farming and crafts and shielding Native people from enslavement; at their height dozens of villages held over 100,000 people, declining after the Jesuits' expulsion in 1767.","date_label_en":"1609","place_en":"San Ignacio"},{"id":"europe-063","start":1610,"date_label":"1610年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"伽利略望远镜观天","desc":"伽利略用自制望远镜观测到木星卫星、月面山脉与金星相位，出版《星际信使》，有力支持日心说；1633年遭宗教裁判所审判。","importance":2,"lat":45.41,"lng":11.88,"place":"帕多瓦","title_en":"Galileo's Telescope","desc_en":"With his own telescope Galileo observed Jupiter's moons, mountains on the Moon, and the phases of Venus, publishing Sidereus Nuncius in strong support of heliocentrism; in 1633 he was tried by the Inquisition.","date_label_en":"1610","place_en":"Padua"},{"id":"global-x008","start":1610,"end":1800,"date_label":"17—18世纪","region":"global","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"茶叶成为全球商品","desc":"1610年前后荷兰东印度公司开始向欧洲贩运中国茶叶，18世纪英国饮茶普及，茶叶贸易逆差促使英国向中国输入鸦片。","importance":2,"title_en":"Tea Becomes a Global Commodity","desc_en":"Around 1610 the Dutch East India Company began shipping Chinese tea to Europe; tea drinking became widespread in Britain in the 18th century, and the resulting trade deficit drove Britain to export opium to China.","date_label_en":"17th–18th century"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x048","start":1611,"date_label":"1611年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"圣托马斯大学","desc":"多明我会在马尼拉创办圣托马斯学院，后升格为大学，是亚洲现存历史最悠久的大学之一。","importance":1,"lat":14.61,"lng":120.99,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"University of Santo Tomas","desc_en":"The Dominicans founded the College of Santo Tomas in Manila, later raised to a university; it is one of the oldest existing universities in Asia.","date_label_en":"1611","place_en":"Manila"},{"id":"europe-x220","start":1611,"date_label":"1611年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"阿姆斯特丹证券交易所","desc":"为交易荷兰东印度公司股票而兴起的阿姆斯特丹交易所于1611年建成专用大楼，出现期货、卖空等交易方式，被视为最早的现代证券交易所。","importance":2,"lat":52.37,"lng":4.89,"place":"阿姆斯特丹","title_en":"Amsterdam Stock Exchange","desc_en":"The Amsterdam exchange, which arose to trade VOC shares, moved into a purpose-built building in 1611; practices such as futures and short selling appeared, and it is seen as the first modern stock exchange.","date_label_en":"1611","place_en":"Amsterdam"},{"id":"south_asia-x090","start":1612,"date_label":"1612—1613年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"英国在苏拉特设商馆","desc":"英国东印度公司船队在苏拉特附近击败葡萄牙舰船后获准设商馆，苏拉特成为公司在印度的第一个主要据点。","importance":2,"lat":21.17,"lng":72.83,"place":"苏拉特","title_en":"English Factory at Surat","desc_en":"After an English East India Company fleet defeated Portuguese ships near Surat, the English were allowed to set up a factory, and Surat became the Company's first major base in India.","date_label_en":"1612–1613","place_en":"Surat"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x049","start":1612,"date_label":"约1612年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《马来纪年》","desc":"《马来纪年》在柔佛宫廷编订，记述马六甲王朝的起源与兴衰，是古典马来文学与历史的代表作。","importance":2,"lat":1.46,"lng":103.76,"place":"柔佛","title_en":"The Malay Annals","desc_en":"The Malay Annals (Sejarah Melayu) were compiled at the Johor court, recounting the origins, rise, and fall of the Malacca dynasty; they are a masterpiece of classical Malay literature and history.","date_label_en":"c. 1612","place_en":"Johor"},{"id":"north_america-x012","start":1612,"date_label":"1612年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"弗吉尼亚烟草种植","desc":"约翰·罗尔夫在詹姆斯敦引种较温和的西印度烟草并出口英国，获利丰厚，烟草成为弗吉尼亚经济支柱，带动契约仆役与后来的奴隶劳动需求。","importance":2,"lat":37.21,"lng":-76.78,"place":"詹姆斯敦","title_en":"Virginia Tobacco","desc_en":"John Rolfe planted a milder West Indian tobacco at Jamestown and exported it profitably to England; tobacco became the mainstay of Virginia's economy, driving demand for indentured servants and later enslaved labor.","date_label_en":"1612","place_en":"Jamestown"},{"id":"east_asia-x321","start":1613,"date_label":"1613年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"许浚《东医宝鉴》","desc":"御医许浚奉命编成的医书《东医宝鉴》于1613年刊行，集东亚医学之大成，2009年被列入联合国教科文组织世界记忆名录。","importance":2,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉阳(首尔)","title_en":"Heo Jun's Dongui Bogam","desc_en":"The medical encyclopedia Dongui Bogam, compiled by royal physician Heo Jun on royal order, was published in 1613; a synthesis of East Asian medicine, it was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2009.","date_label_en":"1613","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"europe-x221","start":1613,"date_label":"1613年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"罗曼诺夫王朝建立","desc":"经历留里克王朝绝嗣后的“混乱时期”和波兰占领莫斯科，缙绅会议推举米哈伊尔·罗曼诺夫为沙皇，罗曼诺夫王朝统治至1917年。","importance":2,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"Romanov Dynasty Founded","desc_en":"After the Time of Troubles following the extinction of the Rurikids and the Polish occupation of Moscow, the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov tsar; the Romanov dynasty ruled until 1917.","date_label_en":"1613","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"europe-x222","start":1614,"date_label":"1614年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"纳皮尔发明对数","desc":"苏格兰数学家纳皮尔发表对数表，把乘除化为加减，大大减轻天文与航海计算负担，后来的计算尺即以对数原理制成。","importance":2,"lat":55.95,"lng":-3.19,"place":"爱丁堡","title_en":"Napier Invents Logarithms","desc_en":"Scottish mathematician John Napier published tables of logarithms, turning multiplication and division into addition and subtraction and greatly easing astronomical and navigational calculation; the later slide rule was based on logarithms.","date_label_en":"1614","place_en":"Edinburgh"},{"id":"east_asia-x322","start":1615,"date_label":"1615年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"大坂之阵与武家诸法度","desc":"德川家康在大坂夏之阵攻灭丰臣氏，同年颁布一国一城令与《武家诸法度》，严格约束大名，确立江户幕府的统治秩序。","importance":2,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.53,"place":"大阪城","title_en":"Siege of Osaka and the Buke Shohatto","desc_en":"Tokugawa Ieyasu destroyed the Toyotomi in the Summer Siege of Osaka; the same year he issued the 'one province, one castle' order and the Laws for the Military Houses, tightly restraining the daimyo and establishing the Edo shogunate's order.","date_label_en":"1615","place_en":"Osaka Castle"},{"id":"latin_america-x049","start":1615,"date_label":"1615年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"瓜曼·波马的编年史","desc":"原住民贵族瓜曼·波马完成近1200页的《新编年史与良好政府》，附近400幅插图，向西班牙国王控诉殖民暴政，是了解印加与殖民社会的珍贵史料。","importance":1,"lat":-12.05,"lng":-77.04,"place":"利马","title_en":"Guaman Poma's Chronicle","desc_en":"The Indigenous noble Guaman Poma completed the nearly 1,200-page First New Chronicle and Good Government with almost 400 drawings, denouncing colonial tyranny to the Spanish king; it is a precious source on Inca and colonial society.","date_label_en":"1615","place_en":"Lima"},{"id":"east_asia-x323","start":1616,"date_label":"1616年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"努尔哈赤建后金","desc":"建州女真首领努尔哈赤统一女真各部，以八旗制度组织军政，1616年在赫图阿拉称汗，国号金（史称后金）。","importance":2,"lat":41.7,"lng":124.9,"place":"辽宁新宾赫图阿拉","title_en":"Nurhaci Founds the Later Jin","desc_en":"Nurhaci, chief of the Jianzhou Jurchens, united the Jurchen tribes, organized military and civil affairs under the Eight Banners, and in 1616 proclaimed himself khan at Hetu Ala, naming his state Jin (the Later Jin).","date_label_en":"1616","place_en":"Hetu Ala, Xinbin, Liaoning"},{"id":"europe-064","start":1618,"end":1648,"date_label":"1618—1648年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"三十年战争","desc":"由波希米亚新教徒反抗引发，演变为席卷中欧的大战，各大国卷入，德意志地区人口锐减约三分之一。","importance":2,"lat":50.09,"lng":14.42,"place":"布拉格","title_en":"Thirty Years' War","desc_en":"Sparked by a Protestant revolt in Bohemia, it grew into a war engulfing Central Europe and drawing in the great powers; the German lands lost about a third of their population.","date_label_en":"1618–1648","place_en":"Prague"},{"id":"southeast_asia-022","start":1619,"end":1799,"date_label":"1619年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"荷兰建立巴达维亚","desc":"荷兰东印度公司总督科恩攻占雅加达，改名巴达维亚作为亚洲总部，以暴力垄断丁香、肉豆蔻等香料贸易，逐步控制印尼群岛。","importance":3,"lat":-6.13,"lng":106.81,"place":"巴达维亚","title_en":"Dutch Found Batavia","desc_en":"VOC governor-general Jan Pieterszoon Coen captured Jayakarta and renamed it Batavia as the company's Asian headquarters, using violence to monopolize the clove and nutmeg trade and gradually taking control of the Indonesian archipelago.","date_label_en":"1619","place_en":"Batavia"},{"id":"east_asia-x324","start":1619,"date_label":"1619年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"萨尔浒之战","desc":"明军分四路进攻后金，努尔哈赤采取“凭尔几路来，我只一路去”的战法集中兵力各个击破，明军大败，辽东局势逆转。","importance":2,"lat":41.88,"lng":123.96,"place":"辽宁抚顺","title_en":"Battle of Sarhu","desc_en":"The Ming attacked the Later Jin in four columns; Nurhaci, following the maxim 'however many routes you come by, I go by only one', concentrated his forces and defeated them one by one, reversing the situation in Liaodong.","date_label_en":"1619","place_en":"Fushun, Liaoning"},{"id":"north_america-x013","start":1619,"date_label":"1619年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"首批非洲人抵达弗吉尼亚","desc":"一艘英国私掠船将二十余名从葡萄牙奴隶船上劫来的安哥拉人带到弗吉尼亚康福特角，这是英属北美有记载的首批非洲人，标志着北美奴隶制的开端。","importance":2,"lat":37.0,"lng":-76.31,"place":"康福特角","title_en":"First Africans Arrive in Virginia","desc_en":"An English privateer brought some twenty Angolans, seized from a Portuguese slave ship, to Point Comfort, Virginia; they were the first recorded Africans in British North America, marking the beginning of slavery there.","date_label_en":"1619","place_en":"Point Comfort"},{"id":"north_america-x014","start":1619,"date_label":"1619年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"弗吉尼亚议会","desc":"弗吉尼亚公民议会在詹姆斯敦教堂首次开会，由殖民者选出代表参与立法，是英属美洲第一个民选代议机构，开创北美殖民地自治的传统。","importance":1,"lat":37.21,"lng":-76.78,"place":"詹姆斯敦","title_en":"Virginia General Assembly","desc_en":"The Virginia General Assembly first met in the Jamestown church, with representatives elected by colonists to take part in lawmaking; it was the first elected representative body in British America, beginning the tradition of colonial self-government.","date_label_en":"1619","place_en":"Jamestown"},{"id":"north_america-009","start":1620,"date_label":"1620年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"五月花号与普利茅斯","desc":"清教徒分离派乘五月花号抵达普利茅斯，登陆前签订《五月花号公约》约定自治，成为新英格兰殖民地的开端与美国建国神话的重要部分。","importance":1,"lat":41.96,"lng":-70.67,"place":"普利茅斯","title_en":"The Mayflower and Plymouth","desc_en":"Puritan Separatists arrived at Plymouth on the Mayflower, signing the Mayflower Compact for self-government before landing; it marked the beginning of the New England colonies and a key part of America's founding myth.","date_label_en":"1620","place_en":"Plymouth"},{"id":"europe-x223","start":1620,"date_label":"1620年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"培根《新工具》","desc":"弗朗西斯·培根出版《新工具》，批判经院演绎法，倡导以观察、实验和归纳获取知识，提出“知识就是力量”，影响近代科学方法。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Bacon's Novum Organum","desc_en":"Francis Bacon published Novum Organum, criticizing scholastic deduction and advocating knowledge through observation, experiment, and induction; associated with the maxim 'knowledge is power', it shaped modern scientific method.","date_label_en":"1620","place_en":"London"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x050","start":1621,"date_label":"1621年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事","经济"],"title":"班达群岛征服","desc":"荷兰东印度公司总督科恩为垄断肉豆蔻，征服班达群岛，当地人口遭屠杀、驱逐或沦为奴隶，岛屿改由种植园经营。","importance":2,"lat":-4.53,"lng":129.9,"place":"班达群岛","title_en":"Conquest of the Banda Islands","desc_en":"To monopolize nutmeg, VOC governor-general Coen conquered the Banda Islands; the inhabitants were massacred, expelled, or enslaved, and the islands were turned over to plantations.","date_label_en":"1621","place_en":"Banda Islands"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x147","start":1622,"date_label":"1622年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","军事"],"title":"夺取霍尔木兹","desc":"萨法维与英国东印度公司联手将葡萄牙人逐出霍尔木兹，阿拔斯港随之兴起，波斯湾贸易格局转向英、荷两国。","importance":1,"lat":27.1,"lng":56.45,"place":"霍尔木兹","title_en":"Capture of Hormuz","desc_en":"The Safavids and the English East India Company drove the Portuguese out of Hormuz; Bandar Abbas then rose, and Persian Gulf trade shifted toward the English and Dutch.","date_label_en":"1622","place_en":"Hormuz"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x050","start":1624,"date_label":"1624–1663年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"恩津加女王","desc":"恩东加与马坦巴女王恩津加以外交与游击战抵抗葡萄牙扩张数十年，一度联合荷兰人对抗葡军，成为安哥拉反殖民抗争的象征。","importance":2,"lat":-9.6,"lng":15.0,"place":"恩东加","title_en":"Queen Nzinga","desc_en":"Queen Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba resisted Portuguese expansion for decades through diplomacy and guerrilla warfare, at one point allying with the Dutch against the Portuguese; she became a symbol of Angolan anti-colonial struggle.","date_label_en":"1624–1663","place_en":"Ndongo"},{"id":"north_america-x015","start":1626,"date_label":"1626年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"新阿姆斯特丹","desc":"荷兰西印度公司总督米努伊特以价值约60荷兰盾的货物从原住民手中“购买”曼哈顿，建立新阿姆斯特丹，1664年被英国夺取改名纽约。","importance":1,"lat":40.7,"lng":-74.01,"place":"曼哈顿","title_en":"New Amsterdam","desc_en":"Peter Minuit, director of the Dutch West India Company's colony, 'bought' Manhattan from Native people for goods worth about 60 guilders and founded New Amsterdam, which the English seized in 1664 and renamed New York.","date_label_en":"1626","place_en":"Manhattan"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x051","start":1628,"end":1629,"date_label":"1628—1629年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"马打兰围攻巴达维亚","desc":"马打兰苏丹阿贡两次派大军围攻荷兰据点巴达维亚，因补给被毁和疫病失败，荷兰在爪哇立足得以巩固。","importance":2,"lat":-6.13,"lng":106.81,"place":"巴达维亚","title_en":"Mataram Besieges Batavia","desc_en":"Sultan Agung of Mataram twice sent large armies to besiege the Dutch stronghold of Batavia, failing after his supplies were destroyed and disease struck; the Dutch foothold on Java was secured.","date_label_en":"1628–1629","place_en":"Batavia"},{"id":"europe-x224","start":1628,"date_label":"1628年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"哈维发现血液循环","desc":"英国医生威廉·哈维出版《心血运动论》，通过实验与定量推算证明血液在心脏推动下循环全身，推翻了盖伦的血液学说。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.1,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Harvey Discovers Blood Circulation","desc_en":"English physician William Harvey published De Motu Cordis, using experiments and quantitative reasoning to show that the heart pumps blood in a circuit around the body, overturning Galen's theory.","date_label_en":"1628","place_en":"London"},{"id":"latin_america-x050","start":1630,"end":1654,"date_label":"1630–1654年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"荷属巴西","desc":"荷兰西印度公司占领伯南布哥糖产区，在累西腓建城并宽容犹太人，1654年葡萄牙人夺回后，荷兰人将制糖技术带到加勒比，推动了那里的糖业革命。","importance":1,"lat":-8.05,"lng":-34.88,"place":"累西腓","title_en":"Dutch Brazil","desc_en":"The Dutch West India Company seized the sugar region of Pernambuco, built up Recife, and tolerated Jews; after the Portuguese retook it in 1654, the Dutch carried sugar-making techniques to the Caribbean, fueling the sugar revolution there.","date_label_en":"1630–1654","place_en":"Recife"},{"id":"south_asia-032","start":1632,"end":1653,"date_label":"约1632—1653年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"泰姬陵建成","desc":"莫卧儿皇帝沙贾汗在阿格拉为亡妻慕塔芝·玛哈尔修建白色大理石陵墓，融合波斯、伊斯兰与印度建筑风格，是莫卧儿建筑的代表作。","importance":2,"lat":27.18,"lng":78.04,"place":"阿格拉泰姬陵","title_en":"Taj Mahal Completed","desc_en":"Mughal emperor Shah Jahan built a white marble mausoleum in Agra for his late wife Mumtaz Mahal; blending Persian, Islamic, and Indian styles, it is the masterpiece of Mughal architecture.","date_label_en":"c. 1632–1653","place_en":"Taj Mahal, Agra"},{"id":"europe-x225","start":1633,"date_label":"1633年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"伽利略受审","desc":"伽利略因《关于两大世界体系的对话》支持日心说，被罗马宗教裁判所判定“强烈涉嫌异端”，被迫公开放弃观点并终身软禁。","importance":2,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.47,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Trial of Galileo","desc_en":"For supporting heliocentrism in his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Galileo was found 'vehemently suspect of heresy' by the Roman Inquisition, forced to recant publicly, and placed under house arrest for life.","date_label_en":"1633","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"inner_asia-033","start":1635,"end":1758,"date_label":"约1635—1758年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"准噶尔汗国","desc":"卫拉特蒙古准噶尔部称雄天山南北，与清朝反复交战，1755—1758年被清军攻灭，被称为最后的草原游牧帝国。","importance":2,"lat":43.91,"lng":81.28,"place":"伊犁","title_en":"Dzungar Khanate","desc_en":"The Dzungars of the Oirat Mongols dominated the lands north and south of the Tianshan and fought the Qing repeatedly until Qing armies destroyed them in 1755–1758; it is called the last steppe nomadic empire.","date_label_en":"c. 1635–1758","place_en":"Ili"},{"id":"east_asia-x325","start":1635,"date_label":"1635年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"参勤交代制度","desc":"第三代将军德川家光修订《武家诸法度》，规定大名隔年往返江户与领地，妻子常住江户，削弱大名财力并促进交通与城市繁荣。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"江户(东京)","title_en":"Alternate Attendance System","desc_en":"Third shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu revised the Laws for the Military Houses to require daimyo to alternate years between Edo and their domains, with wives kept permanently in Edo, draining daimyo finances while boosting travel and urban prosperity.","date_label_en":"1635","place_en":"Edo (Tokyo)"},{"id":"east_asia-x326","start":1636,"date_label":"1636年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"皇太极改国号大清","desc":"皇太极在盛京称帝，改国号为大清，改族名女真为满洲，并仿明制设立六部，此后多次攻入关内并征服朝鲜。","importance":2,"lat":41.8,"lng":123.43,"place":"盛京(沈阳)","title_en":"Hong Taiji Proclaims the Qing","desc_en":"Hong Taiji declared himself emperor at Shengjing, renamed the state Great Qing and the Jurchen people Manchu, and set up Six Ministries on the Ming model; he then repeatedly raided China proper and subjugated Korea.","date_label_en":"1636","place_en":"Shengjing (Shenyang)"},{"id":"east_asia-x327","start":1636,"date_label":"1636年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"宽永通宝","desc":"江户幕府开始铸造宽永通宝铜钱，与金、银货共同构成“三货制度”，结束了长期依赖中国铜钱的局面，宽永通宝流通至明治初年。","importance":1,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"江户(东京)","title_en":"Kan'ei Tsūhō Coinage","desc_en":"The Edo shogunate began minting Kan'ei Tsūhō copper coins, which with gold and silver formed the 'three-currency system', ending long reliance on Chinese copper coins; Kan'ei Tsūhō circulated into the early Meiji era.","date_label_en":"1636","place_en":"Edo (Tokyo)"},{"id":"east_asia-x328","start":1636,"date_label":"1636年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"日光东照宫","desc":"德川家光大规模改建祭祀德川家康的日光东照宫，以华丽的雕刻与彩绘著称，代表江户初期的权现造建筑，1999年列入世界遗产。","importance":1,"lat":36.76,"lng":139.6,"place":"栃木日光","title_en":"Nikkō Tōshō-gū","desc_en":"Tokugawa Iemitsu lavishly rebuilt Nikkō Tōshō-gū, the shrine to Tokugawa Ieyasu; famed for ornate carving and painting, it represents early Edo gongen-zukuri architecture and became a World Heritage Site in 1999.","date_label_en":"1636","place_en":"Nikkō, Tochigi"},{"id":"europe-x226","start":1636,"end":1637,"date_label":"1636–1637年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"郁金香狂热","desc":"荷兰郁金香球茎期货价格暴涨，稀有品种一颗售价相当于一座房屋，1637年2月市场骤然崩溃，常被视为最早的投机泡沫。","importance":2,"lat":52.38,"lng":4.64,"place":"哈勒姆","title_en":"Tulip Mania","desc_en":"Futures prices for tulip bulbs soared in the Dutch Republic, with a single rare bulb fetching the price of a house, until the market suddenly collapsed in February 1637; it is often seen as the first speculative bubble.","date_label_en":"1636–1637","place_en":"Haarlem"},{"id":"north_america-x016","start":1636,"date_label":"1636年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"哈佛学院创立","desc":"马萨诸塞议会拨款创办学院，1639年以捐赠者约翰·哈佛之名命名，最初旨在培养牧师，是北美最古老的高等学府。","importance":2,"lat":42.37,"lng":-71.12,"place":"剑桥（麻省）","title_en":"Harvard College Founded","desc_en":"The Massachusetts General Court funded a college, named in 1639 after benefactor John Harvard; originally intended to train ministers, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in North America.","date_label_en":"1636","place_en":"Cambridge, Massachusetts"},{"id":"east_asia-070","start":1637,"date_label":"1637年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"《天工开物》","desc":"宋应星刊行《天工开物》，系统记录农业和手工业生产技术，被誉为“中国17世纪的工艺百科全书”。","importance":2,"lat":27.82,"lng":114.93,"place":"江西奉新","title_en":"Tiangong Kaiwu","desc_en":"Song Yingxing published the Tiangong Kaiwu, systematically recording agricultural and handicraft technologies; it is hailed as 'China's 17th-century encyclopedia of technology'.","date_label_en":"1637","place_en":"Fengxin, Jiangxi"},{"id":"east_asia-x329","start":1637,"date_label":"1636–1637年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"丙子胡乱","desc":"清太宗皇太极亲率大军入侵朝鲜，仁祖困守南汉山城四十余日后出城，在三田渡向皇太极行跪拜礼投降，朝鲜改奉清朝为宗主。","importance":2,"lat":37.48,"lng":127.18,"place":"南汉山城","title_en":"Qing Invasion of Joseon","desc_en":"Qing emperor Hong Taiji personally led an invasion of Korea; King Injo held out in Namhansanseong for over forty days, then surrendered at Samjeondo by kowtowing to Hong Taiji, and Joseon became a Qing tributary.","date_label_en":"1636–1637","place_en":"Namhansanseong"},{"id":"east_asia-x330","start":1637,"end":1638,"date_label":"1637–1638年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"岛原之乱","desc":"九州岛原、天草地区农民和天主教徒因重税与迫害起义，拥立少年天草四郎据守原城，被幕府十余万大军镇压，此后禁教更加严厉。","importance":2,"lat":32.63,"lng":130.26,"place":"长崎岛原原城","title_en":"Shimabara Rebellion","desc_en":"Peasants and Christians of Shimabara and Amakusa in Kyushu rose against heavy taxes and persecution, rallied around the youth Amakusa Shirō, and held Hara Castle until crushed by a shogunal army of over 100,000; the ban on Christianity then grew even harsher.","date_label_en":"1637–1638","place_en":"Hara Castle, Shimabara, Nagasaki"},{"id":"europe-x227","start":1637,"date_label":"1637年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"笛卡尔《方法论》","desc":"笛卡尔在莱顿出版《方法论》，提出“我思故我在”与普遍怀疑方法，附录中创立解析几何，开启近代理性主义哲学。","importance":2,"lat":52.16,"lng":4.49,"place":"莱顿","title_en":"Descartes's Discourse on Method","desc_en":"Descartes published the Discourse on Method in Leiden, proposing 'I think, therefore I am' and the method of universal doubt; its appendix founded analytic geometry, inaugurating modern rationalist philosophy.","date_label_en":"1637","place_en":"Leiden"},{"id":"east_asia-071","start":1639,"date_label":"1639年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"日本锁国体制完成","desc":"江户幕府在禁教背景下禁止葡萄牙船来航，锁国体制完成，此后仅允许中国与荷兰商人在长崎进行有限贸易。","importance":2,"lat":32.74,"lng":129.87,"place":"长崎出岛","title_en":"Japan's Closed-Country Policy Completed","desc_en":"Against the background of its ban on Christianity, the Edo shogunate barred Portuguese ships, completing the sakoku system; thereafter only Chinese and Dutch merchants were permitted limited trade at Nagasaki.","date_label_en":"1639","place_en":"Dejima, Nagasaki"},{"id":"east_asia-x331","start":1639,"date_label":"1639年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"徐光启《农政全书》","desc":"徐光启生前编撰的《农政全书》经陈子龙整理于1639年刊行，共60卷，总结传统农学并介绍西方水利知识，重视推广甘薯种植。","importance":2,"lat":31.23,"lng":121.47,"place":"上海","title_en":"Xu Guangqi's Complete Treatise on Agriculture","desc_en":"Xu Guangqi's Nongzheng Quanshu, edited after his death by Chen Zilong and published in 1639 in 60 chapters, summarized traditional agronomy, introduced Western hydraulics, and promoted growing sweet potatoes.","date_label_en":"1639","place_en":"Shanghai"},{"id":"south_asia-x091","start":1639,"end":1648,"date_label":"1639—1648年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"沙贾汗巴德与红堡","desc":"沙贾汗在德里营建新都沙贾汗巴德及红砂岩城堡红堡，1648年迁都于此；独立后印度总理每年在红堡发表独立日讲话。","importance":2,"lat":28.66,"lng":77.24,"place":"德里","title_en":"Shahjahanabad and the Red Fort","desc_en":"Shah Jahan built a new capital, Shahjahanabad, in Delhi with the red sandstone Red Fort and moved the capital there in 1648; since independence, India's prime minister has given the annual Independence Day speech at the Red Fort.","date_label_en":"1639–1648","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"south_asia-x092","start":1639,"date_label":"1639年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"马德拉斯建立","desc":"英国东印度公司获准在科罗曼德尔海岸建圣乔治堡，周边聚落发展为马德拉斯，即今金奈，是英国在印度的第一个要塞城市。","importance":2,"lat":13.08,"lng":80.29,"place":"金奈","title_en":"Founding of Madras","desc_en":"The English East India Company was permitted to build Fort St. George on the Coromandel Coast; the settlement around it grew into Madras, today's Chennai, England's first fortified city in India.","date_label_en":"1639","place_en":"Chennai"},{"id":"east_asia-x332","start":1640,"date_label":"1607–1640年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"徐霞客游记","desc":"徐弘祖三十余年间游历今十余个省区，实地考察山川、岩溶与水文，日记整理为《徐霞客游记》，对西南喀斯特地貌的记述尤为详细。","importance":2,"lat":31.92,"lng":120.29,"place":"江苏江阴","title_en":"Travels of Xu Xiake","desc_en":"Over more than thirty years Xu Hongzu traveled through more than ten of today's provinces, surveying mountains, rivers, karst, and hydrology; his diaries, compiled as the Travels of Xu Xiake, describe the karst landscapes of the southwest in particular detail.","date_label_en":"1607–1640","place_en":"Jiangyin, Jiangsu"},{"id":"south_asia-x093","start":1640,"end":1658,"date_label":"1640—1658年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","经济"],"title":"荷兰夺取斯里兰卡沿海","desc":"荷兰东印度公司与康提王国结盟，相继攻占加勒、科伦坡和贾夫纳，取代葡萄牙控制斯里兰卡沿海和肉桂贸易。","importance":2,"lat":6.03,"lng":80.22,"place":"加勒","title_en":"Dutch Seize Coastal Sri Lanka","desc_en":"Allied with the Kingdom of Kandy, the Dutch East India Company took Galle, Colombo, and Jaffna in turn, replacing the Portuguese in control of Sri Lanka's coast and the cinnamon trade.","date_label_en":"1640–1658","place_en":"Galle"},{"id":"inner_asia-x071","start":1640,"date_label":"1640年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"《卫拉特法典》","desc":"喀尔喀与卫拉特诸部首领会盟，制定《蒙古—卫拉特法典》，规定共同防御、尊奉格鲁派等，是蒙古重要的成文法。","importance":1,"lat":46.75,"lng":82.98,"place":"塔城","title_en":"Mongol-Oirat Code","desc_en":"Leaders of the Khalkha and Oirat tribes met and drew up the Mongol-Oirat Code, providing for mutual defense and the patronage of the Gelug school; it is an important body of written Mongol law.","date_label_en":"1640","place_en":"Tacheng"},{"id":"latin_america-x051","start":1640,"date_label":"1640年代","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"巴巴多斯糖业革命","desc":"英属巴巴多斯在1640年代转向大规模甘蔗种植与制糖，大量输入非洲奴隶，成为英属美洲最富庶的殖民地，确立了加勒比奴隶种植园模式。","importance":2,"lat":13.1,"lng":-59.62,"place":"巴巴多斯","title_en":"Sugar Revolution in Barbados","desc_en":"In the 1640s English Barbados turned to large-scale sugarcane growing and sugar production, importing large numbers of enslaved Africans; it became the richest colony in British America and set the Caribbean slave-plantation model.","date_label_en":"1640s","place_en":"Barbados"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x052","start":1641,"date_label":"1641年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"荷兰夺取马六甲","desc":"荷兰东印度公司与柔佛联手围攻数月，从葡萄牙手中夺取马六甲，荷兰成为东南亚海上贸易的主导力量。","importance":2,"lat":2.19,"lng":102.25,"place":"马六甲","title_en":"Dutch Take Malacca","desc_en":"After a months-long siege with Johor, the Dutch East India Company seized Malacca from the Portuguese, and the Dutch became the dominant power in Southeast Asian maritime trade.","date_label_en":"1641","place_en":"Malacca"},{"id":"europe-065","start":1642,"end":1651,"date_label":"1642—1651年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"英国内战","desc":"国王查理一世与议会爆发内战，克伦威尔的新模范军获胜，1649年查理一世被处决，英国一度成为共和国。","importance":2,"lat":51.5,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"English Civil War","desc_en":"Civil war broke out between King Charles I and Parliament; Cromwell's New Model Army won, Charles I was executed in 1649, and England briefly became a republic.","date_label_en":"1642–1651","place_en":"London"},{"id":"oceania-008","start":1642,"date_label":"1642年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"塔斯曼的航行","desc":"荷兰东印度公司航海家塔斯曼抵达塔斯马尼亚和新西兰，成为首个到达新西兰的欧洲人，但与毛利人发生冲突后离开。","importance":1,"lat":-40.78,"lng":172.83,"place":"金湾（新西兰）","title_en":"Tasman's Voyage","desc_en":"VOC navigator Abel Tasman reached Tasmania and New Zealand, becoming the first European to reach New Zealand, but left after a clash with the Māori.","date_label_en":"1642","place_en":"Golden Bay, New Zealand"},{"id":"europe-x228","start":1642,"date_label":"1642年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"伦勃朗《夜巡》","desc":"伦勃朗为阿姆斯特丹民兵连绘制群像《夜巡》，以强烈明暗与动态构图打破呆板群像格局，是荷兰黄金时代绘画代表作。","importance":2,"lat":52.37,"lng":4.9,"place":"阿姆斯特丹","title_en":"Rembrandt's Night Watch","desc_en":"Rembrandt painted The Night Watch, a group portrait of an Amsterdam militia company whose strong chiaroscuro and dynamic composition broke with stiff group-portrait conventions; it is a masterpiece of Dutch Golden Age painting.","date_label_en":"1642","place_en":"Amsterdam"},{"id":"europe-x229","start":1643,"date_label":"1643年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"托里拆利气压计","desc":"伽利略的学生托里拆利用灌满水银的玻璃管做实验，首次制造出持续的真空并发明气压计，证明大气具有压力。","importance":1,"lat":43.77,"lng":11.26,"place":"佛罗伦萨","title_en":"Torricelli's Barometer","desc_en":"Galileo's pupil Evangelista Torricelli experimented with a glass tube filled with mercury, creating the first sustained vacuum and inventing the barometer, proving that the atmosphere exerts pressure.","date_label_en":"1643","place_en":"Florence"},{"id":"east_asia-072","start":1644,"end":1912,"date_label":"1644年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"明亡清兴","desc":"李自成攻占北京，崇祯帝自缢，明朝灭亡；同年清军经山海关入关并定都北京，此后逐步平定南明，统一全国。","importance":3,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京","title_en":"Fall of the Ming, Rise of the Qing","desc_en":"Li Zicheng captured Beijing and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself, ending the Ming; that same year Qing forces entered through Shanhai Pass and made Beijing their capital, then gradually crushed the Southern Ming and unified the country.","date_label_en":"1644","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"europe-066","start":1648,"date_label":"1648年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","综合"],"title":"威斯特伐利亚和约","desc":"结束三十年战争的和约承认荷兰与瑞士独立、神圣罗马帝国诸侯近乎完全自主，奠定以国家主权为基础的近代国际体系。","importance":3,"lat":51.96,"lng":7.63,"place":"明斯特","title_en":"Peace of Westphalia","desc_en":"The treaties ending the Thirty Years' War recognized Dutch and Swiss independence and near-complete autonomy for the princes of the Holy Roman Empire, laying the foundations of the modern international system based on state sovereignty.","date_label_en":"1648","place_en":"Münster"},{"id":"inner_asia-x072","start":1648,"date_label":"1648年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"托忒蒙古文","desc":"卫拉特高僧咱雅班第达在回鹘式蒙古文基础上创制托忒文，更准确地记录卫拉特方言，至今仍在新疆蒙古族中使用。","importance":1,"lat":46.75,"lng":82.98,"place":"塔城","title_en":"Clear Script","desc_en":"The Oirat lama Zaya Pandita created the Todo (Clear) Script from the Uyghur-style Mongolian script to record Oirat dialects more precisely; it is still used by Mongols in Xinjiang.","date_label_en":"1648","place_en":"Tacheng"},{"id":"europe-x230","start":1648,"date_label":"1648年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"赫梅利尼茨基起义","desc":"扎波罗热哥萨克首领赫梅利尼茨基起兵反抗波兰立陶宛联邦，建立哥萨克国家，1654年在佩列亚斯拉夫与俄国结盟，乌克兰左岸逐步归俄。","importance":2,"lat":50.45,"lng":30.52,"place":"基辅","title_en":"Khmelnytsky Uprising","desc_en":"Zaporozhian Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky rose against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and founded a Cossack state; in 1654 at Pereiaslav he allied with Russia, and Left-Bank Ukraine gradually passed to Russia.","date_label_en":"1648","place_en":"Kyiv"},{"id":"europe-x231","start":1649,"date_label":"1649年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"俄国《会典》","desc":"沙皇阿列克谢颁布《会典》，取消追捕逃亡农民的时限，农民被永久固着于土地，农奴制在俄国以法律形式全面确立。","importance":2,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"Russian Sobornoye Ulozheniye","desc_en":"Tsar Alexei issued the Law Code of 1649, abolishing the time limit for recovering runaway peasants; peasants were permanently bound to the land, and serfdom was fully established in Russian law.","date_label_en":"1649","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x053","start":1651,"date_label":"1651年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"罗德越葡拉词典","desc":"法国耶稣会士亚历山大·罗德在罗马出版越南语-葡萄牙语-拉丁语词典，系统化以拉丁字母拼写越南语，奠定今日国语字基础。","importance":2,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.84,"place":"河内","title_en":"Rhodes's Vietnamese Dictionary","desc_en":"French Jesuit Alexandre de Rhodes published a Vietnamese–Portuguese–Latin dictionary in Rome, systematizing the writing of Vietnamese in the Latin alphabet and laying the foundation of today's Quốc ngữ script.","date_label_en":"1651","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"europe-x232","start":1651,"date_label":"1651年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"霍布斯《利维坦》","desc":"霍布斯出版《利维坦》，认为自然状态是“一切人反对一切人的战争”，人们订立契约将权利交给主权者，奠定社会契约论。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Hobbes's Leviathan","desc_en":"Hobbes published Leviathan, arguing that the state of nature is a 'war of all against all' and that people contract to surrender their rights to a sovereign, laying the foundation of social contract theory.","date_label_en":"1651","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-x233","start":1651,"date_label":"1651年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"英国航海条例","desc":"英格兰共和国颁布航海条例，规定输入英国的货物须由英国船只或原产国船只运载，矛头直指荷兰转运贸易，引发英荷战争。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.09,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"English Navigation Act","desc_en":"The English Commonwealth passed a Navigation Act requiring goods imported into England to be carried in English ships or ships of the country of origin; aimed at the Dutch carrying trade, it led to the Anglo-Dutch Wars.","date_label_en":"1651","place_en":"London"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-020","start":1652,"date_label":"1652年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"开普殖民地建立","desc":"荷兰东印度公司派扬·范里贝克在好望角建立补给站，后发展为开普殖民地，荷兰移民后裔形成布尔人（阿非利卡人），开启南非白人殖民史。","importance":2,"lat":-33.92,"lng":18.42,"place":"开普敦","title_en":"Cape Colony Founded","desc_en":"The Dutch East India Company sent Jan van Riebeeck to set up a supply station at the Cape of Good Hope, which grew into the Cape Colony; descendants of Dutch settlers became the Boers (Afrikaners), beginning the history of white settlement in South Africa.","date_label_en":"1652","place_en":"Cape Town"},{"id":"europe-x234","start":1653,"date_label":"1653–1666年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"尼康改革与教会分裂","desc":"莫斯科牧首尼康依希腊礼仪修改东正教仪式与经书，反对者被称为“旧礼仪派”，遭到迫害，俄国教会由此长期分裂。","importance":1,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"Nikon's Reforms and the Schism","desc_en":"Patriarch Nikon of Moscow revised Orthodox rites and service books to match Greek practice; opponents, called Old Believers, were persecuted, and the Russian Church suffered a lasting schism.","date_label_en":"1653–1666","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"south_asia-x094","start":1655,"end":1657,"date_label":"1655—1657年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"达拉·希科译奥义书","desc":"莫卧儿王子达拉·希科著《两海交汇》比较伊斯兰与印度教思想，又组织将五十部奥义书译成波斯语，后经法译本传入欧洲。","importance":1,"lat":28.66,"lng":77.24,"place":"德里","title_en":"Dara Shikoh Translates the Upanishads","desc_en":"Mughal prince Dara Shikoh wrote The Confluence of the Two Seas comparing Islamic and Hindu thought and had fifty Upanishads translated into Persian; they later reached Europe through a French translation.","date_label_en":"1655–1657","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"latin_america-x052","start":1655,"date_label":"1655年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"英国夺取牙买加","desc":"英国远征军从西班牙手中夺取牙买加，皇家港成为海盗与私掠船的据点，后来牙买加发展为英属加勒比最大的蔗糖与奴隶殖民地。","importance":1,"lat":17.94,"lng":-76.84,"place":"皇家港","title_en":"England Seizes Jamaica","desc_en":"An English expeditionary force captured Jamaica from Spain, and Port Royal became a base for pirates and privateers; Jamaica later grew into the largest sugar and slave colony in the British Caribbean.","date_label_en":"1655","place_en":"Port Royal"},{"id":"south_asia-x095","start":1656,"date_label":"1656年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"戈尔·贡巴斯","desc":"比贾布尔苏丹穆罕默德·阿迪尔·沙的陵墓戈尔·贡巴斯建成，穹顶直径约44米，是世界最大的穹顶之一，以回音廊著称。","importance":1,"lat":16.83,"lng":75.74,"place":"比贾布尔","title_en":"Gol Gumbaz","desc_en":"The Gol Gumbaz, mausoleum of Bijapur's Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah, was completed; its dome, about 44 m across, is among the largest in the world and famed for its whispering gallery.","date_label_en":"1656","place_en":"Bijapur"},{"id":"europe-x235","start":1656,"date_label":"1656年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"惠更斯摆钟","desc":"荷兰科学家惠更斯发明摆钟，把计时误差从每天约15分钟降到约15秒，他还发现土星光环并提出光的波动说。","importance":2,"lat":52.08,"lng":4.31,"place":"海牙","title_en":"Huygens's Pendulum Clock","desc_en":"Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens invented the pendulum clock, cutting timekeeping error from about 15 minutes a day to about 15 seconds; he also discovered Saturn's rings and proposed the wave theory of light.","date_label_en":"1656","place_en":"The Hague"},{"id":"europe-x236","start":1656,"date_label":"1656年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"委拉斯开兹《宫娥》","desc":"西班牙宫廷画家委拉斯开兹创作《宫娥》，以画家自画、公主与镜中国王夫妇构成复杂空间关系，是西班牙黄金时代绘画巅峰。","importance":1,"lat":40.42,"lng":-3.71,"place":"马德里","title_en":"Velázquez Paints Las Meninas","desc_en":"Spanish court painter Diego Velázquez created Las Meninas, whose self-portrait of the artist, the infanta, and the royal couple reflected in a mirror form a complex play of space—the pinnacle of Spanish Golden Age painting.","date_label_en":"1656","place_en":"Madrid"},{"id":"east_asia-x333","start":1657,"date_label":"1657年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"明历大火","desc":"江户发生明历大火，烧毁江户城天守与大半市区，死者数万人；幕府此后重新规划城市，设置防火空地并扩展市街。","importance":1,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"江户(东京)","title_en":"Great Fire of Meireki","desc_en":"The Great Fire of Meireki destroyed Edo Castle's keep and most of the city, killing tens of thousands; the shogunate then replanned Edo, creating firebreaks and expanding the city.","date_label_en":"1657","place_en":"Edo (Tokyo)"},{"id":"europe-x237","start":1660,"date_label":"1660年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"英国皇家学会成立","desc":"王政复辟后，波义耳、雷恩等学者在伦敦成立皇家学会，1662年获国王特许，以“不随他人之言”为格言，推动实验科学交流。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Royal Society Founded","desc_en":"After the Restoration, Robert Boyle, Christopher Wren, and other scholars founded the Royal Society in London; chartered by the king in 1662 with the motto 'Nullius in verba' ('take nobody's word for it'), it promoted the exchange of experimental science.","date_label_en":"1660","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-x238","start":1661,"date_label":"1661年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"欧洲首批银行券","desc":"瑞典斯德哥尔摩银行发行欧洲最早的银行纸币，以替代笨重的铜板币，后因超发而倒闭，1668年由国家接管为今瑞典央行前身。","importance":2,"lat":59.33,"lng":18.07,"place":"斯德哥尔摩","title_en":"Europe's First Banknotes","desc_en":"Sweden's Stockholms Banco issued Europe's first banknotes to replace cumbersome copper plate money; it later collapsed from over-issue, and in 1668 the state took it over as the forerunner of today's Swedish central bank.","date_label_en":"1661","place_en":"Stockholm"},{"id":"europe-x239","start":1661,"date_label":"1661年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"路易十四亲政","desc":"宰相马扎然去世后路易十四亲政，打压贵族、扩充常备军，1682年迁居凡尔赛宫，法国绝对君主制达到顶峰。","importance":2,"lat":48.8,"lng":2.12,"place":"凡尔赛","title_en":"Louis XIV Takes Personal Rule","desc_en":"After Chief Minister Mazarin's death, Louis XIV ruled personally, curbing the nobility and enlarging the standing army; he moved to Versailles in 1682 as French absolute monarchy reached its height.","date_label_en":"1661","place_en":"Versailles"},{"id":"east_asia-x334","start":1662,"date_label":"1662年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"郑成功收复台湾","desc":"郑成功率军渡海围攻热兰遮城九个月，荷兰东印度公司守军投降撤离，结束了荷兰在台湾约38年的殖民统治。","importance":3,"lat":23.0,"lng":120.2,"place":"台南","title_en":"Koxinga Takes Taiwan","desc_en":"Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) crossed the strait and besieged Fort Zeelandia for nine months until the Dutch East India Company garrison surrendered and left, ending about 38 years of Dutch colonial rule in Taiwan.","date_label_en":"1662","place_en":"Tainan"},{"id":"south_asia-x096","start":1664,"date_label":"1664年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","经济"],"title":"希瓦吉劫掠苏拉特","desc":"马拉塔领袖希瓦吉突袭莫卧儿最富庶的港口苏拉特，夺取巨额财物，显示马拉塔势力的崛起，1670年再次劫掠。","importance":1,"lat":21.17,"lng":72.83,"place":"苏拉特","title_en":"Shivaji Sacks Surat","desc_en":"Maratha leader Shivaji raided Surat, the Mughals' richest port, seizing enormous wealth—a sign of rising Maratha power; he sacked it again in 1670.","date_label_en":"1664","place_en":"Surat"},{"id":"europe-x240","start":1665,"date_label":"1665年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"柯尔贝尔重商主义","desc":"财政总监柯尔贝尔整顿税收，设立王家手工工场、奖励出口、修建运河并组建法国东印度公司，形成国家主导的重商主义政策。","importance":2,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.35,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Colbert's Mercantilism","desc_en":"Controller-General of Finances Jean-Baptiste Colbert reformed taxation, set up royal manufactories, encouraged exports, built canals, and created the French East India Company, forming a state-led mercantilist policy.","date_label_en":"1665","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x148","start":1666,"date_label":"1666年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"阿拉维王朝","desc":"自称先知后裔的阿拉维家族统一摩洛哥，此后穆莱·伊斯梅尔建立强大军队，该王朝延续至今仍统治摩洛哥。","importance":2,"lat":34.06,"lng":-4.98,"place":"非斯","title_en":"Alaouite Dynasty","desc_en":"The Alaouite family, claiming descent from the Prophet, unified Morocco; Moulay Ismail later built a powerful army, and the dynasty still rules Morocco today.","date_label_en":"1666","place_en":"Fez"},{"id":"europe-x241","start":1666,"date_label":"1666年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"伦敦大火","desc":"伦敦大火烧毁城内约1.3万栋房屋和旧圣保罗大教堂，重建时推行砖石建筑，雷恩设计新教堂，并催生了近代火灾保险业。","importance":1,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.09,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Great Fire of London","desc_en":"The Great Fire of London destroyed some 13,000 houses and Old St Paul's Cathedral; rebuilding mandated brick and stone, Wren designed new churches, and the disaster spurred modern fire insurance.","date_label_en":"1666","place_en":"London"},{"id":"south_asia-x097","start":1668,"date_label":"1668年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"孟买转归东印度公司","desc":"孟买作为葡萄牙公主的嫁妆于1661年归英国王室，1668年以年租金十英镑转租东印度公司，后发展为西海岸最大港口。","importance":2,"lat":18.93,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Bombay Passes to the East India Company","desc_en":"Bombay came to the English crown in 1661 as part of a Portuguese princess's dowry and in 1668 was leased to the East India Company for £10 a year, later growing into the largest port on India's west coast.","date_label_en":"1668","place_en":"Mumbai (Bombay)"},{"id":"east_asia-x335","start":1669,"date_label":"1669年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"沙牟奢允之战","desc":"虾夷地阿伊努首领沙牟奢允联合各部反抗松前藩的不公平交易，起义被镇压后，松前藩对阿伊努的控制与经济剥削进一步加强。","importance":1,"lat":42.33,"lng":142.37,"place":"北海道日高新冠","title_en":"Shakushain's Revolt","desc_en":"Ainu chieftain Shakushain of Ezo united the tribes against the Matsumae domain's unfair trade; after the revolt was crushed, Matsumae tightened its control and economic exploitation of the Ainu.","date_label_en":"1669","place_en":"Shinkappu, Hidaka, Hokkaido"},{"id":"north_america-x017","start":1670,"date_label":"1670年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"哈德逊湾公司","desc":"英王特许哈德逊湾公司垄断哈德逊湾流域的贸易，以约克工厂等据点向原住民收购河狸皮，该公司主导加拿大毛皮贸易两百年，今仍以零售企业存在。","importance":2,"lat":57.0,"lng":-92.3,"place":"约克工厂","title_en":"Hudson's Bay Company","desc_en":"The English king chartered the Hudson's Bay Company with a trade monopoly over the Hudson Bay watershed, buying beaver pelts from Indigenous peoples at posts like York Factory; it dominated the Canadian fur trade for two centuries and survives today as a retailer.","date_label_en":"1670","place_en":"York Factory"},{"id":"east_asia-x336","start":1673,"end":1681,"date_label":"1673–1681年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"平定三藩之乱","desc":"吴三桂、尚之信、耿精忠三藩起兵反清，康熙帝坚持用兵，历时八年平定叛乱，巩固了清朝对南方的统治。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Revolt of the Three Feudatories Crushed","desc_en":"Wu Sangui, Shang Zhixin, and Geng Jingzhong rose against the Qing; the Kangxi Emperor insisted on war and suppressed the revolt after eight years, consolidating Qing rule over the south.","date_label_en":"1673–1681","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"south_asia-033","start":1674,"date_label":"1674年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"希瓦吉建立马拉塔国","desc":"马拉塔首领希瓦吉在赖加德加冕，以山地堡垒和游击战对抗莫卧儿，马拉塔势力在18世纪扩张为次大陆最强大的本土力量。","importance":2,"lat":18.23,"lng":73.44,"place":"赖加德","title_en":"Shivaji Founds the Maratha State","desc_en":"Maratha leader Shivaji was crowned at Raigad, resisting the Mughals with hill forts and guerrilla warfare; in the 18th century the Marathas expanded into the strongest indigenous power on the subcontinent.","date_label_en":"1674","place_en":"Raigad"},{"id":"east_asia-x337","start":1674,"date_label":"1674年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"关孝和与和算","desc":"关孝和刊行《发微算法》，创立以笔算处理高次方程的“傍书法”，并独立发展出行列式等概念，被尊为日本和算之祖。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"江户(东京)","title_en":"Seki Takakazu and Wasan","desc_en":"Seki Takakazu published Hatsubi Sanpō, creating the bōsho method of written algebra for higher-degree equations and independently developing concepts such as determinants; he is revered as the founder of Japanese mathematics (wasan).","date_label_en":"1674","place_en":"Edo (Tokyo)"},{"id":"north_america-x018","start":1675,"end":1676,"date_label":"1675–1676年","region":"north_america","dims":["军事"],"title":"菲利普王战争","desc":"万帕诺亚格酋长梅塔科姆（菲利普王）联合各部落反抗新英格兰殖民扩张，按人口比例是北美殖民史上最惨烈的战争之一，原住民势力从此在南新英格兰瓦解。","importance":1,"lat":41.69,"lng":-71.26,"place":"芒特霍普","title_en":"King Philip's War","desc_en":"Wampanoag sachem Metacom (King Philip) united tribes against New England's colonial expansion; proportionally one of the deadliest wars in North American colonial history, it broke Indigenous power in southern New England.","date_label_en":"1675–1676","place_en":"Mount Hope"},{"id":"europe-x242","start":1676,"date_label":"1676年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"列文虎克发现微生物","desc":"代尔夫特商人列文虎克用自制的高倍单透镜显微镜观察到水中的“微小动物”，首次记录了细菌与原生动物，开创微生物学。","importance":2,"lat":52.01,"lng":4.36,"place":"代尔夫特","title_en":"Leeuwenhoek Discovers Microbes","desc_en":"Delft merchant Antonie van Leeuwenhoek used his homemade high-power single-lens microscope to observe 'animalcules' in water, first recording bacteria and protozoa and founding microbiology.","date_label_en":"1676","place_en":"Delft"},{"id":"europe-x243","start":1677,"date_label":"1677年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"斯宾诺莎《伦理学》","desc":"斯宾诺莎去世后其《伦理学》出版，以几何学形式论证神即自然的泛神论，主张思想自由，对启蒙运动影响深远。","importance":1,"lat":52.08,"lng":4.31,"place":"海牙","title_en":"Spinoza's Ethics","desc_en":"Spinoza's Ethics was published after his death, arguing in geometric form for a pantheism equating God with Nature and championing freedom of thought; it profoundly influenced the Enlightenment.","date_label_en":"1677","place_en":"The Hague"},{"id":"east_asia-x338","start":1678,"date_label":"1678年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"常平通宝","desc":"朝鲜肃宗时开始铸造并在全国流通常平通宝铜钱，此后货币经济逐渐发展，常平通宝一直使用到19世纪末。","importance":2,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉阳(首尔)","title_en":"Sangpyeong Tongbo Coins","desc_en":"Under King Sukjong, Joseon began minting Sangpyeong Tongbo copper coins for nationwide circulation; the money economy gradually grew, and the coins remained in use until the late 19th century.","date_label_en":"1678","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"south_asia-x098","start":1679,"date_label":"1679年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"奥朗则布恢复吉兹亚税","desc":"奥朗则布对非穆斯林重新征收人头税吉兹亚，废除阿克巴以来的宗教宽容政策，加剧与拉其普特人等群体的矛盾。","importance":2,"lat":28.66,"lng":77.24,"place":"德里","title_en":"Aurangzeb Reimposes the Jizya","desc_en":"Aurangzeb reimposed the jizya poll tax on non-Muslims, abandoning the religious tolerance in place since Akbar and deepening conflict with the Rajputs and other groups.","date_label_en":"1679","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"north_america-x019","start":1680,"date_label":"1680年","region":"north_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"普韦布洛起义","desc":"宗教领袖波佩领导各普韦布洛村落起义，驱逐西班牙人达12年之久，迫使西班牙重返后放宽对原住民宗教的压制，也使马匹大量流入原住民之手。","importance":2,"lat":35.69,"lng":-105.94,"place":"圣菲","title_en":"Pueblo Revolt","desc_en":"Religious leader Popé led the Pueblo villages in revolt, expelling the Spanish for 12 years; on returning, Spain eased its suppression of native religion, and the revolt put large numbers of horses into Indigenous hands.","date_label_en":"1680","place_en":"Santa Fe"},{"id":"east_asia-073","start":1681,"end":1796,"date_label":"1681–1796年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"康乾盛世","desc":"清朝康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝国力强盛，疆域辽阔，人口增至约三亿，但对外趋于封闭，科技渐落后于西欧。","importance":2,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京","title_en":"High Qing Era","desc_en":"Under the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong emperors the Qing was powerful and vast, with population rising to about 300 million, but it grew closed to the outside and its science gradually fell behind Western Europe.","date_label_en":"1681–1796","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"europe-067","start":1682,"end":1725,"date_label":"1682—1725年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"彼得大帝改革","desc":"彼得一世推行西化改革，建立海军，1703年兴建圣彼得堡；北方战争击败瑞典后于1721年称帝，俄国成为欧洲强国。","importance":2,"lat":59.94,"lng":30.31,"place":"圣彼得堡","title_en":"Reforms of Peter the Great","desc_en":"Peter I pursued Westernizing reforms and built a navy, founding St. Petersburg in 1703; after defeating Sweden in the Great Northern War he took the title of emperor in 1721, making Russia a European great power.","date_label_en":"1682–1725","place_en":"St. Petersburg"},{"id":"east_asia-x339","start":1683,"date_label":"1683年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"清朝统一台湾","desc":"福建水师提督施琅在澎湖海战中击败郑氏水师，郑克塽降清；次年清廷设台湾府，隶属福建省。","importance":2,"lat":23.57,"lng":119.58,"place":"澎湖","title_en":"Qing Annexes Taiwan","desc_en":"Fujian naval commander Shi Lang defeated the Zheng fleet at the Battle of Penghu and Zheng Keshuang surrendered; the next year the Qing established Taiwan Prefecture under Fujian Province.","date_label_en":"1683","place_en":"Penghu"},{"id":"europe-x244","start":1683,"date_label":"1683年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"维也纳之战","desc":"波兰国王扬三世索别斯基率援军与帝国军队击溃围攻维也纳的奥斯曼大军，此后哈布斯堡转入反攻，奥斯曼在中欧全面退却。","importance":2,"lat":48.21,"lng":16.37,"place":"维也纳","title_en":"Battle of Vienna","desc_en":"Polish King John III Sobieski led a relief army that, with imperial forces, routed the Ottoman army besieging Vienna; the Habsburgs then counterattacked and the Ottomans retreated across Central Europe.","date_label_en":"1683","place_en":"Vienna"},{"id":"europe-x245","start":1685,"date_label":"1685年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"撤销南特敕令","desc":"路易十四颁布枫丹白露敕令撤销南特敕令，取缔新教，约20万胡格诺派教徒逃往荷兰、英国和普鲁士，带走大量技术与资本。","importance":2,"lat":48.4,"lng":2.7,"place":"枫丹白露","title_en":"Revocation of the Edict of Nantes","desc_en":"Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau revoked the Edict of Nantes and outlawed Protestantism; some 200,000 Huguenots fled to the Netherlands, England, and Prussia, taking much skill and capital with them.","date_label_en":"1685","place_en":"Fontainebleau"},{"id":"south_asia-x099","start":1686,"end":1687,"date_label":"1686—1687年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"征服比贾布尔与戈尔康达","desc":"奥朗则布亲征德干，先后吞并比贾布尔和戈尔康达两个苏丹国，莫卧儿版图达到最大，但长期战争耗尽国力。","importance":2,"lat":17.38,"lng":78.4,"place":"戈尔康达","title_en":"Conquest of Bijapur and Golconda","desc_en":"Aurangzeb campaigned in person in the Deccan, annexing the sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda and bringing the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent, though the long wars drained its strength.","date_label_en":"1686–1687","place_en":"Golconda"},{"id":"europe-068","start":1687,"date_label":"1687年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"牛顿《原理》出版","desc":"牛顿出版《自然哲学的数学原理》，提出运动三定律与万有引力定律，统一天上与地上的力学，成为科学革命的巅峰。","importance":3,"lat":52.21,"lng":0.12,"place":"剑桥","title_en":"Newton's Principia Published","desc_en":"Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, setting out the three laws of motion and universal gravitation and unifying celestial and terrestrial mechanics—the summit of the Scientific Revolution.","date_label_en":"1687","place_en":"Cambridge"},{"id":"europe-069","start":1688,"end":1689,"date_label":"1688—1689年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"光荣革命与权利法案","desc":"英国议会迎立威廉与玛丽，詹姆斯二世出逃；1689年《权利法案》限制王权，确立议会主权与君主立宪制。","importance":3,"lat":51.5,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights","desc_en":"Parliament invited William and Mary to the throne as James II fled; the 1689 Bill of Rights limited royal power, establishing parliamentary sovereignty and constitutional monarchy.","date_label_en":"1688–1689","place_en":"London"},{"id":"east_asia-x340","start":1689,"date_label":"1689年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"《尼布楚条约》","desc":"雅克萨之战后，中俄签订《尼布楚条约》，以额尔古纳河、格尔必齐河和外兴安岭为界，这是中国与欧洲国家签订的第一个边界条约。","importance":2,"lat":51.98,"lng":116.58,"place":"尼布楚","title_en":"Treaty of Nerchinsk","desc_en":"After the siege of Albazin, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk, setting the border along the Argun and Gorbitsa rivers and the Stanovoy Range—China's first boundary treaty with a European state.","date_label_en":"1689","place_en":"Nerchinsk"},{"id":"east_asia-x341","start":1689,"date_label":"1689年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"松尾芭蕉《奥之细道》","desc":"俳人松尾芭蕉从江户出发游历奥羽、北陆约五个月，据此写成纪行文《奥之细道》，将俳谐提升为严肃的文学艺术。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"江户(东京)","title_en":"Bashō's Narrow Road to the Deep North","desc_en":"Haiku poet Matsuo Bashō set out from Edo on a roughly five-month journey through Ōu and Hokuriku, then wrote the travel diary Oku no Hosomichi, elevating haikai into serious literary art.","date_label_en":"1689","place_en":"Edo (Tokyo)"},{"id":"europe-x246","start":1689,"date_label":"1689年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"洛克《政府论》","desc":"洛克发表《政府论》，主张人生而享有生命、自由与财产权，政府权力来自被统治者同意，人民有权推翻暴政，影响美法革命。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Locke's Two Treatises of Government","desc_en":"John Locke published Two Treatises of Government, arguing that people are born with rights to life, liberty, and property, that government rests on the consent of the governed, and that people may overthrow tyranny—ideas that shaped the American and French revolutions.","date_label_en":"1689","place_en":"London"},{"id":"south_asia-x100","start":1690,"date_label":"1690年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"加尔各答兴起","desc":"东印度公司代理人约伯·查诺克在胡格利河畔建立商站，1698年公司获得三个村庄的柴明达尔权，后发展为英属印度首府加尔各答。","importance":2,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Rise of Calcutta","desc_en":"East India Company agent Job Charnock set up a trading post on the Hooghly River; in 1698 the company gained zamindari rights over three villages, which grew into Calcutta, capital of British India.","date_label_en":"1690","place_en":"Kolkata (Calcutta)"},{"id":"latin_america-x053","start":1690,"date_label":"约1690年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"胡安娜修女","desc":"新西班牙修女胡安娜·伊内斯·德拉克鲁斯以诗歌、戏剧和《答菲洛特亚修女书》捍卫女性求知权利，被誉为“第十位缪斯”，是西语巴洛克文学的代表。","importance":1,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"墨西哥城","title_en":"Sor Juana","desc_en":"New Spain nun Juana Inés de la Cruz defended women's right to learning through poetry, drama, and her Reply to Sor Filotea; hailed as the 'Tenth Muse', she is the leading figure of Spanish-language Baroque literature.","date_label_en":"c. 1690","place_en":"Mexico City"},{"id":"north_america-x020","start":1692,"date_label":"1692年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"塞勒姆审巫案","desc":"马萨诸塞塞勒姆村爆发巫术恐慌，二百余人被指控，19人被绞死，事后法官与陪审员公开悔过，成为宗教狂热与集体歇斯底里的代名词。","importance":1,"lat":42.52,"lng":-70.9,"place":"塞勒姆","title_en":"Salem Witch Trials","desc_en":"A witchcraft panic broke out in Salem Village, Massachusetts: over 200 people were accused and 19 hanged, and judges and jurors later publicly repented; the trials became a byword for religious zealotry and mass hysteria.","date_label_en":"1692","place_en":"Salem"},{"id":"europe-x247","start":1694,"date_label":"1694年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"英格兰银行成立","desc":"为筹措对法战争经费，伦敦商人认购120万英镑借给政府并成立英格兰银行，开创以长期国债为核心的近代财政金融体系。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.09,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Bank of England Founded","desc_en":"To fund war against France, London merchants subscribed £1.2 million lent to the government and founded the Bank of England, pioneering a modern fiscal and financial system built on long-term public debt.","date_label_en":"1694","place_en":"London"},{"id":"latin_america-x054","start":1695,"date_label":"1690年代","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"米纳斯吉拉斯淘金热","desc":"1690年代巴西内陆米纳斯吉拉斯发现大金矿，引发移民潮，18世纪巴西成为世界最大黄金产地，财富经葡萄牙流向英国，欧鲁普雷图留下巴洛克建筑群。","importance":2,"lat":-20.39,"lng":-43.5,"place":"欧鲁普雷图","title_en":"Minas Gerais Gold Rush","desc_en":"Major gold finds in Brazil's interior Minas Gerais in the 1690s set off mass migration; in the 18th century Brazil became the world's largest gold producer, its wealth flowing through Portugal to England, and Ouro Preto preserves Baroque architecture from the era.","date_label_en":"1690s","place_en":"Ouro Preto"},{"id":"south_asia-x101","start":1699,"date_label":"1699年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","军事"],"title":"卡尔萨教团创立","desc":"第十代古鲁戈宾德·辛格在阿南德布尔创立卡尔萨，规定入教者守\"五K\"、男子取姓辛格，将锡克社群组织为武装信仰共同体。","importance":2,"lat":31.24,"lng":76.5,"place":"阿南德布尔","title_en":"Founding of the Khalsa","desc_en":"The tenth Guru, Gobind Singh, founded the Khalsa at Anandpur, requiring initiates to keep the 'Five Ks' and men to take the name Singh, organizing the Sikh community as an armed community of faith.","date_label_en":"1699","place_en":"Anandpur"},{"id":"europe-x248","start":1699,"date_label":"1699年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"卡尔洛维茨条约","desc":"奥斯曼帝国与神圣同盟签订卡尔洛维茨条约，将匈牙利大部和特兰西瓦尼亚割让给哈布斯堡，标志奥斯曼由攻转守。","importance":2,"lat":45.2,"lng":19.93,"place":"斯雷姆斯基卡尔洛夫奇","title_en":"Treaty of Karlowitz","desc_en":"The Ottoman Empire and the Holy League signed the Treaty of Karlowitz, ceding most of Hungary and Transylvania to the Habsburgs and marking the Ottoman shift from offense to defense.","date_label_en":"1699","place_en":"Sremski Karlovci"},{"id":"europe-x249","start":1700,"date_label":"约1700年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"克里斯托福里钢琴","desc":"美第奇宫廷乐器师克里斯托福里在佛罗伦萨发明以击弦机演奏、可控制强弱的“强弱琴”，即现代钢琴的前身。","importance":1,"lat":43.77,"lng":11.26,"place":"佛罗伦萨","title_en":"Cristofori's Piano","desc_en":"Medici court instrument maker Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence invented a hammer-action keyboard that could play soft and loud—the 'gravicembalo col piano e forte', forerunner of the modern piano.","date_label_en":"c. 1700","place_en":"Florence"},{"id":"north_america-x021","start":1700,"date_label":"约1680–1750年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","军事"],"title":"大平原马文化","desc":"西班牙人带来的马匹经普韦布洛起义大量扩散，科曼奇、拉科塔等部族转为骑马猎野牛，生活方式与军事力量剧变，科曼奇人后来称雄南部平原。","importance":2,"lat":34.0,"lng":-102.0,"place":"拉诺埃斯塔卡多","title_en":"Plains Horse Culture","desc_en":"Horses brought by the Spanish spread widely after the Pueblo Revolt; the Comanche, Lakota, and other peoples turned to mounted bison hunting, transforming their way of life and military power, and the Comanche came to dominate the southern Plains.","date_label_en":"c. 1680–1750","place_en":"Llano Estacado"},{"id":"latin_america-x055","start":1701,"date_label":"约1701年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"《波波尔·乌》抄本","desc":"多明我会修士希门尼斯在奇奇卡斯特南戈抄录并翻译基切玛雅人的创世史诗《波波尔·乌》，记载玉米人创世与英雄双子的神话，是玛雅文学最重要的文本。","importance":1,"lat":14.94,"lng":-91.11,"place":"奇奇卡斯特南戈","title_en":"Popol Vuh Manuscript","desc_en":"Dominican friar Francisco Ximénez copied and translated the K'iche' Maya creation epic Popol Vuh at Chichicastenango; recording the creation of maize people and the Hero Twins myth, it is the most important text of Maya literature.","date_label_en":"c. 1701","place_en":"Chichicastenango"},{"id":"north_america-x022","start":1701,"date_label":"1701年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"蒙特利尔大和约","desc":"新法兰西与约四十个原住民民族在蒙特利尔签订和约，结束了法国与易洛魁联盟间近百年的战争，确立以外交和贸易为基础的法原关系。","importance":1,"lat":45.5,"lng":-73.57,"place":"蒙特利尔","title_en":"Great Peace of Montreal","desc_en":"New France and some forty Indigenous nations signed a peace treaty at Montreal, ending nearly a century of war between France and the Iroquois Confederacy and founding French-Indigenous relations on diplomacy and trade.","date_label_en":"1701","place_en":"Montreal"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x051","start":1701,"date_label":"约1701年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"阿散蒂金凳","desc":"奥塞·图图在祭司奥科姆福·阿诺基辅佐下统一阿散蒂诸邦，击败登基拉。传说金凳从天而降，象征阿散蒂民族灵魂，阿散蒂随后称雄黄金海岸。","importance":2,"lat":6.69,"lng":-1.62,"place":"库马西","title_en":"Golden Stool of Asante","desc_en":"Osei Tutu, aided by the priest Okomfo Anokye, united the Asante states and defeated Denkyira; legend says the Golden Stool descended from the sky as the soul of the Asante nation, and Asante went on to dominate the Gold Coast.","date_label_en":"c. 1701","place_en":"Kumasi"},{"id":"east_asia-x342","start":1703,"date_label":"1703年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"近松门左卫门与人形净琉璃","desc":"剧作家近松门左卫门在大坂竹本座上演《曾根崎心中》，以真实殉情事件为题材，人形净琉璃与歌舞伎在元禄时期繁荣。","importance":2,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.5,"place":"大阪","title_en":"Chikamatsu and Bunraku","desc_en":"Playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon staged The Love Suicides at Sonezaki at Osaka's Takemoto-za, based on a real double suicide; puppet theater (ningyō jōruri) and kabuki flourished in the Genroku era.","date_label_en":"1703","place_en":"Osaka"},{"id":"europe-x250","start":1703,"date_label":"1703年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"圣彼得堡建城","desc":"彼得大帝在涅瓦河口兴建圣彼得堡，1712年迁都于此，作为面向欧洲的“窗口”和波罗的海贸易港，俄国重心向西转移。","importance":2,"lat":59.94,"lng":30.31,"place":"圣彼得堡","title_en":"Founding of St. Petersburg","desc_en":"Peter the Great founded St. Petersburg at the mouth of the Neva, moving the capital there in 1712; as a 'window on Europe' and Baltic trade port, it shifted Russia's center westward.","date_label_en":"1703","place_en":"St. Petersburg"},{"id":"north_america-x023","start":1704,"date_label":"1704年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"《波士顿新闻信》","desc":"《波士顿新闻信》创刊，是英属北美第一份连续出版的报纸，此后殖民地报刊增多，为独立革命时期的舆论动员准备了媒介。","importance":1,"lat":42.36,"lng":-71.06,"place":"波士顿","title_en":"The Boston News-Letter","desc_en":"The Boston News-Letter was founded as British North America's first continuously published newspaper; colonial newspapers multiplied afterward, providing a medium for mobilizing opinion during the Revolution.","date_label_en":"1704","place_en":"Boston"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x052","start":1704,"date_label":"1704–1706年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"金帕·维塔运动","desc":"刚果女先知金帕·维塔宣称受圣安东尼附体，主张非洲化的基督教并呼吁重建都城、结束内战，追随者众多，1706年她被以异端罪处以火刑。","importance":1,"lat":-6.27,"lng":14.24,"place":"姆班扎刚果","title_en":"Kimpa Vita Movement","desc_en":"Kongolese prophetess Kimpa Vita claimed possession by St. Anthony, preached an Africanized Christianity, and called for rebuilding the capital and ending civil war; she gained many followers but was burned as a heretic in 1706.","date_label_en":"1704–1706","place_en":"Mbanza Kongo"},{"id":"europe-x251","start":1707,"date_label":"1707年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"英格兰苏格兰合并","desc":"英格兰与苏格兰议会通过联合法案，组成大不列颠王国，共用伦敦议会，苏格兰保留独立的法律与教会体系。","importance":2,"lat":55.95,"lng":-3.19,"place":"爱丁堡","title_en":"Union of England and Scotland","desc_en":"The English and Scottish parliaments passed the Acts of Union, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain with a single parliament in London, while Scotland kept its own legal system and church.","date_label_en":"1707","place_en":"Edinburgh"},{"id":"inner_asia-x073","start":1709,"date_label":"约1709年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"浩罕汗国","desc":"明格部首领沙鲁克在费尔干纳建立政权，后以浩罕为都形成浩罕汗国，控制费尔干纳谷地的农业与商路，1876年被俄国吞并。","importance":1,"lat":40.53,"lng":70.94,"place":"浩罕","title_en":"Khanate of Kokand","desc_en":"Shahrukh, chief of the Ming tribe, founded a state in Fergana that, with Kokand as capital, became the Khanate of Kokand, controlling the valley's agriculture and trade routes until Russian annexation in 1876.","date_label_en":"c. 1709","place_en":"Kokand"},{"id":"europe-x252","start":1709,"date_label":"1709年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"波尔塔瓦战役","desc":"大北方战争中，彼得大帝在乌克兰波尔塔瓦大败瑞典国王查理十二世，1721年尼斯塔德条约后俄国取代瑞典成为北欧霸主。","importance":2,"lat":49.59,"lng":34.55,"place":"波尔塔瓦","title_en":"Battle of Poltava","desc_en":"In the Great Northern War, Peter the Great crushed Sweden's Charles XII at Poltava in Ukraine; after the 1721 Treaty of Nystad, Russia replaced Sweden as the dominant power of northern Europe.","date_label_en":"1709","place_en":"Poltava"},{"id":"europe-x253","start":1709,"date_label":"1709年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"达比焦炭炼铁","desc":"亚伯拉罕·达比在科尔布鲁克代尔用焦炭代替木炭冶炼铁矿，摆脱森林资源限制，为英国钢铁业大规模发展奠定基础。","importance":2,"lat":52.64,"lng":-2.48,"place":"科尔布鲁克代尔","title_en":"Darby's Coke Smelting","desc_en":"Abraham Darby smelted iron ore with coke instead of charcoal at Coalbrookdale, freeing ironmaking from dependence on forests and laying the foundation for Britain's large-scale iron industry.","date_label_en":"1709","place_en":"Coalbrookdale"},{"id":"east_asia-x343","start":1712,"date_label":"1712年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"滋生人丁永不加赋","desc":"康熙帝宣布以康熙五十年的丁数为定额，此后新增人丁不再增收丁银，为雍正时摊丁入亩创造了条件。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"No Tax Increase on New Population","desc_en":"The Kangxi Emperor fixed the poll-tax quota at the population count of his 50th reign year, so that additional people would owe no extra poll tax, paving the way for Yongzheng's merger of the poll tax into the land tax.","date_label_en":"1712","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"europe-x254","start":1712,"date_label":"1712年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"纽科门蒸汽机","desc":"托马斯·纽科门在达德利附近煤矿安装首台实用的常压蒸汽机用于抽水，此后数十年在英国矿井普及，是瓦特改良的基础。","importance":2,"lat":52.51,"lng":-2.09,"place":"达德利","title_en":"Newcomen Steam Engine","desc_en":"Thomas Newcomen installed the first practical atmospheric steam engine to pump water at a coal mine near Dudley; it spread through British mines over the following decades and was the basis for Watt's improvements.","date_label_en":"1712","place_en":"Dudley"},{"id":"europe-x255","start":1713,"date_label":"1713年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"乌得勒支和约","desc":"西班牙王位继承战争以乌得勒支和约告终，波旁家族保有西班牙王位但法西永不合并，英国获直布罗陀等地，确立欧洲均势原则。","importance":2,"lat":52.09,"lng":5.12,"place":"乌得勒支","title_en":"Peace of Utrecht","desc_en":"The War of the Spanish Succession ended with the Peace of Utrecht: the Bourbons kept the Spanish throne but France and Spain could never unite, Britain gained Gibraltar and other territories, and the balance-of-power principle was established in Europe.","date_label_en":"1713","place_en":"Utrecht"},{"id":"east_asia-x344","start":1716,"date_label":"1716年起","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"享保改革","desc":"第八代将军德川吉宗推行享保改革，实行上米制、奖励新田开发、设立目安箱、放宽汉译西书进口禁令，重建幕府财政。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"江户(东京)","title_en":"Kyōhō Reforms","desc_en":"The eighth shogun, Tokugawa Yoshimune, launched the Kyōhō Reforms—a rice levy on daimyo, encouragement of new rice-field development, a petition box, and eased bans on Chinese translations of Western books—to rebuild shogunate finances.","date_label_en":"From 1716","place_en":"Edo (Tokyo)"},{"id":"south_asia-x102","start":1720,"end":1740,"date_label":"1720—1740年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"佩什瓦巴吉拉奥一世","desc":"马拉塔宰相巴吉拉奥一世以骑兵快速机动著称，向北扩张至马尔瓦和本德尔康德，1737年兵临德里，马拉塔成为南亚最强势力。","importance":2,"lat":18.52,"lng":73.86,"place":"浦那","title_en":"Peshwa Baji Rao I","desc_en":"Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao I, famed for swift cavalry maneuvers, expanded north into Malwa and Bundelkhand and reached Delhi in 1737, making the Marathas the strongest power in South Asia.","date_label_en":"1720–1740","place_en":"Pune"},{"id":"europe-x256","start":1720,"date_label":"1720年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"南海泡沫与密西西比泡沫","desc":"英国南海公司与约翰·劳在法国主导的密西西比公司股价狂飙后崩盘，大批投资者破产，英国随后通过《泡沫法案》限制公司设立。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.09,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"South Sea and Mississippi Bubbles","desc_en":"Shares of Britain's South Sea Company and of the Mississippi Company run by John Law in France soared and then crashed, ruining many investors; Britain then passed the Bubble Act restricting the formation of companies.","date_label_en":"1720","place_en":"London"},{"id":"oceania-x012","start":1720,"date_label":"约1720年起","region":"oceania","dims":["经济"],"title":"望加锡海参贸易","desc":"来自苏拉威西望加锡的渔民每年乘季风到澳洲北部海岸采集海参，销往中国，与约尔努等原住民交换物品并通婚，是澳洲与亚洲早期的贸易联系。","importance":2,"lat":-11.35,"lng":132.2,"place":"科堡半岛","title_en":"Macassan Trepang Trade","desc_en":"Fishermen from Makassar in Sulawesi sailed each year on the monsoon to northern Australia's coast to gather trepang (sea cucumber) for sale in China, trading and intermarrying with the Yolŋu and other Aboriginal peoples—an early trade link between Australia and Asia.","date_label_en":"From c. 1720","place_en":"Cobourg Peninsula"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x149","start":1722,"date_label":"1722年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"阿富汗人攻陷伊斯法罕","desc":"坎大哈的吉尔扎伊部落首领马哈茂德围困伊斯法罕半年，城中饥馑，萨法维沙投降，萨法维王朝实际覆灭。","importance":2,"lat":32.65,"lng":51.67,"place":"伊斯法罕","title_en":"Afghans Take Isfahan","desc_en":"Mahmud, chief of the Ghilzai tribe of Kandahar, besieged Isfahan for six months; with the city starving, the Safavid shah surrendered, effectively ending the Safavid dynasty.","date_label_en":"1722","place_en":"Isfahan"},{"id":"east_asia-x345","start":1723,"date_label":"1723年起","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"摊丁入亩","desc":"雍正帝在全国推行摊丁入亩，把丁银并入田赋按地亩征收，废除延续两千年的人头税，人身控制放松，人口迅速增长。","importance":3,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Poll Tax Merged into Land Tax","desc_en":"The Yongzheng Emperor merged the poll tax into the land tax nationwide, levying it by acreage and abolishing a head tax that had lasted two millennia; with controls on people loosened, population grew rapidly.","date_label_en":"From 1723","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"inner_asia-x074","start":1723,"date_label":"1723年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"哈萨克“大灾难”","desc":"准噶尔大举进攻哈萨克草原，哈萨克人被迫大规模逃亡，史称“赤脚逃难的大灾难”，促使三玉兹联合抵抗。","importance":1,"lat":43.24,"lng":76.95,"place":"七河地区","title_en":"Kazakh 'Great Disaster'","desc_en":"The Dzungars launched a massive invasion of the Kazakh steppe, forcing Kazakhs into mass flight—remembered as the 'Barefooted Flight' or Great Disaster—which spurred the three Kazakh jüz to unite in resistance.","date_label_en":"1723","place_en":"Zhetysu (Semirechye)"},{"id":"europe-x257","start":1723,"date_label":"1723年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"巴赫在莱比锡","desc":"巴赫出任莱比锡托马斯教堂乐长，此后创作《马太受难曲》、大量康塔塔与《赋格的艺术》，将复调音乐推向巅峰。","importance":2,"lat":51.34,"lng":12.37,"place":"莱比锡","title_en":"Bach in Leipzig","desc_en":"Johann Sebastian Bach became cantor of Leipzig's St. Thomas Church, where he went on to compose the St. Matthew Passion, numerous cantatas, and The Art of Fugue, bringing polyphonic music to its peak.","date_label_en":"1723","place_en":"Leipzig"},{"id":"south_asia-x103","start":1724,"end":1734,"date_label":"约1724—1734年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"简塔·曼塔天文台","desc":"斋浦尔王杰伊·辛格二世在德里、斋浦尔等地建造大型石砌天文观测仪器，其中斋浦尔天文台的日晷高约27米，2010年列入世界遗产。","importance":2,"lat":26.92,"lng":75.82,"place":"斋浦尔","title_en":"Jantar Mantar Observatories","desc_en":"Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur built large masonry astronomical instruments in Delhi, Jaipur, and elsewhere; the Jaipur observatory's sundial stands about 27 m high and became a World Heritage Site in 2010.","date_label_en":"c. 1724–1734","place_en":"Jaipur"},{"id":"europe-x258","start":1725,"date_label":"1725年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"维瓦尔第《四季》","desc":"威尼斯作曲家维瓦尔第出版小提琴协奏曲集，其中的《四季》以音乐描绘自然景象，是巴洛克协奏曲最著名的作品。","importance":1,"lat":45.44,"lng":12.33,"place":"威尼斯","title_en":"Vivaldi's Four Seasons","desc_en":"Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi published a set of violin concertos including The Four Seasons, which depicts scenes of nature in music—the most famous Baroque concerto.","date_label_en":"1725","place_en":"Venice"},{"id":"east_asia-x346","start":1726,"date_label":"1726年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"西南改土归流","desc":"雍正帝采纳鄂尔泰建议，在云南、贵州、广西等地废除世袭土司，改设由朝廷任免的流官，加强了对西南边疆的直接治理。","importance":2,"lat":25.04,"lng":102.71,"place":"昆明","title_en":"Replacing Native Chieftains in the Southwest","desc_en":"Adopting Ortai's proposal, the Yongzheng Emperor abolished hereditary native chieftains (tusi) in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, and elsewhere, replacing them with court-appointed officials and strengthening direct rule over the southwestern frontier.","date_label_en":"1726","place_en":"Kunming"},{"id":"east_asia-x347","start":1726,"date_label":"1726年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《古今图书集成》","desc":"由陈梦雷主编、雍正时蒋廷锡重编完成的类书《古今图书集成》共一万卷，分六汇编三十二典，以铜活字排印，是现存规模最大的类书。","importance":1,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings","desc_en":"The encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng, compiled by Chen Menglei and completed under Yongzheng by Jiang Tingxi, ran to 10,000 volumes in six sections and 32 divisions, printed with bronze movable type; it is the largest such encyclopedia extant.","date_label_en":"1726","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x150","start":1727,"date_label":"1727年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"奥斯曼首家土耳其文印刷所","desc":"易卜拉欣·穆特费里卡获准在伊斯坦布尔开办印刷所，印行辞书、史地和科学书籍，这是奥斯曼穆斯林开办的第一家阿拉伯字母印刷所。","importance":2,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.97,"place":"伊斯坦布尔","title_en":"First Ottoman Turkish Press","desc_en":"İbrahim Müteferrika was permitted to open a press in Istanbul printing dictionaries, history, geography, and science books—the first Arabic-script press run by an Ottoman Muslim.","date_label_en":"1727","place_en":"Istanbul"},{"id":"inner_asia-x075","start":1727,"date_label":"1727年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"恰克图条约与互市","desc":"清与俄国签订恰克图条约划定中段边界，恰克图成为两国唯一陆路互市口岸，茶叶与毛皮贸易繁盛逾百年。","importance":2,"lat":50.35,"lng":106.45,"place":"恰克图","title_en":"Treaty of Kyakhta and Border Trade","desc_en":"The Qing and Russia signed the Treaty of Kyakhta defining the central border; Kyakhta became the only overland trading post between the two, and its tea and fur trade thrived for over a century.","date_label_en":"1727","place_en":"Kyakhta"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x053","start":1727,"date_label":"1727年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","经济"],"title":"达荷美攻占维达","desc":"达荷美国王阿加贾攻占沿海奴隶贸易港维达，王国由此直接参与大西洋奴隶贸易。维达是西非最繁忙的奴隶出口港之一，以战俘与奴隶换取火器与布匹。","importance":2,"lat":6.36,"lng":2.09,"place":"维达","title_en":"Dahomey Captures Ouidah","desc_en":"King Agaja of Dahomey captured the coastal slave port of Ouidah, bringing the kingdom directly into the Atlantic slave trade; Ouidah was one of West Africa's busiest slave-exporting ports, trading war captives and slaves for firearms and cloth.","date_label_en":"1727","place_en":"Ouidah"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x054","start":1728,"date_label":"1728年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"斯瓦希里文学手稿","desc":"记述先知时代战役的长诗《塔布卡之诗》抄本年代为1728年，是现存最早的斯瓦希里语文献之一，用阿拉伯字母书写，显示斯瓦希里书面文学已成熟。","importance":1,"lat":-2.09,"lng":41.05,"place":"帕泰岛","title_en":"Swahili Literary Manuscript","desc_en":"A manuscript of the Utendi wa Tambuka, a long poem on battles of the Prophet's era, dates to 1728; 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in 1739 he invaded Delhi and carried off the Peacock Throne.","date_label_en":"1736","place_en":"Mashhad"},{"id":"south_asia-x104","start":1739,"date_label":"1739年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"纳迪尔沙洗劫德里","desc":"波斯纳迪尔沙在卡尔纳尔击败莫卧儿军，入德里屠城掠夺，带走孔雀宝座和大量财宝，莫卧儿帝国威望崩溃。","importance":2,"lat":28.66,"lng":77.24,"place":"德里","title_en":"Nader Shah Sacks Delhi","desc_en":"Persia's Nader Shah defeated the Mughal army at Karnal, then massacred and plundered Delhi, carrying off the Peacock Throne and vast treasure; Mughal prestige collapsed.","date_label_en":"1739","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"europe-x261","start":1739,"date_label":"1739年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"休谟《人性论》","desc":"苏格兰哲学家休谟出版《人性论》，以经验主义质疑因果必然性，与亚当·斯密等人共同构成苏格兰启蒙运动的核心。","importance":2,"lat":55.95,"lng":-3.19,"place":"爱丁堡","title_en":"Hume's Treatise of Human Nature","desc_en":"Scottish philosopher David Hume published A Treatise of Human Nature, using empiricism to question causal necessity; with Adam Smith and others he formed the core of the Scottish Enlightenment.","date_label_en":"1739","place_en":"Edinburgh"},{"id":"europe-x262","start":1740,"date_label":"1740年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"腓特烈二世开明专制","desc":"普鲁士国王腓特烈二世自称“国家第一公仆”，废除刑讯、推行宗教宽容和义务教育，与伏尔泰通信，是开明专制的代表。","importance":2,"lat":52.4,"lng":13.04,"place":"波茨坦","title_en":"Frederick II's Enlightened Absolutism","desc_en":"Prussia's King Frederick II called himself 'the first servant of the state', abolished torture, promoted religious tolerance and compulsory schooling, and corresponded with Voltaire—the model of enlightened absolutism.","date_label_en":"1740","place_en":"Potsdam"},{"id":"europe-x263","start":1740,"end":1748,"date_label":"1740–1748年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"奥地利王位继承战争","desc":"普鲁士腓特烈二世以玛丽亚·特蕾莎继位为由夺取西里西亚，引发欧洲大战，玛丽亚·特蕾莎保住王位并推行中央集权改革。","importance":2,"lat":48.21,"lng":16.37,"place":"维也纳","title_en":"War of the Austrian Succession","desc_en":"Using Maria Theresa's accession as a pretext, Prussia's Frederick II seized Silesia, triggering a major European war; Maria Theresa kept her throne and pursued centralizing reforms.","date_label_en":"1740–1748","place_en":"Vienna"},{"id":"europe-x264","start":1742,"date_label":"1742年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"亨德尔《弥赛亚》","desc":"旅英德国作曲家亨德尔的清唱剧《弥赛亚》在都柏林首演，其中“哈利路亚”合唱流传至今，成为英语世界最常演出的大型合唱作品。","importance":1,"lat":53.35,"lng":-6.26,"place":"都柏林","title_en":"Handel's Messiah","desc_en":"German-born, England-based composer George Frideric Handel premiered his oratorio Messiah in Dublin; its 'Hallelujah' chorus endures, and it became the most frequently performed large choral work in the English-speaking world.","date_label_en":"1742","place_en":"Dublin"},{"id":"europe-x265","start":1742,"date_label":"1742年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"摄尔修斯温标","desc":"乌普萨拉大学天文学家摄尔修斯提出以水的冰点与沸点为基准、两者相隔100度的温标，后经倒置成为今天通用的摄氏温标。","importance":1,"lat":59.86,"lng":17.64,"place":"乌普萨拉","title_en":"Celsius Temperature Scale","desc_en":"Uppsala University astronomer Anders Celsius proposed a scale based on water's freezing and boiling points set 100 degrees apart; later inverted, it became today's standard Celsius scale.","date_label_en":"1742","place_en":"Uppsala"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x152","start":1744,"date_label":"1744年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"沙特—瓦哈比盟约","desc":"德拉伊耶埃米尔穆罕默德·本·沙特与宗教改革者穆罕默德·本·阿卜杜勒·瓦哈卜结盟，奠定第一沙特国家及此后沙特政教结构。","importance":2,"lat":24.73,"lng":46.57,"place":"德拉伊耶","title_en":"Saudi–Wahhabi Pact","desc_en":"Muhammad bin Saud, emir of Diriyah, allied with religious reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, laying the foundation of the First Saudi State and the later Saudi religious-political structure.","date_label_en":"1744","place_en":"Diriyah"},{"id":"south_asia-x105","start":1746,"end":1763,"date_label":"1746—1763年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"卡纳蒂克战争","desc":"英法两国东印度公司在南印度卡纳蒂克地区三次交战，介入地方继承纷争，最终法国势力败退，英国取得南印度主导权。","importance":2,"lat":11.93,"lng":79.83,"place":"本地治里","title_en":"Carnatic Wars","desc_en":"The British and French East India Companies fought three wars in South India's Carnatic region, intervening in local succession disputes; French power ultimately retreated and Britain gained dominance in the south.","date_label_en":"1746–1763","place_en":"Pondicherry"},{"id":"south_asia-x106","start":1747,"date_label":"1747年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"杜兰尼帝国建立","desc":"艾哈迈德·沙·杜兰尼在坎大哈被推举为王，建立杜兰尼帝国，是现代阿富汗国家的起点，并多次入侵北印度。","importance":2,"lat":31.61,"lng":65.71,"place":"坎大哈","title_en":"Durrani Empire Founded","desc_en":"Ahmad Shah Durrani was chosen king at Kandahar and founded the Durrani Empire, the starting point of the modern Afghan state, which repeatedly invaded northern India.","date_label_en":"1747","place_en":"Kandahar"},{"id":"inner_asia-x077","start":1747,"date_label":"1747年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"杜兰尼帝国","desc":"纳迪尔沙死后，阿富汗部落会议推举艾哈迈德沙·杜兰尼为王，建立以坎大哈为都的杜兰尼帝国，被视为现代阿富汗国家的起点。","importance":3,"lat":31.61,"lng":65.71,"place":"坎大哈","title_en":"Durrani Empire","desc_en":"After Nader Shah's death, an Afghan tribal council chose Ahmad Shah Durrani as king; he founded the Durrani Empire with its capital at Kandahar, regarded as the beginning of the modern Afghan state.","date_label_en":"1747","place_en":"Kandahar"},{"id":"europe-x266","start":1748,"date_label":"1748年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"孟德斯鸠《论法的精神》","desc":"孟德斯鸠出版《论法的精神》，主张立法、行政、司法三权分立相互制衡以保障自由，深刻影响美国宪法与近代宪政。","importance":2,"lat":44.84,"lng":-0.58,"place":"波尔多","title_en":"Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws","desc_en":"Montesquieu published The Spirit of the Laws, arguing for separating legislative, executive, and judicial powers to check one another and safeguard liberty; 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both men died, Quebec fell, and in 1763 France ceded New France to Britain.","date_label_en":"1759","place_en":"Quebec City"},{"id":"global-020","start":1760,"end":1840,"date_label":"约1760—1840年","region":"global","dims":["综合","经济","科技"],"title":"工业革命","desc":"英国率先以蒸汽机、机械纺织和工厂制度取代手工生产，随后扩散到西欧、美国、日本等地，生产力剧增，世界财富格局大分流。","importance":3,"lat":53.48,"lng":-2.24,"place":"英国曼彻斯特","title_en":"Industrial Revolution","desc_en":"Britain led in replacing handcraft with steam power, mechanized textiles, and the factory system; this spread to Western Europe, the United States, Japan, and beyond, vastly boosting productivity and driving the Great Divergence in world wealth.","date_label_en":"c. 1760–1840","place_en":"Manchester, England"},{"id":"europe-071","start":1760,"end":1840,"date_label":"约1760—1840年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","科技","综合"],"title":"英国工业革命","desc":"以纺织机械化、瓦特改良蒸汽机和工厂制度为标志，英国率先实现工业化，生产力剧增，人类社会由农业时代走向工业时代。","importance":3,"lat":53.48,"lng":-2.24,"place":"曼彻斯特","title_en":"British Industrial Revolution","desc_en":"Marked by mechanized textiles, Watt's improved steam engine, and the factory system, Britain became the first nation to industrialize, vastly increasing productivity as society moved from the agrarian to the industrial age.","date_label_en":"c. 1760–1840","place_en":"Manchester"},{"id":"south_asia-x107","start":1761,"date_label":"1761年1月","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"第三次帕尼帕特战役","desc":"杜兰尼帝国军队在帕尼帕特重创马拉塔大军，马拉塔北扩受挫，北印度权力真空为英国东印度公司扩张提供了条件。","importance":2,"lat":29.39,"lng":76.97,"place":"帕尼帕特","title_en":"Third Battle of Panipat","desc_en":"Durrani forces dealt the Maratha army a crushing defeat at Panipat, halting Maratha expansion northward; the resulting power vacuum in northern India opened the way for East India Company expansion.","date_label_en":"Jan 1761","place_en":"Panipat"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x055","start":1762,"end":1764,"date_label":"1762—1764年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"英国占领马尼拉","desc":"七年战争期间英军攻占马尼拉约一年半，暴露西班牙统治的脆弱，战后依和约归还西班牙。","importance":1,"lat":14.59,"lng":120.97,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"British Occupation of Manila","desc_en":"During the Seven Years' War British forces held Manila for about a year and a half, exposing the fragility of Spanish rule; it was returned to Spain under the peace treaty.","date_label_en":"1762–1764","place_en":"Manila"},{"id":"europe-x271","start":1762,"date_label":"1762年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"卢梭《社会契约论》","desc":"日内瓦出生的卢梭出版《社会契约论》，提出主权在民与“公意”学说，开篇“人生而自由，却无往不在枷锁之中”，成为法国大革命的思想旗帜。","importance":2,"lat":46.2,"lng":6.15,"place":"日内瓦","title_en":"Rousseau's Social Contract","desc_en":"Geneva-born Jean-Jacques Rousseau published The Social Contract, advancing popular sovereignty and the 'general will'; its opening line, 'Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains', became a banner of the French Revolution.","date_label_en":"1762","place_en":"Geneva"},{"id":"europe-x272","start":1762,"date_label":"1762年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"叶卡捷琳娜二世即位","desc":"叶卡捷琳娜通过政变推翻丈夫彼得三世登基，在位34年间三次瓜分波兰、夺取克里米亚，同时强化农奴制，被称为“大帝”。","importance":2,"lat":59.94,"lng":30.31,"place":"圣彼得堡","title_en":"Catherine the Great Takes the Throne","desc_en":"Catherine overthrew her husband Peter III in a coup; during her 34-year reign Russia joined three partitions of Poland and seized Crimea while serfdom was strengthened, earning her the title 'the Great'.","date_label_en":"1762","place_en":"St. Petersburg"},{"id":"south_asia-x108","start":1764,"end":1765,"date_label":"1764—1765年","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","政治","经济"],"title":"布克萨尔战役与迪瓦尼","desc":"东印度公司在布克萨尔击败孟加拉、奥德与莫卧儿皇帝联军，1765年获孟加拉等地征税权\"迪瓦尼\"，由商业公司转为统治者。","importance":3,"lat":25.58,"lng":83.98,"place":"布克萨尔","title_en":"Battle of Buxar and the Diwani","desc_en":"The East India Company defeated the combined forces of Bengal, Awadh, and the Mughal emperor at Buxar, and in 1765 obtained the diwani (tax-collecting rights) for Bengal and other regions, turning from trading company to ruler.","date_label_en":"1764–1765","place_en":"Buxar"},{"id":"europe-x273","start":1764,"date_label":"1764年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"贝卡里亚《论犯罪与刑罚》","desc":"米兰学者贝卡里亚出版《论犯罪与刑罚》，反对酷刑与死刑，主张罪刑相适应和刑罚的确定性，推动了欧洲刑法改革。","importance":1,"lat":45.46,"lng":9.19,"place":"米兰","title_en":"Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments","desc_en":"Milanese scholar Cesare Beccaria published On Crimes and Punishments, opposing torture and the death penalty and arguing for proportionate and certain punishment, spurring European penal reform.","date_label_en":"1764","place_en":"Milan"},{"id":"europe-x274","start":1764,"date_label":"约1764年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"珍妮纺纱机","desc":"兰开夏织工哈格里夫斯发明珍妮纺纱机，一人可同时纺多根纱线，与后来的水力纺纱机、走锭纺纱机共同引发纺织业机械化。","importance":2,"lat":53.75,"lng":-2.48,"place":"布莱克本","title_en":"Spinning Jenny","desc_en":"Lancashire weaver James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, letting one worker spin several threads at once; with the later water frame and spinning mule, it mechanized the textile industry.","date_label_en":"c. 1764","place_en":"Blackburn"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x056","start":1767,"date_label":"1767年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"缅军攻陷阿瑜陀耶","desc":"贡榜王朝军队围城一年多后攻破阿瑜陀耶，城市与王宫寺院被焚毁，延续四百余年的阿瑜陀耶王国灭亡。","importance":2,"lat":14.36,"lng":100.57,"place":"大城","title_en":"Burmese Sack Ayutthaya","desc_en":"After a siege of over a year, Konbaung forces took Ayutthaya, burning the city, palace, and temples and ending the Ayutthaya Kingdom after more than four centuries.","date_label_en":"1767","place_en":"Ayutthaya"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x057","start":1767,"end":1782,"date_label":"1767—1782年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"郑信建吞武里王朝","desc":"华裔将领郑信在阿瑜陀耶陷落后聚兵驱逐缅军，在吞武里称王，重新统一暹罗，1782年因政变被处死。","importance":2,"lat":13.73,"lng":100.49,"place":"吞武里","title_en":"Taksin Founds the Thonburi Kingdom","desc_en":"After Ayutthaya fell, Sino-Thai general Taksin rallied troops, drove out the Burmese, proclaimed himself king at Thonburi, and reunified Siam; he was executed after a coup in 1782.","date_label_en":"1767–1782","place_en":"Thonburi"},{"id":"latin_america-x057","start":1767,"date_label":"1767年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"驱逐耶稣会","desc":"西班牙国王卡洛斯三世下令将耶稣会士逐出全部领地，数千名会士被遣送，美洲的教育与传教体系受到冲击，克里奥尔精英对王室的不满加深。","importance":1,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"墨西哥城","title_en":"Expulsion of the Jesuits","desc_en":"Spain's King Charles III ordered the Jesuits expelled from all his domains; thousands were deported, disrupting education and missions in the Americas and deepening Creole elites' resentment of the crown.","date_label_en":"1767","place_en":"Mexico City"},{"id":"south_asia-x109","start":1768,"date_label":"1768年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"廓尔喀统一尼泊尔","desc":"廓尔喀王普里特维·纳拉扬·沙阿攻占加德满都谷地，建立统一的尼泊尔王国，沙阿王朝统治延续至2008年。","importance":2,"lat":27.72,"lng":85.32,"place":"加德满都","title_en":"Gorkha Unification of Nepal","desc_en":"Gorkha king Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered the Kathmandu Valley and founded a unified Kingdom of Nepal; the Shah dynasty ruled until 2008.","date_label_en":"1768","place_en":"Kathmandu"},{"id":"europe-072","start":1769,"date_label":"1769年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"瓦特改良蒸汽机","desc":"瓦特获得分离冷凝器专利，大幅提高蒸汽机效率，此后与博尔顿合作制造的蒸汽机广泛用于工厂、矿山与交通。","importance":2,"lat":55.86,"lng":-4.25,"place":"格拉斯哥","title_en":"Watt Improves the Steam Engine","desc_en":"James Watt patented the separate condenser, greatly raising steam engine efficiency; the engines he later built with Matthew Boulton were widely used in factories, mines, and transport.","date_label_en":"1769","place_en":"Glasgow"},{"id":"oceania-x013","start":1769,"date_label":"1769年","region":"oceania","dims":["科技"],"title":"塔希提观测金星凌日","desc":"库克在塔希提维纳斯角观测金星凌日，以测定日地距离，随船的植物学家班克斯采集大量标本，此行随后绘制了新西兰海岸并抵达澳洲东岸。","importance":1,"lat":-17.5,"lng":-149.49,"place":"维纳斯角","title_en":"Transit of Venus Observed in Tahiti","desc_en":"James Cook observed the transit of Venus at Point Venus, Tahiti, to measure the Earth–Sun distance, while botanist Joseph Banks collected many specimens; the voyage then charted New Zealand's coast and reached Australia's east coast.","date_label_en":"1769","place_en":"Point Venus"},{"id":"south_asia-035","start":1770,"date_label":"1770年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"孟加拉大饥荒","desc":"旱灾叠加东印度公司的苛重征税，孟加拉爆发大饥荒，据估计死亡人口达数百万乃至上千万，引发英国国内对公司统治的批评。","importance":2,"lat":24.18,"lng":88.27,"place":"穆尔希达巴德","title_en":"Great Bengal Famine","desc_en":"Drought combined with the East India Company's heavy taxation caused a great famine in Bengal, with estimated deaths in the millions, possibly up to ten million, prompting criticism of company rule in Britain.","date_label_en":"1770","place_en":"Murshidabad"},{"id":"oceania-009","start":1770,"date_label":"1770年","region":"oceania","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"库克航行至澳洲东岸","desc":"英国航海家詹姆斯·库克在首次太平洋航行中测绘新西兰海岸，1770年抵达澳大利亚东海岸植物学湾，宣布其归英国所有。","importance":2,"lat":-34.0,"lng":151.21,"place":"植物学湾","title_en":"Cook Reaches Australia's East Coast","desc_en":"On his first Pacific voyage, British navigator James Cook charted the New Zealand coast and in 1770 reached Botany Bay on Australia's east coast, claiming it for Britain.","date_label_en":"1770","place_en":"Botany Bay"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x058","start":1771,"end":1802,"date_label":"1771—1802年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"西山起义","desc":"阮岳、阮惠、阮侣三兄弟在西山起义，推翻南北两方势力，1789年阮惠在栋多大败入侵的清军。","importance":2,"lat":13.95,"lng":108.7,"place":"西山","title_en":"Tây Sơn Rebellion","desc_en":"The brothers Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ, and Nguyễn Lữ rose up at Tây Sơn, overthrowing both the northern and southern regimes; in 1789 Nguyễn Huệ routed an invading Qing army at Đống Đa.","date_label_en":"1771–1802","place_en":"Tây Sơn"},{"id":"inner_asia-x079","start":1771,"date_label":"1771年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"土尔扈特东归","desc":"伏尔加河下游的土尔扈特部在渥巴锡率领下摆脱俄国控制，历时半年、损失惨重后抵达伊犁，受清廷安置。","importance":1,"lat":43.91,"lng":81.32,"place":"伊犁","title_en":"Return of the Torghuts","desc_en":"Led by Ubashi, the Torghut Mongols of the lower Volga broke free of Russian control and, after a six-month trek with heavy losses, reached Ili, where the Qing court resettled them.","date_label_en":"1771","place_en":"Ili"},{"id":"europe-x275","start":1771,"date_label":"1771年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"克罗姆福德工厂","desc":"阿克莱特在德比郡克罗姆福德建成水力纺纱厂，集中雇工、实行昼夜轮班，被视为近代工厂制度的诞生地。","importance":2,"lat":53.11,"lng":-1.56,"place":"克罗姆福德","title_en":"Cromford Mill","desc_en":"Richard Arkwright built a water-powered spinning mill at Cromford, Derbyshire, concentrating workers and running day and night shifts; it is regarded as the birthplace of the modern factory system.","date_label_en":"1771","place_en":"Cromford"},{"id":"europe-x276","start":1772,"date_label":"1772年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"第一次瓜分波兰","desc":"俄国、普鲁士、奥地利第一次瓜分波兰立陶宛联邦，联邦失去约三分之一领土，1793年和1795年的两次瓜分使波兰完全亡国。","importance":2,"lat":52.23,"lng":21.01,"place":"华沙","title_en":"First Partition of Poland","desc_en":"Russia, Prussia, and Austria carried out the first partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which lost about a third of its territory; partitions in 1793 and 1795 wiped Poland off the map.","date_label_en":"1772","place_en":"Warsaw"},{"id":"europe-x277","start":1773,"end":1775,"date_label":"1773–1775年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"普加乔夫起义","desc":"顿河哥萨克普加乔夫冒称彼得三世，率哥萨克、农奴与巴什基尔人起义，席卷伏尔加与乌拉尔地区，是俄国最大的农民战争。","importance":2,"lat":51.77,"lng":55.1,"place":"奥伦堡","title_en":"Pugachev's Rebellion","desc_en":"Don Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev, posing as Peter III, led Cossacks, serfs, and Bashkirs in a revolt that swept the Volga and Urals—Russia's largest peasant war.","date_label_en":"1773–1775","place_en":"Orenburg"},{"id":"north_america-x027","start":1773,"date_label":"1773年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"波士顿倾茶事件","desc":"为抗议英国《茶税法》与东印度公司茶叶专营，“自由之子”成员把三百多箱茶叶倒入波士顿港，英国以“不可容忍法令”报复，冲突迅速升级。","importance":2,"lat":42.35,"lng":-71.05,"place":"波士顿","title_en":"Boston Tea Party","desc_en":"Protesting the Tea Act and the East India Company's tea monopoly, Sons of Liberty dumped over 300 chests of tea into Boston Harbor; Britain retaliated with the Intolerable Acts, and the conflict escalated rapidly.","date_label_en":"1773","place_en":"Boston"},{"id":"east_asia-x352","start":1774,"date_label":"1774年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"《解体新书》","desc":"杉田玄白、前野良泽等据荷兰文解剖书译成《解体新书》出版，这是日本第一部翻译的西方医学著作，开启了兰学的兴盛。","importance":3,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"江户(东京)","title_en":"Kaitai Shinsho","desc_en":"Sugita Genpaku, Maeno Ryōtaku, and others published Kaitai Shinsho, translated from a Dutch anatomy text—Japan's first translated Western medical work, which launched the flourishing of Rangaku (Dutch learning).","date_label_en":"1774","place_en":"Edo (Tokyo)"},{"id":"south_asia-x110","start":1775,"end":1818,"date_label":"1775—1818年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"英国-马拉塔战争","desc":"东印度公司与马拉塔联盟三次交战，第三次战争后佩什瓦被废，马拉塔势力瓦解，英国成为印度次大陆的支配力量。","importance":2,"lat":18.52,"lng":73.86,"place":"浦那","title_en":"Anglo-Maratha Wars","desc_en":"The East India Company and the Maratha Confederacy fought three wars; after the third, the Peshwa was deposed, Maratha power collapsed, and Britain became the dominant power on the subcontinent.","date_label_en":"1775–1818","place_en":"Pune"},{"id":"north_america-x028","start":1775,"date_label":"1775年","region":"north_america","dims":["军事"],"title":"列克星敦与康科德","desc":"英军前往康科德搜缴殖民地民兵军火，在列克星敦与民兵交火，“响彻世界的枪声”打响了美国独立战争的第一枪。","importance":2,"lat":42.45,"lng":-71.23,"place":"列克星敦","title_en":"Lexington and Concord","desc_en":"British troops marching to seize colonial militia arms at Concord clashed with militiamen at Lexington; 'the shot heard round the world' opened the American Revolutionary War.","date_label_en":"1775","place_en":"Lexington"},{"id":"europe-073","start":1776,"date_label":"1776年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"亚当·斯密《国富论》","desc":"苏格兰学者亚当·斯密出版《国富论》，以“看不见的手”论述分工、市场竞争与自由贸易的作用，奠定古典政治经济学基础。","importance":2,"lat":56.11,"lng":-3.16,"place":"柯科迪(苏格兰)","title_en":"Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations","desc_en":"Scottish scholar Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations, using the 'invisible hand' to explain the roles of division of labor, market competition, and free trade, laying the foundation of classical political economy.","date_label_en":"1776","place_en":"Kirkcaldy, Scotland"},{"id":"north_america-011","start":1776,"date_label":"1776年7月4日","region":"north_america","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"《独立宣言》","desc":"第二届大陆会议通过杰斐逊起草的《独立宣言》，宣告十三个殖民地脱离英国，阐述天赋人权与人民有权推翻暴政，影响此后世界各地革命。","importance":3,"lat":39.95,"lng":-75.15,"place":"费城","title_en":"Declaration of Independence","desc_en":"The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence drafted by Jefferson, declaring the thirteen colonies independent of Britain and proclaiming natural rights and the people's right to overthrow tyranny, inspiring later revolutions worldwide.","date_label_en":"4 Jul 1776","place_en":"Philadelphia"},{"id":"east_asia-x353","start":1776,"date_label":"1776年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"正祖设奎章阁","desc":"朝鲜正祖即位后设立奎章阁，作为王室图书馆兼学术政策机构，起用朴齐家等庶孽出身的实学学者任检书官。","importance":2,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉阳(首尔)","title_en":"Jeongjo Establishes the Kyujanggak","desc_en":"On taking the throne, Joseon's King Jeongjo founded the Kyujanggak as a royal library and policy research institute, appointing Silhak scholars of secondary-son birth such as Pak Je-ga as compilers.","date_label_en":"1776","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"north_america-x029","start":1776,"date_label":"1776年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"潘恩《常识》","desc":"托马斯·潘恩出版小册子《常识》，以通俗语言主张脱离英国、建立共和，据称数月内售出十万册以上，极大推动了独立舆论。","importance":1,"lat":39.95,"lng":-75.17,"place":"费城","title_en":"Paine's Common Sense","desc_en":"Thomas Paine published the pamphlet Common Sense, arguing in plain language for independence from Britain and a republic; reportedly selling over 100,000 copies within months, it greatly boosted support for independence.","date_label_en":"1776","place_en":"Philadelphia"},{"id":"north_america-x030","start":1777,"date_label":"1777年","region":"north_america","dims":["军事"],"title":"萨拉托加战役","desc":"大陆军在萨拉托加迫使英将伯戈因率部投降，是独立战争的转折点，促使法国于1778年与美国结盟参战。","importance":2,"lat":43.0,"lng":-73.64,"place":"萨拉托加","title_en":"Battles of Saratoga","desc_en":"The Continental Army forced British General Burgoyne and his army to surrender at Saratoga, the turning point of the war, which led France to ally with the United States in 1778.","date_label_en":"1777","place_en":"Saratoga"},{"id":"oceania-x014","start":1778,"date_label":"1778–1779年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"库克抵达夏威夷","desc":"库克船队到达夏威夷，成为首批到访的欧洲人，1779年再访时与夏威夷人冲突，库克在凯阿拉凯夸湾被杀，夏威夷由此被纳入全球贸易网络。","importance":1,"lat":19.48,"lng":-155.92,"place":"凯阿拉凯夸湾","title_en":"Cook Reaches Hawaii","desc_en":"Cook's ships reached Hawaii, the first Europeans to visit; on a return visit in 1779 conflict broke out and Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay, and Hawaii was drawn into global trade networks.","date_label_en":"1778–1779","place_en":"Kealakekua Bay"},{"id":"europe-x278","start":1779,"date_label":"1779年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"铁桥建成","desc":"英国什罗普郡塞文河上建成世界首座铸铁拱桥，展示了科尔布鲁克代尔的冶铁实力，该峡谷后被誉为工业革命摇篮之一。","importance":1,"lat":52.63,"lng":-2.49,"place":"铁桥峡谷","title_en":"The Iron Bridge","desc_en":"The world's first cast-iron arch bridge was completed over the River Severn in Shropshire, showcasing Coalbrookdale's ironmaking; the gorge was later hailed as a cradle of the Industrial Revolution.","date_label_en":"1779","place_en":"Ironbridge Gorge"},{"id":"east_asia-x354","start":1780,"date_label":"1780年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"朴趾源《热河日记》","desc":"实学家朴趾源随朝鲜使团赴热河为乾隆帝祝寿，著《热河日记》，主张学习清朝先进技术、发展工商业，代表北学派思想。","importance":1,"lat":40.97,"lng":117.94,"place":"河北承德","title_en":"Pak Ji-won's Jehol Diary","desc_en":"Silhak scholar Pak Ji-won accompanied a Joseon embassy to Rehe (Jehol) for the Qianlong Emperor's birthday and wrote the Yeolha Ilgi, urging Korea to learn advanced Qing technology and develop commerce—representative of the Northern Learning school.","date_label_en":"1780","place_en":"Chengde, Hebei"},{"id":"south_asia-x111","start":1780,"date_label":"1780年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《希基孟加拉公报》","desc":"詹姆斯·希基在加尔各答创办《孟加拉公报》，这是印度第一份印刷报纸，因讽刺东印度公司官员于1782年被查封。","importance":1,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Hicky's Bengal Gazette","desc_en":"James Hicky founded the Bengal Gazette in Calcutta, India's first printed newspaper; it was shut down in 1782 for satirizing East India Company officials.","date_label_en":"1780","place_en":"Kolkata (Calcutta)"},{"id":"south_asia-x112","start":1780,"end":1799,"date_label":"1780—1799年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"迈索尔火箭","desc":"海德尔·阿里与蒂普苏丹在英迈索尔战争中使用铁壳火箭攻击英军，英国据缴获样品研制了康格里夫火箭。1799年蒂普苏丹战死。","importance":2,"lat":12.42,"lng":76.69,"place":"斯里伦格伯德讷","title_en":"Mysorean Rockets","desc_en":"Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan used iron-cased rockets against the British in the Anglo-Mysore Wars; Britain developed the Congreve rocket from captured examples. Tipu Sultan died in battle in 1799.","date_label_en":"1780–1799","place_en":"Srirangapatna"},{"id":"latin_america-x058","start":1780,"end":1781,"date_label":"1780–1781年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"图帕克·阿马鲁二世起义","desc":"混血贵族何塞·加夫列尔·孔多尔坎基自称图帕克·阿马鲁二世，起兵反抗殖民税赋与米塔劳役，起义席卷安第斯南部，失败后他在库斯科被残酷处死。","importance":2,"lat":-14.14,"lng":-71.41,"place":"廷塔","title_en":"Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II","desc_en":"Mestizo noble José Gabriel Condorcanqui, calling himself Túpac Amaru II, rose against colonial taxes and mita forced labor; the revolt swept the southern Andes, and after its defeat he was brutally executed in Cusco.","date_label_en":"1780–1781","place_en":"Tinta"},{"id":"europe-x279","start":1781,"date_label":"1781年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"康德《纯粹理性批判》","desc":"柯尼斯堡大学教授康德出版《纯粹理性批判》，探讨人类认识的条件与界限，调和经验论与唯理论，开创德国古典哲学。","importance":2,"lat":54.71,"lng":20.51,"place":"柯尼斯堡","title_en":"Kant's Critique of Pure Reason","desc_en":"Königsberg professor Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, examining the conditions and limits of human knowledge and reconciling empiricism and rationalism, founding German classical philosophy.","date_label_en":"1781","place_en":"Königsberg"},{"id":"europe-x280","start":1781,"date_label":"1781年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"赫歇尔发现天王星","desc":"旅英德国音乐家兼天文学家威廉·赫歇尔用自制望远镜发现天王星，这是有史以来第一颗用望远镜发现的行星。","importance":2,"lat":51.38,"lng":-2.36,"place":"巴斯","title_en":"Herschel Discovers Uranus","desc_en":"German-born, England-based musician and astronomer William Herschel discovered Uranus with a homemade telescope—the first planet ever discovered by telescope.","date_label_en":"1781","place_en":"Bath"},{"id":"east_asia-x355","start":1782,"date_label":"1782年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《四库全书》","desc":"乾隆帝命纪昀等编纂《四库全书》，第一部于1782年抄成，收书三千四百余种、七万九千余卷；编纂中也禁毁了大量书籍。","importance":3,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Siku Quanshu","desc_en":"The Qianlong Emperor ordered Ji Yun and others to compile the Siku Quanshu; the first set was copied in 1782, with over 3,400 titles in more than 79,000 juan, though many books were also banned and destroyed during compilation.","date_label_en":"1782","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x059","start":1782,"date_label":"1782年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"曼谷王朝建立","desc":"通銮登基为拉玛一世，建立却克里王朝，迁都湄南河东岸的曼谷，修建大王宫与玉佛寺，王朝延续至今。","importance":3,"lat":13.75,"lng":100.49,"place":"曼谷","title_en":"Founding of the Rattanakosin Kingdom","desc_en":"Thong Duang took the throne as Rama I, founding the Chakri dynasty and moving the capital to Bangkok on the Chao Phraya's east bank, where he built the Grand Palace and the Temple of the Emerald Buddha; the dynasty reigns to this day.","date_label_en":"1782","place_en":"Bangkok"},{"id":"north_america-012","start":1783,"date_label":"1783年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"美国独立战争结束","desc":"在法国援助下，大陆军1781年于约克镇迫使英军投降，1783年《巴黎条约》承认美国独立，疆域西至密西西比河。","importance":2,"lat":37.24,"lng":-76.51,"place":"约克镇","title_en":"American Revolutionary War Ends","desc_en":"With French aid, the Continental Army forced the British to surrender at Yorktown in 1781; the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized U.S. independence, with territory extending west to the Mississippi.","date_label_en":"1783","place_en":"Yorktown"},{"id":"europe-x281","start":1783,"date_label":"1783年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"蒙戈尔菲耶热气球","desc":"蒙戈尔菲耶兄弟的热气球在巴黎完成人类首次载人自由飞行，同年查理还放飞了氢气球，人类第一次升上天空。","importance":2,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.35,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Montgolfier Hot-Air Balloon","desc_en":"The Montgolfier brothers' hot-air balloon made humanity's first crewed free flight in Paris, and Jacques Charles launched a hydrogen balloon the same year—humans rose into the sky for the first time.","date_label_en":"1783","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"south_asia-x113","start":1784,"date_label":"1784年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"亚洲学会成立","desc":"威廉·琼斯在加尔各答创立亚洲学会，推动梵语等东方学研究，他提出梵语与希腊语、拉丁语同源，开启比较语言学。","importance":2,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Asiatic Society Founded","desc_en":"William Jones founded the Asiatic Society in Calcutta to promote Sanskrit and Oriental studies; his proposal that Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin share a common origin launched comparative linguistics.","date_label_en":"1784","place_en":"Kolkata (Calcutta)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x060","start":1786,"date_label":"1786年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"槟城开埠","desc":"英国东印度公司弗朗西斯·莱特从吉打苏丹处取得槟榔屿，设为自由港，是英国在马来半岛的第一个据点。","importance":2,"lat":5.41,"lng":100.33,"place":"槟城","title_en":"Founding of Penang","desc_en":"East India Company man Francis Light obtained Penang Island from the Sultan of Kedah and made it a free port—Britain's first foothold on the Malay Peninsula.","date_label_en":"1786","place_en":"Penang"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x153","start":1786,"date_label":"1786年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"卡扎尔王朝定都德黑兰","desc":"阿迦·穆罕默德汗以德黑兰为都，1796年正式加冕，建立卡扎尔王朝，德黑兰自此成为伊朗首都并延续至今。","importance":1,"lat":35.69,"lng":51.39,"place":"德黑兰","title_en":"Qajars Make Tehran Capital","desc_en":"Agha Mohammad Khan made Tehran his capital and was formally crowned in 1796, founding the Qajar dynasty; Tehran has been Iran's capital ever since.","date_label_en":"1786","place_en":"Tehran"},{"id":"europe-x282","start":1786,"date_label":"1786年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"莫扎特《费加罗的婚礼》","desc":"莫扎特在维也纳首演歌剧《费加罗的婚礼》，改编自博马舍讽刺贵族特权的喜剧，与《唐璜》《魔笛》同为古典歌剧巅峰。","importance":2,"lat":48.21,"lng":16.37,"place":"维也纳","title_en":"Mozart's Marriage of Figaro","desc_en":"Mozart premiered The Marriage of Figaro in Vienna, adapted from Beaumarchais's comedy satirizing aristocratic privilege; with Don Giovanni and The Magic Flute, it marks the summit of Classical opera.","date_label_en":"1786","place_en":"Vienna"},{"id":"north_america-013","start":1787,"date_label":"1787年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"美国宪法制定","desc":"费城制宪会议制定《美利坚合众国宪法》，确立联邦制与三权分立，1788年生效，1791年加入《权利法案》，是现行最古老的成文国家宪法。","importance":3,"lat":39.95,"lng":-75.15,"place":"费城","title_en":"U.S. Constitution Drafted","desc_en":"The Philadelphia Convention drafted the Constitution of the United States, establishing federalism and separation of powers; it took effect in 1788, the Bill of Rights was added in 1791, and it is the oldest written national constitution still in force.","date_label_en":"1787","place_en":"Philadelphia"},{"id":"east_asia-x356","start":1787,"date_label":"1787年起","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"宽政改革","desc":"老中松平定信推行宽政改革，实行囤米备荒、免除旗本御家人借款的弃捐令，并颁布“宽政异学之禁”，以朱子学为正学。","importance":1,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"江户(东京)","title_en":"Kansei Reforms","desc_en":"Senior councilor Matsudaira Sadanobu launched the Kansei Reforms: stockpiling rice against famine, a debt-cancellation order for retainers of the shogun, and the Kansei Prohibition of Heterodox Studies, which made Zhu Xi Neo-Confucianism the official orthodoxy.","date_label_en":"From 1787","place_en":"Edo (Tokyo)"},{"id":"oceania-010","start":1788,"date_label":"1788年1月26日","region":"oceania","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"第一舰队抵达悉尼","desc":"菲利普船长率第一舰队运送约750名流放犯抵达杰克逊港，建立新南威尔士殖民地，开启澳大利亚殖民史，也给原住民带来深重灾难。","importance":3,"lat":-33.86,"lng":151.21,"place":"悉尼湾","title_en":"First Fleet Arrives at Sydney","desc_en":"Captain Arthur Phillip led the First Fleet carrying some 750 convicts to Port Jackson, founding the colony of New South Wales—the start of Australia's colonial history and of grave suffering for its Aboriginal peoples.","date_label_en":"26 Jan 1788","place_en":"Sydney Cove"},{"id":"europe-074","start":1789,"end":1799,"date_label":"1789—1799年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","综合"],"title":"法国大革命","desc":"1789年7月14日巴黎民众攻占巴士底狱，国民议会通过《人权和公民权宣言》，废除封建特权，1793年处决路易十六。","importance":3,"lat":48.85,"lng":2.37,"place":"巴士底狱","title_en":"French Revolution","desc_en":"On 14 July 1789 Parisians stormed the Bastille; the National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and abolished feudal privileges, and Louis XVI was executed in 1793.","date_label_en":"1789–1799","place_en":"Bastille"},{"id":"europe-x283","start":1789,"date_label":"1789年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"拉瓦锡化学革命","desc":"拉瓦锡出版《化学基本论述》，确立质量守恒定律，以氧化说推翻燃素说，并建立元素与化合物的新命名体系，奠定近代化学。","importance":2,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.35,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Lavoisier's Chemical Revolution","desc_en":"Antoine Lavoisier published the Elementary Treatise of Chemistry, establishing conservation of mass, overturning phlogiston theory with his oxygen theory, and creating a new nomenclature of elements and compounds, founding modern chemistry.","date_label_en":"1789","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"east_asia-x357","start":1790,"date_label":"1790年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"徽班进京","desc":"为庆贺乾隆帝八十寿辰，三庆班等徽班陆续进京演出，后与汉调、昆曲等融合，至道光、咸丰年间形成京剧。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Anhui Troupes Enter Beijing","desc_en":"To celebrate the Qianlong Emperor's 80th birthday, the Sanqing and other Anhui troupes came to Beijing to perform; merging with Handiao, Kunqu, and other styles, they gave rise to Peking opera by the Daoguang and Xianfeng reigns.","date_label_en":"1790","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"north_america-x031","start":1790,"date_label":"1790年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"斯莱特纺纱厂","desc":"英国技工塞缪尔·斯莱特凭记忆复制阿克莱特水力纺纱机，在罗得岛波塔基特建成纺纱厂，被视为美国工业革命的开端。","importance":2,"lat":41.88,"lng":-71.38,"place":"波塔基特","title_en":"Slater Mill","desc_en":"British mechanic Samuel Slater reproduced Arkwright's water frame from memory and built a spinning mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island—regarded as the beginning of the American Industrial Revolution.","date_label_en":"1790","place_en":"Pawtucket"},{"id":"latin_america-016","start":1791,"end":1804,"date_label":"1791—1804年","region":"latin_america","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"海地革命","desc":"法属圣多明各奴隶在杜桑·卢维杜尔等领导下起义，击败法军，1804年建立海地，成为第一个由前奴隶建立的独立国家和拉美第一个独立国家。","importance":3,"lat":19.76,"lng":-72.2,"place":"海地角","title_en":"Haitian Revolution","desc_en":"Enslaved people in French Saint-Domingue, led by Toussaint Louverture and others, rose up and defeated French forces; in 1804 they founded Haiti, the first independent nation established by former slaves and the first independent country in Latin America.","date_label_en":"1791–1804","place_en":"Cap-Haïtien"},{"id":"east_asia-x358","start":1791,"date_label":"1791年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《红楼梦》程甲本","desc":"曹雪芹所著《石头记》前八十回在乾隆年间以抄本流传，1791年程伟元、高鹗以活字排印一百二十回本（程甲本），《红楼梦》广泛流行。","importance":3,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Dream of the Red Chamber Printed","desc_en":"The first 80 chapters of Cao Xueqin's Story of the Stone circulated in manuscript under Qianlong; in 1791 Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E printed a 120-chapter edition with movable type (the Chengjia edition), and Dream of the Red Chamber became widely popular.","date_label_en":"1791","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"europe-x284","start":1791,"date_label":"1791年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"波兰五三宪法","desc":"波兰议会通过《五三宪法》，废除自由否决权、确立三权分立与世袭君主立宪，是欧洲首部成文宪法，但随即招致俄普干涉。","importance":2,"lat":52.23,"lng":21.01,"place":"华沙","title_en":"Polish Constitution of 3 May","desc_en":"The Polish Sejm adopted the Constitution of 3 May, abolishing the liberum veto and establishing separation of powers and a hereditary constitutional monarchy—Europe's first written constitution—but it soon provoked Russian and Prussian intervention.","date_label_en":"1791","place_en":"Warsaw"},{"id":"north_america-x032","start":1791,"date_label":"1791年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"《权利法案》","desc":"宪法前十条修正案获批准生效，保障言论、宗教、新闻、集会自由及正当程序等权利，回应了反联邦党人对中央集权的担忧。","importance":1,"lat":40.71,"lng":-74.01,"place":"纽约","title_en":"Bill of Rights","desc_en":"The first ten amendments to the Constitution were ratified, guaranteeing freedom of speech, religion, press, and assembly, due process, and other rights, answering Anti-Federalist fears of centralized power.","date_label_en":"1791","place_en":"New York"},{"id":"north_america-x033","start":1791,"date_label":"1791年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"美国第一银行","desc":"财政部长汉密尔顿推动国会特许成立美国第一银行，并承接各州战争债务、建立国家信用，奠定美国现代财政金融体系，也引发联邦党与共和党之争。","importance":1,"lat":39.95,"lng":-75.17,"place":"费城","title_en":"First Bank of the United States","desc_en":"Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton pushed Congress to charter the First Bank of the United States and to assume state war debts, establishing national credit and the foundations of the U.S. financial system, while sparking the Federalist–Republican rivalry.","date_label_en":"1791","place_en":"Philadelphia"},{"id":"north_america-x034","start":1792,"date_label":"1792年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"梧桐树协议","desc":"24名经纪人在华尔街一棵梧桐树下签订协议，约定交易佣金规则，这被视为纽约证券交易所的起源，华尔街逐渐成为美国金融中心。","importance":1,"lat":40.71,"lng":-74.01,"place":"华尔街","title_en":"Buttonwood Agreement","desc_en":"Twenty-four brokers signed an agreement under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street setting commission rules, regarded as the origin of the New York Stock Exchange; 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aided by the Shoshone woman Sacagawea, they reached the Pacific, recording a wealth of information on geography, flora and fauna, and Indigenous peoples.","date_label_en":"1804–1806","place_en":"St. Louis"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x056","start":1804,"end":1809,"date_label":"1804–1809年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","文化","军事"],"title":"索科托哈里发国","desc":"富拉尼学者奥斯曼·丹·福迪奥发动圣战推翻豪萨诸王，建立索科托哈里发国，成为19世纪西非最大的国家，推动伊斯兰教育与阿拉伯文、豪萨文著述。","importance":2,"lat":13.06,"lng":5.24,"place":"索科托","title_en":"Sokoto Caliphate","desc_en":"Fulani scholar Usman dan Fodio waged jihad to overthrow the Hausa kings and founded the Sokoto Caliphate, the largest state in 19th-century West Africa, promoting Islamic education and writing in Arabic and Hausa.","date_label_en":"1804–1809","place_en":"Sokoto"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-061","start":1805,"end":1848,"date_label":"1805—1848年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"穆罕默德·阿里改革","desc":"埃及总督穆罕默德·阿里建立新式军队、工厂并推广棉花种植，使埃及成为奥斯曼名义下的半独立强国。","importance":2,"lat":30.04,"lng":31.24,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Reforms of Muhammad Ali","desc_en":"Egypt's governor Muhammad Ali built a modern army and factories and promoted cotton cultivation, making Egypt a semi-independent power under nominal Ottoman rule.","date_label_en":"1805–1848","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x062","start":1805,"date_label":"1805年始建","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"顺化京城","desc":"阮朝嘉隆帝在顺化营建京城，仿照北京宫城与法式棱堡设计，1993年顺化古迹群列入世界遗产。","importance":2,"lat":16.47,"lng":107.58,"place":"顺化","title_en":"Imperial City of Huế","desc_en":"Emperor Gia Long of the Nguyễn built his capital at Huế, modeled on Beijing's palace city and French bastion fortifications; 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the conflicts killed tens of thousands and caused mass migrations, reshaping New Zealand's tribal map.","date_label_en":"c. 1807–1842","place_en":"Bay of Islands"},{"id":"europe-x298","start":1808,"end":1814,"date_label":"1808–1814年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"半岛战争","desc":"拿破仑立其兄为西班牙国王，引发西班牙民众起义与游击战，英国威灵顿军团协同作战，长期消耗法军，“游击战”一词由此流行。","importance":2,"lat":40.42,"lng":-3.7,"place":"马德里","title_en":"Peninsular War","desc_en":"Napoleon made his brother king of Spain, sparking popular uprisings and guerrilla warfare; with Wellington's British army fighting alongside, it wore down French forces for years and popularized the word 'guerrilla'.","date_label_en":"1808–1814","place_en":"Madrid"},{"id":"latin_america-x060","start":1808,"date_label":"1808年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"葡萄牙王室迁往里约","desc":"为躲避拿破仑入侵，葡萄牙王室与上万名朝臣迁到里约热内卢，开放巴西港口贸易，设立银行与学校，1815年巴西升格为与葡萄牙平等的王国。","importance":2,"lat":-22.91,"lng":-43.17,"place":"里约热内卢","title_en":"Portuguese Court Moves to Rio","desc_en":"Fleeing Napoleon's invasion, the Portuguese royal family and some 10,000 courtiers moved to Rio de Janeiro, opening Brazil's ports to trade and founding banks and schools; 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after the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824, Spanish rule on the South American mainland essentially ended.","date_label_en":"1810–1826","place_en":"Ayacucho"},{"id":"latin_america-018","start":1810,"end":1821,"date_label":"1810—1821年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"墨西哥独立","desc":"1810年伊达尔戈神父发出“多洛雷斯呼声”发动起义，历经十余年战争，1821年墨西哥依《伊瓜拉计划》脱离西班牙独立。","importance":2,"lat":21.16,"lng":-100.93,"place":"多洛雷斯","title_en":"Mexican Independence","desc_en":"In 1810 Father Hidalgo issued the 'Cry of Dolores' and launched an uprising; after more than a decade of war, Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821 under the Plan of Iguala.","date_label_en":"1810–1821","place_en":"Dolores"},{"id":"europe-x299","start":1810,"date_label":"1810年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"洪堡创建柏林大学","desc":"威廉·冯·洪堡主持创建柏林大学，倡导教学与研究相结合、学术自由，成为近代研究型大学的典范。","importance":2,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.39,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Humboldt Founds the University of Berlin","desc_en":"Wilhelm von Humboldt led the founding of the University of Berlin, championing the unity of teaching and research and academic freedom; it became the model of the modern research university.","date_label_en":"1810","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"oceania-x017","start":1810,"date_label":"1810年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"卡美哈梅哈统一夏威夷","desc":"卡美哈梅哈一世借助西方枪炮与顾问征服各岛，1810年考艾岛归顺，夏威夷王国统一，此后檀香木贸易兴盛，王国保持独立至1893年。","importance":2,"lat":21.31,"lng":-157.86,"place":"檀香山","title_en":"Kamehameha Unifies Hawaii","desc_en":"Kamehameha I conquered the islands with Western guns and advisers; Kauaʻi submitted in 1810, uniting the Kingdom of Hawaii, after which the sandalwood trade boomed and the kingdom remained independent until 1893.","date_label_en":"1810","place_en":"Honolulu"},{"id":"east_asia-x365","start":1811,"date_label":"1811年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"洪景来之乱","desc":"平安道没落两班洪景来因不满对西北地区的歧视与官吏腐败，联合商人与农民起义，占领清川江以北多地，次年被镇压。","importance":1,"lat":39.69,"lng":125.33,"place":"平安北道定州","title_en":"Hong Gyeong-nae's Rebellion","desc_en":"Hong Gyeong-nae, an impoverished yangban of Pyeongan Province angered by discrimination against the northwest and official corruption, led merchants and peasants in revolt, seizing much territory north of the Cheongcheon River before being crushed the next year.","date_label_en":"1811","place_en":"Jeongju, North Pyongan"},{"id":"europe-x300","start":1812,"date_label":"1812年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"拿破仑远征俄国","desc":"拿破仑率约60万大军入侵俄国，在博罗季诺血战后占领莫斯科，却遭大火与寒冬，撤退中大军几乎覆灭，从此由盛转衰。","importance":2,"lat":55.52,"lng":35.82,"place":"博罗季诺","title_en":"Napoleon Invades Russia","desc_en":"Napoleon invaded Russia with some 600,000 troops and took Moscow after the bloody Battle of Borodino, but fire and winter followed; his army was nearly annihilated in the retreat, and his fortunes declined thereafter.","date_label_en":"1812","place_en":"Borodino"},{"id":"north_america-x037","start":1812,"end":1815,"date_label":"1812–1815年","region":"north_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"1812年美英战争","desc":"美国因英国强征水手和支持原住民等问题对英宣战，进攻加拿大受挫，1814年英军焚烧华盛顿，战后加拿大认同增强，美国民族主义高涨。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"War of 1812","desc_en":"The United States declared war on Britain over impressment of sailors and British support for Indigenous peoples; its invasion of Canada failed and British troops burned Washington in 1814, while the war strengthened Canadian identity and American nationalism.","date_label_en":"1812–1815","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"southeast_asia-x063","start":1813,"date_label":"约19世纪初","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《金云翘传》","desc":"阮攸以喃字六八体诗改编中国小说，创作长诗《金云翘传》，被视为越南古典文学最高成就。","importance":2,"lat":16.47,"lng":107.58,"place":"顺化","title_en":"The Tale of Kiều","desc_en":"Nguyễn Du adapted a Chinese novel into the long poem Truyện Kiều in Chữ Nôm script and lục bát verse, regarded as the highest achievement of classical Vietnamese literature.","date_label_en":"Early 19th century","place_en":"Huế"},{"id":"oceania-x018","start":1813,"date_label":"1813年","region":"oceania","dims":["经济"],"title":"翻越蓝山","desc":"布拉克斯兰、劳森与温特沃斯翻越悉尼西面的蓝山，发现内陆大片草场，殖民者随即向西扩张，牧羊业迅速发展，原住民土地被大量侵占。","importance":1,"lat":-33.71,"lng":150.31,"place":"蓝山","title_en":"Crossing the Blue Mountains","desc_en":"Blaxland, Lawson, and Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains west of Sydney and found vast inland grasslands; colonists soon pushed west, sheep farming grew rapidly, and Aboriginal land was seized on a large scale.","date_label_en":"1813","place_en":"Blue Mountains"},{"id":"europe-077","start":1814,"end":1815,"date_label":"1814—1815年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"维也纳会议","desc":"反法同盟各国在维也纳重划欧洲版图，恢复正统王朝，建立大国协调的均势体系，维持欧洲约百年无全面大战。","importance":2,"lat":48.21,"lng":16.37,"place":"维也纳","title_en":"Congress of Vienna","desc_en":"The anti-French allies redrew the map of Europe at Vienna, restoring legitimate dynasties and creating a balance-of-power system of great-power concert that kept Europe free of general war for about a century.","date_label_en":"1814–1815","place_en":"Vienna"},{"id":"south_asia-x116","start":1814,"end":1816,"date_label":"1814—1816年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"英尼战争","desc":"东印度公司与尼泊尔交战，签订《苏高利条约》，尼泊尔割让部分领土；廓尔喀士兵开始被招募进英军服役。","importance":1,"lat":27.03,"lng":84.88,"place":"苏高利","title_en":"Anglo-Nepalese War","desc_en":"The East India Company fought Nepal, which signed the Treaty of Sugauli and ceded some territory; Gurkha soldiers began to be recruited into British service.","date_label_en":"1814–1816","place_en":"Sugauli"},{"id":"europe-x301","start":1814,"date_label":"1814年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"戈雅《1808年5月3日》","desc":"西班牙画家戈雅创作《1808年5月3日》，描绘法军枪决马德里起义者的场景，以强烈的控诉性开创了近代反战题材绘画。","importance":1,"lat":40.41,"lng":-3.69,"place":"马德里","title_en":"Goya's The Third of May 1808","desc_en":"Spanish painter Francisco Goya painted The Third of May 1808, depicting French troops executing Madrid insurgents; its powerful indictment pioneered modern anti-war painting.","date_label_en":"1814","place_en":"Madrid"},{"id":"global-x010","start":1815,"end":1816,"date_label":"1815年4月—1816年","region":"global","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"坦博拉火山与无夏之年","desc":"印尼坦博拉火山1815年4月剧烈喷发，硫酸盐气溶胶导致1816年北半球“无夏之年”，欧美与中国云南等地严重歉收。","importance":2,"lat":-8.25,"lng":118.0,"place":"印尼松巴哇岛","title_en":"Tambora and the Year Without a Summer","desc_en":"Indonesia's Mount Tambora erupted violently in April 1815; sulfate aerosols caused the Northern Hemisphere's 'Year Without a Summer' in 1816, with severe crop failures in Europe, North America, and China's Yunnan.","date_label_en":"Apr 1815–1816","place_en":"Sumbawa, Indonesia"},{"id":"south_asia-x117","start":1815,"date_label":"1815年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"康提王国灭亡","desc":"英国与康提贵族签订《康提协定》，废黜末代国王，斯里兰卡全岛首次归于单一殖民政府统治。","importance":2,"lat":7.29,"lng":80.64,"place":"康提","title_en":"Fall of the Kandyan Kingdom","desc_en":"Britain and Kandyan nobles signed the Kandyan Convention deposing the last king, bringing all of Sri Lanka under a single colonial government for the first time.","date_label_en":"1815","place_en":"Kandy"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x064","start":1815,"date_label":"1815年4月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"坦博拉火山喷发","desc":"印尼松巴哇岛坦博拉火山发生有记录以来最强的火山喷发，造成数万人死亡，次年北半球出现\"无夏之年\"。","importance":3,"lat":-8.25,"lng":118.0,"place":"坦博拉","title_en":"Eruption of Mount Tambora","desc_en":"Mount Tambora on Sumbawa, Indonesia, produced the most powerful volcanic eruption on record, killing tens of thousands; the following year the Northern Hemisphere had a 'Year Without a Summer'.","date_label_en":"Apr 1815","place_en":"Tambora"},{"id":"europe-x302","start":1815,"date_label":"1815年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"滑铁卢战役","desc":"威灵顿率领的联军与布吕歇尔的普鲁士军在滑铁卢击败百日复辟的拿破仑，拿破仑被流放圣赫勒拿岛，拿破仑战争结束。","importance":2,"lat":50.68,"lng":4.41,"place":"滑铁卢","title_en":"Battle of Waterloo","desc_en":"Wellington's allied army and Blücher's Prussians defeated Napoleon during his Hundred Days at Waterloo; Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena, ending the Napoleonic Wars.","date_label_en":"1815","place_en":"Waterloo"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-021","start":1816,"end":1828,"date_label":"1816—1828年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"恰卡建立祖鲁王国","desc":"恰卡统一南部非洲祖鲁各部落，改革军制推行短矛与“牛角阵”战术，建立强大的祖鲁王国，其扩张引发大范围部族迁徙与战乱（姆菲卡尼）。","importance":2,"lat":-28.88,"lng":31.47,"place":"埃绍韦附近","title_en":"Shaka Builds the Zulu Kingdom","desc_en":"Shaka united the Zulu clans of southern Africa, reforming the army with the short stabbing spear and 'bull horn' formation to build a powerful Zulu Kingdom, whose expansion set off widespread migration and warfare (the Mfecane).","date_label_en":"1816–1828","place_en":"Near Eshowe"},{"id":"global-x011","start":1817,"end":1923,"date_label":"1817—1923年","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"霍乱全球大流行","desc":"霍乱自1817年起从孟加拉多次扩散全球，1854年斯诺在伦敦追踪水泵证明其经水传播，推动城市供水与排污系统建设。","importance":2,"title_en":"Global Cholera Pandemics","desc_en":"From 1817 cholera repeatedly spread worldwide from Bengal; in 1854 John Snow traced a London water pump to prove it was waterborne, spurring the construction of urban water and sewer systems.","date_label_en":"1817–1923"},{"id":"europe-x303","start":1817,"date_label":"1817年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"李嘉图《政治经济学及赋税原理》","desc":"英国经济学家李嘉图提出比较优势理论和地租理论，论证自由贸易可使各国互利，成为古典政治经济学的代表著作。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy","desc_en":"British economist David Ricardo set out the theories of comparative advantage and rent, arguing that free trade benefits all nations—a landmark of classical political economy.","date_label_en":"1817","place_en":"London"},{"id":"east_asia-x366","start":1818,"date_label":"1818年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"丁若镛《牧民心书》","desc":"实学集大成者丁若镛在康津流放期间写成《牧民心书》，系统论述地方官的施政之道，并著有《经世遗表》等五百余卷。","importance":2,"lat":34.64,"lng":126.77,"place":"全罗南道康津","title_en":"Jeong Yak-yong's Mongmin Simseo","desc_en":"Jeong Yak-yong, the great synthesizer of Silhak, wrote Mongmin Simseo in exile at Gangjin, a systematic guide to local administration, and authored over 500 volumes including Gyeongse Yupyo.","date_label_en":"1818","place_en":"Gangjin, South Jeolla"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x058","start":1818,"date_label":"约1818–1830年代","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"姆菲卡尼动荡","desc":"祖鲁王国崛起引发南部非洲大规模战乱与迁徙，恩德贝莱、科洛洛等群体远走今津巴布韦、赞比亚，人口与政治版图被重塑，史称姆菲卡尼。","importance":2,"lat":-28.3,"lng":31.4,"place":"祖鲁兰","title_en":"The Mfecane","desc_en":"The rise of the Zulu Kingdom set off large-scale war and migration across southern Africa; groups such as the Ndebele and Kololo moved to present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia, reshaping the population and political map—the Mfecane.","date_label_en":"c. 1818–1830s","place_en":"Zululand"},{"id":"southeast_asia-024","start":1819,"date_label":"1819年2月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"莱佛士开埠新加坡","desc":"英国东印度公司的莱佛士与柔佛方面签约在新加坡设立商站，实行自由港政策，新加坡迅速成为海峡地区的贸易中心。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Raffles Founds Singapore","desc_en":"East India Company officer Stamford Raffles signed an agreement with Johor to set up a trading post in Singapore under a free-port policy, and Singapore quickly became the trading hub of the Straits.","date_label_en":"Feb 1819","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"latin_america-x061","start":1819,"date_label":"1819年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"博亚卡战役","desc":"玻利瓦尔率军翻越安第斯山奇袭新格拉纳达，在博亚卡桥击败西班牙军，随后成立大哥伦比亚共和国，包括今哥伦比亚、委内瑞拉、厄瓜多尔与巴拿马。","importance":2,"lat":5.45,"lng":-73.36,"place":"博亚卡","title_en":"Battle of Boyacá","desc_en":"Bolívar led his army across the Andes in a surprise attack on New Granada, defeating the Spanish at the Boyacá bridge, then founded the Republic of Gran Colombia, comprising today's Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama.","date_label_en":"1819","place_en":"Boyacá"},{"id":"east_asia-x367","start":1821,"date_label":"1800–1821年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"伊能忠敬测绘全国","desc":"伊能忠敬五十五岁起历时十七年徒步实测日本沿海，去世后弟子于1821年完成《大日本沿海舆地全图》，精度令后来来航的英国人惊叹。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"江户(东京)","title_en":"Inō Tadataka Maps Japan","desc_en":"Starting at age 55, Inō Tadataka spent 17 years surveying Japan's coasts on foot; after his death, his disciples completed the Dai Nihon Enkai Yochi Zenzu in 1821, whose accuracy later astonished visiting Britons.","date_label_en":"1800–1821","place_en":"Edo (Tokyo)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x154","start":1821,"date_label":"约1821年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"埃及长绒棉出口","desc":"穆罕默德·阿里推广朱梅尔长绒棉并实行国家专卖，棉花成为埃及最重要出口品，也使埃及经济日益依附于欧洲纺织市场。","importance":2,"lat":31.03,"lng":31.38,"place":"尼罗河三角洲","title_en":"Egyptian Long-Staple Cotton Exports","desc_en":"Muhammad Ali promoted Jumel long-staple cotton under a state monopoly; cotton became Egypt's most important export but made its economy increasingly dependent on European textile markets.","date_label_en":"c. 1821","place_en":"Nile Delta"},{"id":"europe-x304","start":1821,"end":1830,"date_label":"1821–1830年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"希腊独立战争","desc":"希腊人起义反抗奥斯曼统治，英法俄联合舰队1827年在纳瓦里诺击溃奥斯曼-埃及舰队，1830年希腊获国际承认独立。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":22.8,"place":"纳夫普利翁","title_en":"Greek War of Independence","desc_en":"Greeks rose against Ottoman rule; in 1827 a combined British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at Navarino, and in 1830 Greece won international recognition of its independence.","date_label_en":"1821–1830","place_en":"Nafplio"},{"id":"north_america-x038","start":1821,"date_label":"1821年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"塞阔亚创制切罗基文字","desc":"切罗基人塞阔亚创制含86个符号的切罗基音节文字，短时间内多数切罗基人学会读写，1828年创办《切罗基凤凰报》。","importance":1,"lat":34.54,"lng":-84.91,"place":"新埃科塔","title_en":"Sequoyah's Cherokee Syllabary","desc_en":"Sequoyah created an 86-character Cherokee syllabary, and most Cherokee quickly learned to read and write; the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper was founded in 1828.","date_label_en":"1821","place_en":"New Echota"},{"id":"latin_america-019","start":1822,"date_label":"1822年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"巴西独立","desc":"葡萄牙王子佩德罗拒绝返回里斯本，宣布巴西独立并称帝，巴西以帝制形式和平脱离葡萄牙，1889年改行共和。","importance":2,"lat":-23.59,"lng":-46.61,"place":"圣保罗伊皮兰加","title_en":"Brazilian Independence","desc_en":"Portuguese Prince Pedro refused to return to Lisbon, declared Brazil independent, and became emperor; Brazil separated peacefully from Portugal as a monarchy and became a republic in 1889.","date_label_en":"1822","place_en":"Ipiranga, São Paulo"},{"id":"inner_asia-x080","start":1822,"end":1824,"date_label":"1822—1824年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"俄国废除哈萨克汗权","desc":"俄国颁布《西伯利亚吉尔吉斯人条例》等法令，相继废除中玉兹与小玉兹的汗位，改由俄国行政体系直接管理。","importance":1,"lat":48.0,"lng":68.0,"place":"哈萨克草原","title_en":"Russia Abolishes the Kazakh Khanates","desc_en":"Through decrees such as the Statute on the Siberian Kirghiz, Russia abolished the khanships of the Middle and Junior Jüz in turn, placing them under direct Russian administration.","date_label_en":"1822–1824","place_en":"Kazakh Steppe"},{"id":"east_asia-x368","start":1823,"date_label":"1823年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"日升昌票号","desc":"山西平遥的西裕成颜料庄改组为日升昌票号，专营异地汇兑，此后晋商票号遍布全国，有“汇通天下”之称。","importance":2,"lat":37.2,"lng":112.18,"place":"山西平遥","title_en":"Rishengchang Bank","desc_en":"The Xiyucheng dye shop in Pingyao, Shanxi, reorganized as the Rishengchang draft bank specializing in remittances between cities; Shanxi merchants' draft banks then spread nationwide, famed for 'remitting across the realm'.","date_label_en":"1823","place_en":"Pingyao, Shanxi"},{"id":"north_america-x039","start":1823,"date_label":"1823年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"门罗主义","desc":"门罗总统宣布欧洲列强不得再殖民美洲或干涉美洲独立国家，美国也不介入欧洲事务，后来成为美国主导西半球的政策基石。","importance":1,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Monroe Doctrine","desc_en":"President Monroe declared that European powers must not further colonize the Americas or interfere with independent American nations, and that the U.S. would stay out of European affairs; it later became the cornerstone of U.S. dominance in the Western Hemisphere.","date_label_en":"1823","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"southeast_asia-x065","start":1824,"date_label":"1824年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"英荷条约","desc":"英国与荷兰签约，以马六甲海峡为界划分势力范围，马来半岛归英国、苏门答腊等地归荷兰，奠定马来西亚与印尼边界雏形。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Anglo-Dutch Treaty","desc_en":"Britain and the Netherlands divided their spheres along the Strait of Malacca, with the Malay Peninsula to Britain and Sumatra and other areas to the Dutch, foreshadowing the Malaysia–Indonesia border.","date_label_en":"1824","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x066","start":1824,"end":1826,"date_label":"1824—1826年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"第一次英缅战争","desc":"英缅两国在阿萨姆、阿拉干边境冲突中开战，缅甸战败签订《杨达波条约》，割让阿拉干与丹那沙林。","importance":2,"lat":16.84,"lng":96.17,"place":"仰光","title_en":"First Anglo-Burmese War","desc_en":"Border clashes in Assam and Arakan led to war between Britain and Burma; defeated, Burma signed the Treaty of Yandabo and ceded Arakan and Tenasserim.","date_label_en":"1824–1826","place_en":"Yangon"},{"id":"europe-x305","start":1824,"date_label":"1824年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"贝多芬第九交响曲","desc":"已经失聪的贝多芬在维也纳首演第九交响曲，终乐章引入席勒《欢乐颂》合唱，开创交响曲新形式，后被定为欧盟盟歌。","importance":2,"lat":48.21,"lng":16.37,"place":"维也纳","title_en":"Beethoven's Ninth Symphony","desc_en":"The deaf Beethoven premiered his Ninth Symphony in Vienna; its finale introduced a chorus on Schiller's 'Ode to Joy', creating a new symphonic form, and it later became the anthem of the European Union.","date_label_en":"1824","place_en":"Vienna"},{"id":"europe-078","start":1825,"date_label":"1825年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"首条公共蒸汽铁路","desc":"英国斯托克顿—达灵顿铁路开通，使用斯蒂芬森的蒸汽机车；1830年利物浦—曼彻斯特铁路开通，铁路时代来临。","importance":2,"lat":54.52,"lng":-1.55,"place":"达灵顿","title_en":"First Public Steam Railway","desc_en":"Britain's Stockton and Darlington Railway opened using George Stephenson's steam locomotive; with the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, the railway age arrived.","date_label_en":"1825","place_en":"Darlington"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x067","start":1825,"end":1830,"date_label":"1825—1830年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"爪哇战争","desc":"日惹王子蒂博尼哥罗领导反荷起义，战事波及中爪哇和东爪哇，约二十万爪哇人死亡，荷兰最终诱捕蒂博尼哥罗。","importance":2,"lat":-7.8,"lng":110.36,"place":"日惹","title_en":"Java War","desc_en":"Yogyakarta prince Diponegoro led a revolt against the Dutch that spread across Central and East Java, killing some 200,000 Javanese; the Dutch eventually captured Diponegoro by deception.","date_label_en":"1825–1830","place_en":"Yogyakarta"},{"id":"europe-x306","start":1825,"date_label":"1825年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"十二月党人起义","desc":"受欧洲自由思想影响的俄国贵族军官在新沙皇尼古拉一世即位时于参议院广场起事，要求立宪和废除农奴制，被迅速镇压。","importance":2,"lat":59.94,"lng":30.31,"place":"圣彼得堡","title_en":"Decembrist Revolt","desc_en":"Russian noble officers influenced by European liberal ideas rose in Senate Square as Nicholas I took the throne, demanding a constitution and the abolition of serfdom; they were quickly crushed.","date_label_en":"1825","place_en":"St. Petersburg"},{"id":"latin_america-x062","start":1825,"date_label":"1825年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"海地独立赔款","desc":"法国以舰队相威胁，迫使海地以1.5亿法郎赔偿前奴隶主换取承认，后减为9000万法郎，海地为此长期举债，被视为其贫困的重要历史根源。","importance":1,"lat":18.54,"lng":-72.34,"place":"太子港","title_en":"Haiti's Independence Indemnity","desc_en":"Under threat from a French fleet, Haiti was forced to pay former slaveholders 150 million francs for recognition, later reduced to 90 million; Haiti borrowed for decades to pay it, considered a major historical root of its poverty.","date_label_en":"1825","place_en":"Port-au-Prince"},{"id":"north_america-x040","start":1825,"date_label":"1825年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"伊利运河通航","desc":"连接哈德逊河与伊利湖的伊利运河全长约584公里，使中西部农产品经水路直达纽约，运费骤降，纽约由此超越费城成为美国第一大港。","importance":2,"lat":42.65,"lng":-73.75,"place":"奥尔巴尼","title_en":"Erie Canal Opens","desc_en":"The roughly 584 km Erie Canal linked the Hudson River and Lake Erie, carrying Midwestern produce by water to New York; freight costs plunged and New York overtook Philadelphia as America's largest port.","date_label_en":"1825","place_en":"Albany"},{"id":"oceania-x019","start":1825,"date_label":"约1820年代","region":"oceania","dims":["经济"],"title":"澳大利亚羊毛经济","desc":"约翰·麦克阿瑟等人在新南威尔士引入并繁育美利奴羊，到1840年代羊毛成为殖民地最重要的出口品，澳大利亚逐渐成为英国毛纺工业的主要原料供应地。","importance":2,"lat":-34.05,"lng":150.7,"place":"卡姆登","title_en":"Australian Wool Economy","desc_en":"John Macarthur and others introduced and bred Merino sheep in New South Wales; by the 1840s wool was the colony's most important export, and Australia became a main supplier of raw material for Britain's woolen industry.","date_label_en":"c. 1820s","place_en":"Camden"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x068","start":1826,"date_label":"1826年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"海峡殖民地","desc":"英国将槟城、马六甲和新加坡合并为海峡殖民地，1867年改为英国直辖殖民地，新加坡后成为首府。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Straits Settlements","desc_en":"Britain combined Penang, Malacca, and Singapore into the Straits Settlements, which became a Crown colony in 1867 with Singapore later as its capital.","date_label_en":"1826","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x155","start":1826,"date_label":"1826年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"废除禁卫军","desc":"马哈茂德二世炮轰叛乱的禁卫军兵营并将其解散，史称“吉祥事件”，为建立欧式新军和此后的坦齐马特改革扫除障碍。","importance":2,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.97,"place":"伊斯坦布尔","title_en":"Abolition of the Janissaries","desc_en":"Mahmud II shelled the barracks of the mutinous Janissaries and disbanded the corps—the 'Auspicious Incident'—clearing the way for a European-style army and the later Tanzimat reforms.","date_label_en":"1826","place_en":"Istanbul"},{"id":"europe-x307","start":1826,"date_label":"约1826年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"尼埃普斯首张照片","desc":"法国发明家尼埃普斯用涂沥青的锡板曝光数小时，拍下窗外景色，即《勒格拉的窗外景色》，是现存最早的实景照片。","importance":1,"lat":46.72,"lng":4.85,"place":"圣卢德瓦雷讷","title_en":"Niépce's First Photograph","desc_en":"French inventor Nicéphore Niépce exposed a bitumen-coated pewter plate for hours to capture the view from his window, View from the Window at Le Gras—the oldest surviving photograph of a real scene.","date_label_en":"c. 1826","place_en":"Saint-Loup-de-Varennes"},{"id":"south_asia-037","start":1828,"date_label":"1828年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"罗姆·摩罕·罗易创立梵社","desc":"改革家罗姆·摩罕·罗易创立梵社，倡导一神信仰，反对寡妇殉夫与偶像崇拜；次年殖民政府立法禁止萨蒂，印度近代社会改革开端。","importance":2,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Ram Mohan Roy Founds the Brahmo Samaj","desc_en":"Reformer Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj, advocating monotheism and opposing sati and idol worship; the next year the colonial government outlawed sati, marking the start of modern Indian social reform.","date_label_en":"1828","place_en":"Kolkata (Calcutta)"},{"id":"south_asia-x118","start":1829,"date_label":"1829年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"废除萨蒂","desc":"总督本廷克在罗姆·摩罕·罗易等改革者支持下，立法禁止寡妇殉夫的萨蒂习俗，是英属印度社会立法的重要一步。","importance":2,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Abolition of Sati","desc_en":"With support from reformers such as Ram Mohan Roy, Governor-General Bentinck legally banned sati, the practice of widow immolation—an important step in British Indian social legislation.","date_label_en":"1829","place_en":"Kolkata (Calcutta)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-025","start":1830,"end":1870,"date_label":"1830年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"爪哇强迫种植制度","desc":"爪哇战争结束后，荷兰总督范登博斯推行强迫种植制度，要求农民为政府种植咖啡、甘蔗等出口作物，荷兰获巨利而爪哇多次饥荒。","importance":2,"lat":-6.13,"lng":106.81,"place":"巴达维亚","title_en":"Cultivation System in Java","desc_en":"After the Java War, Dutch Governor-General van den Bosch introduced the Cultivation System, requiring farmers to grow coffee, sugarcane, and other export crops for the government; the Netherlands reaped huge profits while Java suffered repeated famines.","date_label_en":"1830","place_en":"Batavia"},{"id":"north_america-015","start":1830,"date_label":"1830年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"《印第安人迁移法》","desc":"杰克逊政府通过《印第安人迁移法》，强迫东南部原住民迁往密西西比河以西，切罗基人被迫西迁的“血泪之路”造成数千人死亡。","importance":2,"lat":34.54,"lng":-84.91,"place":"新埃科塔","title_en":"Indian Removal Act","desc_en":"The Jackson administration passed the Indian Removal Act, forcing Indigenous peoples of the Southeast west of the Mississippi; the Cherokee's forced march, the 'Trail of Tears', killed thousands.","date_label_en":"1830","place_en":"New Echota"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x156","start":1830,"date_label":"1830年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"法国占领阿尔及尔","desc":"法国以“扇击事件”为借口出兵攻占阿尔及尔，阿卜杜·卡迪尔领导抵抗至1847年，阿尔及利亚沦为法国殖民地达132年。","importance":2,"lat":36.78,"lng":3.06,"place":"阿尔及尔","title_en":"France Captures Algiers","desc_en":"Using the 'Fly Whisk Incident' as a pretext, France seized Algiers; Abd al-Qadir led resistance until 1847, and Algeria remained a French colony for 132 years.","date_label_en":"1830","place_en":"Algiers"},{"id":"europe-x308","start":1830,"date_label":"1830年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"七月革命与比利时独立","desc":"巴黎七月革命推翻复辟的波旁王朝，路易-菲利普即位；同年布鲁塞尔起义，比利时脱离荷兰独立，1839年获永久中立保证。","importance":2,"lat":50.85,"lng":4.35,"place":"布鲁塞尔","title_en":"July Revolution and Belgian Independence","desc_en":"The July Revolution in Paris overthrew the restored Bourbons and brought Louis-Philippe to the throne; that same year an uprising in Brussels led Belgium to break from the Netherlands, gaining a guarantee of perpetual neutrality in 1839.","date_label_en":"1830","place_en":"Brussels"},{"id":"north_america-x041","start":1830,"date_label":"1830年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"巴尔的摩—俄亥俄铁路","desc":"美国第一条公共载客铁路巴尔的摩—俄亥俄铁路开始营运，此后铁路网迅速扩张，到1860年美国铁路总里程居世界首位。","importance":1,"lat":39.29,"lng":-76.61,"place":"巴尔的摩","title_en":"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad","desc_en":"The Baltimore and Ohio, America's first public passenger railroad, began service; the rail network expanded rapidly, and by 1860 the U.S. had the most railroad mileage in the world.","date_label_en":"1830","place_en":"Baltimore"},{"id":"east_asia-x369","start":1831,"date_label":"约1831年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"葛饰北斋《神奈川冲浪里》","desc":"浮世绘画师葛饰北斋发表《富岳三十六景》系列，其中《神奈川冲浪里》流传世界，浮世绘后来深刻影响了欧洲印象派画家。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"江户(东京)","title_en":"Hokusai's Great Wave","desc_en":"Ukiyo-e artist Katsushika Hokusai published the Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, including The Great Wave off Kanagawa, which became world-famous; ukiyo-e later profoundly influenced European Impressionists.","date_label_en":"c. 1831","place_en":"Edo (Tokyo)"},{"id":"europe-x309","start":1831,"date_label":"1831年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"法拉第电磁感应","desc":"法拉第在英国皇家研究所发现变化的磁场能在导体中感生电流，制成最早的发电机雏形，为电力工业奠定理论基础。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.14,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction","desc_en":"At Britain's Royal Institution, Michael Faraday discovered that a changing magnetic field induces current in a conductor and built the first rudimentary generator, laying the theoretical foundation of the electric power industry.","date_label_en":"1831","place_en":"London"},{"id":"north_america-x042","start":1831,"date_label":"1831年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"废奴运动兴起","desc":"威廉·劳埃德·加里森在波士顿创办《解放者》报，主张立即无条件废除奴隶制，同年弗吉尼亚发生纳特·特纳奴隶起义，南北对奴隶制的冲突加剧。","importance":1,"lat":42.36,"lng":-71.06,"place":"波士顿","title_en":"Rise of Abolitionism","desc_en":"William Lloyd Garrison founded The Liberator in Boston, demanding immediate, unconditional abolition of slavery; the same year Nat Turner's slave revolt erupted in Virginia, sharpening North–South conflict over slavery.","date_label_en":"1831","place_en":"Boston"},{"id":"europe-x310","start":1832,"date_label":"1832年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"英国议会改革","desc":"《1832年改革法》取消“衰败选区”，把议席分配给曼彻斯特等工业城市，并扩大中产阶级选举权，开启英国渐进式议会改革。","importance":2,"lat":51.5,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Great Reform Act","desc_en":"The Reform Act of 1832 abolished 'rotten boroughs', reallocated seats to industrial cities such as Manchester, and widened middle-class suffrage, beginning Britain's gradual parliamentary reform.","date_label_en":"1832","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-x311","start":1833,"date_label":"1833年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"英国废除奴隶制","desc":"英国议会通过《废奴法》，在大英帝国大部分殖民地废除奴隶制，并向奴隶主支付2000万英镑补偿；同年《工厂法》限制童工工时。","importance":2,"lat":51.5,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Britain Abolishes Slavery","desc_en":"Parliament passed the Slavery Abolition Act, ending slavery in most British colonies and paying slaveholders £20 million in compensation; the same year the Factory Act limited child labor hours.","date_label_en":"1833","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-x312","start":1834,"date_label":"1834年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"德意志关税同盟","desc":"在普鲁士主导下德意志多数邦国组成关税同盟，取消内部关税、统一对外税则，促进了铁路与工业发展，也为普鲁士统一德国铺路。","importance":2,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.4,"place":"柏林","title_en":"German Customs Union","desc_en":"Under Prussian leadership most German states formed the Zollverein, abolishing internal tariffs and unifying external duties, which boosted railways and industry and paved the way for Prussia's unification of Germany.","date_label_en":"1834","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-022","start":1835,"end":1846,"date_label":"1835—约1846年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"布尔人大迁徙","desc":"因不满英国在开普殖民地废奴等政策，数千布尔人赶着牛车向内陆迁徙，后建立德兰士瓦和奥兰治自由邦等布尔人共和国，与当地非洲民族冲突不断。","importance":1,"lat":-32.25,"lng":24.53,"place":"格拉夫-里内特","title_en":"The Great Trek","desc_en":"Resenting British policies in the Cape Colony such as the abolition of slavery, thousands of Boers trekked inland by ox wagon, later founding Boer republics including the Transvaal and the Orange Free State amid constant conflict with African peoples.","date_label_en":"1835–c. 1846","place_en":"Graaff-Reinet"},{"id":"south_asia-x119","start":1835,"date_label":"1835年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"麦考莱教育纪要","desc":"麦考莱主张以英语推行西式教育，培养\"在血统上是印度人、在品味上是英国人\"的中介阶层，此后英语成为高等教育语言。","importance":2,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Macaulay's Minute on Education","desc_en":"Thomas Macaulay advocated Western education in English to create an intermediary class 'Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste'; English thereafter became the language of higher education.","date_label_en":"1835","place_en":"Kolkata (Calcutta)"},{"id":"north_america-x043","start":1836,"date_label":"1836年","region":"north_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"得克萨斯革命","desc":"得克萨斯的美裔移民反叛墨西哥，阿拉莫守军全部战死，随后在圣哈辛托俘虏桑塔·安纳，得克萨斯共和国成立，1845年并入美国。","importance":1,"lat":29.43,"lng":-98.49,"place":"圣安东尼奥","title_en":"Texas Revolution","desc_en":"American settlers in Texas rebelled against Mexico; the Alamo's defenders all died, but Santa Anna was then captured at San Jacinto, the Republic of Texas was founded, and it joined the United States in 1845.","date_label_en":"1836","place_en":"San Antonio"},{"id":"east_asia-x370","start":1837,"date_label":"1837年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"大盐平八郎之乱","desc":"天保大饥荒中，大坂町奉行所前与力、阳明学者大盐平八郎因官府不救济饥民而率众起事，虽半日即被镇压，却震动幕府。","importance":1,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.5,"place":"大阪","title_en":"Ōshio Heihachirō's Rebellion","desc_en":"During the Tenpō famine, Ōshio Heihachirō, a former Osaka magistrate's officer and Wang Yangming scholar, led an uprising because the authorities refused to relieve the starving; though crushed within half a day, it shook the shogunate.","date_label_en":"1837","place_en":"Osaka"},{"id":"europe-x313","start":1837,"date_label":"1837年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"普希金之死","desc":"俄国诗人普希金在决斗中受重伤去世，他的《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》等作品确立了现代俄语文学语言，被尊为“俄国诗歌的太阳”。","importance":1,"lat":59.94,"lng":30.31,"place":"圣彼得堡","title_en":"Death of Pushkin","desc_en":"Russian poet Alexander Pushkin died of wounds from a duel; works such as Eugene Onegin established the modern Russian literary language, and he is revered as 'the sun of Russian poetry'.","date_label_en":"1837","place_en":"St. Petersburg"},{"id":"north_america-x044","start":1837,"date_label":"1837年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"迪尔钢犁","desc":"铁匠约翰·迪尔制成钢制犁，能翻耕中西部黏重的草原土壤，推动大草原农业开发，迪尔公司后来成为世界最大农机企业之一。","importance":1,"lat":41.89,"lng":-89.41,"place":"格兰德迪图尔","title_en":"Deere's Steel Plow","desc_en":"Blacksmith John Deere made a steel plow that could break the heavy prairie soils of the Midwest, driving agricultural development of the prairies; his company later became one of the world's largest farm-machinery makers.","date_label_en":"1837","place_en":"Grand Detour"},{"id":"global-x012","start":1838,"date_label":"1838年","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"蒸汽船定期横渡大西洋","desc":"1838年“天狼星号”与“大西方号”以蒸汽动力横渡大西洋，开启定期跨洋蒸汽航运，远洋航行不再依赖风向，大幅提高了时效。","importance":1,"title_en":"Regular Transatlantic Steamships","desc_en":"In 1838 the Sirius and the Great Western crossed the Atlantic under steam, launching regular transoceanic steam service; ocean voyages no longer depended on the wind and became far faster.","date_label_en":"1838"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x157","start":1838,"date_label":"1838年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"英土通商条约","desc":"奥斯曼与英国签订巴尔塔利曼条约，废除国家专卖并设低关税，英国工业品大量涌入，本土手工业受冲击。","importance":2,"lat":41.08,"lng":29.05,"place":"巴尔塔利曼","title_en":"Anglo-Ottoman Commercial Treaty","desc_en":"The Ottomans and Britain signed the Treaty of Balta Liman, abolishing state monopolies and setting low tariffs; British manufactures poured in, hurting local handicrafts.","date_label_en":"1838","place_en":"Balta Liman"},{"id":"europe-x314","start":1838,"end":1848,"date_label":"1838–1848年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"宪章运动","desc":"英国工人以《人民宪章》争取成年男子普选权、秘密投票等六项要求，多次递交百万人签名请愿，虽遭拒绝，但诉求后来大多实现。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Chartism","desc_en":"British workers campaigned under the People's Charter for six demands including universal male suffrage and the secret ballot, repeatedly presenting petitions with millions of signatures; though rejected, most of the demands were later realized.","date_label_en":"1838–1848","place_en":"London"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-062","start":1839,"end":1876,"date_label":"1839—1876年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"坦齐马特改革","desc":"奥斯曼颁布花厅御诏，推行法律、教育、军事与行政的西化改革，1876年颁布帝国首部宪法。","importance":2,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.98,"place":"伊斯坦布尔","title_en":"Tanzimat Reforms","desc_en":"The Ottomans issued the Edict of Gülhane and pursued Westernizing reforms in law, education, the military, and administration, promulgating the empire's first constitution in 1876.","date_label_en":"1839–1876","place_en":"Istanbul"},{"id":"east_asia-x371","start":1839,"date_label":"1839年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"虎门销烟","desc":"钦差大臣林则徐在广州严禁鸦片，收缴英美商人鸦片两百余万斤，于虎门海滩当众销毁，成为英国发动鸦片战争的借口。","importance":2,"lat":22.81,"lng":113.67,"place":"东莞虎门","title_en":"Destruction of Opium at Humen","desc_en":"Imperial commissioner Lin Zexu banned opium in Guangzhou, confiscated over a million kilograms from British and American merchants, and publicly destroyed it on the beach at Humen, which Britain used as a pretext for the Opium War.","date_label_en":"1839","place_en":"Humen, Dongguan"},{"id":"south_asia-x120","start":1839,"end":1842,"date_label":"1839—1842年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"第一次英阿战争","desc":"英国为对抗俄国影响入侵阿富汗扶植傀儡，1842年英军从喀布尔撤退时几乎全军覆没，成为大博弈中的惨败。","importance":2,"lat":34.53,"lng":69.17,"place":"喀布尔","title_en":"First Anglo-Afghan War","desc_en":"To counter Russian influence, Britain invaded Afghanistan and installed a puppet; in 1842 the British army was almost wiped out retreating from Kabul—a disaster of the Great Game.","date_label_en":"1839–1842","place_en":"Kabul"},{"id":"south_asia-x121","start":1839,"date_label":"1839年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"阿萨姆茶业起步","desc":"阿萨姆公司成立，开始商业化种植本地阿萨姆茶，打破中国对茶叶供应的垄断，印度后来成为世界主要产茶国。","importance":2,"lat":26.14,"lng":91.74,"place":"阿萨姆","title_en":"Assam Tea Industry Begins","desc_en":"The Assam Company was founded and began commercial cultivation of native Assam tea, breaking China's monopoly on tea supply; India later became one of the world's main tea producers.","date_label_en":"1839","place_en":"Assam"},{"id":"europe-x315","start":1839,"date_label":"1839年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"达盖尔照相术","desc":"法国政府公布达盖尔发明的银版照相法并将专利赠予世界，摄影术迅速普及，改变了新闻、艺术与记忆的保存方式。","importance":2,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.34,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Daguerreotype","desc_en":"The French government announced Louis Daguerre's daguerreotype process and gave the patent to the world; photography spread rapidly, transforming journalism, art, and how memories are preserved.","date_label_en":"1839","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"east_asia-075","start":1840,"end":1842,"date_label":"1840–1842年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"鸦片战争","desc":"英国因清朝禁烟发动鸦片战争，清朝战败签订《南京条约》，割让香港岛、开放五口通商，中国近代史开端。","importance":3,"lat":23.13,"lng":113.26,"place":"广州","title_en":"Opium War","desc_en":"Britain launched the Opium War in response to the Qing ban on opium; defeated, the Qing signed the Treaty of Nanjing, ceding Hong Kong Island and opening five treaty ports—the beginning of China's modern history.","date_label_en":"1840–1842","place_en":"Guangzhou"},{"id":"oceania-011","start":1840,"date_label":"1840年2月6日","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"《怀唐伊条约》","desc":"英国代表与数百名毛利酋长签订《怀唐伊条约》，新西兰成为英国殖民地，但英文与毛利文本在主权问题上理解不同，至今影响新西兰政治。","importance":3,"lat":-35.27,"lng":174.08,"place":"怀唐伊","title_en":"Treaty of Waitangi","desc_en":"British representatives and hundreds of Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, making New Zealand a British colony; the English and Māori texts differ on sovereignty, which still shapes New Zealand politics.","date_label_en":"6 Feb 1840","place_en":"Waitangi"},{"id":"europe-x316","start":1840,"date_label":"1840年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"便士邮政与黑便士","desc":"英国推行罗兰·希尔的邮政改革，全国统一按重量预付一便士邮资，发行世界第一枚邮票“黑便士”，信件量迅速激增。","importance":1,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Penny Post and the Penny Black","desc_en":"Britain adopted Rowland Hill's postal reform, with a uniform prepaid penny rate by weight nationwide, and issued the world's first postage stamp, the Penny Black; mail volume soared.","date_label_en":"1840","place_en":"London"},{"id":"latin_america-x063","start":1840,"end":1879,"date_label":"约1840–1879年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"秘鲁鸟粪繁荣","desc":"秘鲁钦查群岛积存的海鸟粪是优质肥料，大量出口欧美，鸟粪收入一度占秘鲁财政大半，大批华工在恶劣条件下开采，繁荣随资源耗竭与太平洋战争而终结。","importance":2,"lat":-13.64,"lng":-76.4,"place":"钦查群岛","title_en":"Peru's Guano Boom","desc_en":"Seabird guano piled on Peru's Chincha Islands was a superb fertilizer exported in bulk to Europe and North America; guano revenue at times supplied most of Peru's state income, mined by many Chinese laborers in harsh conditions, until the boom ended with depletion and the War of the Pacific.","date_label_en":"c. 1840–1879","place_en":"Chincha Islands"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x059","start":1840,"date_label":"1840年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"桑给巴尔丁香经济","desc":"阿曼苏丹赛义德将宫廷迁到桑给巴尔，大力发展丁香种植园，使桑给巴尔成为世界最大丁香产地，同时也是东非奴隶与象牙贸易的中心。","importance":2,"lat":-6.16,"lng":39.19,"place":"桑给巴尔","title_en":"Zanzibar's Clove Economy","desc_en":"Sultan Said of Oman moved his court to Zanzibar and expanded clove plantations, making Zanzibar the world's largest clove producer as well as the center of East Africa's slave and ivory trade.","date_label_en":"1840","place_en":"Zanzibar"},{"id":"east_asia-x372","start":1842,"date_label":"1842年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"《南京条约》","desc":"鸦片战争失败后清政府与英国签订《南京条约》，割让香港岛，赔款2100万银元，开放广州、厦门、福州、宁波、上海五口通商。","importance":3,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"南京","title_en":"Treaty of Nanjing","desc_en":"After losing the Opium War, the Qing signed the Treaty of Nanjing with Britain, ceding Hong Kong Island, paying an indemnity of 21 million silver dollars, and opening Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai to trade.","date_label_en":"1842","place_en":"Nanjing"},{"id":"europe-x317","start":1842,"date_label":"1842年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"多普勒效应","desc":"奥地利物理学家多普勒在布拉格提出，波源与观察者相对运动时观测到的频率会改变，这一效应后广泛用于天文学、雷达和医学超声。","importance":1,"lat":50.09,"lng":14.42,"place":"布拉格","title_en":"Doppler Effect","desc_en":"Austrian physicist Christian Doppler proposed in Prague that the observed frequency of a wave changes when source and observer move relative to each other; the effect is now widely used in astronomy, radar, and medical ultrasound.","date_label_en":"1842","place_en":"Prague"},{"id":"east_asia-x373","start":1843,"date_label":"1843年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"魏源《海国图志》","desc":"魏源受林则徐嘱托，在《四洲志》基础上编成《海国图志》，介绍世界各国史地，提出“师夷长技以制夷”，后对日本维新派影响很大。","importance":2,"lat":32.39,"lng":119.41,"place":"扬州","title_en":"Wei Yuan's Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms","desc_en":"At Lin Zexu's request, Wei Yuan expanded the Sizhou Zhi into the Haiguo Tuzhi, introducing the history and geography of the world's nations and urging China to 'learn the barbarians' superior techniques to control them'; it greatly influenced Japanese reformers.","date_label_en":"1843","place_en":"Yangzhou"},{"id":"europe-x318","start":1843,"date_label":"1843年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"克尔凯郭尔《非此即彼》","desc":"丹麦哲学家克尔凯郭尔出版《非此即彼》，强调个体的选择、焦虑与信仰的飞跃，被视为存在主义哲学的先驱。","importance":1,"lat":55.68,"lng":12.57,"place":"哥本哈根","title_en":"Kierkegaard's Either/Or","desc_en":"Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard published Either/Or, emphasizing individual choice, anxiety, and the leap of faith; he is regarded as a forerunner of existentialism.","date_label_en":"1843","place_en":"Copenhagen"},{"id":"north_america-x045","start":1843,"date_label":"1840年代","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"俄勒冈小道","desc":"数十万移民从密苏里独立城出发，沿约3500公里的俄勒冈小道乘篷车西迁至俄勒冈与加州，推动美国领土与经济向太平洋沿岸扩展。","importance":1,"lat":39.09,"lng":-94.42,"place":"独立城","title_en":"Oregon Trail","desc_en":"Hundreds of thousands of emigrants set out from Independence, Missouri, traveling by covered wagon some 3,500 km along the Oregon Trail to Oregon and California, extending U.S. territory and economy to the Pacific coast.","date_label_en":"1840s","place_en":"Independence"},{"id":"global-x013","start":1844,"date_label":"1844年5月","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"莫尔斯电报投入使用","desc":"1844年莫尔斯在华盛顿与巴尔的摩之间发出“上帝创造了何等奇迹”，电报网随后遍布各大洲，信息传递首次快于人与货物。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"美国华盛顿","title_en":"Morse Telegraph Goes into Service","desc_en":"In 1844 Samuel Morse sent 'What hath God wrought' between Washington and Baltimore; telegraph networks soon spanned every continent, and information traveled faster than people and goods for the first time.","date_label_en":"May 1844","place_en":"Washington, D.C., USA"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x158","start":1844,"date_label":"1844年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"巴布运动与巴哈伊教","desc":"设拉子的赛义德·阿里·穆罕默德自称“巴布”，宣扬新启示，遭卡扎尔政府镇压；其追随者巴哈欧拉后创立巴哈伊教。","importance":1,"lat":29.61,"lng":52.53,"place":"设拉子","title_en":"Bábí Movement and the Baháʼí Faith","desc_en":"Sayyid Ali Muhammad of Shiraz proclaimed himself the 'Báb' and preached a new revelation, which the Qajar government suppressed; his follower Baháʼu'lláh later founded the Baháʼí Faith.","date_label_en":"1844","place_en":"Shiraz"},{"id":"north_america-x046","start":1844,"date_label":"1844年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"莫尔斯电报","desc":"萨缪尔·莫尔斯从华盛顿向巴尔的摩发出电报“上帝创造了何等奇迹”，电报网随后与铁路同步扩展，信息传递首次与交通运输分离。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Morse Telegraph","desc_en":"Samuel Morse telegraphed 'What hath God wrought' from Washington to Baltimore; the telegraph network then expanded alongside the railroads, separating communication from transportation for the first time.","date_label_en":"1844","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"europe-x319","start":1845,"end":1852,"date_label":"1845–1852年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"爱尔兰大饥荒","desc":"马铃薯晚疫病连年摧毁爱尔兰主粮，约100万人死亡、逾百万人移民北美，爱尔兰人口锐减，对英国统治的怨恨加深。","importance":2,"lat":53.35,"lng":-6.26,"place":"都柏林","title_en":"Great Irish Famine","desc_en":"Potato blight destroyed Ireland's staple crop year after year; about a million people died and over a million emigrated to North America, sharply reducing Ireland's population and deepening resentment of British rule.","date_label_en":"1845–1852","place_en":"Dublin"},{"id":"oceania-x020","start":1845,"end":1872,"date_label":"1845–1872年","region":"oceania","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"新西兰战争","desc":"毛利人与殖民政府围绕土地爆发一系列战争，1863年殖民军入侵怀卡托，战后政府大规模没收毛利土地，影响延续至今日的怀唐伊条约赔偿。","importance":2,"lat":-37.43,"lng":175.13,"place":"朗伊里里","title_en":"New Zealand Wars","desc_en":"A series of wars over land broke out between Māori and the colonial government; colonial forces invaded the Waikato in 1863, and the government later confiscated Māori land on a massive scale, with effects lasting into today's Treaty of Waitangi settlements.","date_label_en":"1845–1872","place_en":"Rangiriri"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x060","start":1845,"date_label":"约1840年代","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"塞内加尔花生贸易","desc":"法国工业对油脂需求激增，塞内加尔与冈比亚农民大量种植花生出口，“合法贸易”取代奴隶贸易，花生经济塑造了塞内加尔的殖民经济结构。","importance":1,"lat":16.03,"lng":-16.5,"place":"圣路易","title_en":"Senegal's Peanut Trade","desc_en":"As French industry's demand for oils surged, farmers in Senegal and the Gambia grew peanuts for export on a large scale; this 'legitimate trade' replaced the slave trade, and the peanut economy shaped Senegal's colonial economic structure.","date_label_en":"c. 1840s","place_en":"Saint-Louis"},{"id":"north_america-016","start":1846,"end":1848,"date_label":"1846—1848年","region":"north_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"美墨战争","desc":"美国与墨西哥因得克萨斯边界开战，战后《瓜达卢佩-伊达尔戈条约》使墨西哥割让加利福尼亚、新墨西哥等大片领土，美国疆域扩展至太平洋。","importance":2,"lat":19.48,"lng":-99.12,"place":"瓜达卢佩伊达尔戈","title_en":"Mexican–American War","desc_en":"The United States and Mexico went to war over the Texas border; the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo then forced Mexico to cede California, New Mexico, and other vast territories, extending the U.S. to the Pacific.","date_label_en":"1846–1848","place_en":"Guadalupe Hidalgo"},{"id":"europe-x320","start":1846,"date_label":"1846年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"英国废除《谷物法》","desc":"在反谷物法同盟推动下，首相皮尔废除保护地主利益的粮食进口关税，英国转向自由贸易，工业资本家影响力上升。","importance":2,"lat":51.5,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Repeal of the Corn Laws","desc_en":"Pressed by the Anti-Corn Law League, Prime Minister Robert Peel repealed grain import duties that protected landowners; Britain turned to free trade as industrial capitalists gained influence.","date_label_en":"1846","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-x321","start":1847,"date_label":"1847年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"塞麦尔维斯推行洗手消毒","desc":"维也纳总医院医生塞麦尔维斯发现医生用漂白粉溶液洗手可使产褥热死亡率大幅下降，但其观点生前遭排斥，后被视为抗感染先驱。","importance":2,"lat":48.22,"lng":16.35,"place":"维也纳","title_en":"Semmelweis and Handwashing","desc_en":"Ignaz Semmelweis, a doctor at Vienna General Hospital, found that having doctors wash their hands in chlorinated lime solution sharply cut deaths from childbed fever; rejected in his lifetime, he is now seen as a pioneer of infection control.","date_label_en":"1847","place_en":"Vienna"},{"id":"latin_america-x064","start":1847,"date_label":"1847年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"华工抵达古巴","desc":"首批华工于1847年乘船抵达哈瓦那，此后十余万华工以契约劳工身份被运往古巴甘蔗园，遭受类似奴隶的待遇，1874年清政府派员调查后贸易逐步停止。","importance":1,"lat":23.14,"lng":-82.36,"place":"哈瓦那","title_en":"Chinese Laborers Arrive in Cuba","desc_en":"The first Chinese laborers reached Havana by ship in 1847; over the following decades more than 100,000 were shipped to Cuba's sugar plantations as indentured workers and treated much like slaves, until the trade wound down after a Qing investigation in 1874.","date_label_en":"1847","place_en":"Havana"},{"id":"latin_america-x065","start":1847,"end":1901,"date_label":"1847–1901年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"尤卡坦种姓战争","desc":"尤卡坦的玛雅农民起义反抗白人与混血精英，一度逼近梅里达，后据守东部建立“会说话的十字架”圣地政权，战事断续延续半个世纪。","importance":1,"lat":20.69,"lng":-88.2,"place":"巴利亚多利德","title_en":"Caste War of Yucatán","desc_en":"Maya peasants in Yucatán rose against white and mestizo elites, at one point nearing Mérida; they then held the east and founded the 'Talking Cross' shrine state, with fighting continuing on and off for half a century.","date_label_en":"1847–1901","place_en":"Valladolid"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x061","start":1847,"date_label":"1847年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"利比里亚独立","desc":"1822年起由美国殖民协会安置获释黑人建立的利比里亚宣布独立，成为非洲第一个现代共和国，但美裔移民精英长期压制本土居民。","importance":1,"lat":6.3,"lng":-10.8,"place":"蒙罗维亚","title_en":"Liberian Independence","desc_en":"Liberia, settled from 1822 by freed Black Americans under the American Colonization Society, declared independence as Africa's first modern republic, though the Americo-Liberian elite long dominated the indigenous population.","date_label_en":"1847","place_en":"Monrovia"},{"id":"europe-079","start":1848,"date_label":"1848年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"1848年革命与《共产党宣言》","desc":"巴黎、维也纳、柏林等地相继爆发革命，要求宪政与民族统一；同年马克思与恩格斯发表《共产党宣言》。","importance":3,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.35,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Revolutions of 1848 and the Communist Manifesto","desc_en":"Revolutions broke out in Paris, Vienna, Berlin, and elsewhere, demanding constitutions and national unification; the same year Marx and Engels published The Communist Manifesto.","date_label_en":"1848","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"north_america-017","start":1848,"end":1855,"date_label":"1848—1855年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"加州淘金热","desc":"1848年加州萨特磨坊发现黄金，引发全球数十万人涌入加州，旧金山迅速崛起，其中包括大量华人移民，加州1850年成为美国一州。","importance":1,"lat":38.8,"lng":-120.89,"place":"科洛马萨特磨坊","title_en":"California Gold Rush","desc_en":"Gold was found at Sutter's Mill, California, in 1848, drawing hundreds of thousands from around the world, including many Chinese immigrants; San Francisco boomed and California became a state in 1850.","date_label_en":"1848–1855","place_en":"Sutter's Mill, Coloma"},{"id":"north_america-x047","start":1848,"date_label":"1848年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"塞尼卡福尔斯大会","desc":"伊丽莎白·卡迪·斯坦顿等人召开美国首次妇女权利大会，发表《情感宣言》，提出“男女生而平等”并要求选举权，开启美国妇女运动。","importance":2,"lat":42.91,"lng":-76.8,"place":"塞尼卡福尔斯","title_en":"Seneca Falls Convention","desc_en":"Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others held America's first women's rights convention, issuing the Declaration of Sentiments, which proclaimed that 'all men and women are created equal' and demanded the vote, launching the U.S. women's movement.","date_label_en":"1848","place_en":"Seneca Falls"},{"id":"oceania-x021","start":1848,"date_label":"1848年","region":"oceania","dims":["经济"],"title":"夏威夷土地大分配","desc":"夏威夷国王卡美哈梅哈三世推行“大马赫勒”土地改革，将土地划分为王室、政府与酋长所有，并允许私有买卖，外国人随后大量购地发展甘蔗种植园。","importance":1,"lat":21.31,"lng":-157.86,"place":"檀香山","title_en":"The Great Māhele","desc_en":"Hawaii's King Kamehameha III enacted the Great Māhele land reform, dividing land among the crown, government, and chiefs and allowing private sale; foreigners then bought large tracts for sugar plantations.","date_label_en":"1848","place_en":"Honolulu"},{"id":"east_asia-076","start":1851,"end":1864,"date_label":"1851–1864年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"太平天国运动","desc":"洪秀全在广西金田起义建立太平天国，1853年定都天京（南京），战争波及十余省，死亡人数以千万计。","importance":2,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"天京(南京)","title_en":"Taiping Rebellion","desc_en":"Hong Xiuquan rose at Jintian, Guangxi, founding the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with its capital at Tianjing (Nanjing) from 1853; the war engulfed more than ten provinces and killed tens of millions.","date_label_en":"1851–1864","place_en":"Tianjing (Nanjing)"},{"id":"oceania-012","start":1851,"end":1860,"date_label":"1850年代","region":"oceania","dims":["经济"],"title":"澳大利亚淘金热","desc":"1851年新南威尔士和维多利亚发现金矿，移民大量涌入，墨尔本迅速成为富庶大城，大量华人淘金者到来，也催生了后来的排华政策。","importance":2,"lat":-37.56,"lng":143.85,"place":"巴拉瑞特","title_en":"Australian Gold Rush","desc_en":"Gold was discovered in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851, and immigrants poured in; Melbourne quickly became a wealthy city, and the arrival of many Chinese miners also gave rise to later anti-Chinese policies.","date_label_en":"1850s","place_en":"Ballarat"},{"id":"europe-x322","start":1851,"date_label":"1851年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"伦敦万国博览会","desc":"首届世界博览会在海德公园的水晶宫举办，展出各国工业产品与机器，展示英国“世界工厂”地位，开创了现代世博会传统。","importance":2,"lat":51.5,"lng":-0.17,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Great Exhibition in London","desc_en":"The first world's fair was held in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, displaying industrial products and machines from many nations and showcasing Britain as the 'workshop of the world'; it began the modern World Expo tradition.","date_label_en":"1851","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-x323","start":1852,"date_label":"1852年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"动产信贷银行","desc":"佩雷尔兄弟在巴黎创办动产信贷银行，吸收公众资金投资铁路与工业，开创现代投资银行模式，推动了第二帝国的经济繁荣。","importance":1,"lat":48.87,"lng":2.34,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Crédit Mobilier","desc_en":"The Péreire brothers founded the Crédit Mobilier in Paris, gathering public funds to invest in railways and industry; it pioneered the modern investment bank and fueled the Second Empire's economic boom.","date_label_en":"1852","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"north_america-x048","start":1852,"date_label":"1852年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"《汤姆叔叔的小屋》","desc":"哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托出版小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》，揭露奴隶制的残酷，首年在美国售出约30万册，深刻影响北方舆论。","importance":2,"lat":43.91,"lng":-69.96,"place":"布伦瑞克","title_en":"Uncle Tom's Cabin","desc_en":"Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin, exposing the cruelty of slavery; it sold about 300,000 copies in the U.S. in its first year and profoundly swayed Northern opinion.","date_label_en":"1852","place_en":"Brunswick"},{"id":"east_asia-077","start":1853,"date_label":"1853年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"黑船来航","desc":"美国海军准将佩里率舰队驶入江户湾，次年迫使幕府签订《日美和亲条约》，日本结束两百余年锁国。","importance":2,"lat":35.25,"lng":139.72,"place":"浦贺","title_en":"Arrival of the Black Ships","desc_en":"U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry sailed a squadron into Edo Bay and the next year compelled the shogunate to sign the Convention of Kanagawa, ending more than two centuries of Japanese seclusion.","date_label_en":"1853","place_en":"Uraga"},{"id":"south_asia-038","start":1853,"date_label":"1853年4月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"印度首条客运铁路","desc":"孟买至塔纳的铁路通车，全长约34公里；此后铁路网迅速扩展，便利原料出口与军队调动，也促进了全印度的人员与观念流动。","importance":2,"lat":18.94,"lng":72.84,"place":"孟买","title_en":"India's First Passenger Railway","desc_en":"The roughly 34 km railway from Bombay to Thane opened; the network expanded rapidly thereafter, easing raw-material exports and troop movements while also spurring the movement of people and ideas across India.","date_label_en":"Apr 1853","place_en":"Mumbai (Bombay)"},{"id":"europe-080","start":1853,"end":1856,"date_label":"1853—1856年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"克里米亚战争","desc":"英法与奥斯曼联合对俄作战，围攻塞瓦斯托波尔，俄国战败；南丁格尔在战地改革护理，战争暴露俄国落后。","importance":1,"lat":44.62,"lng":33.53,"place":"塞瓦斯托波尔","title_en":"Crimean War","desc_en":"Britain, France, and the Ottomans fought Russia together, besieging Sevastopol; Russia lost, Florence Nightingale reformed battlefield nursing, and the war exposed Russia's backwardness.","date_label_en":"1853–1856","place_en":"Sevastopol"},{"id":"europe-x324","start":1853,"end":1870,"date_label":"1853–1870年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"奥斯曼改造巴黎","desc":"塞纳省长奥斯曼奉拿破仑三世之命拆除中世纪街巷，修建林荫大道、公园和下水道系统，奠定今日巴黎城市格局，影响各国城市规划。","importance":2,"lat":48.87,"lng":2.33,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Haussmann's Renovation of Paris","desc_en":"Seine Prefect Georges-Eugène Haussmann, commissioned by Napoleon III, cleared medieval streets and built boulevards, parks, and sewers, creating the layout of today's Paris and influencing urban planning worldwide.","date_label_en":"1853–1870","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"east_asia-x374","start":1854,"date_label":"1854年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"《日美和亲条约》","desc":"佩里再次来航，幕府在神奈川与美国签订和亲条约，开放下田、箱馆两港，日本两百余年的锁国体制宣告结束。","importance":2,"lat":35.44,"lng":139.64,"place":"横滨","title_en":"Convention of Kanagawa","desc_en":"On Perry's return, the shogunate signed a treaty of peace and amity with the U.S. at Kanagawa, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate and ending Japan's two-century policy of seclusion.","date_label_en":"1854","place_en":"Yokohama"},{"id":"south_asia-x122","start":1854,"date_label":"1854年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"孟买首家纺织厂","desc":"帕西商人考瓦斯吉·达瓦尔在孟买创办机器纺纱厂，此后孟买纺织业迅速扩张，成为印度近代工业的起点之一。","importance":2,"lat":18.93,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Bombay's First Textile Mill","desc_en":"Parsi merchant Cowasji Davar founded a mechanized spinning mill in Bombay; Bombay's textile industry then expanded rapidly, one of the starting points of modern Indian industry.","date_label_en":"1854","place_en":"Mumbai (Bombay)"},{"id":"south_asia-x123","start":1854,"date_label":"1854年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"印度电报网开通","desc":"加尔各答至阿格拉等地电报线路向公众开放，到1857年电报网已覆盖数千英里，在镇压大起义中发挥了作用。","importance":1,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Indian Telegraph Network Opens","desc_en":"Telegraph lines from Calcutta to Agra and elsewhere opened to the public; by 1857 the network covered thousands of miles and played a role in suppressing the Great Rebellion.","date_label_en":"1854","place_en":"Kolkata (Calcutta)"},{"id":"inner_asia-x082","start":1854,"date_label":"1854年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"维尔内要塞","desc":"俄国在外伊犁阿拉套山麓建立维尔内要塞，后发展为七河省省城，即今哈萨克斯坦最大城市阿拉木图的前身。","importance":1,"lat":43.24,"lng":76.95,"place":"阿拉木图","title_en":"Fort Verny","desc_en":"Russia founded Fort Verny at the foot of the Trans-Ili Alatau; it grew into the capital of Semirechye Oblast and was the forerunner of Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city.","date_label_en":"1854","place_en":"Almaty"},{"id":"oceania-x022","start":1854,"date_label":"1854年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"尤里卡栅栏起义","desc":"巴拉瑞特金矿工人反抗昂贵的采矿执照费，筑栅栏对抗军警，约30人死亡，事后执照制度被废除，矿工获得选举权，被视为澳洲民主的重要源头。","importance":2,"lat":-37.56,"lng":143.85,"place":"巴拉瑞特","title_en":"Eureka Stockade","desc_en":"Ballarat gold miners protesting costly mining licenses built a stockade against troops and police; about 30 died, after which the license system was abolished and miners gained the vote—seen as an important source of Australian democracy.","date_label_en":"1854","place_en":"Ballarat"},{"id":"southeast_asia-026","start":1855,"end":1910,"date_label":"1855—1910年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"暹罗改革与保持独立","desc":"暹罗签订《鲍林条约》开放贸易，朱拉隆功推行废奴、改革行政与教育，并以割让部分领土为代价，成为东南亚唯一未被殖民的国家。","importance":3,"lat":13.75,"lng":100.49,"place":"曼谷","title_en":"Siam Reforms and Stays Independent","desc_en":"Siam opened to trade under the Bowring Treaty, and Chulalongkorn abolished slavery and reformed administration and education; at the cost of ceding some territory, Siam became the only Southeast Asian country never colonized.","date_label_en":"1855–1910","place_en":"Bangkok"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x069","start":1855,"date_label":"1855年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"《鲍林条约》","desc":"暹罗与英国签订《鲍林条约》，降低关税并给予领事裁判权，暹罗大米出口迅速增长，被纳入世界市场。","importance":2,"lat":13.75,"lng":100.49,"place":"曼谷","title_en":"Bowring Treaty","desc_en":"Siam signed the Bowring Treaty with Britain, lowering tariffs and granting consular jurisdiction; Siamese rice exports grew rapidly as the country was drawn into the world market.","date_label_en":"1855","place_en":"Bangkok"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x159","start":1856,"date_label":"1856年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"开罗—亚历山大铁路","desc":"连接亚历山大与开罗的铁路通车，是非洲和中东地区最早的铁路之一，加快了棉花与旅客运输。","importance":1,"lat":30.06,"lng":31.25,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Cairo–Alexandria Railway","desc_en":"The railway linking Alexandria and Cairo opened, one of the earliest in Africa and the Middle East, speeding the transport of cotton and passengers.","date_label_en":"1856","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"europe-x325","start":1856,"date_label":"1856年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"贝塞麦转炉炼钢","desc":"英国发明家贝塞麦发明向铁水吹入空气的转炉炼钢法，并在谢菲尔德建厂推广，钢的成本大幅降低，钢铁时代由此到来。","importance":2,"lat":53.38,"lng":-1.47,"place":"谢菲尔德","title_en":"Bessemer Process","desc_en":"British inventor Henry Bessemer invented a converter that blew air through molten iron to make steel and built a works in Sheffield to promote it; steel costs fell sharply, ushering in the age of steel.","date_label_en":"1856","place_en":"Sheffield"},{"id":"europe-x326","start":1856,"date_label":"1856年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"珀金合成苯胺紫","desc":"18岁的化学学生珀金在合成奎宁时意外得到紫色染料苯胺紫，并投入生产，开启合成染料工业，后推动德国化学工业崛起。","importance":1,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Perkin Synthesizes Mauveine","desc_en":"Eighteen-year-old chemistry student William Perkin accidentally produced the purple dye mauveine while trying to synthesize quinine and put it into production, launching the synthetic dye industry and later spurring the rise of German chemistry.","date_label_en":"1856","place_en":"London"},{"id":"oceania-x023","start":1856,"date_label":"1856年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"秘密投票制","desc":"维多利亚殖民地率先在选举中采用由政府印制选票的秘密投票制度，同年南澳也随即采用，这一制度后被称为“澳式投票”，被英美等国广泛采纳。","importance":1,"lat":-37.81,"lng":144.96,"place":"墨尔本","title_en":"The Secret Ballot","desc_en":"The colony of Victoria first used a secret ballot with government-printed ballot papers, and South Australia followed the same year; known as the 'Australian ballot', it was widely adopted in Britain, the United States, and elsewhere.","date_label_en":"1856","place_en":"Melbourne"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x062","start":1856,"date_label":"1856–1857年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"科萨人杀牛运动","desc":"科萨少女农卡乌塞预言杀掉牛群、毁掉粮食后祖先将驱逐殖民者，科萨人大规模响应，引发饥荒，数万人死亡，英国趁机夺取大片土地。","importance":1,"lat":-32.6,"lng":27.5,"place":"东开普","title_en":"Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement","desc_en":"Xhosa girl Nongqawuse prophesied that if the people killed their cattle and destroyed their crops, the ancestors would drive out the colonizers; mass compliance caused famine that killed tens of thousands, and Britain seized vast lands.","date_label_en":"1856–1857","place_en":"Eastern Cape"},{"id":"south_asia-039","start":1857,"end":1858,"date_label":"1857年5月","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"1857年印度大起义","desc":"密拉特的印度士兵因涂油子弹等问题起义，攻占德里并拥立莫卧儿末帝，起义蔓延北印度，次年被英军镇压。","importance":3,"lat":28.98,"lng":77.71,"place":"密拉特","title_en":"Indian Rebellion of 1857","desc_en":"Indian sepoys at Meerut mutinied over greased cartridges and other grievances, took Delhi, and proclaimed the last Mughal emperor; the revolt spread across northern India and was crushed by the British the next year.","date_label_en":"May 1857","place_en":"Meerut"},{"id":"south_asia-x124","start":1857,"date_label":"1857年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"三大管区大学","desc":"加尔各答、孟买、马德拉斯大学相继成立，仿伦敦大学体制，培养出近代印度的知识阶层与民族运动领导者。","importance":2,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Presidency Universities","desc_en":"The universities of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were founded on the University of London model, producing modern India's intelligentsia and nationalist leaders.","date_label_en":"1857","place_en":"Kolkata (Calcutta)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x070","start":1857,"date_label":"1857年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"曼德勒建都","desc":"贡榜王朝敏东王营建曼德勒为新都，1871年在此主持第五次佛经结集，将三藏刻于729块石碑。","importance":2,"lat":21.98,"lng":96.08,"place":"曼德勒","title_en":"Mandalay Becomes Capital","desc_en":"King Mindon of the Konbaung dynasty built Mandalay as his new capital and in 1871 convened the Fifth Buddhist Council there, inscribing the Tipitaka on 729 stone slabs.","date_label_en":"1857","place_en":"Mandalay"},{"id":"europe-x327","start":1857,"date_label":"1857年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"福楼拜《包法利夫人》","desc":"福楼拜出版《包法利夫人》，以冷静客观的笔调刻画外省女子的幻灭，作者曾因“有伤风化”受审获判无罪，成为现实主义小说经典。","importance":1,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.35,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Flaubert's Madame Bovary","desc_en":"Gustave Flaubert published Madame Bovary, portraying a provincial woman's disillusionment in a cool, objective style; tried and acquitted of offending public morals, he produced a classic of realist fiction.","date_label_en":"1857","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"south_asia-040","start":1858,"end":1947,"date_label":"1858年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"英王直接统治印度","desc":"英国议会通过《印度政府法》，撤销东印度公司的统治权，由英王直接统治并设印度事务大臣；1877年维多利亚女王加冕印度女皇。","importance":3,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"British Crown Rule in India","desc_en":"Parliament passed the Government of India Act, ending East India Company rule and placing India directly under the Crown with a Secretary of State for India; in 1877 Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India.","date_label_en":"1858","place_en":"Kolkata (Calcutta)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-027","start":1858,"end":1887,"date_label":"1858—1887年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"法属印度支那形成","desc":"法国1858年进攻岘港，逐步吞并南圻并控制越南与柬埔寨，1887年组成法属印度支那联邦，1893年又将老挝纳入。","importance":3,"lat":10.78,"lng":106.7,"place":"西贡","title_en":"Formation of French Indochina","desc_en":"France attacked Da Nang in 1858, gradually annexed Cochinchina, and took control of Vietnam and Cambodia, forming the Indochinese Union in 1887 and adding Laos in 1893.","date_label_en":"1858–1887","place_en":"Saigon"},{"id":"east_asia-x375","start":1858,"end":1860,"date_label":"1858–1860年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"沙俄割占东北领土","desc":"沙俄趁第二次鸦片战争之机，以《瑷珲条约》和《北京条约》割占外兴安岭以南、乌苏里江以东共一百余万平方公里中国领土。","importance":2,"lat":50.25,"lng":127.5,"place":"黑龙江瑷珲","title_en":"Russia Annexes Northeast Chinese Territory","desc_en":"Exploiting the Second Opium War, Russia used the Treaties of Aigun and Peking to annex over a million square kilometers of Chinese territory south of the Stanovoy Range and east of the Ussuri River.","date_label_en":"1858–1860","place_en":"Aihui, Heilongjiang"},{"id":"east_asia-x376","start":1858,"date_label":"1858年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"安政五国条约","desc":"大老井伊直弼未经天皇敕许与美国签订《日美修好通商条约》，随后与荷、俄、英、法签约，承认领事裁判权和协定关税。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"江户(东京)","title_en":"Ansei Treaties","desc_en":"Without imperial sanction, Great Elder Ii Naosuke signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States, followed by treaties with the Netherlands, Russia, Britain, and France, conceding extraterritoriality and fixed tariffs.","date_label_en":"1858","place_en":"Edo (Tokyo)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x071","start":1858,"date_label":"1858年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"华莱士线","desc":"博物学家华莱士在马鲁古特尔纳特写下自然选择论文寄给达尔文，他还发现巴厘与龙目之间存在明显的动物分布界线。","importance":2,"lat":0.79,"lng":127.38,"place":"特尔纳特","title_en":"Wallace Line","desc_en":"Naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace wrote his paper on natural selection at Ternate in the Moluccas and sent it to Darwin; 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telegraph lines caught fire or failed, and auroras appeared even at low latitudes.","date_label_en":"Sep 1859"},{"id":"south_asia-x125","start":1859,"end":1860,"date_label":"1859—1860年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"蓝靛起义","desc":"孟加拉农民反抗欧洲种植园主强迫种植蓝靛的压迫，拒绝种植，剧作《蓝靛之镜》揭露其暴行，促使政府设立调查委员会。","importance":1,"lat":23.4,"lng":88.5,"place":"纳迪亚","title_en":"Indigo Revolt","desc_en":"Bengal peasants rebelled against European planters forcing them to grow indigo, refusing to plant it; the play Nil Darpan exposed the abuses, prompting the government to set up a commission of inquiry.","date_label_en":"1859–1860","place_en":"Nadia"},{"id":"north_america-x049","start":1859,"date_label":"1859年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"德雷克油井","desc":"埃德温·德雷克在宾夕法尼亚泰特斯维尔用钻井法打出石油，开启现代石油工业，煤油迅速取代鲸油用于照明。","importance":2,"lat":41.63,"lng":-79.67,"place":"泰特斯维尔","title_en":"Drake Well","desc_en":"Edwin Drake struck oil by drilling at Titusville, Pennsylvania, launching the modern petroleum industry; kerosene quickly replaced whale oil for lighting.","date_label_en":"1859","place_en":"Titusville"},{"id":"east_asia-x377","start":1860,"date_label":"1860年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","文化"],"title":"火烧圆明园","desc":"第二次鸦片战争中英法联军攻入北京，劫掠并焚毁皇家园林圆明园，大量珍宝文物流失海外；清政府随后签订《北京条约》。","importance":3,"lat":40.01,"lng":116.3,"place":"北京圆明园","title_en":"Burning of the Old Summer Palace","desc_en":"In the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces entered Beijing and looted and burned the imperial gardens of the Yuanmingyuan, scattering countless treasures abroad; the Qing then signed the Convention of Peking.","date_label_en":"1860","place_en":"Yuanmingyuan, Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x378","start":1860,"date_label":"1860年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"崔济愚创东学","desc":"没落两班崔济愚融合儒、佛、道与民间信仰创立东学，倡导“人乃天”，以对抗西学，1864年被朝廷以惑众罪处死。","importance":2,"lat":35.84,"lng":129.21,"place":"新罗庆州","title_en":"Choe Je-u Founds Donghak","desc_en":"Impoverished yangban Choe Je-u blended Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, and folk belief to found Donghak ('Eastern Learning'), teaching that 'humans are Heaven' in opposition to Western Learning; he was executed in 1864 for misleading the people.","date_label_en":"1860","place_en":"Gyeongju"},{"id":"east_asia-x379","start":1860,"date_label":"1860年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"樱田门外之变","desc":"水户藩等浪士在江户城樱田门外刺杀大老井伊直弼，幕府威信严重受损，尊王攘夷运动高涨。","importance":1,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"东京樱田门","title_en":"Sakuradamon Incident","desc_en":"Rōnin from the Mito domain and elsewhere assassinated Great Elder Ii Naosuke outside Edo Castle's Sakurada Gate, gravely damaging the shogunate's prestige as the 'revere the emperor, expel the barbarians' movement surged.","date_label_en":"1860","place_en":"Sakurada Gate, Tokyo"},{"id":"south_asia-x126","start":1860,"date_label":"1860年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"《印度刑法典》","desc":"麦考莱主持起草的《印度刑法典》颁行，统一英属印度刑事法律，至2024年才被新法典取代，并影响多个殖民地的刑法。","importance":2,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Indian Penal Code","desc_en":"The Indian Penal Code, drafted under Macaulay, was enacted, unifying criminal law in British India; it remained in force until replaced by a new code in 2024 and shaped penal codes in several colonies.","date_label_en":"1860","place_en":"Kolkata (Calcutta)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x160","start":1860,"date_label":"约1860—1914年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"阿拉伯文艺复兴","desc":"以贝鲁特与开罗为中心的“纳赫达”运动兴起，布斯塔尼编纂辞典与百科全书，报刊、印刷和新式学校推动阿拉伯语言文学现代化。","importance":2,"lat":33.89,"lng":35.5,"place":"贝鲁特","title_en":"The Arab Nahda","desc_en":"The Nahda movement arose, centered on Beirut and Cairo; Butrus al-Bustani compiled a dictionary and encyclopedia, while newspapers, printing, and modern schools modernized Arabic language and literature.","date_label_en":"c. 1860–1914","place_en":"Beirut"},{"id":"europe-x328","start":1860,"date_label":"1860年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"南丁格尔护士学校","desc":"克里米亚战争中改善野战医院卫生的南丁格尔在伦敦圣托马斯医院创办护士学校，使护理成为受专业训练的职业。","importance":1,"lat":51.5,"lng":-0.12,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Nightingale Training School","desc_en":"Florence Nightingale, who had improved field-hospital sanitation in the Crimean War, founded a nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London, making nursing a professionally trained occupation.","date_label_en":"1860","place_en":"London"},{"id":"east_asia-078","start":1861,"end":1895,"date_label":"1861年起","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"洋务运动","desc":"清朝设总理衙门，曾国藩、李鸿章、左宗棠等以“自强”“求富”为口号，创办江南制造总局、轮船招商局等近代企业。","importance":2,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"金陵机器局(南京)","title_en":"Self-Strengthening Movement","desc_en":"The Qing set up the Zongli Yamen, and Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang, and others, under the slogans of 'self-strengthening' and 'seeking wealth', founded modern enterprises such as the Jiangnan Arsenal and the China Merchants Steam Navigation Company.","date_label_en":"From 1861","place_en":"Jinling Arsenal (Nanjing)"},{"id":"europe-082","start":1861,"date_label":"1861年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"俄国废除农奴制","desc":"沙皇亚历山大二世颁布法令解放约2300万农奴，开启俄国大改革，但农民须支付高额赎金。","importance":2,"lat":59.94,"lng":30.31,"place":"圣彼得堡","title_en":"Russia Abolishes Serfdom","desc_en":"Tsar Alexander II's decree freed some 23 million serfs, launching Russia's Great Reforms, though peasants had to pay heavy redemption fees.","date_label_en":"1861","place_en":"St. Petersburg"},{"id":"europe-083","start":1861,"end":1870,"date_label":"1861—1870年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"意大利统一","desc":"撒丁王国在加富尔与加里波第推动下统一意大利，1861年成立意大利王国，1870年收复罗马并定都。","importance":2,"lat":45.07,"lng":7.69,"place":"都灵","title_en":"Italian Unification","desc_en":"Driven by Cavour and Garibaldi, the Kingdom of Sardinia unified Italy, founding the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 and taking Rome as its capital in 1870.","date_label_en":"1861–1870","place_en":"Turin"},{"id":"north_america-018","start":1861,"end":1865,"date_label":"1861—1865年","region":"north_america","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"美国南北战争","desc":"南方蓄奴州脱离联邦引发内战，林肯1863年发布《解放奴隶宣言》，北方获胜后维护了统一，第十三修正案废除奴隶制，约60万以上军人死亡。","importance":3,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"American Civil War","desc_en":"The secession of Southern slave states sparked civil war; Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, Northern victory preserved the Union, the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, and over 600,000 soldiers died.","date_label_en":"1861–1865","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"east_asia-x380","start":1861,"date_label":"1861年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"设立总理衙门","desc":"清政府设立总理各国事务衙门，专门处理外交及通商、海关等洋务，是中国近代第一个外交机构，后又于1862年开办京师同文馆。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Zongli Yamen Established","desc_en":"The Qing set up the Zongli Yamen to handle foreign relations, trade, customs, and other foreign affairs—China's first modern foreign-affairs office—and opened the Tongwen Guan school in Beijing in 1862.","date_label_en":"1861","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x381","start":1861,"date_label":"1861年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"金正浩《大东舆地图》","desc":"地理学家金正浩刊行木版《大东舆地图》，以22帖折叠式分层图幅精确描绘朝鲜全境山川道路，是朝鲜古代地图的巅峰。","importance":2,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉阳(首尔)","title_en":"Kim Jeong-ho's Daedong Yeojido","desc_en":"Geographer Kim Jeong-ho published the woodblock Daedong Yeojido, a folding map in 22 sections accurately depicting all of Korea's mountains, rivers, and roads—the pinnacle of premodern Korean cartography.","date_label_en":"1861","place_en":"Hanyang (Seoul)"},{"id":"latin_america-x066","start":1862,"end":1867,"date_label":"1862–1867年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"法国干涉墨西哥","desc":"拿破仑三世出兵墨西哥，1862年5月5日法军在普埃布拉战败，后扶植马克西米利安称帝，1867年胡亚雷斯取胜，马克西米利安在克雷塔罗被处决。","importance":2,"lat":19.04,"lng":-98.2,"place":"普埃布拉","title_en":"French Intervention in Mexico","desc_en":"Napoleon III sent troops to Mexico; the French were defeated at Puebla on 5 May 1862 but later installed Maximilian as emperor, and in 1867 Juárez triumphed and Maximilian was executed at Querétaro.","date_label_en":"1862–1867","place_en":"Puebla"},{"id":"north_america-x050","start":1862,"date_label":"1862年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"宅地法与莫里尔法","desc":"《宅地法》允许定居者耕种五年后免费获得160英亩公地，推动西部开发；《莫里尔法》以联邦土地资助各州兴办农工学院，奠定公立大学体系。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Homestead and Morrill Acts","desc_en":"The Homestead Act gave settlers 160 acres of public land free after five years of farming, spurring settlement of the West; the Morrill Act used federal land to fund state agricultural and mechanical colleges, founding the public university system.","date_label_en":"1862","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"global-x015","start":1863,"end":1864,"date_label":"1863—1864年","region":"global","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"红十字会与日内瓦公约","desc":"杜南推动成立红十字国际委员会，1864年首部《日内瓦公约》规定保护战场伤兵与医护人员，开创现代国际人道法。","importance":2,"lat":46.2,"lng":6.15,"place":"瑞士日内瓦","title_en":"Red Cross and the Geneva Convention","desc_en":"Henry Dunant spurred the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross, and the first Geneva Convention of 1864 protected wounded soldiers and medical personnel, founding modern international humanitarian law.","date_label_en":"1863–1864","place_en":"Geneva, Switzerland"},{"id":"east_asia-x382","start":1863,"end":1864,"date_label":"1863–1864年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"萨英战争与下关战争","desc":"萨摩藩与英国舰队交战，长州藩遭四国联合舰队炮击，两藩认识到攘夷不可行，转而学习西方并走向倒幕。","importance":2,"lat":31.6,"lng":130.56,"place":"鹿儿岛","title_en":"Anglo-Satsuma and Shimonoseki Wars","desc_en":"Satsuma fought a British squadron and Chōshū was bombarded by a four-nation fleet; 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the same year Lincoln was assassinated at Ford's Theatre in Washington.","date_label_en":"1865","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"north_america-x053","start":1865,"end":1877,"date_label":"1865–1877年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"重建时期","desc":"联邦政府重建南方，第十四、十五修正案赋予黑人公民权与男性选举权，黑人一度进入国会，但1877年联邦撤军后南方建立种族隔离的“吉姆·克劳”制度。","importance":2,"lat":37.54,"lng":-77.44,"place":"里士满","title_en":"Reconstruction","desc_en":"The federal government rebuilt the South, and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments gave Black Americans citizenship and male suffrage, with Black men briefly entering Congress; but after federal troops withdrew in 1877, the South imposed segregationist 'Jim Crow' laws.","date_label_en":"1865–1877","place_en":"Richmond"},{"id":"global-021","start":1866,"date_label":"1866年","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"跨大西洋电缆贯通","desc":"大东方号成功铺设跨大西洋海底电报电缆，欧美之间消息传递从数周缩短到数分钟，此后电报网络连接起各大洲。","importance":2,"lat":51.93,"lng":-10.35,"place":"爱尔兰瓦伦西亚岛","title_en":"Transatlantic Cable Completed","desc_en":"The Great Eastern successfully laid a transatlantic telegraph cable, cutting communication between Europe and America from weeks to minutes; telegraph networks soon connected all the continents.","date_label_en":"1866","place_en":"Valentia Island, Ireland"},{"id":"east_asia-x384","start":1866,"date_label":"1866年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"福州船政局","desc":"左宗棠在福州马尾创办船政局，附设船政学堂，培养了严复、邓世昌等近代海军和科技人才，是近代中国最大的造船厂。","importance":2,"lat":25.99,"lng":119.45,"place":"福州马尾","title_en":"Fuzhou Navy Yard","desc_en":"Zuo Zongtang founded the Fuzhou Navy Yard at Mawei with an attached naval academy, which trained modern naval and technical talents such as Yan Fu and Deng Shichang; it was modern China's largest shipyard.","date_label_en":"1866","place_en":"Mawei, Fuzhou"},{"id":"east_asia-x385","start":1866,"end":1871,"date_label":"1866–1871年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"丙寅洋扰与辛未洋扰","desc":"兴宣大院君镇压天主教后，法国舰队于1866年、美国舰队于1871年先后进攻江华岛，均被击退，大院君在各地竖立斥和碑。","importance":2,"lat":37.75,"lng":126.49,"place":"江华岛","title_en":"French and U.S. Expeditions to Korea","desc_en":"After the Heungseon Daewongun persecuted Catholics, a French fleet in 1866 and an American fleet in 1871 attacked Ganghwa Island and were both repulsed; the regent then erected stelae across the country rejecting peace with the West.","date_label_en":"1866–1871","place_en":"Ganghwa Island"},{"id":"east_asia-x386","start":1866,"date_label":"1866年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"萨长同盟","desc":"在坂本龙马斡旋下，萨摩藩西乡隆盛与长州藩木户孝允在京都缔结萨长同盟，两大强藩联手成为倒幕的核心力量。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"京都","title_en":"Satchō Alliance","desc_en":"Brokered by Sakamoto Ryōma, Saigō Takamori of Satsuma and Kido Takayoshi of Chōshū concluded the Satsuma–Chōshū Alliance in Kyoto, uniting the two powerful domains as the core force against the shogunate.","date_label_en":"1866","place_en":"Kyoto"},{"id":"europe-x334","start":1866,"date_label":"1866年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"陀思妥耶夫斯基《罪与罚》","desc":"陀思妥耶夫斯基发表《罪与罚》，讲述穷大学生杀人后的心理挣扎与救赎，以深刻的心理与道德探索影响了20世纪文学与思想。","importance":2,"lat":59.94,"lng":30.31,"place":"圣彼得堡","title_en":"Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment","desc_en":"Fyodor Dostoevsky published Crime and Punishment, the tale of a poor student's psychological torment and redemption after murder, whose deep psychological and moral exploration influenced 20th-century literature and thought.","date_label_en":"1866","place_en":"St. Petersburg"},{"id":"north_america-019","start":1867,"date_label":"1867年7月1日","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"加拿大联邦成立","desc":"依《英属北美法》，安大略、魁北克、新斯科舍和新不伦瑞克联合成立加拿大自治领，约翰·麦克唐纳任首任总理，此后逐步扩展至太平洋。","importance":2,"lat":45.42,"lng":-75.7,"place":"渥太华","title_en":"Canadian Confederation","desc_en":"Under the British North America Act, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick united as the Dominion of Canada, with John A. Macdonald as first prime minister; it later expanded to the Pacific.","date_label_en":"1 Jul 1867","place_en":"Ottawa"},{"id":"east_asia-x387","start":1867,"date_label":"1867年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"大政奉还","desc":"第十五代将军德川庆喜在京都二条城宣布将政权奉还天皇，延续二百六十余年的江户幕府结束，朝廷随后发布王政复古大号令。","importance":3,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.75,"place":"京都二条城","title_en":"Restoration of Imperial Rule","desc_en":"The 15th shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, announced at Nijō Castle in Kyoto that he was returning power to the emperor, ending the Edo shogunate after more than 260 years; the court then proclaimed the restoration of imperial rule.","date_label_en":"1867","place_en":"Nijō Castle, Kyoto"},{"id":"south_asia-x127","start":1867,"date_label":"1867年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"锡兰茶园兴起","desc":"咖啡锈病摧毁锡兰咖啡种植园后，詹姆斯·泰勒在康提附近开辟商业茶园，锡兰茶迅速成为世界知名出口商品。","importance":2,"lat":7.29,"lng":80.64,"place":"康提","title_en":"Rise of Ceylon Tea","desc_en":"After coffee rust destroyed Ceylon's coffee plantations, James Taylor established a commercial tea estate near Kandy, and Ceylon tea quickly became a world-famous export.","date_label_en":"1867","place_en":"Kandy"},{"id":"inner_asia-x084","start":1867,"date_label":"1867年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"突厥斯坦总督区","desc":"俄国设立以塔什干为中心的突厥斯坦总督区，次年迫使布哈拉成为保护国，1873年希瓦汗国亦沦为附庸。","importance":2,"lat":41.3,"lng":69.24,"place":"塔什干","title_en":"Governorate-General of Turkestan","desc_en":"Russia established the Governorate-General of Turkestan centered on Tashkent; the next year it forced Bukhara to become a protectorate, and in 1873 the Khanate of Khiva also became a vassal.","date_label_en":"1867","place_en":"Tashkent"},{"id":"europe-x335","start":1867,"date_label":"1867年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"诺贝尔发明炸药","desc":"瑞典化学家诺贝尔以硅藻土吸附硝化甘油制成安全炸药并获专利，广泛用于采矿、筑路和隧道工程，他的遗产后来设立了诺贝尔奖。","importance":2,"lat":59.33,"lng":18.07,"place":"斯德哥尔摩","title_en":"Nobel Invents Dynamite","desc_en":"Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel patented dynamite, a safe explosive made by absorbing nitroglycerin in diatomaceous earth, widely used in mining, road building, and tunneling; his fortune later funded the Nobel Prizes.","date_label_en":"1867","place_en":"Stockholm"},{"id":"europe-x336","start":1867,"date_label":"1867年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"马克思《资本论》","desc":"马克思在伦敦写作的《资本论》第一卷在汉堡出版，以剩余价值理论分析资本主义的剥削与危机，成为社会主义运动的理论基石。","importance":2,"lat":51.52,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Marx's Das Kapital","desc_en":"The first volume of Das Kapital, written by Marx in London, was published in Hamburg, analyzing capitalist exploitation and crisis through the theory of surplus value; it became the theoretical bedrock of the socialist movement.","date_label_en":"1867","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-x337","start":1867,"date_label":"1867年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"奥匈帝国成立","desc":"奥地利在普奥战争失败后与匈牙利达成妥协，组成二元君主国，弗朗茨·约瑟夫同时为奥地利皇帝与匈牙利国王，共管外交、军事与财政。","importance":2,"lat":48.21,"lng":16.37,"place":"维也纳","title_en":"Austria-Hungary Formed","desc_en":"After losing the Austro-Prussian War, Austria reached a compromise with Hungary to form a dual monarchy, with Franz Joseph as both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary and shared foreign affairs, military, and finances.","date_label_en":"1867","place_en":"Vienna"},{"id":"north_america-x054","start":1867,"date_label":"1867年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"阿拉斯加购地","desc":"美国以720万美元从俄国购得阿拉斯加，当时被讥为“苏厄德的愚蠢”，后来随着金矿与石油的发现，其战略与经济价值得到证明。","importance":1,"lat":57.05,"lng":-135.33,"place":"锡特卡","title_en":"Alaska Purchase","desc_en":"The United States bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, mocked at the time as 'Seward's Folly'; later gold and oil discoveries proved its strategic and economic value.","date_label_en":"1867","place_en":"Sitka"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x063","start":1867,"date_label":"1867年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"金伯利钻石热","desc":"奥兰治河一带发现钻石，1871年后金伯利“大洞”开采引来大批矿工，南非由农业社会转向矿业经济，罗得斯的戴比尔斯公司后来垄断钻石业。","importance":2,"lat":-28.74,"lng":24.77,"place":"金伯利","title_en":"Kimberley Diamond Rush","desc_en":"Diamonds were discovered along the Orange River, and after 1871 mining at Kimberley's 'Big Hole' drew masses of miners; South Africa shifted from an agrarian to a mining economy, and Rhodes's De Beers later monopolized the diamond trade.","date_label_en":"1867","place_en":"Kimberley"},{"id":"east_asia-079","start":1868,"date_label":"1868年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治","经济"],"title":"明治维新","desc":"日本推翻幕府、王政复古，推行废藩置县、殖产兴业、文明开化与征兵制，迅速走上近代化与对外扩张道路。","importance":3,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.76,"place":"东京","title_en":"Meiji Restoration","desc_en":"Japan overthrew the shogunate and restored imperial rule, abolishing the domains, promoting industry, embracing 'civilization and enlightenment', and introducing conscription, rapidly modernizing and turning to overseas expansion.","date_label_en":"1868","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"east_asia-x388","start":1868,"end":1869,"date_label":"1868–1869年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"戊辰战争","desc":"新政府军与旧幕府势力爆发内战，经鸟羽伏见、江户无血开城、会津战争，1869年榎本武扬在箱馆五稜郭投降，内战结束。","importance":2,"lat":41.8,"lng":140.76,"place":"函馆五稜郭","title_en":"Boshin War","desc_en":"Civil war broke out between the new government's forces and the old shogunate's supporters; after Toba–Fushimi, the bloodless surrender of Edo, and the Aizu War, Enomoto Takeaki surrendered at Goryōkaku in Hakodate in 1869, ending the war.","date_label_en":"1868–1869","place_en":"Goryōkaku, Hakodate"},{"id":"latin_america-x068","start":1868,"end":1878,"date_label":"1868–1878年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"古巴十年战争","desc":"种植园主塞斯佩德斯释放自己的奴隶并发出“亚拉呼声”，古巴第一次独立战争爆发，十年后以《桑洪条约》结束，西班牙承诺改革并逐步废除奴隶制。","importance":1,"lat":20.34,"lng":-77.12,"place":"曼萨尼约","title_en":"Cuba's Ten Years' War","desc_en":"Planter Carlos Manuel de Céspedes freed his own slaves and issued the 'Cry of Yara', starting Cuba's first war of independence; it ended a decade later with the Pact of Zanjón, with Spain promising reforms and the gradual abolition of slavery.","date_label_en":"1868–1878","place_en":"Manzanillo"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-063","start":1869,"date_label":"1869年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","经济","科技"],"title":"苏伊士运河通航","desc":"连接地中海与红海的苏伊士运河通航，欧亚海路大大缩短，埃及因债务于1882年被英国占领。","importance":3,"lat":30.6,"lng":32.27,"place":"苏伊士运河","title_en":"Suez Canal Opens","desc_en":"The Suez Canal linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea opened, greatly shortening the sea route between Europe and Asia; Egypt's debts led to British occupation in 1882.","date_label_en":"1869","place_en":"Suez Canal"},{"id":"europe-085","start":1869,"date_label":"1869年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"门捷列夫元素周期表","desc":"俄国化学家门捷列夫发表元素周期表，按原子量与性质排列元素并预言未知元素，此后镓、钪、锗相继被发现证实。","importance":2,"lat":59.94,"lng":30.31,"place":"圣彼得堡","title_en":"Mendeleev's Periodic Table","desc_en":"Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published the periodic table, arranging elements by atomic weight and properties and predicting unknown elements; the later discoveries of gallium, scandium, and germanium confirmed it.","date_label_en":"1869","place_en":"St. Petersburg"},{"id":"north_america-020","start":1869,"date_label":"1869年5月","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"首条横贯大陆铁路","desc":"中央太平洋与联合太平洋铁路在犹他州普罗蒙特里峰接轨，大批华工参与修建西段，美国东西两岸交通由数月缩短至约一周。","importance":2,"lat":41.62,"lng":-112.55,"place":"普罗蒙特里峰","title_en":"First Transcontinental Railroad","desc_en":"The Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met at Promontory Summit, Utah, with many Chinese laborers having built the western section; travel between America's coasts fell from months to about a week.","date_label_en":"May 1869","place_en":"Promontory Summit"},{"id":"europe-x338","start":1869,"date_label":"1869年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"托尔斯泰《战争与和平》","desc":"托尔斯泰在其庄园完成史诗小说《战争与和平》，以拿破仑入侵俄国为背景描绘数百个人物，探讨历史动力与人生意义。","importance":2,"lat":54.08,"lng":37.53,"place":"亚斯纳亚波良纳","title_en":"Tolstoy's War and Peace","desc_en":"Leo Tolstoy completed his epic novel War and Peace on his estate, depicting hundreds of characters against Napoleon's invasion of Russia and exploring the forces of history and the meaning of life.","date_label_en":"1869","place_en":"Yasnaya Polyana"},{"id":"europe-x339","start":1870,"date_label":"1870年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"普法战争","desc":"普鲁士及德意志诸邦军队在色当包围法军，俘虏拿破仑三世，法兰西第二帝国崩溃，法国被迫割让阿尔萨斯-洛林并赔款50亿法郎。","importance":2,"lat":49.7,"lng":4.94,"place":"色当","title_en":"Franco-Prussian War","desc_en":"Prussian and German forces encircled the French army at Sedan and captured Napoleon III; the Second French Empire collapsed, and France was forced to cede Alsace-Lorraine and pay an indemnity of 5 billion francs.","date_label_en":"1870","place_en":"Sedan"},{"id":"north_america-x055","start":1870,"date_label":"1870年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"标准石油公司","desc":"约翰·洛克菲勒在克利夫兰创立标准石油公司，通过兼并与铁路折扣控制美国约九成炼油能力，成为垄断托拉斯典型，1911年被最高法院判令拆分。","importance":2,"lat":41.5,"lng":-81.69,"place":"克利夫兰","title_en":"Standard Oil","desc_en":"John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, gaining control of about 90% of U.S. refining capacity through mergers and railroad rebates; the archetypal monopoly trust, it was ordered broken up by the Supreme Court in 1911.","date_label_en":"1870","place_en":"Cleveland"},{"id":"global-022","start":1871,"end":1914,"date_label":"约1870年代—1914年","region":"global","dims":["经济"],"title":"国际金本位","desc":"继英国之后，德国、美国等主要国家相继采用金本位，各国货币与黄金挂钩、汇率固定，伦敦成为国际金融中心，一战爆发后瓦解。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"International Gold Standard","desc_en":"Following Britain, Germany, the United States, and other major countries adopted the gold standard, pegging currencies to gold at fixed exchange rates; London became the center of international finance until the system collapsed with the outbreak of World War I.","date_label_en":"c. 1870s–1914","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-086","start":1871,"date_label":"1871年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"德意志帝国成立","desc":"普鲁士在俾斯麦“铁血政策”下连胜丹麦、奥地利与法国，1871年威廉一世在凡尔赛宫加冕为德意志皇帝。","importance":3,"lat":48.8,"lng":2.12,"place":"凡尔赛宫","title_en":"German Empire Founded","desc_en":"Under Bismarck's 'blood and iron' policy, Prussia defeated Denmark, Austria, and France in succession, and in 1871 Wilhelm I was proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles.","date_label_en":"1871","place_en":"Palace of Versailles"},{"id":"east_asia-x389","start":1871,"date_label":"1871年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"废藩置县","desc":"明治政府废除各藩，设置府县并由中央任命知事，彻底结束封建割据，建立中央集权的近代国家体制。","importance":3,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"东京","title_en":"Abolition of the Domains","desc_en":"The Meiji government abolished the domains and created prefectures with centrally appointed governors, ending feudal fragmentation and establishing a centralized modern state.","date_label_en":"1871","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"east_asia-x390","start":1871,"end":1873,"date_label":"1871–1873年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"岩仓使节团","desc":"右大臣岩仓具视率木户孝允、大久保利通、伊藤博文等百余人考察欧美十二国，回国后推动以殖产兴业为核心的改革。","importance":2,"lat":35.44,"lng":139.64,"place":"横滨","title_en":"Iwakura Mission","desc_en":"Minister of the Right Iwakura Tomomi led over a hundred officials including Kido Takayoshi, Ōkubo Toshimichi, and Itō Hirobumi on a tour of twelve Western countries; on return they drove reforms centered on promoting industry.","date_label_en":"1871–1873","place_en":"Yokohama"},{"id":"europe-x340","start":1871,"date_label":"1871年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"巴黎公社","desc":"普法战争后巴黎工人与国民自卫军起义，成立巴黎公社，实行选举制与政教分离，存续72天后在“五月流血周”中被镇压。","importance":2,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.35,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Paris Commune","desc_en":"After the Franco-Prussian War, Parisian workers and the National Guard rose up and formed the Paris Commune, introducing elected offices and separation of church and state; it lasted 72 days before being crushed in the 'Bloody Week' of May.","date_label_en":"1871","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"east_asia-x391","start":1872,"date_label":"1872年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"幼童留美","desc":"在容闳倡议下，清政府分四批选派120名幼童赴美留学，其中包括后来主持修建京张铁路的詹天佑，1881年留学计划中途撤回。","importance":2,"lat":31.23,"lng":121.47,"place":"上海","title_en":"Chinese Educational Mission","desc_en":"At Yung Wing's urging, the Qing sent 120 boys in four groups to study in the United States, including Zhan Tianyou, who later built the Beijing–Zhangjiakou Railway; the program was recalled midway in 1881.","date_label_en":"1872","place_en":"Shanghai"},{"id":"east_asia-x392","start":1872,"date_label":"1872年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"轮船招商局","desc":"李鸿章在上海创办轮船招商局，是洋务派第一个官督商办的民用企业，打破了外国轮船公司对中国沿海与长江航运的垄断。","importance":2,"lat":31.23,"lng":121.47,"place":"上海","title_en":"China Merchants Steam Navigation Company","desc_en":"Li Hongzhang founded the China Merchants Steam Navigation Company in Shanghai, the Self-Strengtheners' first government-supervised, merchant-run civilian enterprise, breaking foreign shipping lines' monopoly on China's coastal and Yangtze routes.","date_label_en":"1872","place_en":"Shanghai"},{"id":"east_asia-x393","start":1872,"date_label":"1872年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"新桥横滨铁路与学制","desc":"日本第一条铁路在新桥至横滨间开通；同年颁布学制，计划在全国设立大中小学，并改用太阳历。","importance":2,"lat":35.67,"lng":139.76,"place":"东京新桥","title_en":"Shinbashi–Yokohama Railway and School System","desc_en":"Japan's first railway opened between Shinbashi and Yokohama; the same year the Education System Order planned universities and middle and elementary schools nationwide, and Japan adopted the solar calendar.","date_label_en":"1872","place_en":"Shinbashi, Tokyo"},{"id":"east_asia-x394","start":1872,"date_label":"1872年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"富冈制丝场","desc":"明治政府聘请法国技师在群马建立官营富冈制丝场，引进法式缫丝机械，培养女工，生丝成为近代日本最重要的出口商品。","importance":2,"lat":36.26,"lng":138.89,"place":"群马富冈","title_en":"Tomioka Silk Mill","desc_en":"The Meiji government hired French engineers to build the state-run Tomioka Silk Mill in Gunma, introducing French reeling machinery and training women workers; raw silk became modern Japan's most important export.","date_label_en":"1872","place_en":"Tomioka, Gunma"},{"id":"oceania-x026","start":1872,"date_label":"1872年","region":"oceania","dims":["科技"],"title":"陆路电报线","desc":"贯穿澳洲大陆中部、连接阿德莱德与达尔文的陆路电报线建成，全长约3200公里，接通爪哇海底电缆，使澳洲与伦敦的通信从数月缩短到数小时。","importance":2,"lat":-23.7,"lng":133.88,"place":"艾丽斯斯普林斯","title_en":"Overland Telegraph Line","desc_en":"The roughly 3,200 km Overland Telegraph Line across central Australia linking Adelaide and Darwin was completed and connected to the Java submarine cable, cutting communication between Australia and London from months to hours.","date_label_en":"1872","place_en":"Alice Springs"},{"id":"east_asia-x395","start":1873,"date_label":"1873年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","军事"],"title":"地租改正与征兵令","desc":"明治政府实行地租改正，按地价的3%以货币征收地租，确立土地私有；同年颁布征兵令，建立国民义务兵役制度。","importance":3,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"东京","title_en":"Land Tax Reform and Conscription","desc_en":"The Meiji government's land tax reform levied 3% of assessed land value in cash, establishing private landownership; the same year a conscription ordinance created universal military service.","date_label_en":"1873","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x072","start":1873,"end":1904,"date_label":"1873—约1904年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"亚齐战争","desc":"荷兰进攻亚齐苏丹国，遭顽强抵抗，战争断续持续三十余年，是荷兰殖民史上代价最高的战争之一。","importance":2,"lat":5.55,"lng":95.32,"place":"班达亚齐","title_en":"Aceh War","desc_en":"The Dutch attacked the Aceh Sultanate and met fierce resistance; the war dragged on intermittently for over thirty years, one of the costliest in Dutch colonial history.","date_label_en":"1873–c. 1904","place_en":"Banda Aceh"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x064","start":1873,"date_label":"1873年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"桑给巴尔奴隶市场关闭","desc":"在英国压力下，桑给巴尔苏丹巴尔加什签约关闭奴隶市场，禁止海上奴隶贸易，原址后建起英国圣公会大教堂，东非奴隶贸易开始衰退。","importance":1,"lat":-6.16,"lng":39.19,"place":"桑给巴尔","title_en":"Zanzibar Slave Market Closed","desc_en":"Under British pressure, Sultan Barghash of Zanzibar signed a treaty closing the slave market and banning the seaborne slave trade; an Anglican cathedral was later built on the site, and the East African slave trade began to decline.","date_label_en":"1873","place_en":"Zanzibar"},{"id":"global-x017","start":1874,"date_label":"1874年","region":"global","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"万国邮政联盟成立","desc":"1874年《伯尔尼条约》建立邮政总联盟（后称万国邮政联盟），各国以统一资费互递邮件，奠定国际邮政体系。","importance":1,"lat":46.95,"lng":7.45,"place":"瑞士伯尔尼","title_en":"Universal Postal Union Founded","desc_en":"The 1874 Treaty of Bern created the General Postal Union (later the Universal Postal Union), letting nations exchange mail at uniform rates and founding the international postal system.","date_label_en":"1874","place_en":"Bern, Switzerland"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x073","start":1874,"date_label":"1874年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"《邦咯条约》","desc":"英国借霹雳锡矿区华人会党冲突与王位纠纷介入，签订《邦咯条约》，在马来土邦设驻扎官，开始间接统治。","importance":2,"lat":4.21,"lng":100.57,"place":"邦咯岛","title_en":"Pangkor Treaty","desc_en":"Britain intervened in Perak's tin-mining clashes between Chinese secret societies and a royal succession dispute, signing the Pangkor Treaty and placing a Resident in the Malay states—the start of indirect rule.","date_label_en":"1874","place_en":"Pangkor Island"},{"id":"europe-x341","start":1874,"date_label":"1874年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"印象派首次画展","desc":"莫奈、雷诺阿、德加等人在巴黎摄影师纳达尔的工作室举办联展，莫奈《日出·印象》被评论家嘲讽，“印象派”由此得名。","importance":2,"lat":48.87,"lng":2.33,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"First Impressionist Exhibition","desc_en":"Monet, Renoir, Degas, and others held a joint exhibition in photographer Nadar's studio in Paris; a critic mocked Monet's Impression, Sunrise, giving 'Impressionism' its name.","date_label_en":"1874","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"global-x018","start":1875,"date_label":"1875年5月","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"米制公约签署","desc":"17国在巴黎签署《米制公约》，设立国际计量局，推动米、千克等单位成为全球通用标准，是今日国际单位制的基础。","importance":2,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.35,"place":"法国巴黎","title_en":"Metre Convention Signed","desc_en":"Seventeen nations signed the Metre Convention in Paris, creating the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and making the meter and kilogram global standards—the basis of today's International System of Units.","date_label_en":"May 1875","place_en":"Paris, France"},{"id":"south_asia-x128","start":1875,"date_label":"1875年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"孟买证券交易所","desc":"孟买的股票经纪人协会成立，即孟买证券交易所的前身，是亚洲历史最悠久的证券交易所。","importance":2,"lat":18.93,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Bombay Stock Exchange","desc_en":"The Native Share and Stock Brokers' Association was formed in Bombay, the forerunner of the Bombay Stock Exchange, Asia's oldest stock exchange.","date_label_en":"1875","place_en":"Mumbai (Bombay)"},{"id":"south_asia-x129","start":1875,"date_label":"1875年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"雅利安社","desc":"达耶难陀·娑罗室伐底在孟买创立雅利安社，主张回归吠陀、反对偶像崇拜和种姓歧视，推动印度教改革与教育。","importance":2,"lat":18.93,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Arya Samaj","desc_en":"Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in Bombay, calling for a return to the Vedas and opposing idol worship and caste discrimination, advancing Hindu reform and education.","date_label_en":"1875","place_en":"Mumbai (Bombay)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x161","start":1875,"date_label":"1875年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"埃及出售运河股份","desc":"债台高筑的赫迪夫伊斯梅尔将苏伊士运河公司股份售予英国，次年埃及财政被英法共管，主权逐步丧失。","importance":2,"lat":30.05,"lng":31.25,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Egypt Sells Its Canal Shares","desc_en":"The debt-ridden Khedive Ismail sold Egypt's Suez Canal Company shares to Britain; the next year Egypt's finances came under Anglo-French joint control, and its sovereignty steadily eroded.","date_label_en":"1875","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"oceania-x027","start":1875,"date_label":"1875年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"汤加宪法","desc":"汤加国王乔治·图普一世颁布宪法，确立君主立宪、土地不得出售给外国人的制度，汤加因此是太平洋唯一从未被正式殖民的王国。","importance":1,"lat":-21.14,"lng":-175.2,"place":"努库阿洛法","title_en":"Tongan Constitution","desc_en":"King George Tupou I of Tonga promulgated a constitution establishing constitutional monarchy and barring the sale of land to foreigners; Tonga thus remains the only Pacific kingdom never formally colonized.","date_label_en":"1875","place_en":"Nukuʻalofa"},{"id":"east_asia-x396","start":1876,"date_label":"1876年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治","经济"],"title":"《江华岛条约》","desc":"日本以云扬号事件为借口迫使朝鲜签订《江华岛条约》，开放釜山等三港并承认领事裁判权，朝鲜被迫打开国门。","importance":3,"lat":37.75,"lng":126.49,"place":"江华岛","title_en":"Treaty of Ganghwa","desc_en":"Using the Un'yō incident as a pretext, Japan forced Korea to sign the Treaty of Ganghwa, opening Busan and two other ports and conceding extraterritoriality; Korea was forced to open its doors.","date_label_en":"1876","place_en":"Ganghwa Island"},{"id":"south_asia-x130","start":1876,"end":1878,"date_label":"1876—1878年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"南印度大饥荒","desc":"干旱引发的大饥荒席卷马德拉斯、迈索尔等地，死亡人数估计达数百万，殖民政府粮食出口与救济不力受到批评。","importance":2,"lat":13.08,"lng":80.29,"place":"金奈","title_en":"Great Famine of South India","desc_en":"A drought-driven famine swept Madras, Mysore, and other regions, with deaths estimated in the millions; the colonial government was criticized for continuing grain exports and providing inadequate relief.","date_label_en":"1876–1878","place_en":"Chennai"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x162","start":1876,"date_label":"1876年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"奥斯曼帝国宪法","desc":"阿卜杜勒哈米德二世颁布宪法、召开议会，开启第一宪政时期，但1878年借俄土战争即解散议会、搁置宪法。","importance":2,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.97,"place":"伊斯坦布尔","title_en":"Ottoman Constitution","desc_en":"Abdul Hamid II promulgated a constitution and convened a parliament, opening the First Constitutional Era, but in 1878 he used the Russo-Turkish War to dissolve parliament and suspend the constitution.","date_label_en":"1876","place_en":"Istanbul"},{"id":"europe-x342","start":1876,"date_label":"1876年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"奥托四冲程内燃机","desc":"德国工程师奥托在科隆道依茨公司制成实用的四冲程煤气内燃机，热效率远超蒸汽机，为汽车与飞机发动机奠定了基础。","importance":2,"lat":50.94,"lng":6.96,"place":"科隆","title_en":"Otto's Four-Stroke Engine","desc_en":"German engineer Nikolaus Otto built a practical four-stroke gas engine at the Deutz company in Cologne, far more thermally efficient than steam engines, laying the foundation for car and aircraft engines.","date_label_en":"1876","place_en":"Cologne"},{"id":"europe-x343","start":1876,"date_label":"1876年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"拜罗伊特节日剧院","desc":"瓦格纳在拜罗伊特专为其歌剧建造节日剧院，首演四联剧《尼伯龙根的指环》，其“整体艺术”理念与半音和声深刻影响后世音乐。","importance":1,"lat":49.96,"lng":11.58,"place":"拜罗伊特","title_en":"Bayreuth Festspielhaus","desc_en":"Richard Wagner built a festival theater at Bayreuth specifically for his operas and premiered the Ring of the Nibelung cycle there; his concept of the 'total work of art' and chromatic harmony deeply influenced later music.","date_label_en":"1876","place_en":"Bayreuth"},{"id":"latin_america-x069","start":1876,"end":1911,"date_label":"1876–1911年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"波菲里奥统治","desc":"波菲里奥·迪亚斯长期独裁，引进外资修建铁路、开发矿山与石油，墨西哥经济快速增长，但土地高度集中于大庄园，社会不满最终引发墨西哥革命。","importance":2,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"墨西哥城","title_en":"The Porfiriato","desc_en":"Porfirio Díaz ruled as a long-term dictator, attracting foreign capital to build railways and develop mines and oil; Mexico's economy grew rapidly, but land became highly concentrated in haciendas, and social discontent eventually sparked the Mexican Revolution.","date_label_en":"1876–1911","place_en":"Mexico City"},{"id":"north_america-x056","start":1876,"date_label":"1876年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"贝尔电话","desc":"亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔获得电话专利并在波士顿成功通话，次年成立贝尔电话公司，电话迅速普及，改变了商业与社会通信方式。","importance":2,"lat":42.36,"lng":-71.06,"place":"波士顿","title_en":"Bell's Telephone","desc_en":"Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone and made a successful call in Boston, founding the Bell Telephone Company the next year; the telephone spread rapidly, transforming business and social communication.","date_label_en":"1876","place_en":"Boston"},{"id":"north_america-x057","start":1876,"date_label":"1876年","region":"north_america","dims":["军事"],"title":"小大角战役","desc":"拉科塔、北夏延与阿拉帕霍战士在疯马与坐牛领导下全歼卡斯特第七骑兵团一部，是平原印第安人最著名的胜利，但美军随后加强围剿。","importance":1,"lat":45.57,"lng":-107.43,"place":"小大角","title_en":"Battle of the Little Bighorn","desc_en":"Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors under Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull wiped out part of Custer's 7th Cavalry—the most famous Plains Indian victory—though the U.S. Army then intensified its campaigns.","date_label_en":"1876","place_en":"Little Bighorn"},{"id":"north_america-x058","start":1876,"date_label":"1876年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"加拿大《印第安法》","desc":"加拿大议会通过《印第安法》，规定原住民身份、保留地与部落治理，以同化为目标并限制原住民权利，此法虽多次修订至今仍有效。","importance":1,"lat":45.42,"lng":-75.7,"place":"渥太华","title_en":"Canada's Indian Act","desc_en":"Canada's Parliament passed the Indian Act, defining Indigenous status, reserves, and band governance with the aim of assimilation and restricting Indigenous rights; though repeatedly amended, it remains in force.","date_label_en":"1876","place_en":"Ottawa"},{"id":"east_asia-x397","start":1877,"date_label":"1877年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"西南战争","desc":"西乡隆盛率鹿儿岛不满士族起兵，围攻熊本城失败后败退鹿儿岛自尽，这是日本最后一次大规模士族叛乱。","importance":2,"lat":32.8,"lng":130.71,"place":"熊本","title_en":"Satsuma Rebellion","desc_en":"Saigō Takamori led disaffected samurai of Kagoshima in revolt; after failing to take Kumamoto Castle, he retreated to Kagoshima and took his own life—Japan's last major samurai rebellion.","date_label_en":"1877","place_en":"Kumamoto"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x074","start":1877,"end":1888,"date_label":"1877—1888年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"橡胶引入马来亚","desc":"橡胶树苗从邱园送抵新加坡植物园，园长里德利改进割胶方法并大力推广，马来亚后来成为世界最大的橡胶产地。","importance":2,"lat":1.31,"lng":103.82,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Rubber Comes to Malaya","desc_en":"Rubber seedlings from Kew Gardens reached the Singapore Botanic Gardens, where director Henry Ridley improved tapping methods and promoted cultivation; Malaya later became the world's largest rubber producer.","date_label_en":"1877–1888","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"europe-x344","start":1878,"date_label":"1878年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"柏林会议重划巴尔干","desc":"俄土战争后列强在柏林开会修改圣斯特凡诺条约，承认塞尔维亚、黑山、罗马尼亚独立，保加利亚被一分为二，巴尔干矛盾加剧。","importance":2,"lat":52.51,"lng":13.38,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Congress of Berlin Redraws the Balkans","desc_en":"After the Russo-Turkish War, the powers met in Berlin to revise the Treaty of San Stefano, recognizing the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania and splitting Bulgaria in two, deepening Balkan tensions.","date_label_en":"1878","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x065","start":1878,"date_label":"约1878–1898年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"萨摩里·杜尔抗法","desc":"曼丁哥领袖萨摩里·杜尔建立瓦苏鲁帝国，自制枪械、组建常备军，对法国殖民军进行近二十年的抵抗，1898年被俘后流放加蓬。","importance":1,"lat":10.39,"lng":-9.31,"place":"康康一带","title_en":"Samori Ture's Resistance to France","desc_en":"Mandinka leader Samori Ture built the Wassoulou Empire, manufacturing his own firearms and fielding a standing army, and resisted French colonial forces for nearly twenty years until his capture and exile to Gabon in 1898.","date_label_en":"c. 1878–1898","place_en":"Kankan region"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-023","start":1879,"date_label":"1879年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事"],"title":"英祖战争","desc":"英国入侵祖鲁王国，祖鲁军在伊散德尔瓦纳战役中重创英军，但英军随后攻陷祖鲁都城乌伦迪，祖鲁王国被肢解，最终并入英属纳塔尔。","importance":1,"lat":-28.36,"lng":30.65,"place":"伊散德尔瓦纳","title_en":"Anglo-Zulu War","desc_en":"Britain invaded the Zulu Kingdom; the Zulu army inflicted a heavy defeat on the British at Isandlwana, but the British then took the Zulu capital Ulundi, dismembered the kingdom, and eventually absorbed it into British Natal.","date_label_en":"1879","place_en":"Isandlwana"},{"id":"north_america-021","start":1879,"date_label":"1879年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"爱迪生改良白炽灯","desc":"爱迪生在门洛帕克实验室研制出可长时间发光的碳丝白炽灯，并于1882年在纽约建成珍珠街电站，推动电力照明和电网普及。","importance":2,"lat":40.56,"lng":-74.34,"place":"门洛帕克","title_en":"Edison's Incandescent Lamp","desc_en":"Thomas Edison developed a long-lasting carbon-filament incandescent lamp at his Menlo Park laboratory and in 1882 built the Pearl Street Station in New York, spreading electric lighting and power grids.","date_label_en":"1879","place_en":"Menlo Park"},{"id":"east_asia-x398","start":1879,"date_label":"1879年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"琉球处分","desc":"明治政府派军警进入首里城，废除琉球藩设置冲绳县，延续约四百五十年的琉球王国灭亡，清政府对此提出抗议。","importance":2,"lat":26.22,"lng":127.72,"place":"那霸首里","title_en":"Annexation of Ryukyu","desc_en":"The Meiji government sent troops and police into Shuri Castle, abolished the Ryukyu Domain, and created Okinawa Prefecture, ending the roughly 450-year-old Ryukyu Kingdom; the Qing government protested.","date_label_en":"1879","place_en":"Shuri, Naha"},{"id":"latin_america-x070","start":1879,"end":1884,"date_label":"1879–1884年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","经济"],"title":"太平洋战争","desc":"智利与秘鲁、玻利维亚为争夺阿塔卡马沙漠硝石资源开战，智利获胜并夺取硝石产区，玻利维亚失去出海口，硝石出口成为智利财政支柱。","importance":2,"lat":-23.65,"lng":-70.4,"place":"安托法加斯塔","title_en":"War of the Pacific","desc_en":"Chile fought Peru and Bolivia over the nitrate resources of the Atacama Desert; Chile won and seized the nitrate fields, Bolivia lost its coastline, and nitrate exports became the pillar of Chile's public finances.","date_label_en":"1879–1884","place_en":"Antofagasta"},{"id":"latin_america-x071","start":1879,"end":1912,"date_label":"约1879–1912年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"亚马孙橡胶繁荣","desc":"汽车与自行车轮胎需求推动亚马孙野生橡胶繁荣，马瑙斯兴建亚马孙剧院等豪华建筑，采胶的原住民与移民遭受残酷剥削，东南亚种植园兴起后繁荣崩溃。","importance":2,"lat":-3.12,"lng":-60.02,"place":"马瑙斯","title_en":"Amazon Rubber Boom","desc_en":"Demand for car and bicycle tires drove a boom in wild Amazon rubber; Manaus built lavish buildings such as the Amazon Theatre while Indigenous and migrant tappers were brutally exploited, and the boom collapsed once Southeast Asian plantations rose.","date_label_en":"c. 1879–1912","place_en":"Manaus"},{"id":"oceania-x028","start":1879,"end":1881,"date_label":"1879–1881年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"帕里哈卡非暴力抵抗","desc":"毛利先知特·维提与托胡在帕里哈卡领导和平抵抗，以犁地、拆围栏抗议土地没收，1881年殖民军入村逮捕领袖，被视为世界早期非暴力抵抗运动。","importance":2,"lat":-39.29,"lng":173.84,"place":"帕里哈卡","title_en":"Parihaka Nonviolent Resistance","desc_en":"Māori prophets Te Whiti and Tohu led peaceful resistance at Parihaka, plowing land and removing fences to protest confiscations; in 1881 colonial troops entered the village and arrested the leaders—regarded as an early nonviolent resistance movement.","date_label_en":"1879–1881","place_en":"Parihaka"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x066","start":1879,"date_label":"1879年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"可可引入黄金海岸","desc":"加纳人泰特·夸希从费尔南多波岛带回可可种子在家乡种植，小农可可种植迅速扩张，到1911年黄金海岸已成为世界最大可可出口地。","importance":1,"lat":5.92,"lng":-0.13,"place":"曼蓬","title_en":"Cocoa Comes to the Gold Coast","desc_en":"Ghanaian Tetteh Quarshie brought cocoa seeds back from Fernando Pó and planted them at home; smallholder cocoa farming spread rapidly, and by 1911 the Gold Coast was the world's largest cocoa exporter.","date_label_en":"1879","place_en":"Mampong"},{"id":"latin_america-x072","start":1880,"date_label":"约1880–1914年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"阿根廷农牧出口繁荣","desc":"铁路、冷藏船与大规模欧洲移民推动阿根廷潘帕斯牛肉与小麦出口激增，布宜诺斯艾利斯迅速扩张，阿根廷一战前人均收入跻身世界前列。","importance":2,"lat":-34.6,"lng":-58.38,"place":"布宜诺斯艾利斯","title_en":"Argentina's Agro-Export Boom","desc_en":"Railways, refrigerated ships, and mass European immigration drove soaring exports of beef and wheat from the Argentine pampas; Buenos Aires expanded rapidly, and before World War I Argentina's per capita income ranked among the world's highest.","date_label_en":"c. 1880–1914","place_en":"Buenos Aires"},{"id":"east_asia-x399","start":1881,"date_label":"1881年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"唐胥铁路","desc":"开平矿务局为运煤修建唐山至胥各庄的铁路，全长约9.7公里，是中国自主修建并保存下来的第一条标准轨距运营铁路。","importance":2,"lat":39.63,"lng":118.18,"place":"河北唐山","title_en":"Tangshan–Xugezhuang Railway","desc_en":"The Kaiping Mining Bureau built a roughly 9.7 km railway from Tangshan to Xugezhuang to haul coal—the first standard-gauge operating railway built by China itself to survive.","date_label_en":"1881","place_en":"Tangshan, Hebei"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x163","start":1881,"date_label":"1881年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"奥斯曼国债管理处","desc":"奥斯曼帝国财政破产后，欧洲债权人设立国债管理处，直接征收盐、烟草等税收，帝国财政主权大幅受限。","importance":1,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.97,"place":"伊斯坦布尔","title_en":"Ottoman Public Debt Administration","desc_en":"After the Ottoman Empire's bankruptcy, European creditors established the Public Debt Administration, which directly collected taxes on salt, tobacco, and more, severely limiting the empire's fiscal sovereignty.","date_label_en":"1881","place_en":"Istanbul"},{"id":"inner_asia-x085","start":1881,"date_label":"1881年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"格奥克捷佩之战","desc":"俄军围攻土库曼人坚守的格奥克捷佩要塞，破城后屠杀大批守军与居民，1884年俄国进而吞并木鹿绿洲。","importance":1,"lat":38.15,"lng":57.97,"place":"格奥克捷佩","title_en":"Battle of Geok Tepe","desc_en":"Russian forces besieged the Turkmen stronghold of Geok Tepe and, after storming it, massacred large numbers of defenders and residents; in 1884 Russia went on to annex the Merv oasis.","date_label_en":"1881","place_en":"Geok Tepe"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x067","start":1881,"end":1898,"date_label":"1881–1898年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"苏丹马赫迪国家","desc":"穆罕默德·艾哈迈德自称马赫迪，起兵反抗英埃统治，1885年攻陷喀土穆、击毙戈登，建立马赫迪国家，1898年被基钦纳率军在恩图曼以机枪击溃。","importance":2,"lat":15.64,"lng":32.48,"place":"恩图曼","title_en":"Mahdist State in Sudan","desc_en":"Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself the Mahdi and rose against Anglo-Egyptian rule, taking Khartoum and killing Gordon in 1885 and founding the Mahdist State; in 1898 Kitchener's army crushed it with machine guns at Omdurman.","date_label_en":"1881–1898","place_en":"Omdurman"},{"id":"east_asia-x400","start":1882,"date_label":"1882年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"日本银行成立","desc":"大藏卿松方正义推行紧缩财政，设立中央银行日本银行，1885年发行可兑换银币的纸币，整顿了西南战争后的通货膨胀。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.77,"place":"东京","title_en":"Bank of Japan Founded","desc_en":"Finance Minister Matsukata Masayoshi imposed fiscal austerity and created the central Bank of Japan, which in 1885 issued notes convertible into silver, curbing the inflation that followed the Satsuma Rebellion.","date_label_en":"1882","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"south_asia-x131","start":1882,"date_label":"1882年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《阿难陀寺院》与民族歌","desc":"班吉姆·钱德拉·查特吉发表孟加拉语小说《阿难陀寺院》，其中诗歌《向母亲致敬》后成为民族运动口号和印度国歌。","importance":1,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Anandamath and the National Song","desc_en":"Bankim Chandra Chatterjee published the Bengali novel Anandamath, whose poem 'Vande Mataram' later became a slogan of the national movement and India's national song.","date_label_en":"1882","place_en":"Kolkata (Calcutta)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x164","start":1882,"date_label":"1882年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"英国占领埃及","desc":"埃及军官乌拉比领导反对外国控制的运动，英军在泰勒凯比尔击败乌拉比并占领埃及，此后实际统治埃及数十年。","importance":2,"lat":30.54,"lng":31.94,"place":"泰勒凯比尔","title_en":"British Occupation of Egypt","desc_en":"Egyptian officer Ahmed Urabi led a movement against foreign control; British forces defeated him at Tel el-Kebir and occupied Egypt, effectively ruling it for decades.","date_label_en":"1882","place_en":"Tel el-Kebir"},{"id":"europe-x345","start":1882,"date_label":"1882年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"科赫发现结核杆菌","desc":"德国医生罗伯特·科赫宣布发现结核病的病原体结核分枝杆菌，并提出确认病原体的“科赫法则”，推动细菌学成为独立学科。","importance":2,"lat":52.53,"lng":13.38,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Koch Discovers the Tuberculosis Bacillus","desc_en":"German physician Robert Koch announced the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of tuberculosis, and set out 'Koch's postulates' for identifying pathogens, establishing bacteriology as a discipline.","date_label_en":"1882","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"north_america-x059","start":1882,"date_label":"1882年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"《排华法案》","desc":"美国国会通过《排华法案》，禁止华工入境十年，后多次延长，是美国第一部针对特定族群的移民禁令，直至1943年才被废除。","importance":2,"lat":37.79,"lng":-122.41,"place":"旧金山","title_en":"Chinese Exclusion Act","desc_en":"Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, barring Chinese laborers for ten years; repeatedly extended, it was the first U.S. immigration ban targeting a specific ethnic group and was not repealed until 1943.","date_label_en":"1882","place_en":"San Francisco"},{"id":"oceania-x029","start":1882,"date_label":"1882年","region":"oceania","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"首批冷冻肉出口","desc":"装有冷冻设备的“达尼丁号”从新西兰运送冷冻羊肉抵达伦敦，冷冻运输使新西兰和澳洲的肉类、乳制品得以远销英国，农牧出口经济由此确立。","importance":2,"lat":-45.87,"lng":170.5,"place":"达尼丁","title_en":"First Frozen Meat Shipment","desc_en":"The refrigerated ship Dunedin carried frozen mutton from New Zealand to London; refrigerated shipping let New Zealand and Australian meat and dairy reach Britain, establishing their agricultural export economies.","date_label_en":"1882","place_en":"Dunedin"},{"id":"global-x019","start":1883,"date_label":"1883年8月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"喀拉喀托火山爆发","desc":"印尼喀拉喀托火山猛烈喷发，爆炸声传至数千千米外，海啸造成约3.6万人死亡，火山灰导致此后数年全球降温与异常晚霞。","importance":2,"lat":-6.1,"lng":105.42,"place":"印尼巽他海峡","title_en":"Eruption of Krakatoa","desc_en":"Indonesia's Krakatoa erupted violently, its explosion heard thousands of kilometers away; tsunamis killed about 36,000 people, and volcanic ash caused global cooling and vivid sunsets for years afterward.","date_label_en":"Aug 1883","place_en":"Sunda Strait, Indonesia"},{"id":"europe-x346","start":1883,"end":1889,"date_label":"1883–1889年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"俾斯麦社会保险","desc":"德国相继立法建立疾病、工伤和养老保险制度，由国家、雇主与工人共同缴费，是世界上首个国家社会保险体系，开现代福利国家先河。","importance":2,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.4,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Bismarck's Social Insurance","desc_en":"Germany enacted health, accident, and old-age insurance funded jointly by the state, employers, and workers—the world's first national social insurance system, pioneering the modern welfare state.","date_label_en":"1883–1889","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"north_america-x060","start":1883,"date_label":"1883年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"铁路标准时区","desc":"美国与加拿大铁路公司统一采用四个标准时区，取代数百个地方时，1918年美国以法律确认，标准时间成为工业社会协调运作的基础。","importance":1,"lat":41.88,"lng":-87.63,"place":"芝加哥","title_en":"Railway Standard Time Zones","desc_en":"U.S. and Canadian railroads adopted four standard time zones in place of hundreds of local times; the U.S. made it law in 1918, and standard time became the basis for coordinating industrial society.","date_label_en":"1883","place_en":"Chicago"},{"id":"europe-087","start":1884,"end":1885,"date_label":"1884—1885年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"柏林会议瓜分非洲","desc":"欧洲列强在柏林会议上制定瓜分非洲的规则，此后二十余年间非洲几乎全部沦为欧洲殖民地。","importance":2,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.4,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Berlin Conference Partitions Africa","desc_en":"At the Berlin Conference, the European powers set rules for dividing Africa; within the next two decades nearly all of Africa became European colonies.","date_label_en":"1884–1885","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"global-x020","start":1884,"date_label":"1884年10月","region":"global","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"国际子午线会议","desc":"25国在华盛顿开会，确定以通过格林尼治的经线为本初子午线，为全球经度与时区体系奠定基础，适应铁路与电报时代需要。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"美国华盛顿","title_en":"International Meridian Conference","desc_en":"Twenty-five nations meeting in Washington adopted the meridian through Greenwich as the prime meridian, laying the foundation for the global system of longitude and time zones needed in the age of railways and telegraphs.","date_label_en":"Oct 1884","place_en":"Washington, D.C., USA"},{"id":"east_asia-x401","start":1884,"date_label":"1884年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"甲申政变","desc":"金玉均、朴泳孝等开化派借日本公使支持发动政变，宣布改革纲领，三天后被驻朝清军镇压，金玉均等流亡日本。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉城(首尔)","title_en":"Gapsin Coup","desc_en":"Reformists Kim Ok-gyun, Pak Yeong-hyo, and others staged a coup with the backing of the Japanese minister and announced a reform program, but Qing troops in Korea crushed it three days later and Kim and others fled to Japan.","date_label_en":"1884","place_en":"Hanseong (Seoul)"},{"id":"inner_asia-x086","start":1884,"date_label":"约1880年代起","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"中亚棉花单一种植","desc":"俄国在费尔干纳等地推广美国陆地棉，棉花迅速取代粮食作物，中亚成为俄国纺织业的原料基地，影响延续至苏联时期。","importance":2,"lat":40.39,"lng":71.78,"place":"费尔干纳盆地","title_en":"Cotton Monoculture in Central Asia","desc_en":"Russia promoted American upland cotton in Fergana and elsewhere; cotton rapidly displaced food crops, and Central Asia became the raw-material base for Russian textiles, a legacy that lasted into the Soviet era.","date_label_en":"From c. 1880s","place_en":"Fergana Valley"},{"id":"north_america-x061","start":1884,"date_label":"1884年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"加拿大禁止夸富宴","desc":"加拿大修订《印第安法》禁止西北海岸原住民的夸富宴仪式，大量仪式面具被没收，禁令直到1951年才解除，阿勒特湾的文化中心后来追回部分文物。","importance":1,"lat":50.58,"lng":-126.93,"place":"阿勒特湾","title_en":"Canada Bans the Potlatch","desc_en":"Canada amended the Indian Act to ban the potlatch ceremonies of Northwest Coast Indigenous peoples, and many ceremonial masks were confiscated; the ban was not lifted until 1951, and a cultural center at Alert Bay later recovered some of the artifacts.","date_label_en":"1884","place_en":"Alert Bay"},{"id":"oceania-x030","start":1884,"date_label":"1884年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"新几内亚被瓜分","desc":"德国宣布占有新几内亚东北部，英国随即宣布东南部为保护地，岛西部早已属荷兰，新几内亚被三国瓜分，英属部分1906年移交澳大利亚管理。","importance":1,"lat":-9.44,"lng":147.18,"place":"莫尔斯比港","title_en":"Partition of New Guinea","desc_en":"Germany claimed northeastern New Guinea, and Britain immediately declared a protectorate over the southeast; with the west already Dutch, the island was split among three powers, and the British part was transferred to Australian administration in 1906.","date_label_en":"1884","place_en":"Port Moresby"},{"id":"south_asia-041","start":1885,"date_label":"1885年12月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"印度国民大会党成立","desc":"印度国民大会党在孟买召开首次会议，最初以温和请愿为主，后发展为领导印度民族独立运动的主要政治力量。","importance":2,"lat":18.95,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Indian National Congress Founded","desc_en":"The Indian National Congress held its first session in Bombay; initially focused on moderate petitioning, it grew into the main political force leading India's independence movement.","date_label_en":"Dec 1885","place_en":"Mumbai (Bombay)"},{"id":"east_asia-x402","start":1885,"date_label":"1885年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"镇南关大捷","desc":"中法战争中，老将冯子材率军在镇南关大败法军，扭转广西战局，法国茹费理内阁因此倒台，但清政府随后签约求和。","importance":2,"lat":22.1,"lng":106.76,"place":"广西凭祥友谊关","title_en":"Victory at Zhennan Pass","desc_en":"In the Sino-French War, veteran general Feng Zicai routed the French at Zhennan Pass, turning the tide in Guangxi and toppling Jules Ferry's cabinet in France, though the Qing then sued for peace.","date_label_en":"1885","place_en":"Friendship Pass, Pingxiang, Guangxi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x076","start":1885,"date_label":"1885年11月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"第三次英缅战争","desc":"英国以柚木贸易纠纷为借口出兵，攻占曼德勒并废黜锡袍王，次年缅甸全境并入英属印度，贡榜王朝灭亡。","importance":2,"lat":21.98,"lng":96.08,"place":"曼德勒","title_en":"Third Anglo-Burmese War","desc_en":"Using a teak-trade dispute as a pretext, Britain sent troops, took Mandalay, and deposed King Thibaw; the next year all of Burma was annexed to British India, ending the Konbaung dynasty.","date_label_en":"Nov 1885","place_en":"Mandalay"},{"id":"europe-x347","start":1885,"date_label":"1885年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"巴斯德狂犬病疫苗","desc":"巴斯德为被疯狗咬伤的9岁男孩注射减毒狂犬病疫苗并获成功，1888年巴斯德研究所成立，推动免疫学与疫苗研发。","importance":2,"lat":48.85,"lng":2.31,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Pasteur's Rabies Vaccine","desc_en":"Louis Pasteur successfully injected an attenuated rabies vaccine into a 9-year-old boy bitten by a rabid dog; the Pasteur Institute was founded in 1888, advancing immunology and vaccine research.","date_label_en":"1885","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"north_america-x062","start":1885,"date_label":"1885年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"太平洋铁路最后一颗道钉","desc":"加拿大太平洋铁路在不列颠哥伦比亚的克雷格拉奇钉下最后一颗道钉，横贯大陆的铁路兑现了吸引不列颠哥伦比亚加入联邦的承诺，修路华工伤亡甚众。","importance":2,"lat":50.97,"lng":-118.63,"place":"克雷格拉奇","title_en":"Last Spike of the Canadian Pacific","desc_en":"The last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway was driven at Craigellachie, British Columbia; the transcontinental line fulfilled the promise that had drawn British Columbia into Confederation, at a heavy toll among its Chinese workers.","date_label_en":"1885","place_en":"Craigellachie"},{"id":"north_america-x063","start":1885,"date_label":"1885年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"首座摩天大楼","desc":"芝加哥家庭保险大楼以钢铁框架承重，高10层，常被视为第一座摩天大楼，配合电梯技术，高层建筑迅速改变美国城市天际线。","importance":1,"lat":41.88,"lng":-87.63,"place":"芝加哥","title_en":"First Skyscraper","desc_en":"Chicago's 10-story Home Insurance Building, supported by a steel frame, is often regarded as the first skyscraper; combined with elevators, high-rises quickly transformed American city skylines.","date_label_en":"1885","place_en":"Chicago"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x068","start":1885,"end":1908,"date_label":"1885–1908年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"刚果自由邦橡胶暴行","desc":"比利时国王利奥波德二世以私人领地形式统治刚果自由邦，强迫劳工采集橡胶，以砍手等酷刑逼迫完成定额，人口大量减少，国际舆论迫使其移交比利时政府。","importance":2,"lat":-4.32,"lng":15.31,"place":"利奥波德维尔","title_en":"Congo Free State Rubber Atrocities","desc_en":"Belgian King Leopold II ruled the Congo Free State as his personal domain, forcing laborers to collect rubber and enforcing quotas with tortures such as severing hands; the population fell sharply, and international outcry forced him to hand it to the Belgian state.","date_label_en":"1885–1908","place_en":"Léopoldville"},{"id":"global-x021","start":1886,"date_label":"1886年","region":"global","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"《伯尔尼公约》保护著作权","desc":"《保护文学和艺术作品伯尔尼公约》签署，确立作品跨国自动受保护原则，成为国际版权制度基石，至今已有180余个缔约方。","importance":2,"lat":46.95,"lng":7.45,"place":"瑞士伯尔尼","title_en":"Berne Convention on Copyright","desc_en":"The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works was signed, establishing automatic cross-border protection of works; the cornerstone of international copyright, it now has over 180 contracting parties.","date_label_en":"1886","place_en":"Bern, Switzerland"},{"id":"europe-x348","start":1886,"date_label":"1886年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"本茨汽车","desc":"卡尔·本茨为其三轮“奔驰一号”汽油机车申请专利，被视为第一辆现代汽车；1888年其妻贝尔塔驾车完成首次长途行驶。","importance":2,"lat":49.49,"lng":8.47,"place":"曼海姆","title_en":"Benz Motor Car","desc_en":"Karl Benz patented his three-wheeled gasoline-powered Benz Patent-Motorwagen, regarded as the first modern automobile; in 1888 his wife Bertha made the first long-distance drive.","date_label_en":"1886","place_en":"Mannheim"},{"id":"north_america-x064","start":1886,"date_label":"1886年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"干草市场事件","desc":"芝加哥工人为争取八小时工作制举行集会时发生炸弹爆炸，多名警察与平民死亡，数名无政府主义者被判死刑，“五一”国际劳动节由此而来。","importance":1,"lat":41.88,"lng":-87.63,"place":"芝加哥","title_en":"Haymarket Affair","desc_en":"A bomb exploded at a Chicago workers' rally for the eight-hour day, killing several police and civilians; several anarchists were sentenced to death, and International Workers' Day on May 1 traces its origin to the event.","date_label_en":"1886","place_en":"Chicago"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x069","start":1886,"date_label":"1886年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"威特沃特斯兰德金矿","desc":"威特沃特斯兰德发现世界最大金矿，约翰内斯堡迅速崛起，南非成为全球最大黄金产地，吸引外资与移民劳工，也激化英国与布尔共和国的冲突。","importance":3,"lat":-26.2,"lng":28.05,"place":"约翰内斯堡","title_en":"Witwatersrand Gold Rush","desc_en":"The world's largest gold deposit was found on the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg rose rapidly and South Africa became the world's largest gold producer, attracting foreign capital and migrant labor and intensifying conflict between Britain and the Boer republics.","date_label_en":"1886","place_en":"Johannesburg"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x070","start":1886,"date_label":"1885–1887年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"布干达殉道者","desc":"布干达国王姆旺加二世下令处死数十名拒绝放弃信仰的皈依者，多人在纳穆贡戈被烧死，此事成为乌干达基督教史的标志事件，纪念日延续至今。","importance":1,"lat":0.39,"lng":32.65,"place":"纳穆贡戈","title_en":"Uganda Martyrs","desc_en":"King Mwanga II of Buganda ordered the execution of dozens of converts who refused to renounce their faith, many burned at Namugongo; it became a landmark in Ugandan Christian history, still commemorated today.","date_label_en":"1885–1887","place_en":"Namugongo"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x077","start":1887,"date_label":"1887年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"黎刹《不许犯我》","desc":"何塞·黎刹在柏林出版小说《不许犯我》，揭露西班牙殖民与教会弊端，激发菲律宾民族意识，1896年他被殖民当局处决。","importance":2,"lat":14.59,"lng":120.97,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"Rizal's Noli Me Tángere","desc_en":"José Rizal published the novel Noli Me Tángere in Berlin, exposing abuses of Spanish colonial rule and the Church and awakening Filipino national consciousness; he was executed by the colonial authorities in 1896.","date_label_en":"1887","place_en":"Manila"},{"id":"north_america-x065","start":1887,"date_label":"1887年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"《道斯法》","desc":"《道斯法》将部落公有保留地分割给个人，剩余土地出售给白人，原住民掌握的土地在此后数十年间减少约三分之二，部落社会结构遭到破坏。","importance":1,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Dawes Act","desc_en":"The Dawes Act divided communal tribal reservations into individual allotments and sold the 'surplus' to whites; Indigenous landholdings shrank by about two-thirds over the following decades, and tribal social structures were broken.","date_label_en":"1887","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"latin_america-020","start":1888,"date_label":"1888年5月13日","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"巴西废除奴隶制","desc":"巴西公主伊莎贝尔签署《黄金法》，无偿废除奴隶制，巴西成为西半球最后一个废奴的国家，次年帝制被推翻。","importance":2,"lat":-22.91,"lng":-43.17,"place":"里约热内卢","title_en":"Brazil Abolishes Slavery","desc_en":"Brazil's Princess Isabel signed the Golden Law, abolishing slavery without compensation; Brazil was the last country in the Western Hemisphere to do so, and the monarchy was overthrown the following year.","date_label_en":"13 May 1888","place_en":"Rio de Janeiro"},{"id":"east_asia-x403","start":1888,"date_label":"1888年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"北洋水师成军","desc":"清政府颁布《北洋海军章程》，北洋水师正式成军，拥有定远、镇远等主力舰，总部设在威海刘公岛，号称亚洲第一舰队。","importance":2,"lat":37.51,"lng":122.18,"place":"威海刘公岛","title_en":"Beiyang Fleet Established","desc_en":"The Qing issued the Beiyang Navy Regulations, formally establishing the Beiyang Fleet with capital ships such as the Dingyuan and Zhenyuan, headquartered on Liugong Island at Weihai and touted as Asia's foremost fleet.","date_label_en":"1888","place_en":"Liugong Island, Weihai"},{"id":"inner_asia-x087","start":1888,"date_label":"1888年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"外里海铁路通撒马尔罕","desc":"俄国修建的外里海铁路由里海东岸延伸至撒马尔罕，后通塔什干，便利了军事控制与棉花外运。","importance":2,"lat":39.65,"lng":66.96,"place":"撒马尔罕","title_en":"Trans-Caspian Railway Reaches Samarkand","desc_en":"Russia's Trans-Caspian Railway was extended from the Caspian's east shore to Samarkand and later to Tashkent, easing military control and the export of cotton.","date_label_en":"1888","place_en":"Samarkand"},{"id":"europe-x349","start":1888,"date_label":"1888年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"赫兹证实电磁波","desc":"海因里希·赫兹在卡尔斯鲁厄用火花振荡器产生并检测到电磁波，证实麦克斯韦的预言，为无线电通信开辟道路。","importance":1,"lat":49.01,"lng":8.4,"place":"卡尔斯鲁厄","title_en":"Hertz Confirms Electromagnetic Waves","desc_en":"Heinrich Hertz generated and detected electromagnetic waves with a spark oscillator in Karlsruhe, confirming Maxwell's prediction and opening the way for radio communication.","date_label_en":"1888","place_en":"Karlsruhe"},{"id":"latin_america-x073","start":1888,"date_label":"1888年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"鲁文·达里奥《蓝》","desc":"尼加拉瓜诗人鲁文·达里奥在智利瓦尔帕莱索出版诗文集《蓝》，开创西语“现代主义”文学，首次使拉美文学反向影响西班牙本土。","importance":1,"lat":-33.05,"lng":-71.62,"place":"瓦尔帕莱索","title_en":"Rubén Darío's Azul","desc_en":"Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío published Azul in Valparaíso, Chile, launching Spanish-language Modernismo—the first time Latin American literature influenced Spain itself.","date_label_en":"1888","place_en":"Valparaíso"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x071","start":1888,"date_label":"1888–1897年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"非洲牛瘟大流行","desc":"牛瘟随意大利军队的牲畜传入非洲之角，迅速蔓延至南部非洲，九成左右牛群死亡，畜牧社会陷入饥荒，削弱了非洲社会对殖民征服的抵抗。","importance":2,"lat":15.61,"lng":39.45,"place":"马萨瓦","title_en":"African Rinderpest Epidemic","desc_en":"Rinderpest arrived in the Horn of Africa with Italian army livestock and spread rapidly to southern Africa, killing about 90% of cattle; pastoral societies fell into famine, weakening African resistance to colonial conquest.","date_label_en":"1888–1897","place_en":"Massawa"},{"id":"east_asia-x404","start":1889,"date_label":"1889年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"《大日本帝国宪法》","desc":"以伊藤博文为中心参照普鲁士宪法起草的《大日本帝国宪法》颁布，规定天皇总揽统治权，设帝国议会，1890年召开首届议会。","importance":3,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"东京","title_en":"Meiji Constitution","desc_en":"The Constitution of the Empire of Japan, drafted chiefly by Itō Hirobumi on the Prussian model, was promulgated, vesting sovereignty in the emperor and creating an Imperial Diet, which first convened in 1890.","date_label_en":"1889","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"europe-x350","start":1889,"date_label":"1889年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"埃菲尔铁塔","desc":"为纪念法国大革命一百周年的巴黎世博会，工程师埃菲尔建成高约300米的钢铁塔，成为当时世界最高建筑和巴黎的象征。","importance":1,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.29,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Eiffel Tower","desc_en":"For the Paris Exposition marking the French Revolution's centenary, engineer Gustave Eiffel built a steel tower about 300 m tall, then the world's tallest structure and a symbol of Paris.","date_label_en":"1889","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"latin_america-x074","start":1889,"date_label":"1889年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"巴西共和国成立","desc":"废奴次年，军人发动政变推翻佩德罗二世，巴西改为联邦共和国，此后咖啡种植园主主导的“咖啡与牛奶”政治格局延续至1930年。","importance":1,"lat":-22.91,"lng":-43.17,"place":"里约热内卢","title_en":"Brazilian Republic Proclaimed","desc_en":"The year after abolition, a military coup overthrew Pedro II and Brazil became a federal republic; the 'coffee with milk' politics dominated by coffee planters lasted until 1930.","date_label_en":"1889","place_en":"Rio de Janeiro"},{"id":"east_asia-x405","start":1890,"date_label":"1890年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"北里柴三郎血清疗法","desc":"北里柴三郎在柏林科赫研究所与贝林合作，发现破伤风抗毒素并开创血清疗法，此前他已成功纯培养破伤风杆菌。","importance":2,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.4,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Kitasato's Serum Therapy","desc_en":"Working with Emil von Behring at Koch's institute in Berlin, Kitasato Shibasaburō discovered tetanus antitoxin and pioneered serum therapy, having earlier grown a pure culture of the tetanus bacillus.","date_label_en":"1890","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"north_america-x066","start":1890,"date_label":"1890年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》","desc":"国会通过《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》，禁止限制贸易的合谋与垄断行为，是美国反垄断法的基石，后被用于拆分标准石油等托拉斯。","importance":1,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Sherman Antitrust Act","desc_en":"Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, outlawing conspiracies and monopolies in restraint of trade; the cornerstone of U.S. antitrust law, it was later used to break up Standard Oil and other trusts.","date_label_en":"1890","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"southeast_asia-x078","start":1891,"date_label":"1891年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"发现爪哇人","desc":"荷兰军医杜布瓦在东爪哇特里尼尔发现直立人头盖骨与股骨，命名为\"爪哇猿人\"，是首次发现的直立人化石。","importance":2,"lat":-7.38,"lng":111.36,"place":"特里尼尔","title_en":"Discovery of Java Man","desc_en":"Dutch army doctor Eugène Dubois found a Homo erectus skullcap and femur at Trinil, East Java, naming it 'Java ape-man'—the first Homo erectus fossil ever found.","date_label_en":"1891","place_en":"Trinil"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x165","start":1891,"date_label":"1891—1892年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"伊朗烟草抵制运动","desc":"卡扎尔沙将烟草专营权授予英国商人，宗教学者发布禁烟教令，全国响应抵制，迫使国王取消特许权，被视为伊朗近代民众运动开端。","importance":2,"lat":35.69,"lng":51.39,"place":"德黑兰","title_en":"Iranian Tobacco Protest","desc_en":"The Qajar shah granted a tobacco monopoly to a British businessman; religious scholars issued a fatwa against smoking, a nationwide boycott followed, and the shah was forced to cancel the concession—seen as the start of modern popular movements in Iran.","date_label_en":"1891–1892","place_en":"Tehran"},{"id":"europe-x351","start":1891,"date_label":"1891年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"《新事物》通谕","desc":"教皇利奥十三世发布《新事物》通谕，既反对社会主义也批评放任资本主义，主张公正工资和工人结社权，奠定天主教社会教义。","importance":1,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.45,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Rerum Novarum","desc_en":"Pope Leo XIII issued the encyclical Rerum Novarum, opposing socialism while criticizing laissez-faire capitalism and advocating just wages and workers' right to organize, founding Catholic social teaching.","date_label_en":"1891","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"north_america-x067","start":1892,"date_label":"1892年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"埃利斯岛移民站","desc":"纽约埃利斯岛移民站启用，至1954年关闭共接纳约1200万移民，大批南欧、东欧移民在此入境，为美国工业化提供劳动力并重塑其人口构成。","importance":2,"lat":40.7,"lng":-74.04,"place":"埃利斯岛","title_en":"Ellis Island Immigration Station","desc_en":"New York's Ellis Island immigration station opened, processing some 12 million immigrants before closing in 1954; masses of Southern and Eastern Europeans entered here, supplying labor for industrialization and reshaping America's population.","date_label_en":"1892","place_en":"Ellis Island"},{"id":"oceania-013","start":1893,"date_label":"1893年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"新西兰女性获得选举权","desc":"在凯特·谢泼德等人请愿推动下，新西兰成为世界上第一个在全国选举中给予女性投票权的自治国家。","importance":3,"lat":-41.29,"lng":174.78,"place":"惠灵顿","title_en":"New Zealand Women Win the Vote","desc_en":"Driven by petitions led by Kate Sheppard and others, New Zealand became the world's first self-governing country to grant women the vote in national elections.","date_label_en":"1893","place_en":"Wellington"},{"id":"south_asia-x132","start":1893,"end":1897,"date_label":"1893—1897年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"辨喜与罗摩克里希纳传道会","desc":"辨喜在芝加哥世界宗教议会演讲，向西方介绍吠檀多；1897年创立罗摩克里希纳传道会，结合宗教与社会服务。","importance":2,"lat":22.63,"lng":88.36,"place":"贝卢尔","title_en":"Vivekananda and the Ramakrishna Mission","desc_en":"Swami Vivekananda addressed the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago, introducing Vedanta to the West; in 1897 he founded the Ramakrishna Mission, combining religion with social service.","date_label_en":"1893–1897","place_en":"Belur"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x079","start":1893,"date_label":"1893年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"暹罗首条铁路","desc":"曼谷至北榄的北榄铁路通车，是暹罗第一条铁路；朱拉隆功同时着手建设国营铁路，以加强中央对地方的控制。","importance":1,"lat":13.75,"lng":100.49,"place":"曼谷","title_en":"Siam's First Railway","desc_en":"The Paknam Railway from Bangkok to Paknam opened, Siam's first railway; Chulalongkorn simultaneously began building state railways to strengthen central control over the provinces.","date_label_en":"1893","place_en":"Bangkok"},{"id":"inner_asia-x088","start":1893,"date_label":"1893年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"杜兰线","desc":"英属印度外交秘书杜兰与阿富汗埃米尔划定阿富汗与英属印度的边界，线将普什图人分割两侧，至今仍是阿巴争议根源。","importance":2,"lat":34.53,"lng":69.17,"place":"喀布尔","title_en":"Durand Line","desc_en":"British Indian Foreign Secretary Mortimer Durand and the Afghan emir demarcated the border between Afghanistan and British India; the line split the Pashtuns and remains a source of Afghan–Pakistani dispute today.","date_label_en":"1893","place_en":"Kabul"},{"id":"north_america-x068","start":1893,"date_label":"1893年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"芝加哥世界博览会","desc":"芝加哥举办哥伦布纪念博览会，展示交流电照明与首座摩天轮，“白城”建筑引发城市美化运动，也显示美国工业实力已跻身世界前列。","importance":1,"lat":41.79,"lng":-87.58,"place":"芝加哥","title_en":"Chicago World's Fair","desc_en":"Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition, showcasing alternating-current lighting and the first Ferris wheel; its 'White City' inspired the City Beautiful movement and showed that American industry ranked among the world's leaders.","date_label_en":"1893","place_en":"Chicago"},{"id":"oceania-x031","start":1893,"date_label":"1893年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"夏威夷王国被推翻","desc":"美国种植园主势力在美军支持下推翻利留卡拉尼女王，成立临时政府，1898年美国正式吞并夏威夷，1959年夏威夷成为美国第50个州。","importance":2,"lat":21.31,"lng":-157.86,"place":"伊奥拉尼宫","title_en":"Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom","desc_en":"American planter interests, backed by U.S. troops, overthrew Queen Liliʻuokalani and set up a provisional government; the U.S. formally annexed Hawaii in 1898, and it became the 50th state in 1959.","date_label_en":"1893","place_en":"ʻIolani Palace"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x072","start":1893,"date_label":"1893年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"甘地在南非","desc":"甘地因有色人种身份在彼得马里茨堡被赶下头等车厢，此后在南非组织印度侨民抗争二十余年，发展出“非暴力不合作”理念。","importance":1,"lat":-29.6,"lng":30.38,"place":"彼得马里茨堡","title_en":"Gandhi in South Africa","desc_en":"Gandhi was thrown off a first-class train compartment at Pietermaritzburg because of his color; he went on to organize the Indian community in South Africa for over twenty years, developing the idea of nonviolent noncooperation.","date_label_en":"1893","place_en":"Pietermaritzburg"},{"id":"east_asia-080","start":1894,"end":1895,"date_label":"1894–1895年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"甲午战争","desc":"日本在甲午战争中击败清朝，北洋水师覆没，清朝签订《马关条约》，割让台湾等地并赔款白银二亿两。","importance":3,"lat":37.53,"lng":122.18,"place":"威海刘公岛","title_en":"First Sino-Japanese War","desc_en":"Japan defeated the Qing in the First Sino-Japanese War, destroying the Beiyang Fleet; the Qing signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, ceding Taiwan and other territory and paying an indemnity of 200 million taels of silver.","date_label_en":"1894–1895","place_en":"Liugong Island, Weihai"},{"id":"global-x022","start":1894,"end":1959,"date_label":"1894—约1959年","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"第三次鼠疫大流行","desc":"鼠疫自中国云南经香港传播至全球港口，1894年耶尔森在香港分离出鼠疫杆菌，印度死亡者逾千万，推动了现代流行病学与检疫制度。","importance":2,"lat":22.28,"lng":114.16,"place":"香港","title_en":"Third Plague Pandemic","desc_en":"Plague spread from Yunnan, China, via Hong Kong to ports worldwide; in 1894 Alexandre Yersin isolated the plague bacillus in Hong Kong, deaths in India exceeded ten million, and the pandemic spurred modern epidemiology and quarantine systems.","date_label_en":"1894–c. 1959","place_en":"Hong Kong"},{"id":"east_asia-x406","start":1894,"date_label":"1894年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"东学农民运动","desc":"全罗道古阜郡守横征暴敛，全琫准率东学农民起义，提出“除暴救民”，攻占全州；清日两国借机出兵，引发甲午战争。","importance":2,"lat":35.57,"lng":126.86,"place":"全罗北道井邑","title_en":"Donghak Peasant Revolution","desc_en":"Provoked by extortion by the magistrate of Gobu in Jeolla Province, Jeon Bong-jun led Donghak peasants in revolt under the slogan 'remove tyranny and save the people', capturing Jeonju; China and Japan both sent troops, triggering the First Sino-Japanese War.","date_label_en":"1894","place_en":"Jeongeup, North Jeolla"},{"id":"east_asia-x407","start":1894,"date_label":"1894年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"甲午改革","desc":"在日本支持下，金弘集内阁设军国机务处推行改革，废除科举与身份等级制度、禁止人身买卖，统一税收以货币缴纳。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉城(首尔)","title_en":"Gabo Reform","desc_en":"With Japanese backing, Kim Hong-jip's cabinet set up a Deliberative Council to push reforms, abolishing the civil-service examinations and the status hierarchy, banning the trade in people, and unifying taxes payable in money.","date_label_en":"1894","place_en":"Hanseong (Seoul)"},{"id":"europe-088","start":1895,"date_label":"1895年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"伦琴发现X射线","desc":"德国物理学家伦琴发现X射线，迅速用于医学成像；次年贝克勒尔发现放射性，居里夫妇随后发现钋和镭。","importance":2,"lat":49.79,"lng":9.93,"place":"维尔茨堡","title_en":"Röntgen Discovers X-Rays","desc_en":"German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays, quickly adopted for medical imaging; the next year Becquerel discovered radioactivity, and the Curies later discovered polonium and radium.","date_label_en":"1895","place_en":"Würzburg"},{"id":"east_asia-x408","start":1895,"date_label":"1895年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治","经济"],"title":"《马关条约》","desc":"甲午战败后李鸿章在日本下关签订《马关条约》，割让台湾、澎湖列岛，赔款白银二亿两，允许日本在通商口岸开设工厂。","importance":3,"lat":33.96,"lng":130.94,"place":"日本下关","title_en":"Treaty of Shimonoseki","desc_en":"After defeat in the war with Japan, Li Hongzhang signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, ceding Taiwan and the Penghu Islands, paying 200 million taels of silver, and allowing Japan to open factories in treaty ports.","date_label_en":"1895","place_en":"Shimonoseki, Japan"},{"id":"east_asia-x409","start":1895,"date_label":"1895年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"公车上书","desc":"《马关条约》签订消息传来，康有为联合在京会试的一千多名举人联名上书光绪帝，要求拒和、迁都、变法，维新思潮由此兴起。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Petition of the Examination Candidates","desc_en":"When news of the Treaty of Shimonoseki arrived, Kang Youwei and over a thousand provincial graduates in Beijing for the metropolitan exam jointly petitioned the Guangxu Emperor to reject peace, move the capital, and reform, sparking the reform movement.","date_label_en":"1895","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x410","start":1895,"date_label":"1895年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"乙未事变","desc":"日本公使三浦梧楼指使日本浪人与军人闯入景福宫，杀害王后闵氏（明成皇后）并焚尸，激起朝鲜全国义兵运动。","importance":2,"lat":37.58,"lng":126.98,"place":"首尔景福宫","title_en":"Eulmi Incident","desc_en":"Japanese Minister Miura Gorō directed Japanese thugs and soldiers to break into Gyeongbokgung Palace, where they killed Queen Min (Empress Myeongseong) and burned her body, sparking a nationwide righteous army movement in Korea.","date_label_en":"1895","place_en":"Gyeongbokgung, Seoul"},{"id":"europe-x352","start":1895,"date_label":"1895年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"卢米埃尔兄弟电影放映","desc":"卢米埃尔兄弟在巴黎大咖啡馆用活动电影机首次公开售票放映短片，包括《工厂大门》，标志电影诞生。","importance":2,"lat":48.87,"lng":2.33,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Lumière Brothers' Film Screening","desc_en":"The Lumière brothers held the first public ticketed screening of short films with their Cinématographe at the Grand Café in Paris, including Workers Leaving the Factory, marking the birth of cinema.","date_label_en":"1895","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"latin_america-x075","start":1895,"end":1898,"date_label":"1895–1898年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","文化"],"title":"古巴独立战争","desc":"诗人与革命家何塞·马蒂发动第二次古巴独立战争，开战不久即阵亡，其著作塑造了古巴民族意识，1898年美国介入后西班牙战败。","importance":1,"lat":20.02,"lng":-75.82,"place":"圣地亚哥（古）","title_en":"Cuban War of Independence","desc_en":"Poet and revolutionary José Martí launched Cuba's second war of independence and was killed soon after fighting began; his writings shaped Cuban national consciousness, and Spain was defeated after U.S. intervention in 1898.","date_label_en":"1895–1898","place_en":"Santiago de Cuba"},{"id":"north_america-x069","start":1895,"date_label":"1895年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"尼亚加拉交流电站","desc":"采用特斯拉交流电系统的尼亚加拉瀑布水电站投入运行，次年向约40公里外的布法罗输电，交流电在“电流之战”中胜出，成为电网标准。","importance":1,"lat":43.08,"lng":-79.07,"place":"尼亚加拉瀑布","title_en":"Niagara AC Power Plant","desc_en":"The Niagara Falls hydroelectric plant using Tesla's alternating-current system went into operation and the next year sent power to Buffalo about 40 km away; AC won the 'War of the Currents' and became the grid standard.","date_label_en":"1895","place_en":"Niagara Falls"},{"id":"southeast_asia-028","start":1896,"end":1902,"date_label":"1896—1902年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"菲律宾革命与美国统治","desc":"卡蒂普南起义反抗西班牙，黎刹被处决；1898年宣布独立，但美西战争后西班牙将菲律宾割让给美国，美军镇压菲律宾独立战争。","importance":3,"lat":14.59,"lng":120.98,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"Philippine Revolution and U.S. Rule","desc_en":"The Katipunan rose against Spain and Rizal was executed; independence was declared in 1898, but after the Spanish–American War Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States, whose forces crushed the Philippine war of independence.","date_label_en":"1896–1902","place_en":"Manila"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-025","start":1896,"date_label":"1896年3月","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"阿杜瓦战役","desc":"埃塞俄比亚皇帝孟尼利克二世在阿杜瓦大败意大利入侵军，迫使意大利承认埃塞俄比亚独立，使其成为瓜分狂潮中少数保持独立的非洲国家，鼓舞了泛非主义。","importance":3,"lat":14.17,"lng":38.9,"place":"阿杜瓦","title_en":"Battle of Adwa","desc_en":"Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II routed an invading Italian army at Adwa, forcing Italy to recognize Ethiopian independence; Ethiopia became one of the few African states to stay independent during the Scramble, inspiring Pan-Africanism.","date_label_en":"Mar 1896","place_en":"Adwa"},{"id":"global-x023","start":1896,"date_label":"1896年4月","region":"global","dims":["文化"],"title":"首届现代奥运会","desc":"在顾拜旦倡议下，首届现代奥林匹克运动会在雅典举行，约14个国家、241名运动员参赛，开启全球性体育盛会传统。","importance":3,"lat":37.97,"lng":23.74,"place":"希腊雅典","title_en":"First Modern Olympic Games","desc_en":"At Pierre de Coubertin's initiative, the first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens with 241 athletes from about 14 countries, beginning the tradition of a global sporting festival.","date_label_en":"Apr 1896","place_en":"Athens, Greece"},{"id":"global-x024","start":1896,"date_label":"1896年","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"阿伦尼乌斯计算温室效应","desc":"瑞典化学家阿伦尼乌斯首次定量估算，大气二氧化碳浓度加倍将使地表升温数摄氏度，为现代气候变化研究奠定理论基础。","importance":1,"title_en":"Arrhenius Calculates the Greenhouse Effect","desc_en":"Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius made the first quantitative estimate that doubling atmospheric carbon dioxide would warm the surface by several degrees Celsius, laying the theoretical foundation for modern climate-change research.","date_label_en":"1896"},{"id":"north_america-x070","start":1896,"date_label":"1896–1899年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"克朗代克淘金热","desc":"育空地区克朗代克发现金矿，约十万人蜂拥北上，道森一度成为加拿大西部最大城市，淘金热推动了育空地区的建立与西北交通开发。","importance":1,"lat":64.06,"lng":-139.43,"place":"道森","title_en":"Klondike Gold Rush","desc_en":"Gold was found in the Klondike in the Yukon, and some 100,000 people rushed north; Dawson briefly became the largest city in western Canada, and the rush drove the creation of Yukon Territory and transport development in the northwest.","date_label_en":"1896–1899","place_en":"Dawson City"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x073","start":1896,"date_label":"1896–1901年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"乌干达铁路","desc":"英国修建从蒙巴萨至维多利亚湖畔的铁路，雇用大批印度劳工，沿线营地内罗毕由此兴起，铁路奠定了肯尼亚殖民经济与南亚移民社群的格局。","importance":1,"lat":-1.29,"lng":36.82,"place":"内罗毕","title_en":"Uganda Railway","desc_en":"Britain built a railway from Mombasa to Lake Victoria using large numbers of Indian laborers; Nairobi grew from a camp along the line, and the railway shaped Kenya's colonial economy and its South Asian community.","date_label_en":"1896–1901","place_en":"Nairobi"},{"id":"east_asia-x411","start":1897,"date_label":"1897年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"大韩帝国成立","desc":"高宗从俄国公使馆还宫后改国号为大韩帝国，称皇帝，年号光武，推行以“旧本新参”为原则的光武改革。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉城(首尔)","title_en":"Korean Empire Proclaimed","desc_en":"After returning from the Russian legation, King Gojong renamed the country the Korean Empire, took the title of emperor with the reign name Gwangmu, and launched the Gwangmu Reform on the principle of 'old foundations, new additions'.","date_label_en":"1897","place_en":"Hanseong (Seoul)"},{"id":"europe-x354","start":1897,"date_label":"1897年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"汤姆孙发现电子","desc":"剑桥卡文迪许实验室的J.J.汤姆孙通过阴极射线实验发现电子，证明原子可分，开启了亚原子物理学。","importance":2,"lat":52.21,"lng":0.12,"place":"剑桥","title_en":"Thomson Discovers the Electron","desc_en":"J. J. Thomson at Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory discovered the electron through cathode-ray experiments, proving the atom divisible and opening subatomic physics.","date_label_en":"1897","place_en":"Cambridge"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x074","start":1897,"date_label":"1897年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","文化"],"title":"贝宁青铜器被掠","desc":"英国以使团遇袭为由发动讨伐，焚毁贝宁城，掠走数千件青铜饰板与象牙雕刻，分散到欧美博物馆，这些文物的归还争议持续至今。","importance":2,"lat":6.34,"lng":5.62,"place":"贝宁城","title_en":"Looting of the Benin Bronzes","desc_en":"Citing an attack on a British mission, Britain launched a punitive expedition, burned Benin City, and carried off thousands of bronze plaques and ivory carvings, scattered among European and American museums; disputes over their return continue today.","date_label_en":"1897","place_en":"Benin City"},{"id":"latin_america-021","start":1898,"date_label":"1898年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"美西战争","desc":"美国借缅因号爆炸事件对西班牙开战，西班牙战败失去古巴、波多黎各等殖民地，古巴名义独立但受美国控制，美国势力深入加勒比。","importance":2,"lat":23.14,"lng":-82.36,"place":"哈瓦那","title_en":"Spanish–American War","desc_en":"Using the explosion of the USS Maine as a pretext, the United States went to war with Spain; Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other colonies, Cuba became nominally independent under U.S. control, and American power reached deep into the Caribbean.","date_label_en":"1898","place_en":"Havana"},{"id":"east_asia-x412","start":1898,"date_label":"1898年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"戊戌变法","desc":"光绪帝任用康有为、梁启超等推行新政103天，涉及废八股、设学堂、奖励实业等，后被慈禧太后发动政变扼杀，谭嗣同等六君子遇害。","importance":3,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Hundred Days' Reform","desc_en":"The Guangxu Emperor employed Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and others in 103 days of reforms—abolishing the eight-legged essay, founding schools, encouraging industry—until Empress Dowager Cixi's coup crushed them and Tan Sitong and five others were executed.","date_label_en":"1898","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x413","start":1898,"date_label":"1898年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"京师大学堂","desc":"戊戌变法期间创办京师大学堂，是近代中国第一所国立综合性大学，也是当时全国最高教育行政机关，1912年改名北京大学。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Imperial University of Peking","desc_en":"Founded during the Hundred Days' Reform, the Imperial University of Peking was modern China's first national comprehensive university and also the country's highest education authority; it was renamed Peking University in 1912.","date_label_en":"1898","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x080","start":1898,"date_label":"1898年5月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"马尼拉湾海战","desc":"美西战争中杜威率美国亚洲舰队在马尼拉湾全歼西班牙舰队而自身损失轻微，美国随后取得菲律宾。","importance":2,"lat":14.52,"lng":120.85,"place":"马尼拉湾","title_en":"Battle of Manila Bay","desc_en":"In the Spanish–American War, Dewey's U.S. Asiatic Squadron destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay with minimal losses, and the United States then acquired the Philippines.","date_label_en":"May 1898","place_en":"Manila Bay"},{"id":"europe-x355","start":1898,"date_label":"1898年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"居里夫妇发现镭","desc":"玛丽·居里与皮埃尔·居里从沥青铀矿中发现放射性元素钋和镭，玛丽成为首位获诺贝尔奖的女性，并两获诺贝尔奖。","importance":2,"lat":48.84,"lng":2.35,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Curies Discover Radium","desc_en":"Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in pitchblende; Marie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and won it twice.","date_label_en":"1898","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-026","start":1899,"end":1902,"date_label":"1899—1902年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"第二次布尔战争","desc":"英国与德兰士瓦、奥兰治自由邦为争夺金矿钻石区开战，英军以焦土政策和集中营镇压布尔游击队，最终吞并两国，1910年组建南非联邦。","importance":2,"lat":-25.75,"lng":28.19,"place":"比勒陀利亚","title_en":"Second Boer War","desc_en":"Britain fought the Transvaal and Orange Free State over their gold and diamond fields, using scorched-earth tactics and concentration camps against Boer guerrillas; it annexed both, forming the Union of South Africa in 1910.","date_label_en":"1899–1902","place_en":"Pretoria"},{"id":"global-x025","start":1899,"end":1907,"date_label":"1899年、1907年","region":"global","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"海牙和平会议","desc":"两次海牙会议制定陆战法规、和平解决国际争端公约，设立常设仲裁法院，是现代国际战争法与国际仲裁的重要起点。","importance":2,"lat":52.08,"lng":4.31,"place":"荷兰海牙","title_en":"Hague Peace Conferences","desc_en":"Two Hague conferences adopted conventions on the laws of land warfare and peaceful settlement of disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration—key starting points of modern laws of war and international arbitration.","date_label_en":"1899, 1907","place_en":"The Hague, Netherlands"},{"id":"east_asia-x414","start":1899,"date_label":"1899年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"甲骨文被发现","desc":"金石学家王懿荣在中药“龙骨”上辨识出古文字，此后罗振玉、王国维等考证其出于安阳小屯，确认为商代甲骨卜辞。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Discovery of Oracle Bones","desc_en":"Epigrapher Wang Yirong recognized ancient writing on 'dragon bones' sold as medicine; Luo Zhenyu, Wang Guowei, and others later traced them to Xiaotun in Anyang and identified them as Shang dynasty oracle-bone inscriptions.","date_label_en":"1899","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x415","start":1899,"date_label":"1899年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"京仁铁路","desc":"连接汉城与仁川的京仁铁路首段通车，次年全线开通，是朝鲜半岛第一条铁路；同年汉城开通有轨电车。","importance":1,"lat":37.46,"lng":126.71,"place":"仁川","title_en":"Gyeongin Railway Opens","desc_en":"The first section of the Gyeongin Railway linking Seoul and Incheon opened, with the full line completed the following year, making it the first railway on the Korean Peninsula; Seoul also opened a streetcar line that same year.","date_label_en":"1899","place_en":"Incheon"},{"id":"europe-x356","start":1899,"date_label":"1899年","region":"europe","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"弗洛伊德《梦的解析》","desc":"维也纳医生弗洛伊德出版《梦的解析》（版权页标为1900年），提出潜意识与梦是愿望满足的理论，创立精神分析学。","importance":2,"lat":48.22,"lng":16.36,"place":"维也纳","title_en":"Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams","desc_en":"Viennese physician Sigmund Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams (its copyright page dated 1900), proposing that dreams express the unconscious and fulfill wishes, and founding psychoanalysis.","date_label_en":"1899","place_en":"Vienna"},{"id":"east_asia-081","start":1900,"end":1901,"date_label":"1900–1901年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"八国联军侵华","desc":"义和团运动兴起，八国联军攻占北京，次年清朝签订《辛丑条约》，赔款白银4.5亿两并允许外国驻军。","importance":2,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京","title_en":"Eight-Nation Alliance Invades China","desc_en":"As the Boxer Movement rose, the Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing; the following year the Qing signed the Boxer Protocol, paying an indemnity of 450 million taels of silver and permitting foreign troops to be stationed in China.","date_label_en":"1900–1901","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x416","start":1900,"date_label":"1900年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"敦煌藏经洞发现","desc":"道士王圆箓在莫高窟偶然发现藏经洞，内藏4至11世纪的经卷、文书与绢画约五万件，后大量被斯坦因、伯希和等劫往海外，催生了“敦煌学”。","importance":2,"lat":40.04,"lng":94.8,"place":"敦煌莫高窟","title_en":"Dunhuang Library Cave Discovered","desc_en":"Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu stumbled upon the Library Cave at the Mogao Caves, containing some 50,000 scrolls, documents and silk paintings from the 4th to 11th centuries. Many were later taken abroad by Aurel Stein, Paul Pelliot and others, giving rise to the field of \"Dunhuang studies.\"","date_label_en":"1900","place_en":"Mogao Caves, Dunhuang"},{"id":"europe-x357","start":1900,"date_label":"1900年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"普朗克量子假说","desc":"普朗克在柏林提出能量以不连续的“量子”形式辐射，以解释黑体辐射，开启了量子物理学，彻底改变人类对微观世界的认识。","importance":2,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.39,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Planck's Quantum Hypothesis","desc_en":"To explain blackbody radiation, Max Planck proposed in Berlin that energy is emitted in discrete \"quanta,\" launching quantum physics and transforming humanity's understanding of the microscopic world.","date_label_en":"1900","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"north_america-x071","start":1900,"date_label":"约1900年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"爵士乐诞生","desc":"新奥尔良的非洲裔音乐人融合布鲁斯、拉格泰姆与铜管乐，创造出强调即兴的爵士乐，路易斯·阿姆斯特朗等人将其带到芝加哥和纽约，风靡世界。","importance":2,"lat":29.95,"lng":-90.07,"place":"新奥尔良","title_en":"Birth of Jazz","desc_en":"African American musicians in New Orleans blended blues, ragtime and brass band music into jazz, a style built on improvisation; Louis Armstrong and others carried it to Chicago and New York, and it swept the world.","date_label_en":"c. 1900","place_en":"New Orleans"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x075","start":1900,"date_label":"1900年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事"],"title":"雅·阿散蒂瓦战争","desc":"英国总督要求交出象征阿散蒂灵魂的金凳，太后雅·阿散蒂瓦领导起义围困英军堡垒，起义被镇压后阿散蒂并入黄金海岸，但金凳始终未被英国获得。","importance":1,"lat":6.69,"lng":-1.62,"place":"库马西","title_en":"War of the Golden Stool","desc_en":"When the British governor demanded the Golden Stool, symbol of the Asante soul, Queen Mother Yaa Asantewaa led an uprising that besieged the British fort. The revolt was crushed and Asante was annexed to the Gold Coast, but the British never obtained the Golden Stool.","date_label_en":"1900","place_en":"Kumasi"},{"id":"oceania-014","start":1901,"date_label":"1901年1月1日","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"澳大利亚联邦成立","desc":"六个英属殖民地联合组成澳大利亚联邦，同年通过《移民限制法》，确立“白澳政策”，该政策至1970年代才被彻底废除。","importance":3,"lat":-33.9,"lng":151.23,"place":"悉尼百年纪念公园","title_en":"Federation of Australia","desc_en":"Six British colonies united to form the Commonwealth of Australia, which that same year passed the Immigration Restriction Act, establishing the \"White Australia\" policy that was not fully abolished until the 1970s.","date_label_en":"Jan 1, 1901","place_en":"Centennial Park, Sydney"},{"id":"global-x026","start":1901,"date_label":"1901年12月","region":"global","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"首届诺贝尔奖颁发","desc":"依据诺贝尔遗嘱，首届物理、化学、生理学或医学、文学及和平奖颁发，伦琴获首个物理学奖，诺贝尔奖成为全球最具影响的科学文化奖项。","importance":2,"lat":59.33,"lng":18.07,"place":"瑞典斯德哥尔摩","title_en":"First Nobel Prizes Awarded","desc_en":"Under Alfred Nobel's will, the first prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace were awarded, with Wilhelm Röntgen receiving the first physics prize; the Nobel Prize became the world's most influential award in science and culture.","date_label_en":"Dec 1901","place_en":"Stockholm, Sweden"},{"id":"global-x027","start":1901,"date_label":"1901年12月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"无线电跨越大西洋","desc":"马可尼在纽芬兰接收到从英国康沃尔发出的无线电信号，证明无线电可跨洋传输，此后无线通信广泛用于航海与广播。","importance":2,"lat":47.57,"lng":-52.71,"place":"纽芬兰圣约翰斯","title_en":"Radio Crosses the Atlantic","desc_en":"Guglielmo Marconi received in Newfoundland a radio signal sent from Cornwall, England, proving radio could cross oceans; wireless communication was thereafter widely used in shipping and broadcasting.","date_label_en":"Dec 1901","place_en":"St. John's, Newfoundland"},{"id":"east_asia-x417","start":1901,"date_label":"1901年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"《辛丑条约》","desc":"清政府与十一国签订《辛丑条约》，赔款白银四亿五千万两，本息合计九亿八千万两，并允许各国在北京东交民巷驻兵，中国完全沦为半殖民地半封建社会。","importance":3,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Boxer Protocol Signed","desc_en":"The Qing government signed the Boxer Protocol with eleven nations, agreeing to an indemnity of 450 million taels of silver (980 million with interest) and allowing foreign troops in Beijing's Legation Quarter; China was reduced fully to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society.","date_label_en":"1901","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x418","start":1901,"date_label":"1901年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"八幡制铁所投产","desc":"利用甲午战争赔款建设的官营八幡制铁所在北九州投产，奠定了日本重工业的基础，后成为新日本制铁的前身之一。","importance":2,"lat":33.87,"lng":130.8,"place":"北九州八幡","title_en":"Yawata Steel Works Begins Operation","desc_en":"The state-run Yawata Steel Works, built with indemnity money from the First Sino-Japanese War, began production in northern Kyushu, laying the foundation of Japanese heavy industry; it later became one of the predecessors of Nippon Steel.","date_label_en":"1901","place_en":"Yawata, Kitakyushu"},{"id":"south_asia-x133","start":1901,"date_label":"1901年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"瑙罗吉\"财富流失论\"","desc":"达达拜·瑙罗吉出版《印度的贫困与非英式统治》，论证英国通过汇款、利润等方式将印度财富持续转移，成为经济民族主义的理论基础。","importance":2,"lat":18.93,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Naoroji's \"Drain Theory\"","desc_en":"Dadabhai Naoroji published Poverty and Un-British Rule in India, arguing that Britain continually drained India's wealth through remittances, profits and other channels; it became the theoretical basis of economic nationalism.","date_label_en":"1901","place_en":"Bombay"},{"id":"europe-x358","start":1901,"date_label":"1901年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"马可尼跨大西洋无线电","desc":"马可尼宣布在加拿大纽芬兰接收到从英国康沃尔波尔杜发出的莫尔斯电码信号，首次实现跨大西洋无线电通信。","importance":2,"lat":50.03,"lng":-5.26,"place":"波尔杜","title_en":"Marconi's Transatlantic Radio","desc_en":"Marconi announced that he had received in Newfoundland, Canada, a Morse code signal sent from Poldhu in Cornwall, England, achieving the first transatlantic radio communication.","date_label_en":"1901","place_en":"Poldhu"},{"id":"north_america-x073","start":1901,"date_label":"1901年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"美国钢铁公司","desc":"金融家摩根收购卡内基钢铁等企业，组建美国钢铁公司，资本超过10亿美元，是世界首家十亿美元级公司，象征美国进入大企业时代。","importance":1,"lat":40.44,"lng":-79.99,"place":"匹兹堡","title_en":"U.S. Steel Founded","desc_en":"Financier J. P. Morgan bought Carnegie Steel and other firms to form United States Steel, capitalized at over $1 billion, the world's first billion-dollar corporation and a symbol of America's era of big business.","date_label_en":"1901","place_en":"Pittsburgh"},{"id":"oceania-x032","start":1901,"date_label":"1901年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"白澳政策","desc":"新成立的联邦议会通过《移民限制法》，以听写测试排斥非欧洲移民，白澳政策延续七十年，使澳洲长期保持以英裔为主的人口结构。","importance":2,"lat":-37.81,"lng":144.96,"place":"墨尔本","title_en":"White Australia Policy","desc_en":"The new federal parliament passed the Immigration Restriction Act, using a dictation test to exclude non-European immigrants; the White Australia policy lasted seventy years, keeping Australia's population predominantly of British descent.","date_label_en":"1901","place_en":"Melbourne"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x166","start":1902,"date_label":"1902年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"阿斯旺老坝","desc":"英国工程师在尼罗河第一瀑布建成阿斯旺坝，调节洪水、扩大常年灌溉，是当时世界上最大的砌石坝之一。","importance":1,"lat":24.04,"lng":32.87,"place":"阿斯旺","title_en":"Old Aswan Dam Built","desc_en":"British engineers completed the Aswan Dam at the Nile's First Cataract to regulate floods and expand year-round irrigation; it was one of the largest masonry dams in the world at the time.","date_label_en":"1902","place_en":"Aswan"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x167","start":1902,"date_label":"1902年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"伊本·沙特夺取利雅得","desc":"流亡科威特的阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·本·沙特率少数随从夺回利雅得，以此为起点逐步统一内志与汉志，为沙特王国奠基。","importance":2,"lat":24.63,"lng":46.71,"place":"利雅得","title_en":"Ibn Saud Captures Riyadh","desc_en":"Abdulaziz ibn Saud, exiled in Kuwait, retook Riyadh with a small band of followers, the starting point for gradually unifying Najd and the Hejaz and laying the foundation of the Saudi kingdom.","date_label_en":"1902","place_en":"Riyadh"},{"id":"north_america-022","start":1903,"date_label":"1903年12月17日","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"莱特兄弟首次动力飞行","desc":"莱特兄弟在北卡罗来纳州小鹰镇驾驶“飞行者一号”完成人类首次有控制的持续动力飞行，最长一次飞行约59秒，开启航空时代。","importance":3,"lat":36.02,"lng":-75.67,"place":"小鹰镇","title_en":"Wright Brothers' First Powered Flight","desc_en":"At Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, the Wright brothers flew the Wright Flyer in humanity's first controlled, sustained powered flight, the longest lasting about 59 seconds, opening the age of aviation.","date_label_en":"Dec 17, 1903","place_en":"Kitty Hawk"},{"id":"latin_america-x076","start":1903,"date_label":"1903年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"巴拿马脱离哥伦比亚","desc":"在美国支持下，巴拿马宣布脱离哥伦比亚独立，随即与美国签约，将运河区永久租让给美国，直到1999年运河才完全归还巴拿马。","importance":1,"lat":8.98,"lng":-79.52,"place":"巴拿马城","title_en":"Panama Secedes from Colombia","desc_en":"With U.S. backing, Panama declared independence from Colombia and promptly signed a treaty granting the United States the Canal Zone in perpetuity; the canal was not fully returned to Panama until 1999.","date_label_en":"1903","place_en":"Panama City"},{"id":"east_asia-082","start":1904,"end":1905,"date_label":"1904–1905年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"日俄战争","desc":"日本在中国东北击败俄国，取得辽东半岛租借权和南满铁路，成为近代首个战胜欧洲列强的亚洲国家。","importance":2,"lat":38.81,"lng":121.26,"place":"旅顺","title_en":"Russo-Japanese War","desc_en":"Japan defeated Russia in Northeast China, gaining the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula and the South Manchuria Railway, and becoming the first Asian nation in modern times to defeat a European power.","date_label_en":"1904–1905","place_en":"Port Arthur (Lüshun)"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-027","start":1904,"end":1908,"date_label":"1904—1908年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"赫雷罗与纳马人屠杀","desc":"德属西南非洲（今纳米比亚）的赫雷罗人和纳马人起义，德军以灭绝令与集中营镇压，大批民众死亡，被视为20世纪第一场种族灭绝。","importance":2,"lat":-20.52,"lng":17.24,"place":"沃特贝格","title_en":"Herero and Nama Genocide","desc_en":"The Herero and Nama peoples of German South West Africa (now Namibia) rose in revolt; German forces crushed them with an extermination order and concentration camps, killing vast numbers, in what is regarded as the first genocide of the 20th century.","date_label_en":"1904–1908","place_en":"Waterberg"},{"id":"latin_america-x077","start":1904,"date_label":"1904年","region":"latin_america","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"里约疫苗起义","desc":"卫生官员奥斯瓦尔多·克鲁斯推行强制天花疫苗接种和城市卫生改造，引发里约民众数日暴动，但他主导的防疫最终有效控制了黄热病与鼠疫。","importance":1,"lat":-22.91,"lng":-43.17,"place":"里约热内卢","title_en":"Vaccine Revolt in Rio","desc_en":"Health official Oswaldo Cruz's compulsory smallpox vaccination and urban sanitation campaign triggered days of rioting in Rio, but the public health measures he led eventually brought yellow fever and plague under control.","date_label_en":"1904","place_en":"Rio de Janeiro"},{"id":"east_asia-083","start":1905,"date_label":"1905年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"废除科举","desc":"清廷宣布废除科举制，推行新式学堂与留学教育，延续约一千三百年的选官制度就此终结。","importance":2,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京","title_en":"Imperial Examinations Abolished","desc_en":"The Qing court abolished the imperial examination system and promoted modern schools and study abroad, ending a system of official selection that had lasted some 1,300 years.","date_label_en":"1905","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"europe-089","start":1905,"date_label":"1905年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"爱因斯坦奇迹年","desc":"爱因斯坦在伯尔尼发表光电效应、布朗运动与狭义相对论等论文，1915年又完成广义相对论，彻底改变物理学。","importance":3,"lat":46.95,"lng":7.45,"place":"伯尔尼","title_en":"Einstein's Miracle Year","desc_en":"In Bern, Albert Einstein published papers on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion and special relativity; in 1915 he completed general relativity, revolutionizing physics.","date_label_en":"1905","place_en":"Bern"},{"id":"east_asia-x419","start":1905,"date_label":"1905年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"中国同盟会成立","desc":"孙中山在东京联合兴中会、华兴会等组建中国同盟会，提出“驱除鞑虏，恢复中华，创立民国，平均地权”，后阐发为三民主义。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.69,"place":"东京","title_en":"Tongmenghui Founded","desc_en":"In Tokyo, Sun Yat-sen united the Revive China Society, the China Arise Society and others into the Tongmenghui, proclaiming the goals \"expel the Manchus, restore China, establish a republic, equalize land rights,\" later developed into the Three Principles of the People.","date_label_en":"1905","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"east_asia-x420","start":1905,"date_label":"1905年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"《乙巳条约》","desc":"日俄战争后日本强迫大韩帝国签订《乙巳条约》，剥夺韩国外交权并设统监府，伊藤博文任首任统监，韩国沦为保护国。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉城(首尔)","title_en":"Eulsa Treaty","desc_en":"After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan forced the Korean Empire to sign the Eulsa Treaty, stripping Korea of its diplomatic rights and establishing a Resident-General, with Itō Hirobumi as the first; Korea became a protectorate.","date_label_en":"1905","place_en":"Hanseong (Seoul)"},{"id":"south_asia-x134","start":1905,"end":1911,"date_label":"1905—1911年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"孟加拉分治与斯瓦德希","desc":"寇松宣布分割孟加拉，引发抵制英货、提倡国货的斯瓦德希运动，民族运动走向群众化，1911年分治被撤销。","importance":2,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi","desc_en":"Lord Curzon's partition of Bengal sparked the Swadeshi movement to boycott British goods and promote Indian-made ones, turning nationalism into a mass movement; the partition was reversed in 1911.","date_label_en":"1905–1911","place_en":"Calcutta"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x081","start":1905,"date_label":"1905年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"暹罗废除奴隶制","desc":"朱拉隆功颁布法令全面废除奴隶制，此前逐步解放奴隶子女，是暹罗现代化改革的重要一环。","importance":2,"lat":13.75,"lng":100.49,"place":"曼谷","title_en":"Siam Abolishes Slavery","desc_en":"King Chulalongkorn decreed the complete abolition of slavery, following the gradual emancipation of slaves' children, a key part of Siam's modernizing reforms.","date_label_en":"1905","place_en":"Bangkok"},{"id":"inner_asia-x089","start":1905,"date_label":"约1905年起","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"扎吉德革新运动","desc":"中亚穆斯林知识分子仿效“新方法”学校改革教育，创办报刊与剧院，倡导现代科学与民族觉醒，贝赫布迪为代表人物。","importance":1,"lat":39.65,"lng":66.96,"place":"撒马尔罕","title_en":"Jadid Reform Movement","desc_en":"Central Asian Muslim intellectuals reformed education along \"new method\" school lines, founding newspapers and theaters and promoting modern science and national awakening; 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Danish Prince Carl took the throne as Haakon VII.","date_label_en":"1905","place_en":"Oslo"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x076","start":1905,"end":1907,"date_label":"1905–1907年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","文化"],"title":"马及马及起义","desc":"德属东非南部民众反抗强迫种植棉花，相信“圣水”能化解子弹而起义，德军以焦土政策镇压，因战乱和饥荒死亡者达十余万人。","importance":2,"lat":-8.5,"lng":38.9,"place":"马通比山区","title_en":"Maji Maji Rebellion","desc_en":"People in southern German East Africa rose against forced cotton cultivation, believing \"sacred water\" would turn bullets to water; Germany crushed the revolt with scorched-earth tactics, and war and famine killed more than 100,000.","date_label_en":"1905–1907","place_en":"Matumbi Hills"},{"id":"south_asia-x135","start":1906,"date_label":"1906年12月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"全印穆斯林联盟成立","desc":"全印穆斯林联盟在达卡成立，起初维护穆斯林在英属印度的政治利益，后在真纳领导下提出建立巴基斯坦。","importance":2,"lat":23.81,"lng":90.41,"place":"达卡","title_en":"All-India Muslim League Founded","desc_en":"The All-India Muslim League was founded in Dhaka to defend Muslims' political interests in British India; later, under Jinnah, it called for the creation of Pakistan.","date_label_en":"Dec 1906","place_en":"Dhaka"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x082","start":1906,"end":1908,"date_label":"1906—1908年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"巴厘普普坦","desc":"荷兰军队进攻巴厘南部王国，巴东和克隆孔王室成员以集体赴死的\"普普坦\"方式对抗，荷兰完成对巴厘的征服。","importance":1,"lat":-8.65,"lng":115.22,"place":"登巴萨","title_en":"Balinese Puputan","desc_en":"As Dutch forces attacked the southern Balinese kingdoms, the royal houses of Badung and Klungkung resisted through puputan, mass ritual suicide, and the Dutch completed their conquest of Bali.","date_label_en":"1906–1908","place_en":"Denpasar"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x168","start":1906,"date_label":"1906年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"伊朗立宪革命","desc":"伊朗商人、宗教学者与知识分子发动抗议，迫使卡扎尔国王颁布宪法、召开议会，是亚洲最早的立宪革命之一。","importance":2,"lat":35.69,"lng":51.39,"place":"德黑兰","title_en":"Persian Constitutional Revolution","desc_en":"Iranian merchants, clerics and intellectuals launched protests that forced the Qajar shah to grant a constitution and convene a parliament, one of Asia's earliest constitutional revolutions.","date_label_en":"1906","place_en":"Tehran"},{"id":"inner_asia-x090","start":1906,"date_label":"1906年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"奥伦堡—塔什干铁路","desc":"连接俄国欧洲部分与中亚的奥伦堡—塔什干铁路全线通车，中亚棉花可直接运往莫斯科纺织工业区。","importance":1,"lat":41.3,"lng":69.24,"place":"塔什干","title_en":"Orenburg–Tashkent Railway","desc_en":"The Orenburg–Tashkent Railway, linking European Russia with Central Asia, opened along its full length, allowing Central Asian cotton to be shipped directly to Moscow's textile region.","date_label_en":"1906","place_en":"Tashkent"},{"id":"europe-x362","start":1906,"date_label":"1906年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"芬兰女性获完全选举权","desc":"芬兰大公国议会改革，赋予女性选举权与被选举权，次年选出19名女议员，芬兰成为欧洲首个实现女性完全政治权利的国家。","importance":2,"lat":60.17,"lng":24.94,"place":"赫尔辛基","title_en":"Finnish Women Win Full Suffrage","desc_en":"A parliamentary reform in the Grand Duchy of Finland gave women the right to vote and stand for office; 19 women were elected the next year, making Finland the first European country to grant women full political rights.","date_label_en":"1906","place_en":"Helsinki"},{"id":"latin_america-x078","start":1906,"date_label":"1906年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"咖啡保值计划","desc":"巴西咖啡产州在陶巴特签约，由政府收购过剩咖啡以维持国际价格。巴西当时供应全球大部分咖啡，此举是早期的国家干预商品价格的尝试。","importance":1,"lat":-23.03,"lng":-45.56,"place":"陶巴特","title_en":"Coffee Valorization Scheme","desc_en":"Brazil's coffee-producing states signed the Taubaté agreement, under which the government bought surplus coffee to prop up world prices. Brazil then supplied most of the world's coffee, and the scheme was an early attempt at state intervention in commodity prices.","date_label_en":"1906","place_en":"Taubaté"},{"id":"south_asia-x136","start":1907,"date_label":"1907年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"塔塔钢铁公司","desc":"贾姆谢特吉·塔塔规划的塔塔钢铁公司成立，1912年在詹谢普尔出钢，是亚洲最早的大型现代钢铁企业之一。","importance":2,"lat":22.8,"lng":86.18,"place":"詹谢普尔","title_en":"Tata Steel Founded","desc_en":"Tata Steel, planned by Jamsetji Tata, was founded and produced its first steel at Jamshedpur in 1912, becoming one of Asia's earliest large modern steelworks.","date_label_en":"1907","place_en":"Jamshedpur"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x083","start":1907,"date_label":"1907年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"东京义塾","desc":"越南爱国人士在河内创办东京义塾，推广国语字、讲授新学与爱国思想，数月后被法国殖民当局关闭。","importance":1,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.84,"place":"河内","title_en":"Tonkin Free School","desc_en":"Vietnamese patriots founded the Tonkin Free School in Hanoi to promote the Quốc ngữ script, modern learning and patriotic ideas; the French colonial authorities closed it after a few months.","date_label_en":"1907","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"europe-x363","start":1907,"date_label":"1907年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"毕加索《亚维农少女》","desc":"毕加索在巴黎蒙马特完成《亚维农少女》，以几何化的人体和非洲面具风格打破透视传统，与布拉克共同开创立体主义。","importance":2,"lat":48.89,"lng":2.34,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon","desc_en":"In Montmartre, Paris, Pablo Picasso completed Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, breaking with perspective through geometric bodies and African mask styles; with Georges Braque he went on to pioneer Cubism.","date_label_en":"1907","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"oceania-x033","start":1907,"date_label":"1907年","region":"oceania","dims":["经济"],"title":"哈维斯特判决","desc":"联邦仲裁法院法官希金斯在哈维斯特案中提出“基本工资”须能维持工人一家合理生活，确立澳洲最低工资原则，影响了此后数十年的工资仲裁制度。","importance":2,"lat":-37.81,"lng":144.96,"place":"墨尔本","title_en":"Harvester Judgment","desc_en":"In the Harvester case, Justice Higgins of the federal arbitration court ruled that a \"basic wage\" must support a worker's family in reasonable comfort, establishing Australia's minimum wage principle and shaping wage arbitration for decades.","date_label_en":"1907","place_en":"Melbourne"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x077","start":1907,"date_label":"1907年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"杰内大清真寺重建","desc":"杰内居民在旧址上以泥砖重建大清真寺，成为世界最大的泥砖建筑，每年全城参与的“抹泥节”维护墙面，体现萨赫勒伊斯兰建筑与社区传统。","importance":1,"lat":13.91,"lng":-4.56,"place":"杰内","title_en":"Great Mosque of Djenné Rebuilt","desc_en":"Djenné's residents rebuilt the Great Mosque in mud brick on its old site, creating the world's largest mud-brick building; an annual town-wide replastering festival maintains its walls, embodying Sahelian Islamic architecture and community tradition.","date_label_en":"1907","place_en":"Djenné"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-064","start":1908,"date_label":"1908年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"波斯发现石油","desc":"英国人在伊朗马斯吉德苏莱曼钻获中东首个商业油田，次年成立英波石油公司，开启中东石油时代。","importance":2,"lat":31.94,"lng":49.3,"place":"马斯吉德苏莱曼","title_en":"Oil Discovered in Persia","desc_en":"British prospectors struck the Middle East's first commercial oil field at Masjed Soleyman in Iran; the Anglo-Persian Oil Company was founded the next year, opening the Middle East's oil era.","date_label_en":"1908","place_en":"Masjed Soleyman"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x084","start":1908,"date_label":"1908年5月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"至善社成立","desc":"爪哇医学生在巴达维亚成立至善社，以发展教育和文化为宗旨，被视为印尼近代民族运动的开端，成立日定为民族觉醒日。","importance":2,"lat":-6.18,"lng":106.83,"place":"雅加达","title_en":"Budi Utomo Founded","desc_en":"Javanese medical students founded Budi Utomo in Batavia to advance education and culture; it is seen as the start of Indonesia's modern national movement, and its founding day is marked as National Awakening Day.","date_label_en":"May 1908","place_en":"Jakarta"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x085","start":1908,"date_label":"1908年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"菲律宾大学","desc":"美国殖民政府在马尼拉创办菲律宾大学，后成为菲律宾的国立大学，培养了大量政治与学术精英。","importance":1,"lat":14.65,"lng":121.07,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"University of the Philippines Founded","desc_en":"The American colonial government founded the University of the Philippines in Manila, which became the national university and trained many of the country's political and academic elite.","date_label_en":"1908","place_en":"Manila"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x169","start":1908,"date_label":"1908年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"青年土耳其革命","desc":"统一与进步委员会在马其顿发动兵变，迫使阿卜杜勒哈米德二世恢复1876年宪法，奥斯曼进入第二宪政时期。","importance":2,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.97,"place":"伊斯坦布尔","title_en":"Young Turk Revolution","desc_en":"The Committee of Union and Progress staged a military revolt in Macedonia, forcing Abdul Hamid II to restore the 1876 constitution and opening the Ottoman Second Constitutional Era.","date_label_en":"1908","place_en":"Istanbul"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x170","start":1908,"date_label":"1908年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"汉志铁路通车","desc":"奥斯曼以穆斯林捐款修建由大马士革至麦地那的汉志铁路，方便朝觐与军运；一战中遭阿拉伯起义军反复破坏后停运。","importance":2,"lat":24.47,"lng":39.61,"place":"麦地那","title_en":"Hejaz Railway Opens","desc_en":"Funded by Muslim donations, the Ottoman Hejaz Railway from Damascus to Medina eased pilgrimage and troop movements; repeatedly sabotaged by Arab Revolt forces in World War I, it ceased operation.","date_label_en":"1908","place_en":"Medina"},{"id":"oceania-x034","start":1908,"date_label":"1908年","region":"oceania","dims":["科技"],"title":"卢瑟福获诺贝尔奖","desc":"生于新西兰的欧内斯特·卢瑟福因放射性元素衰变研究获诺贝尔化学奖，1911年又提出原子的核式结构模型，被誉为“核物理学之父”。","importance":1,"lat":-41.38,"lng":173.11,"place":"布赖特沃特","title_en":"Rutherford Wins Nobel Prize","desc_en":"New Zealand-born Ernest Rutherford won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on radioactive decay; in 1911 he proposed the nuclear model of the atom and became known as the \"father of nuclear physics.\"","date_label_en":"1908","place_en":"Brightwater"},{"id":"east_asia-x421","start":1909,"date_label":"1909年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"京张铁路通车","desc":"詹天佑主持修建北京至张家口的京张铁路，采用“人”字形线路翻越八达岭，是中国人自行设计施工的第一条干线铁路。","importance":2,"lat":40.77,"lng":114.88,"place":"河北张家口","title_en":"Beijing–Zhangjiakou Railway Opens","desc_en":"Built under Zhan Tianyou, the Beijing–Zhangjiakou Railway used a zigzag switchback to climb over Badaling, the first trunk railway designed and built entirely by Chinese engineers.","date_label_en":"1909","place_en":"Zhangjiakou, Hebei"},{"id":"east_asia-x422","start":1909,"date_label":"1909年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"安重根刺杀伊藤博文","desc":"韩国独立运动人士安重根在哈尔滨火车站击毙日本前首相、首任韩国统监伊藤博文，次年在旅顺监狱就义。","importance":2,"lat":45.76,"lng":126.65,"place":"哈尔滨","title_en":"An Jung-geun Assassinates Itō Hirobumi","desc_en":"Korean independence activist An Jung-geun shot dead Itō Hirobumi, former Japanese prime minister and first Resident-General of Korea, at Harbin station; he was executed in Lüshun Prison the following year.","date_label_en":"1909","place_en":"Harbin"},{"id":"south_asia-x137","start":1909,"date_label":"1909年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"甘地《印度自治》","desc":"甘地在南非写成《印度自治》，批判现代工业文明，主张真理与非暴力抗争和村社自治，成为其政治哲学纲领。","importance":1,"lat":-29.86,"lng":31.02,"place":"德班","title_en":"Gandhi's Hind Swaraj","desc_en":"In South Africa, Gandhi wrote Hind Swaraj, criticizing modern industrial civilization and advocating truth, nonviolent resistance and village self-rule; it became the manifesto of his political philosophy.","date_label_en":"1909","place_en":"Durban"},{"id":"latin_america-x079","start":1909,"date_label":"1909年","region":"latin_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"恰加斯病的发现","desc":"巴西医生卡洛斯·恰加斯在米纳斯吉拉斯发现由锥虫引起、经吸血猎蝽传播的新疾病，独自描述了病原体、媒介与临床表现，在医学史上极为罕见。","importance":1,"lat":-17.89,"lng":-44.58,"place":"拉桑斯","title_en":"Discovery of Chagas Disease","desc_en":"Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas discovered in Minas Gerais a new disease caused by a trypanosome and spread by blood-sucking kissing bugs; he single-handedly described its pathogen, vector and clinical features, a feat almost unique in medical history.","date_label_en":"1909","place_en":"Lassance"},{"id":"east_asia-084","start":1910,"end":1945,"date_label":"1910年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"日本吞并朝鲜","desc":"日本强迫大韩帝国签订《日韩合并条约》，朝鲜半岛沦为日本殖民地，直至1945年日本战败。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉城(首尔)","title_en":"Japan Annexes Korea","desc_en":"Japan forced the Korean Empire to sign the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty, making the Korean Peninsula a Japanese colony until Japan's defeat in 1945.","date_label_en":"1910","place_en":"Hanseong (Seoul)"},{"id":"latin_america-022","start":1910,"end":1920,"date_label":"1910—1920年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"墨西哥革命","desc":"反对迪亚斯独裁的起义演变为多方内战，萨帕塔、比利亚等领导农民武装，1917年宪法确立土地改革与资源国有原则，是20世纪首场大规模社会革命。","importance":3,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"墨西哥城","title_en":"Mexican Revolution","desc_en":"An uprising against Porfirio Díaz's dictatorship grew into a multi-sided civil war, with Zapata, Villa and others leading peasant armies; the 1917 Constitution enshrined land reform and national ownership of resources, making it the first large-scale social revolution of the 20th century.","date_label_en":"1910–1920","place_en":"Mexico City"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x086","start":1910,"date_label":"1910年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"滇越铁路通车","desc":"法国修建的米轨滇越铁路从海防经河内通至昆明，成为法国势力深入中国西南的通道，也是云南对外交通要道。","importance":2,"lat":20.86,"lng":106.68,"place":"海防","title_en":"Yunnan–Vietnam Railway Opens","desc_en":"The French-built metre-gauge Yunnan–Vietnam Railway ran from Haiphong via Hanoi to Kunming, a channel for French influence into southwest China and a vital outlet for Yunnan.","date_label_en":"1910","place_en":"Haiphong"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x078","start":1910,"date_label":"1910年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"南非联邦成立","desc":"开普、纳塔尔、德兰士瓦和奥兰治四个殖民地合并为英国自治领南非联邦，黑人基本被排除在政治权利之外，为后来的种族隔离奠定制度基础。","importance":2,"lat":-25.75,"lng":28.19,"place":"比勒陀利亚","title_en":"Union of South Africa Formed","desc_en":"The Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange River colonies merged into the Union of South Africa, a British dominion; Black Africans were largely excluded from political rights, laying the institutional groundwork for later apartheid.","date_label_en":"1910","place_en":"Pretoria"},{"id":"east_asia-085","start":1911,"date_label":"1911–1912年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"辛亥革命","desc":"1911年10月武昌起义爆发，各省响应，1912年1月中华民国成立，孙中山任临时大总统，2月清帝退位，帝制终结。","importance":3,"lat":30.55,"lng":114.3,"place":"武昌","title_en":"Xinhai Revolution","desc_en":"The Wuchang Uprising broke out in October 1911 and the provinces rallied to it; the Republic of China was founded in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as provisional president, and the Qing emperor abdicated in February, ending imperial rule.","date_label_en":"1911–1912","place_en":"Wuchang"},{"id":"south_asia-x138","start":1911,"end":1931,"date_label":"1911—1931年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"迁都新德里","desc":"英王乔治五世在德里杜尔巴宣布首都由加尔各答迁往德里，鲁琴斯等设计的新德里于1931年正式启用。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"Capital Moves to New Delhi","desc_en":"At the Delhi Durbar, King George V announced the capital would move from Calcutta to Delhi; New Delhi, designed by Lutyens and others, was formally inaugurated in 1931.","date_label_en":"1911–1931","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x171","start":1911,"date_label":"1911年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"意大利入侵利比亚","desc":"意大利对奥斯曼开战夺取的黎波里塔尼亚与昔兰尼加，此战中首次出现飞机空中投弹，利比亚人的抵抗延续至1930年代。","importance":1,"lat":32.89,"lng":13.19,"place":"的黎波里","title_en":"Italy Invades Libya","desc_en":"Italy went to war with the Ottomans to seize Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, a conflict that saw the first aerial bombing from aircraft; Libyan resistance continued into the 1930s.","date_label_en":"1911","place_en":"Tripoli"},{"id":"inner_asia-x091","start":1911,"date_label":"1911年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"外蒙古宣布独立","desc":"辛亥革命爆发后，喀尔喀王公拥立哲布尊丹巴呼图克图为博克多汗，宣布脱离清朝，库伦为都。","importance":2,"lat":47.92,"lng":106.92,"place":"库伦","title_en":"Outer Mongolia Declares Independence","desc_en":"After the Xinhai Revolution broke out, the Khalkha princes enthroned the Jebtsundamba Khutughtu as the Bogd Khan and declared independence from the Qing, with Urga as capital.","date_label_en":"1911","place_en":"Urga"},{"id":"europe-x364","start":1911,"date_label":"1911年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"卢瑟福发现原子核","desc":"卢瑟福根据盖革和马斯登的α粒子散射实验，提出原子中心有一个体积极小、质量集中的原子核，建立原子的核式模型。","importance":2,"lat":53.47,"lng":-2.23,"place":"曼彻斯特","title_en":"Rutherford Discovers the Nucleus","desc_en":"Based on Geiger and Marsden's alpha-particle scattering experiments, Rutherford proposed that the atom has a tiny, dense nucleus at its center, establishing the nuclear model of the atom.","date_label_en":"1911","place_en":"Manchester"},{"id":"north_america-x074","start":1911,"date_label":"1910年代","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"好莱坞电影业崛起","desc":"1911年第一家电影制片厂在好莱坞设立，凭借充足阳光与多样地貌，好莱坞到1920年代成为世界电影中心，制片厂制度主导全球电影产业数十年。","importance":2,"lat":34.1,"lng":-118.33,"place":"好莱坞","title_en":"Rise of Hollywood","desc_en":"The first film studio opened in Hollywood in 1911; with abundant sunshine and varied landscapes, Hollywood became the world's film capital by the 1920s, and its studio system dominated global cinema for decades.","date_label_en":"1910s","place_en":"Hollywood"},{"id":"east_asia-x423","start":1912,"date_label":"1912年","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"中华民国成立","desc":"1912年1月1日孙中山在南京就任临时大总统，中华民国成立；2月清帝溥仪退位，延续两千多年的帝制结束。","importance":3,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"南京","title_en":"Republic of China Founded","desc_en":"On January 1, 1912, Sun Yat-sen took office in Nanjing as provisional president and the Republic of China was founded; in February the Qing emperor Puyi abdicated, ending more than two thousand years of imperial rule.","date_label_en":"1912","place_en":"Nanjing"},{"id":"east_asia-x424","start":1912,"date_label":"1910–1918年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"朝鲜土地调查事业","desc":"朝鲜总督府推行土地调查事业，要求土地所有者在规定期限内申报，大量未申报土地及公有地被收归总督府，许多农民沦为佃农。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉城(首尔)","title_en":"Korean Land Survey","desc_en":"The Japanese Government-General of Korea carried out a land survey requiring owners to register their land within a set deadline; large amounts of unregistered and communal land were seized by the Government-General, and many farmers were reduced to tenancy.","date_label_en":"1910–1918","place_en":"Keijō (Seoul)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x087","start":1912,"date_label":"1912年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"穆罕默迪亚","desc":"艾哈迈德·达赫兰在日惹创立伊斯兰现代主义组织穆罕默迪亚，兴办学校与医院，至今是印尼最大的穆斯林社会组织之一。","importance":2,"lat":-7.8,"lng":110.36,"place":"日惹","title_en":"Muhammadiyah Founded","desc_en":"Ahmad Dahlan founded the Islamic modernist organization Muhammadiyah in Yogyakarta, establishing schools and hospitals; it remains one of Indonesia's largest Muslim social organizations.","date_label_en":"1912","place_en":"Yogyakarta"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x172","start":1912,"date_label":"1912年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"摩洛哥成为保护国","desc":"苏丹被迫签订非斯条约，摩洛哥成为法国保护国，北部沿海由西班牙控制，丹吉尔后设为国际共管区。","importance":1,"lat":34.03,"lng":-5.0,"place":"非斯","title_en":"Morocco Becomes a Protectorate","desc_en":"The sultan was forced to sign the Treaty of Fez, making Morocco a French protectorate, while Spain controlled the northern coast and Tangier later became an international zone.","date_label_en":"1912","place_en":"Fez"},{"id":"europe-x365","start":1912,"end":1913,"date_label":"1912–1913年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"巴尔干战争","desc":"塞尔维亚、保加利亚、希腊、黑山联合击败奥斯曼帝国，后又因瓜分马其顿反目，第二次巴尔干战争中保加利亚战败，巴尔干成为“欧洲火药桶”。","importance":1,"lat":42.7,"lng":23.32,"place":"索非亚","title_en":"Balkan Wars","desc_en":"Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro jointly defeated the Ottoman Empire, then fell out over dividing Macedonia; Bulgaria lost the Second Balkan War, and the Balkans became the \"powder keg of Europe.\"","date_label_en":"1912–1913","place_en":"Sofia"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x079","start":1912,"date_label":"1912年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"非洲人国民大会成立","desc":"南非土著国民大会在布隆方丹成立，1923年改名非洲人国民大会，致力于争取黑人权利，后成为反种族隔离斗争的核心力量与南非执政党。","importance":2,"lat":-29.12,"lng":26.21,"place":"布隆方丹","title_en":"African National Congress Founded","desc_en":"The South African Native National Congress was founded in Bloemfontein and renamed the African National Congress in 1923; fighting for Black rights, it became the core of the anti-apartheid struggle and later South Africa's governing party.","date_label_en":"1912","place_en":"Bloemfontein"},{"id":"south_asia-042","start":1913,"date_label":"1913年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"泰戈尔获诺贝尔文学奖","desc":"泰戈尔凭诗集《吉檀迦利》获诺贝尔文学奖，成为首位获此奖的亚洲人；他还创办国际大学，其作品被两个国家采作国歌。","importance":2,"lat":23.68,"lng":87.69,"place":"圣蒂尼克坦","title_en":"Tagore Wins Nobel Prize in Literature","desc_en":"Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his poetry collection Gitanjali, becoming the first Asian laureate; he also founded Visva-Bharati University, and his works were adopted as the national anthems of two countries.","date_label_en":"1913","place_en":"Santiniketan"},{"id":"north_america-023","start":1913,"date_label":"1913年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"福特流水线","desc":"福特在海兰帕克工厂引入移动装配线，T型车装配时间大幅缩短、价格降低，次年推出日薪5美元，推动大规模生产与大众消费社会。","importance":2,"lat":42.41,"lng":-83.1,"place":"海兰帕克","title_en":"Ford's Assembly Line","desc_en":"Ford introduced the moving assembly line at its Highland Park plant, sharply cutting Model T assembly time and price; the next year it introduced the $5 daily wage, driving mass production and mass consumer society.","date_label_en":"1913","place_en":"Highland Park"},{"id":"south_asia-x139","start":1913,"date_label":"1913年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《哈里什昌德拉国王》","desc":"达达萨赫布·帕尔凯拍摄的无声长片《哈里什昌德拉国王》在孟买上映，被视为印度第一部本土故事长片，开启印度电影业。","importance":2,"lat":18.93,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Raja Harishchandra","desc_en":"Dadasaheb Phalke's silent feature Raja Harishchandra premiered in Bombay; regarded as India's first indigenous feature film, it launched the Indian film industry.","date_label_en":"1913","place_en":"Bombay"},{"id":"south_asia-x140","start":1913,"end":1920,"date_label":"1913—1920年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"拉马努金","desc":"自学成才的数学家拉马努金致信哈代后赴剑桥合作，在数论、无穷级数和连分数方面留下大量深刻公式，1918年当选英国皇家学会会员。","importance":2,"lat":13.08,"lng":80.29,"place":"金奈","title_en":"Ramanujan","desc_en":"Self-taught mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan wrote to G. H. Hardy and went to Cambridge to work with him, leaving a wealth of profound formulas in number theory, infinite series and continued fractions; he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1918.","date_label_en":"1913–1920","place_en":"Chennai"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x173","start":1913,"date_label":"1913年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"阿巴丹炼油厂投产","desc":"英波石油公司在阿巴丹岛建成炼油厂，后长期为世界最大炼油厂之一，英国海军改用燃油后伊朗石油地位陡增。","importance":2,"lat":30.35,"lng":48.3,"place":"阿巴丹","title_en":"Abadan Refinery Opens","desc_en":"The Anglo-Persian Oil Company completed a refinery on Abadan Island, long one of the world's largest; Iranian oil grew sharply in importance after the Royal Navy switched to oil fuel.","date_label_en":"1913","place_en":"Abadan"},{"id":"europe-x366","start":1913,"date_label":"1913年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"《春之祭》首演","desc":"斯特拉文斯基的芭蕾舞剧《春之祭》在巴黎香榭丽舍剧院首演，激烈的节奏与不协和音引发观众骚动，成为现代音乐的里程碑。","importance":1,"lat":48.87,"lng":2.31,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"The Rite of Spring Premieres","desc_en":"Stravinsky's ballet The Rite of Spring premiered at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris; its violent rhythms and dissonance caused an uproar in the audience, and it became a landmark of modern music.","date_label_en":"1913","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"north_america-x075","start":1913,"date_label":"1913年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"美联储成立","desc":"国会通过《联邦储备法》建立美国中央银行体系，以应对1907年金融恐慌暴露的问题；同年第十六修正案确立联邦所得税。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Federal Reserve Established","desc_en":"Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act, creating a central banking system to address the problems exposed by the Panic of 1907; that same year the Sixteenth Amendment established the federal income tax.","date_label_en":"1913","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x080","start":1913,"date_label":"1913年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"《土著土地法》","desc":"南非联邦议会通过《土著土地法》，将黑人可拥有的土地限制在约7%的“保留地”，大量佃农失去土地，被迫成为矿山与农场的廉价劳工。","importance":2,"lat":-33.92,"lng":18.42,"place":"开普敦","title_en":"Natives Land Act","desc_en":"The parliament of the Union of South Africa passed the Natives Land Act, restricting Black land ownership to \"reserves\" making up about 7% of the land; many sharecroppers lost their land and were forced into cheap labor on mines and farms.","date_label_en":"1913","place_en":"Cape Town"},{"id":"global-023","start":1914,"end":1918,"date_label":"1914—1918年","region":"global","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"第一次世界大战","desc":"协约国与同盟国两大阵营动员数千万人参战，约千万军人死亡，机枪、坦克、毒气投入使用，德、奥匈、俄、奥斯曼四大帝国相继解体。","importance":3,"lat":43.86,"lng":18.41,"place":"萨拉热窝","title_en":"World War I","desc_en":"The Allied and Central Powers mobilized tens of millions, about ten million soldiers died, and machine guns, tanks and poison gas were used; the German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman empires all collapsed.","date_label_en":"1914–1918","place_en":"Sarajevo"},{"id":"latin_america-023","start":1914,"date_label":"1914年8月","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"巴拿马运河通航","desc":"美国在巴拿马建成连接大西洋和太平洋的船闸式运河，缩短两洋航程上万公里，1999年运河主权移交巴拿马。","importance":3,"lat":9.08,"lng":-79.68,"place":"巴拿马运河","title_en":"Panama Canal Opens","desc_en":"The United States completed a lock canal across Panama linking the Atlantic and Pacific, cutting voyages between the oceans by over 10,000 km; sovereignty over the canal passed to Panama in 1999.","date_label_en":"Aug 1914","place_en":"Panama Canal"},{"id":"europe-x367","start":1914,"date_label":"1914年6月28日","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"萨拉热窝事件","desc":"奥匈帝国皇储弗朗茨·斐迪南夫妇在萨拉热窝被波斯尼亚塞族青年普林西普刺杀，奥匈对塞尔维亚宣战，引发第一次世界大战。","importance":2,"lat":43.86,"lng":18.43,"place":"萨拉热窝","title_en":"Assassination in Sarajevo","desc_en":"Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austria-Hungary, and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo by young Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip; Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, triggering World War I.","date_label_en":"Jun 28, 1914","place_en":"Sarajevo"},{"id":"east_asia-086","start":1915,"date_label":"1915年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"新文化运动","desc":"陈独秀创办《青年杂志》（后改名《新青年》），倡导民主与科学、提倡白话文，胡适、鲁迅等推动思想解放。","importance":2,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京大学(红楼)","title_en":"New Culture Movement","desc_en":"Chen Duxiu founded Youth Magazine (later New Youth), championing democracy and science and promoting vernacular Chinese, while Hu Shi, Lu Xun and others pushed for intellectual liberation.","date_label_en":"1915","place_en":"Peking University (Red Building)"},{"id":"oceania-015","start":1915,"date_label":"1915年4月—12月","region":"oceania","dims":["军事","文化"],"title":"加里波利战役","desc":"澳新军团在奥斯曼土耳其加里波利半岛登陆作战，伤亡惨重后撤退，4月25日成为澳新军团日，塑造了两国的民族认同。","importance":2,"lat":40.25,"lng":26.28,"place":"澳新湾（加里波利）","title_en":"Gallipoli Campaign","desc_en":"The ANZAC forces landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula in Ottoman Turkey and withdrew after heavy losses; April 25 became Anzac Day, shaping the national identities of Australia and New Zealand.","date_label_en":"Apr–Dec 1915","place_en":"Anzac Cove, Gallipoli"},{"id":"east_asia-x425","start":1915,"end":1916,"date_label":"1915–1916年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"洪宪帝制与护国战争","desc":"袁世凯复辟帝制，改元“洪宪”，蔡锷、唐继尧在云南发起护国战争，各省纷纷独立，袁世凯被迫取消帝制后病逝，北洋军阀割据开始。","importance":2,"lat":25.04,"lng":102.71,"place":"昆明","title_en":"Hongxian Monarchy and the National Protection War","desc_en":"Yuan Shikai restored the monarchy under the reign name \"Hongxian\"; Cai E and Tang Jiyao launched the National Protection War in Yunnan and provinces declared independence. Yuan was forced to abandon the monarchy and died soon after, beginning the era of Beiyang warlord fragmentation.","date_label_en":"1915–1916","place_en":"Kunming"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x174","start":1915,"date_label":"1915年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"亚美尼亚大屠杀","desc":"一战期间奥斯曼当局对境内亚美尼亚人实施大规模驱逐与屠杀，死亡人数估计数十万至逾百万，至今仍是国际敏感议题。","importance":2,"lat":38.67,"lng":39.22,"place":"东安纳托利亚","title_en":"Armenian Genocide","desc_en":"During World War I, Ottoman authorities carried out mass deportations and massacres of the empire's Armenians, with deaths estimated from several hundred thousand to over a million; it remains a sensitive international issue.","date_label_en":"1915","place_en":"Eastern Anatolia"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-065","start":1916,"date_label":"1916年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"赛克斯—皮科协定","desc":"英法秘密协定划分奥斯曼阿拉伯领土势力范围，同年爆发阿拉伯起义；该协定深刻影响战后中东边界。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Sykes–Picot Agreement","desc_en":"A secret Anglo-French agreement divided the Ottoman Arab lands into spheres of influence, and the Arab Revolt broke out the same year; the agreement profoundly shaped the postwar borders of the Middle East.","date_label_en":"1916","place_en":"London"},{"id":"inner_asia-035","start":1916,"date_label":"1916年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"中亚1916年起义","desc":"沙俄征召中亚穆斯林服战时劳役，引发哈萨克、吉尔吉斯等族大起义，遭残酷镇压，大量民众逃往中国。","importance":1,"lat":40.28,"lng":69.62,"place":"苦盏","title_en":"Central Asian Revolt of 1916","desc_en":"Tsarist Russia's conscription of Central Asian Muslims for wartime labor sparked a major uprising among the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and others; it was brutally suppressed and many fled to China.","date_label_en":"1916","place_en":"Khujand"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x175","start":1916,"date_label":"1916年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"阿拉伯起义","desc":"麦加谢里夫侯赛因在英国支持下起兵反抗奥斯曼，费萨尔与英国军官劳伦斯配合袭击汉志铁路，1918年进入大马士革。","importance":2,"lat":21.42,"lng":39.83,"place":"麦加","title_en":"Arab Revolt","desc_en":"With British support, Sharif Hussein of Mecca rose against the Ottomans; Faisal, working with British officer T. E. Lawrence, raided the Hejaz Railway, and the rebels entered Damascus in 1918.","date_label_en":"1916","place_en":"Mecca"},{"id":"europe-x368","start":1916,"date_label":"1916年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"凡尔登与索姆河战役","desc":"德法在凡尔登鏖战十个月，同年英法发动索姆河攻势，首日英军伤亡近6万，两役共造成逾百万人伤亡，成为西线消耗战的象征。","importance":2,"lat":49.16,"lng":5.38,"place":"凡尔登","title_en":"Battles of Verdun and the Somme","desc_en":"Germany and France fought for ten months at Verdun, while Britain and France launched the Somme offensive the same year, with nearly 60,000 British casualties on the first day; the two battles caused over a million casualties and came to symbolize Western Front attrition.","date_label_en":"1916","place_en":"Verdun"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-066","start":1917,"date_label":"1917年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"贝尔福宣言","desc":"英国外交大臣贝尔福致函表示支持在巴勒斯坦建立“犹太民族之家”，为日后巴以冲突埋下伏笔。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Balfour Declaration","desc_en":"British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour wrote a letter expressing support for a \"national home for the Jewish people\" in Palestine, sowing the seeds of the later Israeli–Palestinian conflict.","date_label_en":"1917","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-091","start":1917,"date_label":"1917年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","综合"],"title":"俄国革命","desc":"二月革命推翻沙皇专制，十月布尔什维克在列宁领导下夺取政权，随后爆发内战，1922年成立苏联。","importance":3,"lat":59.94,"lng":30.31,"place":"彼得格勒","title_en":"Russian Revolution","desc_en":"The February Revolution overthrew tsarist autocracy, and in October the Bolsheviks under Lenin seized power; civil war followed, and the Soviet Union was founded in 1922.","date_label_en":"1917","place_en":"Petrograd"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x088","start":1917,"date_label":"1917年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"朱拉隆功大学","desc":"暹罗以朱拉隆功时期创办的文官学校为基础成立朱拉隆功大学，这是泰国第一所大学，长期培养政府官员与精英。","importance":1,"lat":13.74,"lng":100.53,"place":"曼谷","title_en":"Chulalongkorn University Founded","desc_en":"Siam founded Chulalongkorn University on the basis of the civil service school established under King Chulalongkorn; Thailand's first university, it long trained government officials and elites.","date_label_en":"1917","place_en":"Bangkok"},{"id":"latin_america-x080","start":1917,"date_label":"1917年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"墨西哥1917年宪法","desc":"墨西哥革命中制定的新宪法规定土地与地下资源归国家所有，保障工人八小时工作制和罢工权，是世界上最早写入社会权利的宪法之一。","importance":2,"lat":20.59,"lng":-100.39,"place":"克雷塔罗","title_en":"Mexican Constitution of 1917","desc_en":"Drafted during the Mexican Revolution, the new constitution vested land and subsoil resources in the nation and guaranteed workers an eight-hour day and the right to strike, making it one of the world's first constitutions to enshrine social rights.","date_label_en":"1917","place_en":"Querétaro"},{"id":"north_america-x076","start":1917,"date_label":"1917年","region":"north_america","dims":["军事"],"title":"美国参加一战","desc":"德国恢复无限制潜艇战和齐默尔曼电报事件后，美国对德宣战，派遣两百万远征军赴欧，加速协约国胜利，美国国际地位大幅提升。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"U.S. Enters World War I","desc_en":"After Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram came to light, the United States declared war on Germany and sent two million troops to Europe, hastening Allied victory and greatly raising America's global standing.","date_label_en":"1917","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"north_america-x077","start":1917,"date_label":"1917年","region":"north_america","dims":["军事","文化"],"title":"维米岭战役","desc":"加拿大军团四个师首次协同作战攻占法国维米岭，伤亡逾万人，此役被视为加拿大民族认同形成的标志之一。","importance":1,"lat":50.38,"lng":2.77,"place":"维米岭","title_en":"Battle of Vimy Ridge","desc_en":"The four divisions of the Canadian Corps fought together for the first time and captured Vimy Ridge in France, suffering over 10,000 casualties; the battle is seen as a milestone in the formation of Canadian national identity.","date_label_en":"1917","place_en":"Vimy Ridge"},{"id":"global-024","start":1918,"end":1920,"date_label":"1918—1920年","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"1918年大流感","desc":"H1N1流感病毒在一战末期传遍全球，约三分之一世界人口受感染，死亡人数估计达数千万，超过一战战死人数。","importance":2,"title_en":"1918 Influenza Pandemic","desc_en":"The H1N1 influenza virus spread worldwide at the end of World War I, infecting about a third of the world's population and killing an estimated tens of millions, more than died in combat in the war.","date_label_en":"1918–1920"},{"id":"east_asia-x426","start":1918,"date_label":"1918年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"鲁迅《狂人日记》","desc":"鲁迅在《新青年》发表中国现代文学史上第一篇白话短篇小说《狂人日记》，借狂人之口揭露封建礼教“吃人”的本质。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Lu Xun's \"A Madman's Diary\"","desc_en":"Lu Xun published \"A Madman's Diary\" in New Youth, the first vernacular short story in modern Chinese literature, using a madman's voice to expose the \"cannibalistic\" nature of feudal ethics.","date_label_en":"1918","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"inner_asia-x092","start":1918,"end":1924,"date_label":"约1918—1924年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"巴斯马奇运动","desc":"费尔干纳等地的武装群体抵抗苏维埃政权与布尔什维克的征粮政策，主力至1920年代中期被镇压，零星活动延至1930年代。","importance":1,"lat":40.39,"lng":71.78,"place":"费尔干纳盆地","title_en":"Basmachi Movement","desc_en":"Armed groups in the Fergana Valley and elsewhere resisted Soviet rule and Bolshevik grain requisitioning; their main forces were crushed by the mid-1920s, though sporadic activity lasted into the 1930s.","date_label_en":"c. 1918–1924","place_en":"Fergana Valley"},{"id":"europe-x369","start":1918,"date_label":"1918年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"中东欧新国家诞生","desc":"德、奥匈、俄三大帝国崩溃，波兰复国，捷克斯洛伐克与南斯拉夫前身塞尔维亚人-克罗地亚人-斯洛文尼亚人王国成立，波罗的海三国相继宣布独立。","importance":2,"lat":52.23,"lng":21.01,"place":"华沙","title_en":"New States of Central and Eastern Europe","desc_en":"As the German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires collapsed, Poland was reborn, Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (forerunner of Yugoslavia) were founded, and the three Baltic states declared independence.","date_label_en":"1918","place_en":"Warsaw"},{"id":"latin_america-x081","start":1918,"date_label":"1918年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"科尔多瓦大学改革","desc":"阿根廷科尔多瓦大学学生发起改革运动，争取大学自治、学生参与治理与学术自由，迅速影响整个拉美的高等教育与学生政治。","importance":1,"lat":-31.42,"lng":-64.18,"place":"科尔多瓦","title_en":"Córdoba University Reform","desc_en":"Students at Argentina's University of Córdoba launched a reform movement for university autonomy, student participation in governance and academic freedom, quickly influencing higher education and student politics across Latin America.","date_label_en":"1918","place_en":"Córdoba"},{"id":"oceania-x035","start":1918,"date_label":"1918年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"萨摩亚流感灾难","desc":"新西兰管辖下的西萨摩亚未对来船实施检疫，流感传入后约五分之一人口死亡，而美属萨摩亚严格隔离几乎无人死亡，此事激发了萨摩亚的“马乌”独立运动。","importance":1,"lat":-13.83,"lng":-171.76,"place":"阿皮亚","title_en":"Samoan Influenza Disaster","desc_en":"New Zealand-administered Western Samoa failed to quarantine incoming ships, and after influenza arrived about a fifth of the population died, while strictly quarantined American Samoa had almost no deaths; the disaster fueled Samoa's Mau independence movement.","date_label_en":"1918","place_en":"Apia"},{"id":"east_asia-087","start":1919,"date_label":"1919年5月","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"五四运动","desc":"巴黎和会将德国在山东的权益转给日本，北京学生游行抗议，运动扩展至全国，推动了马克思主义在中国传播。","importance":2,"lat":39.91,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京天安门","title_en":"May Fourth Movement","desc_en":"When the Paris Peace Conference transferred Germany's rights in Shandong to Japan, Beijing students marched in protest; the movement spread nationwide and advanced the spread of Marxism in China.","date_label_en":"May 1919","place_en":"Tiananmen, Beijing"},{"id":"south_asia-043","start":1919,"date_label":"1919年4月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"阿姆利则惨案","desc":"英军准将戴尔下令向阿姆利则札连瓦拉园的集会群众开枪，造成数百人死亡、上千人受伤，激起全国愤慨，加速独立运动。","importance":2,"lat":31.62,"lng":74.88,"place":"阿姆利则","title_en":"Amritsar Massacre","desc_en":"British Brigadier-General Dyer ordered troops to fire on a crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, killing hundreds and wounding over a thousand; the massacre provoked national outrage and accelerated the independence movement.","date_label_en":"Apr 1919","place_en":"Amritsar"},{"id":"europe-092","start":1919,"date_label":"1919年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"凡尔赛和约","desc":"巴黎和会签订凡尔赛和约，德国割地赔款并承担战争责任，国际联盟成立；苛刻条款埋下二战隐患。","importance":2,"lat":48.8,"lng":2.12,"place":"凡尔赛宫","title_en":"Treaty of Versailles","desc_en":"The Paris Peace Conference produced the Treaty of Versailles, under which Germany ceded territory, paid reparations and accepted war guilt, and the League of Nations was created; its harsh terms sowed the seeds of World War II.","date_label_en":"1919","place_en":"Palace of Versailles"},{"id":"global-x028","start":1919,"date_label":"1919年","region":"global","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"国际劳工组织成立","desc":"根据《凡尔赛和约》设立，以政府、雇主、工人三方机制制定国际劳工标准，如八小时工作制公约，1969年获诺贝尔和平奖。","importance":1,"lat":46.2,"lng":6.15,"place":"瑞士日内瓦","title_en":"International Labour Organization Founded","desc_en":"Created under the Treaty of Versailles, the ILO sets international labor standards, such as the eight-hour-day convention, through a tripartite system of governments, employers and workers; it won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969.","date_label_en":"1919","place_en":"Geneva, Switzerland"},{"id":"east_asia-x427","start":1919,"date_label":"1919年3月","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"三一运动","desc":"3月1日民族代表在汉城宣读《独立宣言》，各地民众高呼“独立万岁”游行示威，运动遍及全国，遭日本军警残酷镇压。","importance":3,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.99,"place":"首尔塔洞公园","title_en":"March First Movement","desc_en":"On March 1, national representatives read the Declaration of Independence in Seoul, and crowds across Korea marched shouting \"Long live independence\"; the nationwide movement was brutally suppressed by Japanese troops and police.","date_label_en":"Mar 1919","place_en":"Tapgol Park, Seoul"},{"id":"east_asia-x428","start":1919,"date_label":"1919年4月","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"大韩民国临时政府","desc":"三一运动后，韩国独立运动人士在上海法租界成立大韩民国临时政府，李承晚任首任国务总理（后任大总统），后随战局迁往重庆。","importance":2,"lat":31.22,"lng":121.47,"place":"上海","title_en":"Korean Provisional Government","desc_en":"After the March First Movement, Korean independence activists founded the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in the French Concession of Shanghai, with Syngman Rhee as first premier (later president); it later moved to Chongqing as the war shifted.","date_label_en":"Apr 1919","place_en":"Shanghai"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x176","start":1919,"date_label":"1919年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"埃及1919年革命","desc":"英国流放民族主义领袖扎格卢勒，引发全埃及罢工与示威，迫使英国在1922年宣布埃及名义独立。","importance":2,"lat":30.05,"lng":31.24,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Egyptian Revolution of 1919","desc_en":"Britain's exile of nationalist leader Saad Zaghloul sparked strikes and demonstrations across Egypt, forcing Britain to declare Egypt nominally independent in 1922.","date_label_en":"1919","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"inner_asia-x093","start":1919,"date_label":"1919年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"阿富汗独立","desc":"阿曼努拉汗发动第三次英阿战争，英国承认阿富汗完全独立，阿曼努拉随后推行世俗化与现代化改革。","importance":2,"lat":34.53,"lng":69.17,"place":"喀布尔","title_en":"Afghan Independence","desc_en":"Amanullah Khan launched the Third Anglo-Afghan War, and Britain recognized Afghanistan's full independence; Amanullah then pursued secularizing and modernizing reforms.","date_label_en":"1919","place_en":"Kabul"},{"id":"europe-x370","start":1919,"date_label":"1919年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"包豪斯学校","desc":"建筑师格罗皮乌斯在魏玛创办包豪斯学校，主张艺术与手工业、工业生产结合，强调功能与简洁，深刻影响现代建筑与设计。","importance":2,"lat":50.97,"lng":11.33,"place":"魏玛","title_en":"Bauhaus Founded","desc_en":"Architect Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus school in Weimar, uniting art with craft and industrial production and emphasizing function and simplicity; it profoundly influenced modern architecture and design.","date_label_en":"1919","place_en":"Weimar"},{"id":"north_america-x078","start":1919,"date_label":"1919年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"温尼伯大罢工","desc":"约三万名温尼伯工人举行总罢工，要求集体谈判权与提高工资，六周后在“血腥星期六”被镇压，此事影响了加拿大劳工运动与左翼政党。","importance":1,"lat":49.9,"lng":-97.14,"place":"温尼伯","title_en":"Winnipeg General Strike","desc_en":"About 30,000 Winnipeg workers went on general strike for collective bargaining rights and higher wages; after six weeks it was crushed on \"Bloody Saturday,\" influencing Canada's labor movement and left-wing parties.","date_label_en":"1919","place_en":"Winnipeg"},{"id":"global-x029","start":1920,"end":1946,"date_label":"1920—1946年","region":"global","dims":["政治"],"title":"国际联盟","desc":"第一次世界大战后成立的首个全球性集体安全组织，总部设于日内瓦，美国未加入，未能阻止日本、意大利、德国的侵略，后被联合国取代。","importance":2,"lat":46.2,"lng":6.15,"place":"瑞士日内瓦","title_en":"League of Nations","desc_en":"Founded after World War I as the first global collective-security organization, headquartered in Geneva; the United States never joined, it failed to stop Japanese, Italian and German aggression, and it was replaced by the United Nations.","date_label_en":"1920–1946","place_en":"Geneva, Switzerland"},{"id":"east_asia-x429","start":1920,"date_label":"1920年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"青山里战斗","desc":"金佐镇、洪范图等率领的韩国独立军在中国吉林和龙青山里一带与日军激战数日，取得独立武装斗争的重大胜利。","importance":1,"lat":42.54,"lng":129.01,"place":"吉林和龙","title_en":"Battle of Qingshanli","desc_en":"Korean independence forces led by Kim Jwa-jin, Hong Beom-do and others fought Japanese troops for several days around Qingshanli in Helong, Jilin, China, winning a major victory for the armed independence struggle.","date_label_en":"1920","place_en":"Helong, Jilin"},{"id":"south_asia-x141","start":1920,"end":1922,"date_label":"1920—1922年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"不合作运动","desc":"甘地领导国大党发起全国不合作运动，抵制英国学校、法院与商品，民族运动首次成为全国性群众运动，后因暴力事件被叫停。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"德里","title_en":"Non-Cooperation Movement","desc_en":"Gandhi led the Congress in a nationwide non-cooperation campaign boycotting British schools, courts and goods, turning the national movement into a mass movement for the first time; it was called off after outbreaks of violence.","date_label_en":"1920–1922","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x177","start":1920,"date_label":"1920年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"委任统治体制确立","desc":"圣雷莫会议将叙利亚、黎巴嫩交法国，伊拉克、巴勒斯坦与外约旦交英国委任统治，奠定现代中东国家边界的雏形。","importance":3,"lat":43.82,"lng":7.78,"place":"圣雷莫","title_en":"Mandate System Established","desc_en":"The San Remo Conference assigned Syria and Lebanon to France and Iraq, Palestine and Transjordan to Britain as mandates, sketching the outlines of modern Middle Eastern borders.","date_label_en":"1920","place_en":"Sanremo"},{"id":"europe-x371","start":1920,"date_label":"1920年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"国际联盟成立","desc":"依据凡尔赛和约设立的国际联盟成立，总部设于日内瓦，旨在以集体安全维护和平，但美国未加入，面对侵略无力制止，1946年由联合国取代。","importance":2,"lat":46.21,"lng":6.14,"place":"日内瓦","title_en":"League of Nations Founded","desc_en":"The League of Nations, created under the Treaty of Versailles, was established in Geneva to keep peace through collective security, but without the United States it proved powerless against aggression and was replaced by the United Nations in 1946.","date_label_en":"1920","place_en":"Geneva"},{"id":"north_america-x079","start":1920,"date_label":"1920年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"第十九修正案","desc":"第十九修正案获批准，禁止以性别为由剥夺公民选举权，美国女性获得全国性选举权，是长达七十多年妇女选举权运动的胜利。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Nineteenth Amendment","desc_en":"Ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment barred denying citizens the vote on account of sex, giving American women the nationwide vote and crowning a suffrage movement of more than seventy years.","date_label_en":"1920","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"north_america-x080","start":1920,"date_label":"1920年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"KDKA商业广播","desc":"匹兹堡KDKA电台播报总统大选结果，是美国第一家持照商业广播电台，此后数年广播迅速普及，深刻改变了大众娱乐与政治传播。","importance":1,"lat":40.44,"lng":-79.99,"place":"匹兹堡","title_en":"KDKA Commercial Radio","desc_en":"Pittsburgh's KDKA broadcast the presidential election results as the first licensed commercial radio station in the U.S.; radio spread rapidly in the following years, transforming mass entertainment and political communication.","date_label_en":"1920","place_en":"Pittsburgh"},{"id":"oceania-x036","start":1920,"date_label":"1920年","region":"oceania","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"澳洲航空创立","desc":"昆士兰和北领地航空服务公司在昆士兰内陆成立，简称Qantas，是世界上持续运营最久的航空公司之一，为广袤内陆提供邮政和客运服务。","importance":1,"lat":-22.39,"lng":143.04,"place":"温顿","title_en":"Qantas Founded","desc_en":"Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services, known as Qantas, was founded in outback Queensland; one of the world's longest continuously operating airlines, it provided mail and passenger service across the vast interior.","date_label_en":"1920","place_en":"Winton"},{"id":"east_asia-088","start":1921,"date_label":"1921年7月","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"中国共产党成立","desc":"中国共产党第一次全国代表大会在上海召开，后转移到嘉兴南湖船上闭幕，宣告中国共产党成立。","importance":2,"lat":31.22,"lng":121.47,"place":"上海","title_en":"Chinese Communist Party Founded","desc_en":"The First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party convened in Shanghai and concluded on a boat on South Lake in Jiaxing, proclaiming the founding of the CCP.","date_label_en":"Jul 1921","place_en":"Shanghai"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x178","start":1921,"end":1926,"date_label":"1921—1926年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"里夫战争","desc":"阿卜杜·克里姆领导摩洛哥北部里夫部落在阿努瓦勒大败西班牙军，建立里夫共和国，后被法西联军镇压，其游击战术影响深远。","importance":1,"lat":35.17,"lng":-3.93,"place":"里夫山区","title_en":"Rif War","desc_en":"Abd el-Krim led the Rif tribes of northern Morocco to a crushing victory over Spain at Annual and founded the Republic of the Rif, which was later crushed by combined French and Spanish forces; his guerrilla tactics proved highly influential.","date_label_en":"1921–1926","place_en":"Rif Mountains"},{"id":"inner_asia-x094","start":1921,"date_label":"1921年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"蒙古人民革命","desc":"苏赫巴托尔等在苏俄红军支持下攻入库伦，建立人民政府；1924年博克多汗死后成立蒙古人民共和国，库伦改名乌兰巴托。","importance":2,"lat":47.92,"lng":106.92,"place":"乌兰巴托","title_en":"Mongolian People's Revolution","desc_en":"With Soviet Red Army support, Sükhbaatar and others took Urga and set up a people's government; after the Bogd Khan died in 1924 the Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed and Urga renamed Ulaanbaatar.","date_label_en":"1921","place_en":"Ulaanbaatar"},{"id":"europe-x372","start":1921,"date_label":"1921年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"新经济政策","desc":"内战后列宁以粮食税取代余粮征集制，允许小私营企业和市场交易，苏俄经济迅速恢复，1928年后被斯大林的计划经济取代。","importance":2,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"New Economic Policy","desc_en":"After the civil war, Lenin replaced grain requisitioning with a tax in kind and allowed small private businesses and market trade; Soviet Russia's economy recovered quickly, until Stalin replaced it with central planning after 1928.","date_label_en":"1921","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"north_america-x081","start":1921,"date_label":"1921–1922年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"胰岛素的发现","desc":"班廷与贝斯特在多伦多大学成功提取胰岛素，1922年首次用于治疗糖尿病患者，使这种致命疾病变得可控，班廷与麦克劳德1923年获诺贝尔奖。","importance":2,"lat":43.66,"lng":-79.39,"place":"多伦多","title_en":"Discovery of Insulin","desc_en":"Banting and Best isolated insulin at the University of Toronto, and in 1922 it was first used to treat a diabetic patient, making a deadly disease manageable; Banting and Macleod won the Nobel Prize in 1923.","date_label_en":"1921–1922","place_en":"Toronto"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-067","start":1922,"date_label":"1922年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"奥斯曼帝国解体","desc":"一战战败后奥斯曼领土被瓜分，1922年苏丹制被废除，阿拉伯地区成为英法委任统治地。","importance":3,"lat":41.01,"lng":28.98,"place":"伊斯坦布尔","title_en":"Ottoman Empire Dissolves","desc_en":"After defeat in World War I, Ottoman territory was partitioned, the sultanate was abolished in 1922, and the Arab lands became British and French mandates.","date_label_en":"1922","place_en":"Istanbul"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x179","start":1922,"date_label":"1922年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"图坦卡蒙墓发现","desc":"英国考古学家卡特在帝王谷发现几乎未被盗掘的图坦卡蒙墓，出土黄金面具等五千余件文物，引发世界性的埃及热。","importance":2,"lat":25.74,"lng":32.6,"place":"帝王谷","title_en":"Tutankhamun's Tomb Discovered","desc_en":"British archaeologist Howard Carter discovered the nearly intact tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings, yielding over 5,000 artifacts including the gold mask and sparking worldwide Egyptomania.","date_label_en":"1922","place_en":"Valley of the Kings"},{"id":"europe-x373","start":1922,"date_label":"1922年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"苏联成立","desc":"俄罗斯、乌克兰、白俄罗斯与外高加索四个苏维埃共和国签订联盟条约，组成苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟，成为世界上第一个社会主义联邦国家。","importance":2,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"Soviet Union Founded","desc_en":"The Russian, Ukrainian, Byelorussian and Transcaucasian Soviet republics signed a union treaty forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first socialist federal state.","date_label_en":"1922","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"europe-x374","start":1922,"date_label":"1922年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"墨索里尼进军罗马","desc":"法西斯党领袖墨索里尼组织黑衫军向罗马进军，国王维托里奥·埃马努埃莱三世任命其为首相，意大利逐步建立法西斯独裁。","importance":2,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.5,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Mussolini's March on Rome","desc_en":"Fascist leader Benito Mussolini led his Blackshirts in a march on Rome, King Victor Emmanuel III appointed him prime minister, and Italy gradually became a fascist dictatorship.","date_label_en":"1922","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"europe-x375","start":1922,"date_label":"1922年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"乔伊斯《尤利西斯》","desc":"爱尔兰作家乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》在巴黎出版，以意识流手法记述都柏林一天的生活，成为现代主义文学里程碑，曾在英美遭禁。","importance":2,"lat":48.85,"lng":2.34,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Joyce's Ulysses","desc_en":"Irish writer James Joyce's Ulysses was published in Paris; recounting a single day in Dublin through stream of consciousness, it became a landmark of modernist literature and was banned for a time in Britain and the U.S.","date_label_en":"1922","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"europe-x376","start":1922,"date_label":"1922年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"爱尔兰自由邦成立","desc":"经过独立战争，英爱条约生效，爱尔兰南部26郡成立自治领爱尔兰自由邦，北爱尔兰留在英国，此后又爆发爱尔兰内战。","importance":1,"lat":53.35,"lng":-6.26,"place":"都柏林","title_en":"Irish Free State Founded","desc_en":"After the War of Independence, the Anglo-Irish Treaty took effect and Ireland's 26 southern counties became the Irish Free State, a dominion, while Northern Ireland remained in the UK; the Irish Civil War followed.","date_label_en":"1922","place_en":"Dublin"},{"id":"latin_america-x082","start":1922,"date_label":"1922年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"马拉开波石油喷发","desc":"委内瑞拉马拉开波湖畔的巴罗索2号井发生大规模井喷，此后外国石油公司蜂拥而至，委内瑞拉迅速成为世界主要产油国，经济转向依赖石油。","importance":2,"lat":10.39,"lng":-71.45,"place":"卡维马斯","title_en":"Maracaibo Oil Gusher","desc_en":"The Barroso No. 2 well on the shore of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, blew out in a massive gusher; foreign oil companies flocked in, Venezuela quickly became a leading oil producer, and its economy grew dependent on oil.","date_label_en":"1922","place_en":"Cabimas"},{"id":"latin_america-x083","start":1922,"date_label":"1922年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"圣保罗现代艺术周","desc":"巴西独立百年之际，圣保罗市剧院举办现代艺术周，安德拉德等作家与艺术家宣扬融合本土元素的现代主义，后来提出“食人主义”宣言。","importance":1,"lat":-23.55,"lng":-46.63,"place":"圣保罗","title_en":"São Paulo Modern Art Week","desc_en":"On the centenary of Brazilian independence, the São Paulo Municipal Theater hosted Modern Art Week, where Andrade and other writers and artists championed a modernism blending native elements, later issuing the \"Anthropophagic Manifesto.\"","date_label_en":"1922","place_en":"São Paulo"},{"id":"latin_america-x084","start":1922,"date_label":"约1922年起","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"墨西哥壁画运动","desc":"教育部长巴斯孔塞洛斯委托里维拉、奥罗斯科与西凯罗斯在公共建筑绘制巨幅壁画，描绘原住民历史与革命理想，成为20世纪影响深远的公共艺术运动。","importance":2,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"墨西哥城","title_en":"Mexican Muralist Movement","desc_en":"Education minister José Vasconcelos commissioned Rivera, Orozco and Siqueiros to paint huge murals on public buildings depicting Indigenous history and revolutionary ideals, creating one of the 20th century's most influential public art movements.","date_label_en":"From c. 1922","place_en":"Mexico City"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x081","start":1922,"date_label":"1922年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"马凯雷雷学院","desc":"马凯雷雷在坎帕拉起步为技术学校，后发展为东非最重要的高等学府，培养了尼雷尔、恩古吉等一代政治与文化精英。","importance":1,"lat":0.33,"lng":32.57,"place":"坎帕拉","title_en":"Makerere College","desc_en":"Makerere began in Kampala as a technical school and grew into East Africa's foremost institution of higher learning, educating a generation of political and cultural leaders such as Nyerere and Ngũgĩ.","date_label_en":"1922","place_en":"Kampala"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-068","start":1923,"date_label":"1923年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"土耳其共和国成立","desc":"凯末尔领导独立战争后建立土耳其共和国，随后废除哈里发制，推行政教分离、拉丁字母等世俗化改革。","importance":3,"lat":39.93,"lng":32.86,"place":"安卡拉","title_en":"Republic of Turkey Founded","desc_en":"After leading the War of Independence, Mustafa Kemal founded the Republic of Turkey, then abolished the caliphate and carried out secularizing reforms including separation of religion and state and adoption of the Latin alphabet.","date_label_en":"1923","place_en":"Ankara"},{"id":"east_asia-x430","start":1923,"date_label":"1923年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"关东大地震","desc":"9月1日关东地区发生里氏7.9级强震，引发大火，死亡和失踪约十万五千人，混乱中大批朝鲜人和中国人遭到屠杀。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"东京","title_en":"Great Kantō Earthquake","desc_en":"On September 1 a magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck the Kantō region, igniting fires that left about 105,000 dead or missing; amid the chaos, large numbers of Koreans and Chinese were massacred.","date_label_en":"1923","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x180","start":1923,"date_label":"1923年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"洛桑条约","desc":"土耳其与协约国签订洛桑条约，取代塞夫尔条约，确认土耳其边界并废除治外法权，同时安排希腊与土耳其的大规模人口交换。","importance":2,"lat":46.52,"lng":6.63,"place":"洛桑","title_en":"Treaty of Lausanne","desc_en":"Turkey and the Allies signed the Treaty of Lausanne, replacing the Treaty of Sèvres, confirming Turkey's borders and abolishing extraterritoriality, while arranging a large-scale population exchange between Greece and Turkey.","date_label_en":"1923","place_en":"Lausanne"},{"id":"europe-x377","start":1923,"date_label":"1923年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"德国恶性通货膨胀","desc":"鲁尔被占与滥发货币导致德国马克崩溃，1923年11月1美元可兑换约4.2万亿马克，中产阶级储蓄化为乌有，后以地产抵押马克稳定币值。","importance":2,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.4,"place":"柏林","title_en":"German Hyperinflation","desc_en":"The occupation of the Ruhr and reckless money printing caused the German mark to collapse; by November 1923 one U.S. dollar bought about 4.2 trillion marks, wiping out middle-class savings, until the land-backed Rentenmark stabilized the currency.","date_label_en":"1923","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"inner_asia-036","start":1924,"date_label":"1924年起","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"苏联中亚民族划界","desc":"苏联在中亚按民族划分加盟共和国边界，先后形成乌兹别克、土库曼、塔吉克、哈萨克、吉尔吉斯五个加盟共和国。","importance":2,"lat":41.3,"lng":69.24,"place":"塔什干","title_en":"Soviet National Delimitation of Central Asia","desc_en":"The Soviet Union drew the borders of union republics in Central Asia along ethnic lines, creating in turn the Uzbek, Turkmen, Tajik, Kazakh and Kyrgyz republics.","date_label_en":"From 1924","place_en":"Tashkent"},{"id":"global-x030","start":1924,"date_label":"1924年1月","region":"global","dims":["文化"],"title":"首届冬季奥运会","desc":"在法国夏蒙尼举行的“国际冬季运动周”后被追认为首届冬奥会，此后冬季项目形成独立的奥运周期。","importance":1,"lat":45.92,"lng":6.87,"place":"法国夏蒙尼","title_en":"First Winter Olympics","desc_en":"The \"International Winter Sports Week\" held in Chamonix, France, was retroactively recognized as the first Winter Olympics, after which winter sports formed their own Olympic cycle.","date_label_en":"Jan 1924","place_en":"Chamonix, France"},{"id":"east_asia-x431","start":1924,"date_label":"1924年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"黄埔军校","desc":"国共第一次合作后，孙中山在苏联帮助下在广州黄埔长洲岛创办陆军军官学校，蒋介石任校长，周恩来曾任政治部主任。","importance":2,"lat":23.1,"lng":113.43,"place":"广州黄埔","title_en":"Whampoa Military Academy","desc_en":"After the First United Front of the Nationalists and Communists, Sun Yat-sen founded the Army Officer Academy on Changzhou Island, Whampoa, Guangzhou, with Soviet help; Chiang Kai-shek was its commandant and Zhou Enlai once headed its political department.","date_label_en":"1924","place_en":"Whampoa, Guangzhou"},{"id":"south_asia-x142","start":1924,"date_label":"1924年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"玻色统计","desc":"达卡大学物理学家萨特延德拉·玻色推导出光子的统计方法，经爱因斯坦推广为玻色-爱因斯坦统计，\"玻色子\"即以其命名。","importance":2,"lat":23.73,"lng":90.4,"place":"达卡","title_en":"Bose Statistics","desc_en":"Dhaka University physicist Satyendra Nath Bose derived a statistical method for photons, which Einstein generalized into Bose–Einstein statistics; the \"boson\" is named after him.","date_label_en":"1924","place_en":"Dhaka"},{"id":"south_asia-x143","start":1924,"date_label":"1924年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"发现印度河文明","desc":"印度考古调查局局长约翰·马歇尔公布哈拉帕与摩亨佐-达罗的发掘成果，证实印度河流域存在与两河、埃及同时代的古文明。","importance":2,"lat":27.32,"lng":68.14,"place":"摩亨佐-达罗","title_en":"Indus Valley Civilization Revealed","desc_en":"John Marshall, Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, announced the excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, proving an ancient civilization in the Indus Valley contemporary with Mesopotamia and Egypt.","date_label_en":"1924","place_en":"Mohenjo-daro"},{"id":"north_america-x082","start":1924,"date_label":"约1920–1930年代","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"哈莱姆文艺复兴","desc":"纽约哈莱姆的非洲裔作家、音乐家与艺术家如兰斯顿·休斯、艾灵顿公爵掀起文化运动，表达黑人自我认同，深刻影响美国文学与音乐。","importance":2,"lat":40.81,"lng":-73.95,"place":"哈莱姆","title_en":"Harlem Renaissance","desc_en":"African American writers, musicians and artists in Harlem, New York, such as Langston Hughes and Duke Ellington, launched a cultural movement expressing Black identity that profoundly influenced American literature and music.","date_label_en":"c. 1920s–1930s","place_en":"Harlem"},{"id":"global-x031","start":1925,"date_label":"1925年6月","region":"global","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"日内瓦议定书禁毒气","desc":"一战大规模使用毒气后，各国在日内瓦签署议定书，禁止在战争中使用窒息性、毒性气体及细菌作战方法，但未禁止研制与储存。","importance":1,"lat":46.2,"lng":6.15,"place":"瑞士日内瓦","title_en":"Geneva Protocol Bans Poison Gas","desc_en":"After the mass use of gas in World War I, nations signed a protocol in Geneva banning asphyxiating and poisonous gases and bacteriological methods of warfare, though it did not ban their development or stockpiling.","date_label_en":"Jun 1925","place_en":"Geneva, Switzerland"},{"id":"east_asia-x432","start":1925,"date_label":"1925年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"普选法与治安维持法","desc":"日本通过普通选举法，赋予25岁以上男子选举权；同年颁布治安维持法，严厉镇压共产主义和反对天皇制的运动。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"东京","title_en":"Universal Suffrage and Peace Preservation Laws","desc_en":"Japan passed the General Election Law granting the vote to men aged 25 and over; the same year it enacted the Peace Preservation Law, harshly suppressing communism and movements opposing the imperial system.","date_label_en":"1925","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x181","start":1925,"date_label":"1925年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"巴列维王朝建立","desc":"军官礼萨汗废黜卡扎尔王朝登基为沙，推行修建铁路、兴办世俗教育、统一服饰等自上而下的现代化改革。","importance":2,"lat":35.69,"lng":51.39,"place":"德黑兰","title_en":"Pahlavi Dynasty Founded","desc_en":"Army officer Reza Khan deposed the Qajar dynasty and took the throne as shah, pursuing top-down modernization including railway building, secular education and dress codes.","date_label_en":"1925","place_en":"Tehran"},{"id":"europe-x378","start":1925,"date_label":"1925–1927年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"量子力学建立","desc":"海森堡在哥廷根创立矩阵力学，薛定谔提出波动方程，玻恩作出概率诠释，1927年海森堡又提出不确定性原理，量子力学体系基本建立。","importance":2,"lat":51.54,"lng":9.93,"place":"哥廷根","title_en":"Quantum Mechanics Established","desc_en":"Heisenberg developed matrix mechanics in Göttingen, Schrödinger proposed his wave equation, and Born gave the probabilistic interpretation; with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in 1927, the framework of quantum mechanics was essentially complete.","date_label_en":"1925–1927","place_en":"Göttingen"},{"id":"east_asia-x433","start":1926,"end":1928,"date_label":"1926–1928年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"国民革命军北伐","desc":"国民革命军从广州出师北伐，先后击败吴佩孚、孙传芳与张作霖等北洋军阀，1928年张学良东北易帜，国民政府形式上统一全国。","importance":2,"lat":23.13,"lng":113.26,"place":"广州","title_en":"Northern Expedition","desc_en":"The National Revolutionary Army set out from Guangzhou and defeated the Beiyang warlords Wu Peifu, Sun Chuanfang and Zhang Zuolin; in 1928 Zhang Xueliang pledged the Northeast's allegiance, and the Nationalist government nominally unified China.","date_label_en":"1926–1928","place_en":"Guangzhou"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x082","start":1926,"date_label":"1926年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"费尔斯通租借利比里亚","desc":"美国费尔斯通公司获得利比里亚约100万英亩土地的99年租约，建成当时世界最大的橡胶种植园，利比里亚经济由此高度依赖外资。","importance":1,"lat":6.27,"lng":-10.35,"place":"哈贝尔","title_en":"Firestone Lease in Liberia","desc_en":"The American Firestone company obtained a 99-year lease on about one million acres in Liberia and built what was then the world's largest rubber plantation, leaving Liberia's economy heavily dependent on foreign capital.","date_label_en":"1926","place_en":"Harbel"},{"id":"east_asia-x434","start":1927,"date_label":"1927年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"四一二政变与南昌起义","desc":"1927年4月蒋介石在上海清洗共产党人，国共合作破裂；8月1日中共在南昌发动武装起义，后定为中国人民解放军建军节。","importance":2,"lat":28.68,"lng":115.86,"place":"南昌","title_en":"April 12 Purge and Nanchang Uprising","desc_en":"In April 1927 Chiang Kai-shek purged Communists in Shanghai, breaking the Nationalist–Communist alliance; on August 1 the CCP launched an armed uprising in Nanchang, later celebrated as the founding day of the People's Liberation Army.","date_label_en":"1927","place_en":"Nanchang"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x182","start":1927,"date_label":"1927年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"基尔库克油田井喷","desc":"伊拉克石油公司在基尔库克附近的巴巴古尔古尔钻出大油井，伊拉克石油时代开启，1934年输油管通往地中海。","importance":2,"lat":35.5,"lng":44.4,"place":"基尔库克","title_en":"Kirkuk Oil Gusher","desc_en":"The Iraq Petroleum Company struck a huge well at Baba Gurgur near Kirkuk, opening Iraq's oil era; in 1934 a pipeline reached the Mediterranean.","date_label_en":"1927","place_en":"Kirkuk"},{"id":"inner_asia-x095","start":1927,"date_label":"1927年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"胡吉姆揭面纱运动","desc":"苏联在中亚发起“进攻”运动，号召妇女当众焚烧面纱，推动女性解放，但遭传统势力激烈反弹，许多女性遇害。","importance":1,"lat":41.3,"lng":69.24,"place":"塔什干","title_en":"Hujum Unveiling Campaign","desc_en":"The Soviets launched the Hujum (\"assault\") campaign in Central Asia, urging women to burn their veils in public to promote women's emancipation, but it provoked fierce traditionalist backlash and many women were killed.","date_label_en":"1927","place_en":"Tashkent"},{"id":"latin_america-x085","start":1927,"end":1933,"date_label":"1927–1933年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"桑地诺抗美","desc":"奥古斯托·桑地诺率游击队在尼加拉瓜北部山区抵抗美国海军陆战队，美军1933年撤离，次年桑地诺被索摩查的国民警卫队杀害。","importance":1,"lat":13.4,"lng":-86.0,"place":"尼加拉瓜北部","title_en":"Sandino's Resistance to the U.S.","desc_en":"Augusto Sandino led guerrillas in Nicaragua's northern mountains against the U.S. Marines; the Americans withdrew in 1933, and the next year Sandino was killed by Somoza's National Guard.","date_label_en":"1927–1933","place_en":"Northern Nicaragua"},{"id":"north_america-x083","start":1927,"date_label":"1927年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"林德伯格飞越大西洋","desc":"查尔斯·林德伯格驾驶“圣路易斯精神号”从纽约单人不着陆飞抵巴黎，历时约33.5小时，极大激发了公众对航空的兴趣与投资。","importance":2,"lat":40.74,"lng":-73.61,"place":"罗斯福机场","title_en":"Lindbergh Flies the Atlantic","desc_en":"Charles Lindbergh flew the Spirit of St. Louis solo and nonstop from New York to Paris in about 33.5 hours, greatly stirring public interest and investment in aviation.","date_label_en":"1927","place_en":"Roosevelt Field"},{"id":"north_america-x084","start":1927,"date_label":"1927年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"首部有声长片","desc":"华纳兄弟的《爵士歌手》上映，是第一部带同步对白与歌唱的长篇故事片，有声电影迅速取代默片，重塑电影产业。","importance":1,"lat":34.1,"lng":-118.33,"place":"好莱坞","title_en":"First Feature-Length Talkie","desc_en":"Warner Bros.' The Jazz Singer opened as the first feature film with synchronized dialogue and singing; sound films quickly replaced silents and reshaped the film industry.","date_label_en":"1927","place_en":"Hollywood"},{"id":"southeast_asia-029","start":1928,"date_label":"1928年10月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"印尼青年誓言","desc":"各地青年在巴达维亚宣誓承认“一个祖国、一个民族、一种语言”，确立印度尼西亚语为统一语言，标志印尼民族认同形成。","importance":2,"lat":-6.18,"lng":106.84,"place":"巴达维亚","title_en":"Indonesian Youth Pledge","desc_en":"Young people from across the archipelago pledged in Batavia to \"one motherland, one nation, one language,\" establishing Indonesian as the unifying language and marking the formation of Indonesian national identity.","date_label_en":"Oct 1928","place_en":"Batavia"},{"id":"europe-093","start":1928,"date_label":"1928年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"弗莱明发现青霉素","desc":"英国细菌学家弗莱明发现青霉菌能杀死细菌；二战期间弗洛里与钱恩实现量产，抗生素时代开启。","importance":2,"lat":51.52,"lng":-0.17,"place":"伦敦圣玛丽医院","title_en":"Fleming Discovers Penicillin","desc_en":"British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming found that Penicillium mold could kill bacteria; during World War II Florey and Chain achieved mass production, opening the age of antibiotics.","date_label_en":"1928","place_en":"St Mary's Hospital, London"},{"id":"global-x032","start":1928,"date_label":"1928年8月","region":"global","dims":["政治"],"title":"《非战公约》签署","desc":"《凯洛格—白里安公约》在巴黎签署，缔约国承诺放弃以战争作为国家政策工具，虽缺乏执行机制，却为战后审判侵略罪提供了法律依据。","importance":1,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.35,"place":"法国巴黎","title_en":"Kellogg–Briand Pact Signed","desc_en":"The Kellogg–Briand Pact was signed in Paris, with signatories renouncing war as an instrument of national policy; though it lacked enforcement, it provided a legal basis for postwar trials for crimes of aggression.","date_label_en":"Aug 1928","place_en":"Paris, France"},{"id":"south_asia-x144","start":1928,"end":1930,"date_label":"1928—1930年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"拉曼效应","desc":"物理学家拉曼在加尔各答发现光的非弹性散射现象，即拉曼效应，1930年获诺贝尔物理学奖，是首位获科学类诺奖的亚洲人。","importance":3,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Raman Effect","desc_en":"In Calcutta, physicist C. V. Raman discovered the inelastic scattering of light known as the Raman effect, winning the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics as the first Asian to receive a Nobel in the sciences.","date_label_en":"1928–1930","place_en":"Calcutta"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x183","start":1928,"date_label":"1928年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"土耳其字母改革","desc":"凯末尔政府以拉丁字母取代阿拉伯字母书写土耳其语，推行全民扫盲，识字率大幅提升，也切断了民众与奥斯曼文献的直接联系。","importance":2,"lat":39.93,"lng":32.86,"place":"安卡拉","title_en":"Turkish Alphabet Reform","desc_en":"Atatürk's government replaced the Arabic script with the Latin alphabet for Turkish and launched mass literacy campaigns; literacy rose sharply, but the public lost direct access to Ottoman texts.","date_label_en":"1928","place_en":"Ankara"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x184","start":1928,"date_label":"1928年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"穆斯林兄弟会成立","desc":"教师哈桑·班纳在伊斯梅利亚创建穆斯林兄弟会，倡导以伊斯兰原则改造社会，后发展为影响整个阿拉伯世界的政治宗教运动。","importance":2,"lat":30.6,"lng":32.27,"place":"伊斯梅利亚","title_en":"Muslim Brotherhood Founded","desc_en":"Schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailia, calling for society to be reshaped on Islamic principles; it grew into a political-religious movement influential across the Arab world.","date_label_en":"1928","place_en":"Ismailia"},{"id":"europe-x379","start":1928,"date_label":"1928年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"苏联第一个五年计划","desc":"苏联启动第一个五年计划，集中资源优先发展重工业，兴建马格尼托哥尔斯克等工业基地，以巨大的社会代价实现快速工业化。","importance":2,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"First Soviet Five-Year Plan","desc_en":"The Soviet Union launched its first Five-Year Plan, concentrating resources on heavy industry and building industrial centers such as Magnitogorsk, achieving rapid industrialization at enormous social cost.","date_label_en":"1928","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"oceania-x037","start":1928,"date_label":"1928年","region":"oceania","dims":["科技"],"title":"皇家飞行医生服务","desc":"长老会牧师约翰·弗林在昆士兰克朗克里创办空中医疗服务，以飞机为偏远内陆居民提供急救与诊疗，后发展为世界最大的空中医疗服务机构之一。","importance":1,"lat":-20.7,"lng":140.51,"place":"克朗克里","title_en":"Royal Flying Doctor Service","desc_en":"Presbyterian minister John Flynn founded an aerial medical service in Cloncurry, Queensland, using aircraft to bring emergency and medical care to remote outback residents; it grew into one of the world's largest air medical services.","date_label_en":"1928","place_en":"Cloncurry"},{"id":"global-025","start":1929,"end":1939,"date_label":"1929—1939年","region":"global","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"大萧条","desc":"1929年10月纽约股市崩盘引发全球经济危机，工业产出骤降、失业激增、贸易保护盛行，推动法西斯主义抬头与凯恩斯主义兴起。","importance":3,"lat":40.71,"lng":-74.01,"place":"纽约华尔街","title_en":"Great Depression","desc_en":"The New York stock market crash of October 1929 triggered a global economic crisis, with plunging industrial output, soaring unemployment and widespread protectionism, fueling the rise of fascism and of Keynesian economics.","date_label_en":"1929–1939","place_en":"Wall Street, New York"},{"id":"europe-094","start":1929,"end":1933,"date_label":"1929—1933年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"苏联农业集体化","desc":"斯大林推行五年计划与强制农业集体化，工业快速扩张，但乌克兰等地1932—1933年爆发大饥荒，数百万人死亡。","importance":2,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"Soviet Collectivization","desc_en":"Stalin pushed five-year plans and forced agricultural collectivization; industry expanded rapidly, but famine struck Ukraine and other regions in 1932–1933, killing millions.","date_label_en":"1929–1933","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"north_america-024","start":1929,"end":1939,"date_label":"1929—1939年","region":"north_america","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"大萧条与罗斯福新政","desc":"1929年10月华尔街股市崩盘引发大萧条，美国失业率一度约25%，罗斯福1933年起推行新政，以公共工程、银行监管和社会保障法扩大政府经济职能。","importance":3,"lat":40.71,"lng":-74.01,"place":"纽约华尔街","title_en":"Great Depression and the New Deal","desc_en":"The Wall Street crash of October 1929 set off the Great Depression, with U.S. unemployment reaching about 25%; from 1933 Roosevelt's New Deal expanded government's economic role through public works, banking regulation and the Social Security Act.","date_label_en":"1929–1939","place_en":"Wall Street, New York"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x089","start":1929,"date_label":"1929年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"诗里亚油田","desc":"壳牌公司在文莱诗里亚发现商业油田，石油从此成为文莱经济支柱，使其成为世界人均最富裕的国家之一。","importance":2,"lat":4.61,"lng":114.32,"place":"诗里亚","title_en":"Seria Oil Field","desc_en":"Shell discovered a commercial oil field at Seria in Brunei; oil became the pillar of Brunei's economy, making it one of the world's richest countries per capita.","date_label_en":"1929","place_en":"Seria"},{"id":"south_asia-044","start":1930,"date_label":"1930年3—4月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"甘地食盐进军","desc":"甘地率众从艾哈迈达巴德步行约385公里至海滨丹迪自制食盐，抗议英国盐税，掀起全国性文明不服从运动，非暴力抵抗举世瞩目。","importance":3,"lat":20.89,"lng":72.8,"place":"丹迪","title_en":"Gandhi's Salt March","desc_en":"Gandhi led followers about 385 km on foot from Ahmedabad to the seaside village of Dandi to make salt in protest against the British salt tax, launching a nationwide civil disobedience movement and drawing world attention to nonviolent resistance.","date_label_en":"Mar–Apr 1930","place_en":"Dandi"},{"id":"inner_asia-037","start":1930,"end":1933,"date_label":"1930—1933年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"哈萨克大饥荒","desc":"苏联强制游牧民定居与农业集体化，牲畜锐减，导致哈萨克大饥荒，约150万人死亡，哈萨克人口比例骤降。","importance":2,"lat":43.24,"lng":76.89,"place":"阿拉木图","title_en":"Kazakh Famine","desc_en":"Soviet forced sedentarization of nomads and collectivization devastated livestock herds, causing the Kazakh famine; about 1.5 million died, and the Kazakh share of the population plummeted.","date_label_en":"1930–1933","place_en":"Almaty"},{"id":"global-x033","start":1930,"date_label":"1930年7月","region":"global","dims":["文化"],"title":"首届足球世界杯","desc":"首届国际足联世界杯在乌拉圭举行，13支球队参赛，东道主夺冠；世界杯后来成为观看人数最多的全球体育赛事之一。","importance":2,"lat":-34.89,"lng":-56.16,"place":"乌拉圭蒙得维的亚","title_en":"First FIFA World Cup","desc_en":"The first FIFA World Cup was held in Uruguay with 13 teams, and the hosts won; the World Cup became one of the most-watched sporting events in the world.","date_label_en":"Jul 1930","place_en":"Montevideo, Uruguay"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x090","start":1930,"date_label":"1930年2月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"越南共产党成立","desc":"胡志明在香港主持越南各共产主义团体合并会议，成立越南共产党，同年改名印度支那共产党。","importance":2,"lat":22.28,"lng":114.16,"place":"香港","title_en":"Vietnamese Communist Party Founded","desc_en":"Ho Chi Minh chaired a meeting in Hong Kong merging Vietnam's communist groups into the Communist Party of Vietnam, renamed the Indochinese Communist Party later that year.","date_label_en":"Feb 1930","place_en":"Hong Kong"},{"id":"inner_asia-x096","start":1930,"date_label":"1930年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"土西铁路","desc":"连接突厥斯坦与西伯利亚的土西铁路建成，以西伯利亚粮食换取中亚扩大棉花种植，是苏联第一个五年计划的标志工程。","importance":2,"lat":43.24,"lng":76.95,"place":"阿拉木图","title_en":"Turkestan–Siberia Railway","desc_en":"The Turksib Railway linking Turkestan and Siberia was completed, trading Siberian grain for expanded Central Asian cotton growing; it was a flagship project of the first Soviet Five-Year Plan.","date_label_en":"1930","place_en":"Almaty"},{"id":"latin_america-x086","start":1930,"date_label":"1930年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"瓦加斯革命","desc":"热图利奥·瓦加斯发动革命上台，1937年建立“新国家”独裁，推行工业化、劳工立法与国家主义经济，主导巴西政治近二十年。","importance":2,"lat":-22.91,"lng":-43.17,"place":"里约热内卢","title_en":"Vargas Revolution","desc_en":"Getúlio Vargas came to power through revolution and in 1937 established the Estado Novo dictatorship, pursuing industrialization, labor legislation and economic nationalism; he dominated Brazilian politics for nearly two decades.","date_label_en":"1930","place_en":"Rio de Janeiro"},{"id":"latin_america-x087","start":1930,"date_label":"1930年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"首届世界杯","desc":"乌拉圭举办首届国际足联世界杯并在决赛中击败阿根廷夺冠，足球成为拉美最重要的大众文化与民族认同载体之一。","importance":1,"lat":-34.9,"lng":-56.19,"place":"蒙得维的亚","title_en":"First World Cup","desc_en":"Uruguay hosted the first FIFA World Cup and beat Argentina in the final; football became one of Latin America's most important vehicles of mass culture and national identity.","date_label_en":"1930","place_en":"Montevideo"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x083","start":1930,"date_label":"约1930年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"赞比亚铜带开采","desc":"北罗得西亚铜带的大型铜矿在1930年前后相继投产，大批非洲劳工进入矿业城镇，铜成为殖民地和后来赞比亚的经济命脉。","importance":2,"lat":-13.14,"lng":28.42,"place":"卢安夏","title_en":"Zambian Copperbelt Mining","desc_en":"Large copper mines on the Copperbelt of Northern Rhodesia came into production around 1930, drawing masses of African workers into mining towns; copper became the economic lifeline of the colony and later of Zambia.","date_label_en":"c. 1930","place_en":"Luanshya"},{"id":"east_asia-089","start":1931,"date_label":"1931年9月","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"九一八事变","desc":"日本关东军制造柳条湖事件，侵占中国东北，次年扶植伪满洲国，日本侵华战争由此开始。","importance":2,"lat":41.8,"lng":123.43,"place":"沈阳柳条湖","title_en":"Mukden Incident","desc_en":"Japan's Kwantung Army staged the Liutiao Lake incident and seized Northeast China, setting up the puppet state of Manchukuo the next year; this marked the start of Japan's war of aggression against China.","date_label_en":"Sep 1931","place_en":"Liutiao Lake, Shenyang"},{"id":"south_asia-x145","start":1931,"date_label":"1931年3月","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《阿拉姆·阿拉》","desc":"印度第一部有声电影《阿拉姆·阿拉》在孟买上映，歌舞片模式从此成为印度电影的显著特征。","importance":1,"lat":18.93,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Alam Ara","desc_en":"India's first sound film, Alam Ara, premiered in Bombay; the song-and-dance format became a hallmark of Indian cinema thereafter.","date_label_en":"Mar 1931","place_en":"Bombay"},{"id":"north_america-x085","start":1931,"date_label":"1931年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"帝国大厦落成","desc":"帝国大厦在大萧条中仅用约一年多时间建成，高381米，此后近四十年为世界最高建筑，成为纽约与美国现代化的象征。","importance":1,"lat":40.75,"lng":-73.99,"place":"纽约","title_en":"Empire State Building Completed","desc_en":"Built in just over a year during the Great Depression, the 381-meter Empire State Building was the world's tallest building for nearly forty years and became a symbol of New York and American modernity.","date_label_en":"1931","place_en":"New York"},{"id":"southeast_asia-030","start":1932,"date_label":"1932年6月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"暹罗立宪革命","desc":"民党发动不流血政变，结束绝对君主制，建立君主立宪制；1939年暹罗更名为泰国，此后军人政治长期影响泰国政局。","importance":2,"lat":13.75,"lng":100.49,"place":"曼谷","title_en":"Siamese Revolution of 1932","desc_en":"The People's Party staged a bloodless coup that ended absolute monarchy and established a constitutional monarchy; Siam was renamed Thailand in 1939, and military politics long shaped Thai affairs.","date_label_en":"Jun 1932","place_en":"Bangkok"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-069","start":1932,"date_label":"1932年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"沙特阿拉伯王国建立","desc":"伊本·沙特统一阿拉伯半岛大部，建立沙特阿拉伯王国，以瓦哈比派教义立国，1938年在达兰发现大油田。","importance":2,"lat":24.71,"lng":46.68,"place":"利雅得","title_en":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Founded","desc_en":"Ibn Saud unified most of the Arabian Peninsula and founded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on Wahhabi doctrine; a major oil field was discovered at Dhahran in 1938.","date_label_en":"1932","place_en":"Riyadh"},{"id":"east_asia-x435","start":1932,"date_label":"1932年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"伪满洲国与五一五事件","desc":"日本扶植溥仪在长春建立伪满洲国；同年海军青年军官刺杀首相犬养毅，政党内阁结束，军部势力日益膨胀。","importance":2,"lat":43.88,"lng":125.32,"place":"吉林长春","title_en":"Manchukuo and the May 15 Incident","desc_en":"Japan installed Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in Changchun; the same year young naval officers assassinated Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi, ending party cabinets as military power grew.","date_label_en":"1932","place_en":"Changchun, Jilin"},{"id":"south_asia-x146","start":1932,"date_label":"1932年10月","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"塔塔航空首航","desc":"J.R.D.塔塔亲自驾机从卡拉奇经艾哈迈达巴德飞往孟买运送邮件，塔塔航空后来发展为印度航空，2022年重归塔塔集团。","importance":1,"lat":24.86,"lng":67.01,"place":"卡拉奇","title_en":"Tata Airlines' First Flight","desc_en":"J. R. D. Tata personally flew mail from Karachi via Ahmedabad to Bombay; Tata Airlines later became Air India, which returned to the Tata Group in 2022.","date_label_en":"Oct 1932","place_en":"Karachi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x185","start":1932,"date_label":"1932年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"巴林发现石油","desc":"巴林在阿拉伯半岛一侧首先钻探出商业石油，鼓舞了此后在沙特、科威特的勘探，海湾地区经济由采珠转向石油。","importance":1,"lat":26.03,"lng":50.55,"place":"巴林","title_en":"Oil Discovered in Bahrain","desc_en":"Bahrain struck the first commercial oil on the Arabian side of the Gulf, encouraging exploration in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait; the Gulf economy shifted from pearling to oil.","date_label_en":"1932","place_en":"Bahrain"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x186","start":1932,"date_label":"1932年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"伊拉克独立","desc":"英国结束对伊拉克的委任统治，伊拉克王国加入国际联盟，成为首个获得独立的委任统治地，但英国仍保留军事基地。","importance":1,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"Iraqi Independence","desc_en":"Britain ended its mandate over Iraq and the Kingdom of Iraq joined the League of Nations, the first mandate to gain independence, though Britain kept military bases there.","date_label_en":"1932","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"europe-x380","start":1932,"date_label":"1932年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"查德威克发现中子","desc":"剑桥卡文迪许实验室的查德威克发现不带电的中子，完善了原子核由质子和中子组成的模型，为核裂变研究打开大门。","importance":1,"lat":52.21,"lng":0.12,"place":"剑桥","title_en":"Chadwick Discovers the Neutron","desc_en":"At Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory, James Chadwick discovered the uncharged neutron, completing the model of the nucleus as protons and neutrons and opening the way to nuclear fission research.","date_label_en":"1932","place_en":"Cambridge"},{"id":"europe-x381","start":1932,"end":1933,"date_label":"1932–1933年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"乌克兰大饥荒","desc":"苏联强制集体化与高额粮食征购在乌克兰等地造成大饥荒，乌克兰数百万人死亡，乌克兰称之为“霍洛多莫尔”。","importance":2,"lat":50.45,"lng":30.52,"place":"基辅","title_en":"Ukrainian Famine","desc_en":"Soviet forced collectivization and heavy grain quotas caused famine in Ukraine and elsewhere, killing millions of Ukrainians; Ukraine calls it the Holodomor.","date_label_en":"1932–1933","place_en":"Kyiv"},{"id":"europe-x382","start":1932,"end":1976,"date_label":"1932–1976年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"瑞典“人民之家”模式","desc":"瑞典社会民主党1932年起长期执政，以劳资协商、高税收与普遍福利建设“人民之家”，1938年劳资签订萨尔特舍巴登协议，形成北欧福利国家模式。","importance":2,"lat":59.33,"lng":18.07,"place":"斯德哥尔摩","title_en":"Sweden's \"People's Home\" Model","desc_en":"Governing for decades from 1932, Sweden's Social Democrats built the \"People's Home\" through labor–management negotiation, high taxes and universal welfare; the 1938 Saltsjöbaden Agreement between unions and employers helped form the Nordic welfare-state model.","date_label_en":"1932–1976","place_en":"Stockholm"},{"id":"latin_america-x088","start":1932,"end":1935,"date_label":"1932–1935年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事"],"title":"查科战争","desc":"玻利维亚与巴拉圭为争夺被认为蕴藏石油的大查科地区开战，双方死亡约十万人，巴拉圭获胜并取得大部分争议领土。","importance":1,"lat":-21.0,"lng":-61.0,"place":"大查科","title_en":"Chaco War","desc_en":"Bolivia and Paraguay fought over the Gran Chaco, believed to hold oil; about 100,000 died on both sides, and Paraguay won most of the disputed territory.","date_label_en":"1932–1935","place_en":"Gran Chaco"},{"id":"oceania-x038","start":1932,"date_label":"1932年","region":"oceania","dims":["科技"],"title":"悉尼港湾大桥","desc":"悉尼港湾大桥通车，主拱跨度503米，是当时世界上最宽的长跨度桥梁之一，大桥在大萧条期间雇用大量工人，成为悉尼的标志。","importance":1,"lat":-33.85,"lng":151.21,"place":"悉尼港","title_en":"Sydney Harbour Bridge","desc_en":"The Sydney Harbour Bridge opened with a main arch span of 503 meters, among the widest long-span bridges in the world at the time; it employed many workers during the Depression and became Sydney's emblem.","date_label_en":"1932","place_en":"Sydney Harbour"},{"id":"europe-095","start":1933,"date_label":"1933年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"希特勒上台","desc":"希特勒被任命为德国总理，随后通过《授权法》建立纳粹独裁，迫害犹太人与政治对手，并大规模重整军备。","importance":3,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.4,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Hitler Comes to Power","desc_en":"Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany and then used the Enabling Act to establish a Nazi dictatorship, persecuting Jews and political opponents and rearming on a massive scale.","date_label_en":"1933","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"east_asia-x436","start":1934,"end":1936,"date_label":"1934–1936年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"红军长征","desc":"中央红军从江西瑞金一带出发战略转移，1935年遵义会议确立毛泽东的领导地位，红军转战两万余里，1936年三大主力会师甘肃会宁。","importance":3,"lat":27.73,"lng":106.93,"place":"贵州遵义","title_en":"Long March","desc_en":"The Central Red Army began a strategic retreat from around Ruijin, Jiangxi; the 1935 Zunyi Conference established Mao Zedong's leadership, and after marching over 10,000 km the three main Red Army forces united at Huining, Gansu, in 1936.","date_label_en":"1934–1936","place_en":"Zunyi, Guizhou"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x187","start":1934,"date_label":"1934年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"土耳其妇女获选举权","desc":"土耳其议会赋予妇女在全国选举中的选举与被选举权，同年推行姓氏法，凯末尔获“阿塔图尔克”之姓。","importance":1,"lat":39.93,"lng":32.86,"place":"安卡拉","title_en":"Turkish Women Win the Vote","desc_en":"Turkey's parliament gave women the right to vote and stand in national elections; the same year the Surname Law was introduced, and Mustafa Kemal received the surname \"Atatürk.\"","date_label_en":"1934","place_en":"Ankara"},{"id":"latin_america-x089","start":1934,"end":1940,"date_label":"1934–1940年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"卡德纳斯土地改革","desc":"拉萨罗·卡德纳斯总统分配约1800万公顷土地给农民集体村社“埃希多”，规模远超前任，并扶持工会，巩固了革命制度化的执政体系。","importance":2,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"墨西哥城","title_en":"Cárdenas Land Reform","desc_en":"President Lázaro Cárdenas distributed about 18 million hectares to collective peasant ejidos, far more than his predecessors, and backed labor unions, consolidating the institutionalized revolutionary regime.","date_label_en":"1934–1940","place_en":"Mexico City"},{"id":"south_asia-x147","start":1935,"date_label":"1935年4月","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"印度储备银行成立","desc":"印度储备银行在加尔各答成立，负责发行货币和管理信贷，1937年总部迁往孟买，1949年国有化。","importance":2,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Reserve Bank of India Founded","desc_en":"The Reserve Bank of India was founded in Calcutta to issue currency and manage credit; it moved its headquarters to Bombay in 1937 and was nationalized in 1949.","date_label_en":"Apr 1935","place_en":"Calcutta"},{"id":"europe-x383","start":1935,"date_label":"1935年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"雷达的发明","desc":"英国科学家沃森-瓦特在达文特里成功用无线电波探测到飞机，英国随即沿海岸建立“本土链”雷达网，在不列颠空战中发挥关键作用。","importance":2,"lat":52.26,"lng":-1.16,"place":"达文特里","title_en":"Invention of Radar","desc_en":"British scientist Robert Watson-Watt successfully detected an aircraft with radio waves at Daventry; Britain soon built the Chain Home radar network along its coast, which played a key role in the Battle of Britain.","date_label_en":"1935","place_en":"Daventry"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x084","start":1935,"end":1941,"date_label":"1935–1941年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"意大利入侵埃塞俄比亚","desc":"墨索里尼发动侵略战争并使用毒气，1936年占领亚的斯亚贝巴，国际联盟制裁无力。1941年英军与埃塞俄比亚爱国者光复国家，海尔·塞拉西复位。","importance":2,"lat":9.03,"lng":38.74,"place":"亚的斯亚贝巴","title_en":"Italian Invasion of Ethiopia","desc_en":"Mussolini waged a war of aggression using poison gas and took Addis Ababa in 1936, while League of Nations sanctions proved toothless. In 1941 British forces and Ethiopian patriots liberated the country and Haile Selassie was restored.","date_label_en":"1935–1941","place_en":"Addis Ababa"},{"id":"europe-096","start":1936,"end":1939,"date_label":"1936—1939年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"西班牙内战","desc":"佛朗哥领导的国民军与共和政府交战，德意支持国民军、苏联援助共和派，佛朗哥获胜后建立独裁统治至1975年。","importance":2,"lat":40.42,"lng":-3.7,"place":"马德里","title_en":"Spanish Civil War","desc_en":"Franco's Nationalists fought the Republican government, with Germany and Italy backing the Nationalists and the Soviet Union aiding the Republicans; Franco won and ruled as dictator until 1975.","date_label_en":"1936–1939","place_en":"Madrid"},{"id":"global-x034","start":1936,"date_label":"1936年","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"图灵提出通用计算模型","desc":"图灵发表《论可计算数》，提出图灵机这一抽象计算模型，界定了可计算性的边界，成为现代计算机科学的理论基础。","importance":2,"title_en":"Turing's Universal Model of Computation","desc_en":"Alan Turing published \"On Computable Numbers,\" proposing the Turing machine as an abstract model of computation and defining the limits of computability, laying the theoretical foundation of modern computer science.","date_label_en":"1936"},{"id":"east_asia-x437","start":1936,"date_label":"1936年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"西安事变","desc":"张学良、杨虎城在西安扣押蒋介石，要求停止内战、一致抗日；经中共斡旋事变和平解决，促成第二次国共合作。","importance":2,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.95,"place":"西安","title_en":"Xi'an Incident","desc_en":"Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng detained Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an, demanding an end to civil war and a united front against Japan; with Communist mediation the incident ended peacefully, leading to the Second United Front.","date_label_en":"1936","place_en":"Xi'an"},{"id":"east_asia-x438","start":1936,"date_label":"1936年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"二二六事件","desc":"陆军皇道派青年军官率约一千四百名士兵发动兵变，杀害藏相高桥是清等人，兵变被镇压后统制派掌握军部，日本加速走向全面战争。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"东京","title_en":"February 26 Incident","desc_en":"Young officers of the Army's Imperial Way faction led about 1,400 soldiers in a mutiny, killing Finance Minister Takahashi Korekiyo and others; after it was crushed the Control faction dominated the military, and Japan sped toward total war.","date_label_en":"1936","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x091","start":1936,"date_label":"1936年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"越南南北铁路贯通","desc":"河内至西贡的跨印度支那铁路全线贯通，全长约1700千米，至今仍是越南南北交通干线。","importance":1,"lat":10.78,"lng":106.7,"place":"西贡","title_en":"North–South Railway Completed in Vietnam","desc_en":"The Trans-Indochinese Railway from Hanoi to Saigon was completed along its full length of about 1,700 km, and it remains Vietnam's main north–south transport artery.","date_label_en":"1936","place_en":"Saigon"},{"id":"europe-x384","start":1936,"date_label":"1936年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"凯恩斯《通论》","desc":"凯恩斯出版《就业、利息和货币通论》，认为有效需求不足会导致长期失业，主张政府以财政支出干预经济，开创宏观经济学。","importance":2,"lat":52.2,"lng":0.12,"place":"剑桥","title_en":"Keynes's General Theory","desc_en":"John Maynard Keynes published The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, arguing that insufficient effective demand causes persistent unemployment and advocating government spending to intervene in the economy, founding macroeconomics.","date_label_en":"1936","place_en":"Cambridge"},{"id":"europe-x385","start":1936,"date_label":"1936年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"图灵提出图灵机","desc":"剑桥学者图灵发表《论可计算数》，提出抽象的“图灵机”模型，界定了可计算性的边界，为现代计算机科学奠定理论基础。","importance":2,"lat":52.2,"lng":0.12,"place":"剑桥","title_en":"Turing Proposes the Turing Machine","desc_en":"Cambridge scholar Alan Turing published \"On Computable Numbers,\" proposing the abstract \"Turing machine\" and defining the limits of computability, laying the theoretical foundations of modern computer science.","date_label_en":"1936","place_en":"Cambridge"},{"id":"north_america-x086","start":1936,"date_label":"1936年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"胡佛水坝","desc":"科罗拉多河上的胡佛水坝建成，是当时世界最大的混凝土结构之一，为美国西南部提供电力、防洪与灌溉，支撑了洛杉矶等城市的发展。","importance":1,"lat":36.02,"lng":-114.74,"place":"胡佛水坝","title_en":"Hoover Dam","desc_en":"The Hoover Dam on the Colorado River was completed, one of the largest concrete structures in the world at the time, providing power, flood control and irrigation for the American Southwest and supporting the growth of cities like Los Angeles.","date_label_en":"1936","place_en":"Hoover Dam"},{"id":"east_asia-090","start":1937,"end":1945,"date_label":"1937年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"全面抗战爆发","desc":"7月7日卢沟桥事变，中国全面抗战开始；同年12月日军攻占南京并实施大屠杀，遇难同胞达三十万以上。","importance":3,"lat":39.85,"lng":116.22,"place":"北京卢沟桥","title_en":"Full-Scale War of Resistance Begins","desc_en":"The Marco Polo Bridge Incident of July 7 began China's full-scale war of resistance against Japan; in December Japanese troops captured Nanjing and carried out a massacre that killed more than 300,000 Chinese.","date_label_en":"1937","place_en":"Marco Polo Bridge, Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x439","start":1937,"date_label":"1937年12月","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"南京大屠杀","desc":"侵华日军攻占南京后，在六周内对手无寸铁的平民和战俘进行大规模屠杀、强奸和劫掠，遇难者达三十万以上（中方认定）。","importance":3,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"南京","title_en":"Nanjing Massacre","desc_en":"After capturing Nanjing, Japanese troops spent six weeks massacring, raping and looting unarmed civilians and prisoners of war, with more than 300,000 victims (according to China).","date_label_en":"Dec 1937","place_en":"Nanjing"},{"id":"east_asia-x440","start":1937,"date_label":"1937年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"丰田汽车成立","desc":"丰田喜一郎从丰田自动织机制作所的汽车部独立出丰田汽车工业公司，战后其“丰田生产方式”成为精益生产的典范。","importance":2,"lat":35.08,"lng":137.16,"place":"爱知丰田","title_en":"Toyota Motor Founded","desc_en":"Kiichiro Toyoda spun off the automobile department of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works as Toyota Motor Co.; after the war its \"Toyota Production System\" became the model of lean manufacturing.","date_label_en":"1937","place_en":"Toyota, Aichi"},{"id":"inner_asia-x097","start":1937,"date_label":"1937年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"远东朝鲜人迁往中亚","desc":"苏联将远东约17万朝鲜族人强制迁往哈萨克斯坦与乌兹别克斯坦，此后又有车臣人等多个民族被整体流放至中亚。","importance":2,"lat":45.25,"lng":77.98,"place":"乌什托别","title_en":"Soviet Koreans Deported to Central Asia","desc_en":"The Soviet Union forcibly deported about 170,000 ethnic Koreans from the Far East to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan; later the Chechens and several other peoples were also exiled en masse to Central Asia.","date_label_en":"1937","place_en":"Ushtobe"},{"id":"europe-x386","start":1937,"date_label":"1937年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"毕加索《格尔尼卡》","desc":"德国秃鹫军团轰炸巴斯克小镇格尔尼卡，毕加索为巴黎世博会西班牙馆创作巨幅油画《格尔尼卡》，成为20世纪最著名的反战艺术作品。","importance":1,"lat":43.32,"lng":-2.68,"place":"格尔尼卡","title_en":"Picasso's Guernica","desc_en":"After Germany's Condor Legion bombed the Basque town of Guernica, Picasso painted the huge canvas Guernica for the Spanish Pavilion at the Paris World's Fair, the 20th century's most famous antiwar artwork.","date_label_en":"1937","place_en":"Guernica"},{"id":"europe-x387","start":1937,"end":1938,"date_label":"1937–1938年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"苏联大清洗","desc":"斯大林发动大规模政治清洗，通过公开审判和内务部秘密处决，约68万人被处决，大量人被投入古拉格劳改营，红军高级将领也遭重创。","importance":2,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"Great Purge","desc_en":"Stalin launched mass political purges through show trials and secret NKVD executions; about 680,000 people were executed, many more were sent to Gulag camps, and the Red Army's senior command was devastated.","date_label_en":"1937–1938","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"latin_america-024","start":1938,"date_label":"1938年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"墨西哥石油国有化","desc":"墨西哥总统卡德纳斯宣布将外资石油公司收归国有，成立墨西哥石油公司，成为发展中国家资源国有化的先例。","importance":1,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"墨西哥城","title_en":"Mexican Oil Nationalization","desc_en":"Mexican President Cárdenas nationalized foreign oil companies and created Pemex, setting a precedent for resource nationalization in the developing world.","date_label_en":"1938","place_en":"Mexico City"},{"id":"east_asia-x441","start":1938,"date_label":"1938年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"台儿庄大捷","desc":"李宗仁指挥中国军队在山东台儿庄与日军激战半月，歼灭日军一万余人，是全面抗战以来正面战场取得的第一次重大胜利。","importance":2,"lat":34.56,"lng":117.73,"place":"山东台儿庄","title_en":"Victory at Taierzhuang","desc_en":"Chinese forces under Li Zongren fought Japanese troops for half a month at Taierzhuang, Shandong, killing more than 10,000; it was the first major victory on the frontline battlefield since the full-scale war began.","date_label_en":"1938","place_en":"Taierzhuang, Shandong"},{"id":"east_asia-x442","start":1938,"date_label":"1938年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"西南联合大学","desc":"北京大学、清华大学、南开大学南迁，1938年在昆明组成国立西南联合大学，在战时艰苦条件下培养了杨振宁、李政道等大批人才。","importance":2,"lat":25.04,"lng":102.71,"place":"昆明","title_en":"National Southwestern Associated University","desc_en":"Peking, Tsinghua and Nankai universities moved south and in 1938 formed National Southwestern Associated University in Kunming, which under harsh wartime conditions educated many talents including Chen-Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee.","date_label_en":"1938","place_en":"Kunming"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x188","start":1938,"date_label":"1938年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"沙特达曼7号井出油","desc":"美国加州标准石油的子公司在达兰钻探的达曼7号井获得商业油流，沙特由此成为石油大国，深刻改变海湾与世界能源格局。","importance":3,"lat":26.29,"lng":50.12,"place":"达兰","title_en":"Dammam No. 7 Strikes Oil","desc_en":"Dammam No. 7, drilled at Dhahran by a subsidiary of Standard Oil of California, struck commercial oil, making Saudi Arabia an oil power and transforming the Gulf and global energy landscape.","date_label_en":"1938","place_en":"Dhahran"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x189","start":1938,"date_label":"1938年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"科威特布尔甘油田","desc":"科威特石油公司发现布尔甘油田，后证实为世界第二大油田，二战后大规模出口使科威特迅速富裕。","importance":2,"lat":28.93,"lng":47.97,"place":"布尔甘","title_en":"Kuwait's Burgan Oil Field","desc_en":"The Kuwait Oil Company discovered the Burgan field, later proven to be the world's second-largest oil field; large-scale exports after World War II made Kuwait rapidly wealthy.","date_label_en":"1938","place_en":"Burgan"},{"id":"europe-x388","start":1938,"date_label":"1938年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"慕尼黑协定","desc":"英法意德四国首脑在慕尼黑签订协定，迫使捷克斯洛伐克将苏台德区割让给德国，绥靖政策达到顶点，次年德国吞并捷克全境。","importance":2,"lat":48.14,"lng":11.58,"place":"慕尼黑","title_en":"Munich Agreement","desc_en":"The leaders of Britain, France, Italy and Germany signed the Munich Agreement, forcing Czechoslovakia to cede the Sudetenland to Germany; appeasement reached its peak, and Germany seized the rest of the Czech lands the next year.","date_label_en":"1938","place_en":"Munich"},{"id":"europe-x389","start":1938,"date_label":"1938年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"核裂变的发现","desc":"德国化学家哈恩与斯特拉斯曼在柏林发现铀核被中子轰击后分裂为较轻的元素，迈特纳与弗里施作出物理解释，开启原子能时代。","importance":2,"lat":52.45,"lng":13.28,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Discovery of Nuclear Fission","desc_en":"In Berlin, German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann found that uranium nuclei bombarded with neutrons split into lighter elements; Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch explained the physics, opening the atomic age.","date_label_en":"1938","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"global-026","start":1939,"end":1945,"date_label":"1939—1945年","region":"global","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"第二次世界大战","desc":"人类史上规模最大的战争，轴心国与同盟国在欧亚非与太平洋交战，约七千万至八千万人死亡，包括纳粹大屠杀中约六百万犹太人。","importance":3,"lat":54.41,"lng":18.67,"place":"波兰格但斯克","title_en":"World War II","desc_en":"The largest war in human history, fought between the Axis and Allies across Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific, killed some 70–80 million people, including about six million Jews in the Holocaust.","date_label_en":"1939–1945","place_en":"Gdańsk, Poland"},{"id":"europe-097","start":1939,"end":1945,"date_label":"1939—1945年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","综合"],"title":"第二次世界大战（欧洲）","desc":"1939年德国入侵波兰引发大战，1941年德军入侵苏联，1945年5月德国无条件投降，欧洲战场数千万人死亡。","importance":3,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.4,"place":"柏林","title_en":"World War II in Europe","desc_en":"Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 started the war; Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 and surrendered unconditionally in May 1945, with tens of millions dead in the European theater.","date_label_en":"1939–1945","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"inner_asia-x098","start":1939,"date_label":"1939年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"哈拉哈河战役","desc":"苏蒙军队在朱可夫指挥下于哈拉哈河击败日本关东军，促使日本放弃北进苏联，转而向东南亚南进。","importance":2,"lat":47.7,"lng":118.6,"place":"哈拉哈河","title_en":"Battles of Khalkhin Gol","desc_en":"Soviet and Mongolian forces under Zhukov defeated Japan's Kwantung Army at Khalkhin Gol, prompting Japan to abandon a northern advance against the Soviet Union and turn south toward Southeast Asia.","date_label_en":"1939","place_en":"Khalkhin Gol"},{"id":"europe-x390","start":1939,"date_label":"1939年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"苏德互不侵犯条约","desc":"苏德外长莫洛托夫与里宾特洛甫签订互不侵犯条约，秘密议定书划分东欧势力范围，一周后德国入侵波兰，第二次世界大战爆发。","importance":2,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact","desc_en":"Soviet and German foreign ministers Molotov and Ribbentrop signed a non-aggression pact whose secret protocol divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence; a week later Germany invaded Poland and World War II began.","date_label_en":"1939","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"north_america-x087","start":1939,"date_label":"1939年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"惠普车库创业","desc":"休利特与帕卡德在帕洛阿尔托的车库创立惠普公司，首款产品为音频振荡器，这座车库后被称为“硅谷诞生地”。","importance":1,"lat":37.44,"lng":-122.15,"place":"帕洛阿尔托","title_en":"HP Founded in a Garage","desc_en":"Bill Hewlett and David Packard founded Hewlett-Packard in a Palo Alto garage, with an audio oscillator as their first product; the garage later became known as the \"birthplace of Silicon Valley.\"","date_label_en":"1939","place_en":"Palo Alto"},{"id":"east_asia-x443","start":1940,"date_label":"1940年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"百团大战","desc":"八路军在华北发动以破袭正太铁路为重点的大规模攻势，先后投入一百多个团，破坏日军交通线和据点，振奋了全国抗战士气。","importance":2,"lat":37.86,"lng":113.58,"place":"山西阳泉","title_en":"Hundred Regiments Offensive","desc_en":"The Eighth Route Army launched a large-scale offensive in North China centered on sabotaging the Zhengtai Railway, committing over a hundred regiments to wreck Japanese supply lines and strongholds and boosting national morale.","date_label_en":"1940","place_en":"Yangquan, Shanxi"},{"id":"east_asia-x444","start":1940,"date_label":"1940年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"创氏改名","desc":"朝鲜总督府推行“皇民化”政策，强制朝鲜人改用日本式姓名，并禁止学校教授朝鲜语，大批朝鲜人被征用到日本和战场。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"汉城(首尔)","title_en":"Name-Change Order","desc_en":"The Japanese Government-General pursued \"imperialization\" policies, forcing Koreans to adopt Japanese-style names and banning Korean-language instruction in schools, while many Koreans were conscripted for labor in Japan and at the front.","date_label_en":"1940","place_en":"Keijō (Seoul)"},{"id":"south_asia-x148","start":1940,"date_label":"1940年3月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"拉合尔决议","desc":"全印穆斯林联盟在拉合尔年会上通过决议，要求在穆斯林占多数的西北与东部地区建立独立国家，被视为巴基斯坦建国纲领。","importance":2,"lat":31.55,"lng":74.34,"place":"拉合尔","title_en":"Lahore Resolution","desc_en":"At its Lahore session, the All-India Muslim League passed a resolution demanding independent states in the Muslim-majority northwest and east, regarded as the founding program of Pakistan.","date_label_en":"Mar 1940","place_en":"Lahore"},{"id":"inner_asia-x099","start":1940,"date_label":"1940年前后","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"中亚改用西里尔字母","desc":"苏联中亚各族语言在1920年代由阿拉伯字母改拉丁字母后，又于1940年前后统一改用西里尔字母。","importance":1,"lat":41.3,"lng":69.24,"place":"塔什干","title_en":"Central Asia Switches to Cyrillic","desc_en":"Having moved from Arabic to Latin script in the 1920s, the languages of Soviet Central Asia were all switched to Cyrillic around 1940.","date_label_en":"c. 1940","place_en":"Tashkent"},{"id":"europe-x391","start":1940,"date_label":"1940年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"敦刻尔克与法国沦陷","desc":"德军闪击绕过马奇诺防线，英法联军被困敦刻尔克，约33.8万人从海上撤回英国；6月巴黎陷落，法国投降，维希政府成立。","importance":2,"lat":51.03,"lng":2.38,"place":"敦刻尔克","title_en":"Dunkirk and the Fall of France","desc_en":"The German blitzkrieg bypassed the Maginot Line and trapped Anglo-French forces at Dunkirk, from where about 338,000 were evacuated by sea to Britain; Paris fell in June, France surrendered, and the Vichy regime was set up.","date_label_en":"1940","place_en":"Dunkirk"},{"id":"europe-x392","start":1940,"date_label":"1940年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"不列颠空战","desc":"德国空军试图夺取制空权以入侵英国，英国皇家空军依托雷达网与战斗机顽强抗击，德军被迫放弃登陆计划，转而对城市实施夜间轰炸。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Battle of Britain","desc_en":"The Luftwaffe sought air superiority to invade Britain, but the Royal Air Force, backed by its radar network and fighters, held firm; Germany abandoned its invasion plans and turned to night bombing of cities.","date_label_en":"1940","place_en":"London"},{"id":"latin_america-x090","start":1940,"date_label":"约1940年代","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"钢鼓诞生","desc":"特立尼达西班牙港的街头乐手在殖民当局禁止手鼓后，用废弃油桶敲击出音阶，发展出钢鼓，被认为是20世纪唯一新发明的原声乐器，成为特立尼达的国乐器。","importance":1,"lat":10.65,"lng":-61.51,"place":"西班牙港","title_en":"Birth of the Steelpan","desc_en":"After colonial authorities banned hand drums, street musicians in Port of Spain, Trinidad, hammered scales into discarded oil drums, creating the steelpan, considered the only new acoustic instrument invented in the 20th century and now Trinidad's national instrument.","date_label_en":"c. 1940s","place_en":"Port of Spain"},{"id":"southeast_asia-031","start":1941,"end":1945,"date_label":"1941—1945年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["综合","军事"],"title":"日本占领东南亚","desc":"太平洋战争爆发后日军迅速占领东南亚，1942年2月新加坡英军投降；日本强征劳工修建泰缅铁路，殖民体系的权威被彻底打破。","importance":3,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia","desc_en":"After the Pacific War began, Japan quickly overran Southeast Asia, and British forces in Singapore surrendered in February 1942; Japan forced laborers to build the Thailand–Burma Railway, and the authority of the colonial order was shattered.","date_label_en":"1941–1945","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"europe-098","start":1941,"end":1945,"date_label":"1941—1945年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"纳粹大屠杀","desc":"纳粹德国在奥斯维辛等灭绝营系统杀害约600万犹太人以及大量罗姆人等群体，成为人类历史上最深重的罪行之一。","importance":3,"lat":50.03,"lng":19.2,"place":"奥斯维辛","title_en":"The Holocaust","desc_en":"Nazi Germany systematically murdered about six million Jews, along with large numbers of Roma and other groups, in extermination camps such as Auschwitz, one of the gravest crimes in human history.","date_label_en":"1941–1945","place_en":"Auschwitz"},{"id":"north_america-025","start":1941,"date_label":"1941年12月7日","region":"north_america","dims":["军事"],"title":"珍珠港事件","desc":"日本偷袭夏威夷珍珠港美国太平洋舰队，次日美国对日宣战，随即与德意交战，美国全面卷入第二次世界大战。","importance":3,"lat":21.36,"lng":-157.95,"place":"珍珠港","title_en":"Attack on Pearl Harbor","desc_en":"Japan launched a surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; the United States declared war on Japan the next day and was soon at war with Germany and Italy, fully entering World War II.","date_label_en":"Dec 7, 1941","place_en":"Pearl Harbor"},{"id":"inner_asia-x100","start":1941,"date_label":"1941年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"工厂东迁中亚","desc":"苏德战争爆发后，数百家工厂与大批人员疏散到中亚，塔什干等城市工业迅速扩张，奠定战后工业基础。","importance":1,"lat":41.3,"lng":69.24,"place":"塔什干","title_en":"Factories Evacuated to Central Asia","desc_en":"After the German–Soviet war began, hundreds of factories and many people were evacuated to Central Asia; industry in Tashkent and other cities expanded rapidly, laying a postwar industrial base.","date_label_en":"1941","place_en":"Tashkent"},{"id":"europe-x393","start":1941,"date_label":"1941年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"楚泽Z3计算机","desc":"德国工程师康拉德·楚泽在柏林制成Z3，是世界上第一台可编程的全自动数字计算机，采用继电器和二进制运算。","importance":2,"lat":52.5,"lng":13.32,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Zuse's Z3 Computer","desc_en":"German engineer Konrad Zuse built the Z3 in Berlin, the world's first programmable, fully automatic digital computer, using relays and binary arithmetic.","date_label_en":"1941","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"europe-x394","start":1941,"end":1944,"date_label":"1941–1944年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"列宁格勒围困","desc":"德军入侵苏联后包围列宁格勒长达872天，城内因饥饿和轰炸死亡约百万人，市民依靠拉多加湖冰上“生命之路”坚持至1944年解围。","importance":2,"lat":59.94,"lng":30.31,"place":"圣彼得堡","title_en":"Siege of Leningrad","desc_en":"After invading the Soviet Union, German forces besieged Leningrad for 872 days; about a million people died of starvation and bombardment, and residents held out via the \"Road of Life\" across frozen Lake Ladoga until the siege was lifted in 1944.","date_label_en":"1941–1944","place_en":"St. Petersburg"},{"id":"europe-099","start":1942,"end":1943,"date_label":"1942—1943年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"斯大林格勒战役","desc":"苏军在斯大林格勒包围并迫降德军第6集团军，成为苏德战场乃至二战欧洲战场的根本转折点。","importance":2,"lat":48.71,"lng":44.51,"place":"斯大林格勒","title_en":"Battle of Stalingrad","desc_en":"Soviet forces encircled and forced the surrender of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad, the decisive turning point of the Eastern Front and of World War II in Europe.","date_label_en":"1942–1943","place_en":"Stalingrad"},{"id":"north_america-026","start":1942,"end":1946,"date_label":"1942—1946年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"曼哈顿计划","desc":"美国在奥本海默等科学家主持下秘密研制原子弹，1945年7月在新墨西哥州首次核试验成功，8月对广岛、长崎投下原子弹，开启核时代。","importance":3,"lat":35.88,"lng":-106.3,"place":"洛斯阿拉莫斯","title_en":"Manhattan Project","desc_en":"The United States secretly developed the atomic bomb under Oppenheimer and other scientists, conducting the first nuclear test in New Mexico in July 1945 and dropping bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, opening the nuclear age.","date_label_en":"1942–1946","place_en":"Los Alamos"},{"id":"south_asia-x149","start":1942,"date_label":"1942年8月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"退出印度运动","desc":"国大党发起\"退出印度\"运动，甘地号召\"行动或死亡\"，英国当局逮捕国大党领导层，各地爆发大规模抗争。","importance":2,"lat":18.93,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Quit India Movement","desc_en":"The Congress launched the Quit India movement with Gandhi's call to \"do or die\"; British authorities arrested the Congress leadership, and mass protests erupted across the country.","date_label_en":"Aug 1942","place_en":"Bombay"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x092","start":1942,"date_label":"1942年2月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"新加坡沦陷","desc":"日军经马来半岛南下，英军司令白思华向日军投降，约八万英联邦军队被俘，丘吉尔称之为英国史上最大灾难。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Fall of Singapore","desc_en":"Japanese forces advanced down the Malay Peninsula, and British commander Arthur Percival surrendered; about 80,000 Commonwealth troops were captured in what Churchill called the worst disaster in British history.","date_label_en":"Feb 1942","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x093","start":1942,"date_label":"1942年4月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"巴丹死亡行军","desc":"巴丹半岛美菲守军投降后，被日军强迫徒步押往战俘营，途中数千人因虐待、饥饿和疾病死亡。","importance":2,"lat":14.68,"lng":120.48,"place":"巴丹","title_en":"Bataan Death March","desc_en":"After the American and Filipino defenders of the Bataan Peninsula surrendered, Japanese troops forced them to march to prison camps; thousands died along the way from abuse, starvation and disease.","date_label_en":"Apr 1942","place_en":"Bataan"},{"id":"europe-x395","start":1942,"date_label":"1942年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"贝弗里奇报告","desc":"英国经济学家贝弗里奇发表《社会保险及相关服务》报告，提出消除贫困、疾病、无知、肮脏、懒散“五大恶”，成为战后英国福利国家的蓝图。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Beveridge Report","desc_en":"British economist William Beveridge published Social Insurance and Allied Services, calling for the defeat of the \"five giants\" of want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness; it became the blueprint for Britain's postwar welfare state.","date_label_en":"1942","place_en":"London"},{"id":"north_america-x088","start":1942,"date_label":"1942年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"日裔美国人拘禁","desc":"罗斯福签署9066号行政令，约12万日裔美国人被强制迁入拘留营，多数为美国公民。1988年美国国会正式道歉并给予赔偿。","importance":1,"lat":36.73,"lng":-118.15,"place":"曼扎纳","title_en":"Japanese American Internment","desc_en":"Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, and about 120,000 Japanese Americans, most of them U.S. citizens, were forcibly moved to internment camps. In 1988 Congress formally apologized and paid reparations.","date_label_en":"1942","place_en":"Manzanar"},{"id":"oceania-x039","start":1942,"date_label":"1942年","region":"oceania","dims":["军事"],"title":"达尔文空袭","desc":"1942年2月19日日军飞机空袭达尔文，投下的炸弹多于珍珠港，造成二百余人死亡，是澳大利亚本土遭受的最严重外敌攻击。","importance":2,"lat":-12.46,"lng":130.84,"place":"达尔文","title_en":"Bombing of Darwin","desc_en":"On February 19, 1942, Japanese aircraft attacked Darwin, dropping more bombs than at Pearl Harbor and killing over 200 people, the most serious foreign attack ever on the Australian mainland.","date_label_en":"1942","place_en":"Darwin"},{"id":"oceania-x040","start":1942,"date_label":"1942年","region":"oceania","dims":["军事"],"title":"科科达小道战役","desc":"澳军在巴布亚新几内亚欧文斯坦利山脉的科科达小道上阻击南下的日军，当地巴布亚挑夫冒险运送伤员，被称为“模糊卷发天使”。","importance":1,"lat":-8.88,"lng":147.73,"place":"科科达","title_en":"Kokoda Track Campaign","desc_en":"Australian troops blocked the Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track in Papua New Guinea's Owen Stanley Range, while local Papuan carriers risked their lives to bear the wounded and became known as the \"Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels.\"","date_label_en":"1942","place_en":"Kokoda"},{"id":"oceania-x041","start":1942,"end":1943,"date_label":"1942–1943年","region":"oceania","dims":["军事"],"title":"瓜达尔卡纳尔战役","desc":"美军登陆所罗门群岛瓜达尔卡纳尔岛，与日军展开半年的陆海空争夺，日军最终撤退，太平洋战争主动权转向盟军。","importance":2,"lat":-9.43,"lng":160.0,"place":"瓜达尔卡纳尔","title_en":"Guadalcanal Campaign","desc_en":"U.S. forces landed on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands and fought Japan for six months on land, at sea and in the air; Japan finally withdrew, and the initiative in the Pacific War passed to the Allies.","date_label_en":"1942–1943","place_en":"Guadalcanal"},{"id":"south_asia-x150","start":1943,"date_label":"1943年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"1943年孟加拉饥荒","desc":"战时粮价飞涨、缅甸稻米断供与殖民当局应对失当导致孟加拉大饥荒，约两三百万人死亡。","importance":2,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Bengal Famine of 1943","desc_en":"Soaring wartime food prices, the loss of Burmese rice imports and colonial mismanagement caused the Bengal famine, which killed some two to three million people.","date_label_en":"1943","place_en":"Calcutta"},{"id":"south_asia-x151","start":1943,"end":1945,"date_label":"1943—1945年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"印度国民军","desc":"苏巴斯·钱德拉·鲍斯在新加坡改组印度国民军并成立自由印度临时政府，与日军一同进攻英帕尔失败，战后审判激起民族情绪。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Indian National Army","desc_en":"Subhas Chandra Bose reorganized the Indian National Army in Singapore and formed the Provisional Government of Free India; its joint offensive with Japan on Imphal failed, and postwar trials of its officers inflamed nationalist feeling.","date_label_en":"1943–1945","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"europe-x396","start":1943,"date_label":"1943年","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"库尔斯克会战","desc":"苏德双方在库尔斯克突出部投入数千辆坦克激战，德军“堡垒行动”失败，苏联从此在东线掌握战略主动权。","importance":2,"lat":51.73,"lng":36.19,"place":"库尔斯克","title_en":"Battle of Kursk","desc_en":"Soviet and German forces committed thousands of tanks in fierce fighting around the Kursk salient; Germany's Operation Citadel failed, and the Soviet Union took the strategic initiative on the Eastern Front.","date_label_en":"1943","place_en":"Kursk"},{"id":"latin_america-x091","start":1943,"date_label":"1943年","region":"latin_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"墨西哥小麦育种计划","desc":"墨西哥政府与洛克菲勒基金会合作启动农业项目，诺曼·博洛格在索诺拉培育抗病半矮秆小麦，墨西哥小麦实现自给，这些品种后推动了南亚的绿色革命。","importance":2,"lat":27.48,"lng":-109.93,"place":"奥夫雷贡城","title_en":"Mexican Wheat Breeding Program","desc_en":"The Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation launched an agricultural program in which Norman Borlaug bred disease-resistant semi-dwarf wheat in Sonora; Mexico became self-sufficient in wheat, and these varieties later drove South Asia's Green Revolution.","date_label_en":"1943","place_en":"Ciudad Obregón"},{"id":"global-027","start":1944,"date_label":"1944年7月","region":"global","dims":["经济"],"title":"布雷顿森林会议","desc":"44国代表在美国召开会议，确立美元与黄金挂钩、各国货币与美元挂钩的固定汇率体系，并决定设立国际货币基金组织和世界银行。","importance":3,"lat":44.26,"lng":-71.44,"place":"美国布雷顿森林","title_en":"Bretton Woods Conference","desc_en":"Delegates from 44 nations met in the United States and set up a fixed exchange-rate system pegging the dollar to gold and other currencies to the dollar, and decided to create the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.","date_label_en":"Jul 1944","place_en":"Bretton Woods, USA"},{"id":"europe-100","start":1944,"date_label":"1944年6月","region":"europe","dims":["军事"],"title":"诺曼底登陆","desc":"1944年6月6日盟军在法国诺曼底海岸实施史上最大规模两栖登陆，开辟欧洲第二战场，8月解放巴黎，次年与苏军在易北河会师。","importance":2,"lat":49.37,"lng":-0.87,"place":"诺曼底奥马哈海滩","title_en":"Normandy Landings","desc_en":"On June 6, 1944, the Allies carried out history's largest amphibious landing on the Normandy coast, opening a second front in Europe; Paris was liberated in August, and the next year they met Soviet forces on the Elbe.","date_label_en":"Jun 1944","place_en":"Omaha Beach, Normandy"},{"id":"europe-x397","start":1944,"date_label":"1944年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"巨人计算机","desc":"英国布莱切利园投入使用工程师弗劳尔斯设计的“巨人”电子计算机，用于破译德军洛伦兹密码，是最早的可编程电子数字计算机之一。","importance":2,"lat":52.0,"lng":-0.74,"place":"布莱切利园","title_en":"Colossus Computer","desc_en":"Bletchley Park in Britain put into service the Colossus electronic computer, designed by engineer Tommy Flowers to break the German Lorenz cipher; it was one of the earliest programmable electronic digital computers.","date_label_en":"1944","place_en":"Bletchley Park"},{"id":"europe-x398","start":1944,"date_label":"1944年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"V-2火箭","desc":"德国在佩内明德研制的V-2弹道导弹投入实战袭击伦敦和安特卫普，它是第一种进入太空边缘的人造物体，战后其技术与人员成为美苏航天的起点。","importance":2,"lat":54.14,"lng":13.77,"place":"佩内明德","title_en":"V-2 Rocket","desc_en":"Germany's V-2 ballistic missile, developed at Peenemünde, was used to strike London and Antwerp; it was the first human-made object to reach the edge of space, and after the war its technology and personnel launched the U.S. and Soviet space programs.","date_label_en":"1944","place_en":"Peenemünde"},{"id":"global-028","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年8月","region":"global","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"原子弹投入实战","desc":"美国于8月6日和9日先后在日本广岛、长崎投下原子弹，造成十余万人死亡，人类进入核时代，核威慑此后主导大国关系。","importance":3,"lat":34.39,"lng":132.45,"place":"日本广岛","title_en":"Atomic Bombs Used in War","desc_en":"The United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, killing over 100,000 people; humanity entered the nuclear age, and nuclear deterrence came to dominate great-power relations.","date_label_en":"Aug 1945","place_en":"Hiroshima, Japan"},{"id":"global-029","start":1945,"end":1975,"date_label":"约1945—1975年","region":"global","dims":["政治"],"title":"亚非去殖民化浪潮","desc":"二战后印度、印尼等亚洲国家相继独立，1960年有17个非洲国家独立，被称为“非洲年”，联合国会员国数量大幅增加。","importance":3,"title_en":"Wave of Decolonization in Asia and Africa","desc_en":"After World War II, India, Indonesia and other Asian countries won independence, and 17 African nations became independent in 1960, the \"Year of Africa,\" greatly expanding UN membership.","date_label_en":"c. 1945–1975"},{"id":"global-030","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年10月24日","region":"global","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"联合国成立","desc":"《联合国宪章》生效，联合国正式成立，以维护国际和平与安全为宗旨，安理会五个常任理事国享有否决权，成为战后国际秩序核心。","importance":3,"lat":37.78,"lng":-122.42,"place":"旧金山","title_en":"United Nations Founded","desc_en":"The UN Charter came into force and the United Nations was formally established to maintain international peace and security, with veto power for the five permanent Security Council members; it became the core of the postwar international order.","date_label_en":"Oct 24, 1945","place_en":"San Francisco"},{"id":"east_asia-091","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年8月","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"日本投降","desc":"美国在广岛、长崎投下原子弹，苏联对日宣战，日本于8月15日宣布无条件投降，中国抗日战争胜利。","importance":3,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.76,"place":"东京","title_en":"Japan Surrenders","desc_en":"After the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet Union declared war, Japan announced its unconditional surrender on August 15, bringing victory in China's War of Resistance.","date_label_en":"Aug 1945","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"southeast_asia-032","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年8月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"印度尼西亚宣布独立","desc":"日本投降后，苏加诺与哈达宣读独立宣言，随后与荷兰进行四年独立战争，1949年荷兰正式移交主权。","importance":3,"lat":-6.2,"lng":106.84,"place":"雅加达","title_en":"Indonesia Declares Independence","desc_en":"After Japan's surrender, Sukarno and Hatta read the Proclamation of Independence, followed by a four-year war of independence against the Netherlands, which formally transferred sovereignty in 1949.","date_label_en":"Aug 1945","place_en":"Jakarta"},{"id":"southeast_asia-033","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年9月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"越南民主共和国成立","desc":"胡志明在河内巴亭广场宣读独立宣言，宣告越南民主共和国成立；法国随后重返印度支那，第一次印度支那战争爆发。","importance":3,"lat":21.04,"lng":105.83,"place":"河内巴亭广场","title_en":"Democratic Republic of Vietnam Founded","desc_en":"Ho Chi Minh read the Declaration of Independence in Hanoi's Ba Đình Square, proclaiming the Democratic Republic of Vietnam; France then returned to Indochina, and the First Indochina War broke out.","date_label_en":"Sep 1945","place_en":"Ba Đình Square, Hanoi"},{"id":"global-x035","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年11月","region":"global","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"联合国教科文组织成立","desc":"联合国教育、科学及文化组织宪章在伦敦签署，致力于教育普及、科学合作与文化保护，总部设于巴黎。","importance":1,"lat":48.85,"lng":2.31,"place":"法国巴黎","title_en":"UNESCO Founded","desc_en":"The Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization was signed in London; dedicated to universal education, scientific cooperation and cultural preservation, it is headquartered in Paris.","date_label_en":"Nov 1945","place_en":"Paris, France"},{"id":"east_asia-x445","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年8月","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"广岛长崎原子弹爆炸","desc":"美国于8月6日和9日分别向广岛、长崎投下原子弹，至当年年底两市死亡人数合计约二十余万，加速了日本投降。","importance":3,"lat":34.39,"lng":132.45,"place":"广岛","title_en":"Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","desc_en":"The United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9; by year's end the two cities' combined death toll was over 200,000, hastening Japan's surrender.","date_label_en":"Aug 1945","place_en":"Hiroshima"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x094","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年6月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"建国五基","desc":"苏加诺在独立准备委员会会议上提出\"潘查希拉\"五项原则，后成为印尼国家意识形态与宪法序言的基础。","importance":2,"lat":-6.18,"lng":106.83,"place":"雅加达","title_en":"Pancasila Proclaimed","desc_en":"At a meeting of the independence preparatory committee, Sukarno proposed the five principles of Pancasila, which became Indonesia's state ideology and the basis of its constitution's preamble.","date_label_en":"Jun 1945","place_en":"Jakarta"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x095","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"1945年越南大饥荒","desc":"日法双重统治下的粮食征收、战争运输中断与灾害导致越南北部大饥荒，死亡人数约百万至二百万。","importance":2,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.84,"place":"河内","title_en":"Vietnamese Famine of 1945","desc_en":"Food requisitions under joint Japanese and French rule, wartime transport disruptions and natural disasters caused a great famine in northern Vietnam, killing an estimated one to two million people.","date_label_en":"1945","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x096","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年11月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"泗水战役","desc":"印尼民兵在泗水抵抗英军登陆部队，激烈巷战持续约三周，11月10日后被定为印尼英雄节。","importance":2,"lat":-7.25,"lng":112.75,"place":"泗水","title_en":"Battle of Surabaya","desc_en":"Indonesian militias resisted landing British forces in Surabaya in about three weeks of fierce street fighting; November 10 was later designated Indonesia's Heroes' Day.","date_label_en":"Nov 1945","place_en":"Surabaya"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x190","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"阿拉伯国家联盟成立","desc":"埃及、伊拉克、叙利亚、黎巴嫩、外约旦、沙特和也门七国在开罗成立阿拉伯国家联盟，协调阿拉伯国家政策。","importance":2,"lat":30.05,"lng":31.24,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Arab League Founded","desc_en":"Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, Saudi Arabia and Yemen founded the League of Arab States in Cairo to coordinate Arab policy.","date_label_en":"1945","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"europe-x399","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年2月","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"雅尔塔会议","desc":"罗斯福、丘吉尔与斯大林在克里米亚雅尔塔会晤，商定分区占领德国、成立联合国以及苏联对日参战，奠定战后欧洲格局。","importance":2,"lat":44.5,"lng":34.17,"place":"雅尔塔","title_en":"Yalta Conference","desc_en":"Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta in Crimea, agreeing on the zonal occupation of Germany, the founding of the UN and Soviet entry into the war against Japan, shaping postwar Europe.","date_label_en":"Feb 1945","place_en":"Yalta"},{"id":"europe-x400","start":1945,"date_label":"1945年5月8日","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"欧洲战场胜利日","desc":"苏军攻克柏林，希特勒自杀，德国于5月8日无条件投降，欧洲战事结束，德国随后被美英法苏四国分区占领。","importance":2,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.4,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Victory in Europe Day","desc_en":"Soviet forces took Berlin, Hitler killed himself, and Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 8, ending the war in Europe; Germany was then divided into American, British, French and Soviet occupation zones.","date_label_en":"May 8, 1945","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"europe-x401","start":1945,"end":1946,"date_label":"1945–1946年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"纽伦堡审判","desc":"同盟国国际军事法庭在纽伦堡审判纳粹主要战犯，以“反和平罪”“战争罪”“反人类罪”定罪，12人被判死刑，确立了个人战争罪责原则。","importance":2,"lat":49.45,"lng":11.05,"place":"纽伦堡","title_en":"Nuremberg Trials","desc_en":"The Allied International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg tried leading Nazi war criminals for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity, sentencing 12 to death and establishing the principle of individual responsibility for war crimes.","date_label_en":"1945–1946","place_en":"Nuremberg"},{"id":"southeast_asia-034","start":1946,"date_label":"1946年7月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"菲律宾独立","desc":"美国承认菲律宾共和国独立，菲律宾成为二战后东南亚第一个获得独立的殖民地，但美国在当地保留军事基地与经济特权。","importance":2,"lat":14.58,"lng":120.98,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"Philippine Independence","desc_en":"The United States recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines, the first Southeast Asian colony to gain independence after World War II, though the U.S. kept military bases and economic privileges there.","date_label_en":"Jul 1946","place_en":"Manila"},{"id":"south_asia-x152","start":1946,"date_label":"1946年2月","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"皇家印度海军起义","desc":"孟买的皇家印度海军水兵发动起义，迅速波及卡拉奇等港口，显示英国已难以依靠印度军队维持统治。","importance":1,"lat":18.93,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Royal Indian Navy Mutiny","desc_en":"Sailors of the Royal Indian Navy in Bombay mutinied, and the revolt quickly spread to Karachi and other ports, showing that Britain could no longer rely on Indian forces to maintain its rule.","date_label_en":"Feb 1946","place_en":"Bombay"},{"id":"latin_america-x092","start":1946,"date_label":"1946年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"庇隆当选总统","desc":"胡安·庇隆当选阿根廷总统，与夫人埃娃推行工会扶持、工资提高与工业国有化，形成影响至今的庇隆主义，1955年被军事政变推翻。","importance":2,"lat":-34.6,"lng":-58.38,"place":"布宜诺斯艾利斯","title_en":"Perón Elected President","desc_en":"Juan Perón was elected president of Argentina and, with his wife Eva, backed labor unions, raised wages and nationalized industries, creating Peronism, which endures today; he was overthrown by a military coup in 1955.","date_label_en":"1946","place_en":"Buenos Aires"},{"id":"north_america-x089","start":1946,"date_label":"1946年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"ENIAC计算机","desc":"宾夕法尼亚大学研制的ENIAC公开亮相，使用约1.8万个真空管，是最早的通用电子数字计算机之一，最初用于计算弹道。","importance":2,"lat":39.95,"lng":-75.19,"place":"费城","title_en":"ENIAC Computer","desc_en":"The University of Pennsylvania unveiled ENIAC, which used about 18,000 vacuum tubes and was one of the earliest general-purpose electronic digital computers, initially used to calculate ballistics.","date_label_en":"1946","place_en":"Philadelphia"},{"id":"oceania-x042","start":1946,"end":1958,"date_label":"1946–1958年","region":"oceania","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"比基尼环礁核试验","desc":"美国在马绍尔群岛比基尼与埃内韦塔克环礁进行67次核试验，1954年“喝彩城堡”氢弹试验的放射性尘埃污染了朗格拉普居民和日本渔船。","importance":2,"lat":11.58,"lng":165.38,"place":"比基尼环礁","title_en":"Nuclear Tests at Bikini Atoll","desc_en":"The United States conducted 67 nuclear tests at Bikini and Enewetak atolls in the Marshall Islands; fallout from the 1954 Castle Bravo hydrogen bomb test contaminated Rongelap's residents and a Japanese fishing boat.","date_label_en":"1946–1958","place_en":"Bikini Atoll"},{"id":"global-031","start":1947,"end":1991,"date_label":"1947—1991年","region":"global","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"冷战","desc":"以美苏为首的两大阵营在意识形态、军备、太空与第三世界全面对抗，北约与华约对峙，核军备竞赛使世界长期处于核战阴影下。","importance":3,"title_en":"Cold War","desc_en":"Two blocs led by the United States and the Soviet Union confronted each other in ideology, arms, space and the Third World; NATO faced the Warsaw Pact, and the nuclear arms race kept the world under the shadow of nuclear war for decades.","date_label_en":"1947–1991"},{"id":"global-032","start":1947,"date_label":"1947年10月","region":"global","dims":["经济"],"title":"关贸总协定签署","desc":"23个国家和地区在日内瓦签署关税及贸易总协定，通过多轮谈判大幅降低关税，推动战后世界贸易迅速增长，是世贸组织的前身。","importance":2,"lat":46.2,"lng":6.15,"place":"日内瓦","title_en":"GATT Signed","desc_en":"Twenty-three countries and territories signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in Geneva; successive negotiating rounds sharply cut tariffs, fueling rapid postwar growth in world trade, and GATT was the forerunner of the WTO.","date_label_en":"Oct 1947","place_en":"Geneva"},{"id":"east_asia-092","start":1947,"date_label":"1947年5月","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"《日本国宪法》施行","desc":"《日本国宪法》施行，确立国民主权、象征天皇制与放弃战争的第九条，奠定战后日本政治体制。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.76,"place":"东京","title_en":"Constitution of Japan Takes Effect","desc_en":"The Constitution of Japan took effect, establishing popular sovereignty, the emperor as a symbol, and the war-renouncing Article 9, laying the foundation of postwar Japan's political system.","date_label_en":"May 1947","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"south_asia-045","start":1947,"date_label":"1947年8月","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"印巴分治与独立","desc":"英属印度分为印度和巴基斯坦两国独立，按宗教划界引发大规模迁徙与教派仇杀，逾千万人流离失所，克什米尔争端由此埋下。","importance":3,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"Partition and Independence of India","desc_en":"British India became independent as two states, India and Pakistan; partition along religious lines triggered mass migration and communal killing, displacing over ten million people and sowing the Kashmir dispute.","date_label_en":"Aug 1947","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"europe-101","start":1947,"date_label":"1947年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"马歇尔计划","desc":"美国宣布欧洲复兴计划，1948年起向西欧提供约130亿美元援助，推动战后经济复苏，冷战格局随之加深。","importance":2,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.35,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Marshall Plan","desc_en":"The United States announced the European Recovery Program, providing about $13 billion in aid to Western Europe from 1948, spurring postwar recovery and deepening the Cold War divide.","date_label_en":"1947","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"global-x036","start":1947,"date_label":"1947年12月","region":"global","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"晶体管发明","desc":"贝尔实验室的巴丁、布拉顿与肖克利研制出点接触晶体管，取代真空管成为电子设备核心元件，开启半导体与信息时代。","importance":3,"lat":40.68,"lng":-74.4,"place":"美国新泽西","title_en":"Invention of the Transistor","desc_en":"Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley at Bell Labs built the point-contact transistor, which replaced the vacuum tube as the core component of electronics and opened the semiconductor and information age.","date_label_en":"Dec 1947","place_en":"New Jersey, USA"},{"id":"global-x037","start":1947,"date_label":"1947年","region":"global","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"国际标准化组织成立","desc":"国际标准化组织（ISO）于1947年在日内瓦开始运作，制定从螺纹、集装箱尺寸到质量管理的国际标准，促进全球贸易与生产协同。","importance":1,"lat":46.2,"lng":6.15,"place":"瑞士日内瓦","title_en":"ISO Founded","desc_en":"The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) began operating in Geneva in 1947, setting international standards from screw threads and container sizes to quality management, facilitating global trade and production.","date_label_en":"1947","place_en":"Geneva, Switzerland"},{"id":"east_asia-x446","start":1947,"date_label":"1947年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"台湾二二八事件","desc":"台北查缉私烟引发冲突，民众抗议迅速蔓延全岛，国民政府派兵镇压，大量民众死伤，事件影响台湾政治与社会数十年。","importance":2,"lat":25.03,"lng":121.56,"place":"台北","title_en":"February 28 Incident in Taiwan","desc_en":"A clash over a crackdown on contraband cigarettes in Taipei sparked protests that quickly spread across the island; the Nationalist government sent troops to suppress them, causing heavy casualties, and the incident shaped Taiwanese politics and society for decades.","date_label_en":"1947","place_en":"Taipei"},{"id":"south_asia-x153","start":1947,"end":1949,"date_label":"1947—1949年1月","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"第一次克什米尔战争","desc":"分治后克什米尔土邦归属引发印巴首次战争，土邦王公签署加入印度协议，1949年联合国斡旋停火，形成至今的控制线格局。","importance":2,"lat":34.08,"lng":74.8,"place":"斯利那加","title_en":"First Kashmir War","desc_en":"The question of Kashmir's accession after partition sparked the first India–Pakistan war; the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession to India, and a UN-brokered ceasefire in 1949 created the line of control that persists today.","date_label_en":"1947–Jan 1949","place_en":"Srinagar"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x097","start":1947,"date_label":"1947年7月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"昂山遇刺","desc":"缅甸独立领袖昂山与多名内阁成员在仰光秘书处大楼遇刺身亡，距缅甸独立仅半年，7月19日后定为烈士节。","importance":2,"lat":16.84,"lng":96.17,"place":"仰光","title_en":"Assassination of Aung San","desc_en":"Burmese independence leader Aung San and several cabinet members were assassinated in the Secretariat building in Rangoon, just six months before independence; July 19 became Martyrs' Day.","date_label_en":"Jul 1947","place_en":"Rangoon"},{"id":"latin_america-x093","start":1947,"date_label":"1947年","region":"latin_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"奥赛获诺贝尔奖","desc":"阿根廷生理学家贝尔纳多·奥赛因发现垂体前叶激素在糖代谢中的作用获诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，成为首位获得诺贝尔科学奖的拉美人。","importance":1,"lat":-34.6,"lng":-58.38,"place":"布宜诺斯艾利斯","title_en":"Houssay Wins Nobel Prize","desc_en":"Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the role of anterior pituitary hormones in sugar metabolism, the first Latin American Nobel laureate in the sciences.","date_label_en":"1947","place_en":"Buenos Aires"},{"id":"north_america-x091","start":1947,"date_label":"1947年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"杰基·罗宾森打破肤色壁垒","desc":"杰基·罗宾森为布鲁克林道奇队出场，成为现代美国职棒大联盟首位黑人球员，打破职业体育的种族隔离，成为民权运动的先声。","importance":1,"lat":40.67,"lng":-73.96,"place":"布鲁克林","title_en":"Jackie Robinson Breaks the Color Barrier","desc_en":"Jackie Robinson took the field for the Brooklyn Dodgers as the first Black player in modern Major League Baseball, breaking segregation in professional sports and heralding the civil rights movement.","date_label_en":"1947","place_en":"Brooklyn"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x085","start":1947,"date_label":"1947–1948年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"达喀尔—尼日尔铁路罢工","desc":"法属西非铁路工人为争取与欧洲员工同等待遇罢工约五个月并取得部分胜利，乌斯曼·塞姆班据此创作了长篇小说。","importance":1,"lat":14.79,"lng":-16.93,"place":"蒂耶斯","title_en":"Dakar–Niger Railway Strike","desc_en":"Railway workers in French West Africa struck for about five months for equal treatment with European staff and won partial victory; Ousmane Sembène based a novel on the strike.","date_label_en":"1947–1948","place_en":"Thiès"},{"id":"global-033","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年12月10日","region":"global","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"世界人权宣言","desc":"联合国大会在巴黎通过《世界人权宣言》，首次以国际文件系统阐明人人应享有的基本权利与自由，影响此后各国宪法与人权公约。","importance":2,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.29,"place":"巴黎夏乐宫","title_en":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","desc_en":"The UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris, the first international document to systematically set out the basic rights and freedoms of all people, influencing later constitutions and human rights treaties.","date_label_en":"Dec 10, 1948","place_en":"Palais de Chaillot, Paris"},{"id":"east_asia-093","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"朝鲜半岛南北分立","desc":"1948年8月大韩民国成立，9月朝鲜民主主义人民共和国成立，朝鲜半岛以北纬38度线为界分裂。","importance":2,"lat":38.32,"lng":127.0,"place":"三八线","title_en":"Division of Korea","desc_en":"The Republic of Korea was founded in August 1948 and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in September, dividing the Korean Peninsula along the 38th parallel.","date_label_en":"1948","place_en":"38th Parallel"},{"id":"south_asia-046","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年1月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"甘地遇刺","desc":"甘地在新德里被印度教极端分子戈德森枪杀，举国哀悼；尼赫鲁称“我们生命中的光明已经熄灭”。","importance":2,"lat":28.6,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里比尔拉府","title_en":"Assassination of Gandhi","desc_en":"Gandhi was shot dead in New Delhi by Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse, and the nation mourned; Nehru said, \"The light has gone out of our lives.\"","date_label_en":"Jan 1948","place_en":"Birla House, New Delhi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-035","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年1月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"缅甸独立","desc":"缅甸脱离英国独立且未加入英联邦；独立运动领袖昂山于1947年遇刺，独立后国内少数民族武装冲突随即爆发并长期持续。","importance":2,"lat":16.8,"lng":96.16,"place":"仰光","title_en":"Burmese Independence","desc_en":"Burma became independent from Britain without joining the Commonwealth; independence leader Aung San had been assassinated in 1947, and armed conflicts with ethnic minorities broke out soon after independence and have persisted.","date_label_en":"Jan 1948","place_en":"Rangoon"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-070","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年5月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","政治","军事"],"title":"以色列建国与第一次中东战争","desc":"以色列宣布建国，周边阿拉伯国家出兵，战后大批巴勒斯坦人沦为难民，阿拉伯人称之为“灾难日”。","importance":3,"lat":32.07,"lng":34.77,"place":"特拉维夫","title_en":"Founding of Israel and the First Arab–Israeli War","desc_en":"Israel declared statehood and neighboring Arab states sent in troops; after the war, large numbers of Palestinians became refugees, an event Arabs call the Nakba (\"catastrophe\").","date_label_en":"May 1948","place_en":"Tel Aviv"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-028","start":1948,"end":1994,"date_label":"1948—1994年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"南非种族隔离制度","desc":"南非国民党上台后推行种族隔离制度，以法律划分种族、限制黑人居住、就业与政治权利，遭到国内反抗和国际制裁，直至1990年代初才被废除。","importance":2,"lat":-25.75,"lng":28.19,"place":"比勒陀利亚","title_en":"Apartheid in South Africa","desc_en":"After the National Party took power, South Africa implemented apartheid, legally classifying races and restricting Black residence, employment and political rights; facing domestic resistance and international sanctions, it was not abolished until the early 1990s.","date_label_en":"1948–1994","place_en":"Pretoria"},{"id":"global-x038","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年4月","region":"global","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"世界卫生组织成立","desc":"世界卫生组织宪章于1948年4月7日生效，这一天后来定为世界卫生日；其主导了天花根除、疫情预警等全球公共卫生行动。","importance":2,"lat":46.2,"lng":6.15,"place":"瑞士日内瓦","title_en":"World Health Organization Founded","desc_en":"The WHO Constitution took effect on April 7, 1948, a date later designated World Health Day; the WHO led global public health efforts such as smallpox eradication and epidemic early warning.","date_label_en":"Apr 1948","place_en":"Geneva, Switzerland"},{"id":"east_asia-x447","start":1948,"end":1949,"date_label":"1948–1949年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"三大战役","desc":"人民解放军相继发动辽沈、淮海、平津三大战役，历时四个多月，歼灭和改编国民党军一百五十余万人，基本奠定全国胜利。","importance":3,"lat":34.26,"lng":117.18,"place":"江苏徐州","title_en":"Three Great Campaigns","desc_en":"The People's Liberation Army launched the Liaoshen, Huaihai and Pingjin campaigns over more than four months, destroying or absorbing over 1.5 million Nationalist troops and essentially securing nationwide victory.","date_label_en":"1948–1949","place_en":"Xuzhou, Jiangsu"},{"id":"east_asia-x448","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"济州四三事件","desc":"1948年4月3日济州岛左翼武装起事反对南方单独选举，军警随后长期“讨伐”，至1954年造成数万岛民死亡。","importance":2,"lat":33.5,"lng":126.53,"place":"济州岛","title_en":"Jeju April 3 Incident","desc_en":"On April 3, 1948, leftist insurgents on Jeju Island rose against separate elections in the South; prolonged \"suppression\" campaigns by troops and police killed tens of thousands of islanders by 1954.","date_label_en":"1948","place_en":"Jeju Island"},{"id":"east_asia-x449","start":1948,"date_label":"1946–1948年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"东京审判","desc":"远东国际军事法庭在东京审判日本主要战犯，东条英机等七人被判处绞刑，十六人被判无期徒刑，确认了日本的侵略战争罪行。","importance":2,"lat":35.69,"lng":139.71,"place":"东京","title_en":"Tokyo Trials","desc_en":"The International Military Tribunal for the Far East tried Japan's leading war criminals in Tokyo, sentencing Tōjō Hideki and six others to hanging and sixteen to life imprisonment, affirming Japan's crimes of aggressive war.","date_label_en":"1946–1948","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"south_asia-x154","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年2月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"锡兰独立","desc":"锡兰以英联邦自治领身份和平获得独立，首任总理为森纳那亚克；1972年改国名为斯里兰卡并成为共和国。","importance":2,"lat":6.93,"lng":79.86,"place":"科伦坡","title_en":"Ceylon Gains Independence","desc_en":"Ceylon peacefully gained independence as a Commonwealth dominion, with D. S. Senanayake as its first prime minister; in 1972 it was renamed Sri Lanka and became a republic.","date_label_en":"Feb 1948","place_en":"Colombo"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x098","start":1948,"end":1960,"date_label":"1948—1960年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"马来亚紧急状态","desc":"马来亚共产党发动武装斗争，英国殖民政府宣布紧急状态，实施\"新村\"计划切断游击队补给，1960年宣布结束。","importance":2,"lat":3.14,"lng":101.69,"place":"吉隆坡","title_en":"Malayan Emergency","desc_en":"The Malayan Communist Party launched an armed struggle, and the British colonial government declared a state of emergency, using the \"New Villages\" program to cut off guerrilla supplies; the emergency was declared over in 1960.","date_label_en":"1948–1960","place_en":"Kuala Lumpur"},{"id":"europe-x402","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"英国国民医疗服务体系","desc":"艾德礼工党政府建立国民医疗服务体系（NHS），以税收资助、在使用时免费的方式向全民提供医疗，是战后英国福利国家的核心。","importance":2,"lat":51.5,"lng":-0.12,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"National Health Service Founded","desc_en":"Attlee's Labour government created the National Health Service (NHS), providing tax-funded care free at the point of use for everyone, the centerpiece of Britain's postwar welfare state.","date_label_en":"1948","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-x403","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"德国马克货币改革","desc":"美英法占领区以德国马克取代贬值的帝国马克，经济部门主管艾哈德同步取消大部分价格管制，黑市消失、商品重回货架，西德经济由此起飞。","importance":2,"lat":50.11,"lng":8.68,"place":"法兰克福","title_en":"Deutsche Mark Currency Reform","desc_en":"The American, British and French zones replaced the devalued Reichsmark with the Deutsche Mark, while economic director Ludwig Erhard lifted most price controls; the black market vanished, goods returned to shelves, and West Germany's economy took off.","date_label_en":"1948","place_en":"Frankfurt"},{"id":"europe-x404","start":1948,"end":1949,"date_label":"1948–1949年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"柏林封锁与空运","desc":"苏联切断通往西柏林的陆路交通，美英以约27万架次的空运向两百多万居民运送食品与煤炭近11个月，苏联最终解除封锁，冷战对峙公开化。","importance":2,"lat":52.48,"lng":13.39,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Berlin Blockade and Airlift","desc_en":"The Soviet Union cut land access to West Berlin, and the U.S. and Britain flew about 270,000 flights carrying food and coal to over two million residents for nearly 11 months; the Soviets finally lifted the blockade, bringing the Cold War standoff into the open.","date_label_en":"1948–1949","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"latin_america-x094","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"拉美经委会","desc":"联合国拉丁美洲经济委员会在圣地亚哥成立，劳尔·普雷维什提出“中心—外围”理论，倡导进口替代工业化，主导了拉美数十年的发展政策。","importance":2,"lat":-33.45,"lng":-70.67,"place":"圣地亚哥","title_en":"ECLAC Founded","desc_en":"The UN Economic Commission for Latin America was founded in Santiago, where Raúl Prebisch advanced the \"center–periphery\" theory and import-substitution industrialization, shaping Latin American development policy for decades.","date_label_en":"1948","place_en":"Santiago"},{"id":"latin_america-x095","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"哥斯达黎加废除军队","desc":"内战结束后，何塞·菲格雷斯领导的政府宣布废除常备军，把资源投入教育与医疗，哥斯达黎加成为拉美最稳定的民主国家之一。","importance":1,"lat":9.93,"lng":-84.08,"place":"圣何塞","title_en":"Costa Rica Abolishes Its Army","desc_en":"After the civil war, José Figueres's government abolished the standing army and redirected resources to education and health care, making Costa Rica one of Latin America's most stable democracies.","date_label_en":"1948","place_en":"San José"},{"id":"latin_america-x096","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"波哥大事件","desc":"自由党领袖盖坦在波哥大遇刺，引发大规模暴乱，哥伦比亚随后陷入自由党与保守党之间约十年的“暴力时期”，死亡约二十万人。","importance":2,"lat":4.71,"lng":-74.07,"place":"波哥大","title_en":"Bogotazo","desc_en":"The assassination of Liberal leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán in Bogotá sparked massive riots, and Colombia fell into about a decade of Liberal–Conservative conflict known as \"La Violencia,\" which killed some 200,000 people.","date_label_en":"1948","place_en":"Bogotá"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x086","start":1948,"date_label":"1948年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"伊巴丹大学学院","desc":"尼日利亚第一所大学伊巴丹大学学院成立，作为伦敦大学附属学院培养了索因卡、阿契贝等作家，被视为西非现代学术与文学的摇篮。","importance":1,"lat":7.44,"lng":3.9,"place":"伊巴丹","title_en":"University College Ibadan","desc_en":"Nigeria's first university, University College Ibadan, was founded as a college of the University of London; it educated writers such as Soyinka and Achebe and is regarded as the cradle of modern West African scholarship and literature.","date_label_en":"1948","place_en":"Ibadan"},{"id":"east_asia-094","start":1949,"date_label":"1949年10月1日","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"中华人民共和国成立","desc":"中华人民共和国在北京宣告成立，结束了长期的战乱局面，国民党当局退往台湾，两岸分治延续至今。","importance":3,"lat":39.91,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京天安门","title_en":"People's Republic of China Founded","desc_en":"The People's Republic of China was proclaimed in Beijing, ending a long period of war; the Nationalist authorities retreated to Taiwan, and the cross-strait division continues today.","date_label_en":"Oct 1, 1949","place_en":"Tiananmen, Beijing"},{"id":"inner_asia-038","start":1949,"end":1989,"date_label":"1949—1989年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"塞米巴拉金斯克核试验场","desc":"苏联首次核试验于1949年在哈萨克斯坦塞米巴拉金斯克进行，此后在此进行约450次核试验，当地居民长期受辐射危害。","importance":2,"lat":50.44,"lng":77.81,"place":"塞米巴拉金斯克","title_en":"Semipalatinsk Test Site","desc_en":"The Soviet Union conducted its first nuclear test at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, in 1949 and about 450 more there afterward, leaving local residents exposed to radiation for decades.","date_label_en":"1949–1989","place_en":"Semipalatinsk"},{"id":"europe-102","start":1949,"date_label":"1949年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"北约成立与德国分裂","desc":"北大西洋公约组织成立；同年德意志联邦共和国与德意志民主共和国先后建立，德国分裂为东西两国。","importance":2,"lat":50.73,"lng":7.1,"place":"波恩","title_en":"NATO Founded and Germany Divided","desc_en":"The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was founded; the same year the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were established, splitting Germany into West and East.","date_label_en":"1949","place_en":"Bonn"},{"id":"global-x039","start":1949,"date_label":"1949年8月","region":"global","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"日内瓦四公约","desc":"二战后修订并扩展的四部日内瓦公约，保护伤病员、战俘与平民，是当今获得各国普遍批准的国际人道法核心文书。","importance":2,"lat":46.2,"lng":6.15,"place":"瑞士日内瓦","title_en":"Four Geneva Conventions","desc_en":"Revised and expanded after World War II, the four Geneva Conventions protect the wounded and sick, prisoners of war and civilians, and are the core instruments of international humanitarian law, ratified universally today.","date_label_en":"Aug 1949","place_en":"Geneva, Switzerland"},{"id":"east_asia-x450","start":1949,"date_label":"1949年4月","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"渡江战役","desc":"人民解放军在西起湖口、东至江阴的千里战线上突破长江防线，4月23日占领南京，国民政府统治中心瓦解，年底迁往台湾。","importance":2,"lat":32.06,"lng":118.8,"place":"南京","title_en":"Yangtze River Crossing Campaign","desc_en":"The People's Liberation Army broke through the Yangtze defenses along a front stretching from Hukou to Jiangyin, taking Nanjing on April 23; the Nationalist government's center of power collapsed, and it moved to Taiwan by year's end.","date_label_en":"Apr 1949","place_en":"Nanjing"},{"id":"east_asia-x451","start":1949,"date_label":"1949年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"汤川秀树获诺贝尔奖","desc":"京都大学教授汤川秀树因1935年预言介子存在获诺贝尔物理学奖，成为首位获得诺贝尔奖的日本人，鼓舞了战后日本社会。","importance":2,"lat":35.03,"lng":135.78,"place":"京都","title_en":"Yukawa Wins Nobel Prize","desc_en":"Kyoto University professor Hideki Yukawa won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his 1935 prediction of the meson, becoming Japan's first Nobel laureate and lifting the spirits of postwar Japan.","date_label_en":"1949","place_en":"Kyoto"},{"id":"europe-x405","start":1949,"date_label":"1949年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"经济互助委员会","desc":"苏联与东欧国家成立经济互助委员会（经互会），协调计划经济分工与贸易，作为对马歇尔计划的回应，1991年解散。","importance":1,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"Comecon Founded","desc_en":"The Soviet Union and Eastern European countries founded the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) to coordinate planned-economy specialization and trade, in response to the Marshall Plan; it dissolved in 1991.","date_label_en":"1949","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"oceania-x043","start":1949,"end":1974,"date_label":"1949–1974年","region":"oceania","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"雪山水电工程","desc":"澳洲在雪山修建由十余座大坝、多座电站和隧道组成的水电与灌溉工程，雇用了来自三十多个国家的约十万名工人，是澳洲战后移民与工业化的象征。","importance":2,"lat":-35.94,"lng":148.38,"place":"卡布拉穆拉","title_en":"Snowy Mountains Scheme","desc_en":"Australia built a hydroelectric and irrigation scheme of more than a dozen dams, several power stations and tunnels in the Snowy Mountains, employing about 100,000 workers from over thirty countries; it became a symbol of postwar immigration and industrialization.","date_label_en":"1949–1974","place_en":"Cabramurra"},{"id":"east_asia-095","start":1950,"end":1953,"date_label":"1950–1953年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"朝鲜战争","desc":"朝鲜战争爆发，美国主导的联合国军与中国人民志愿军先后参战，1953年7月签订停战协定，半岛分裂固化。","importance":3,"lat":38.0,"lng":126.67,"place":"板门店","title_en":"Korean War","desc_en":"The Korean War broke out, with U.S.-led UN forces and the Chinese People's Volunteers entering the fight; an armistice was signed in July 1953, cementing the peninsula's division.","date_label_en":"1950–1953","place_en":"Panmunjom"},{"id":"south_asia-047","start":1950,"date_label":"1950年1月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"印度宪法生效","desc":"由安贝德卡尔主持起草的宪法生效，印度成为主权共和国，确立议会民主、普选权、世俗主义和废除贱民制，1月26日定为共和国日。","importance":3,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"Constitution of India Takes Effect","desc_en":"The constitution, drafted under Ambedkar's leadership, took effect and India became a sovereign republic, establishing parliamentary democracy, universal suffrage and secularism and abolishing untouchability; January 26 is Republic Day.","date_label_en":"Jan 1950","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"east_asia-x452","start":1950,"end":1953,"date_label":"1950–1953年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"土地改革","desc":"《中华人民共和国土地改革法》颁布后，在新解放区没收地主土地分给无地少地农民，约三亿农民分得土地，彻底废除封建土地所有制。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Land Reform","desc_en":"After the Land Reform Law of the PRC was promulgated, landlords' land in newly liberated areas was confiscated and given to landless and land-poor peasants; about 300 million peasants received land, abolishing the feudal land system.","date_label_en":"1950–1953","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x453","start":1950,"date_label":"1950年9月","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"仁川登陆","desc":"麦克阿瑟指挥联合国军在仁川实施两栖登陆，切断朝鲜人民军补给线，随后收复汉城，朝鲜战争局势逆转。","importance":2,"lat":37.46,"lng":126.62,"place":"仁川","title_en":"Incheon Landing","desc_en":"MacArthur led UN forces in an amphibious landing at Incheon, cutting the North Korean army's supply lines and retaking Seoul, reversing the course of the Korean War.","date_label_en":"Sep 1950","place_en":"Incheon"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x191","start":1950,"date_label":"1950年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"石油利润五五分成","desc":"沙特与阿美石油公司达成利润五五分成协议，此模式迅速推广至其他产油国，产油国财政收入大幅增加。","importance":2,"lat":26.29,"lng":50.12,"place":"达兰","title_en":"Fifty-Fifty Oil Profit Split","desc_en":"Saudi Arabia and Aramco agreed to split oil profits fifty-fifty; the model quickly spread to other producing countries, greatly increasing their revenues.","date_label_en":"1950","place_en":"Dhahran"},{"id":"europe-x406","start":1950,"date_label":"1950年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"欧洲人权公约","desc":"欧洲委员会成员国在罗马签署《欧洲人权公约》，1953年生效，设立位于斯特拉斯堡的欧洲人权法院，个人可就国家侵权提起诉讼。","importance":2,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.48,"place":"罗马","title_en":"European Convention on Human Rights","desc_en":"Members of the Council of Europe signed the European Convention on Human Rights in Rome; in force from 1953, it created the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, where individuals can bring cases against states.","date_label_en":"1950","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"europe-x407","start":1950,"end":1966,"date_label":"1950–1966年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"联邦德国经济奇迹","desc":"在“社会市场经济”政策下，联邦德国工业产出与出口高速增长，失业率降至极低并大量引进外籍劳工，大众甲壳虫汽车成为奇迹象征。","importance":2,"lat":50.73,"lng":7.1,"place":"波恩","title_en":"West German Economic Miracle","desc_en":"Under the \"social market economy,\" West German industrial output and exports grew rapidly, unemployment fell to very low levels and many foreign \"guest workers\" were recruited; the Volkswagen Beetle became the symbol of the miracle.","date_label_en":"1950–1966","place_en":"Bonn"},{"id":"east_asia-x454","start":1951,"date_label":"1951年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"旧金山和约与日美安保","desc":"日本与48国签订《旧金山和约》，次年恢复主权，同时与美国签订安全保障条约；中国、苏联等未参与或未签字。","importance":2,"lat":37.78,"lng":-122.42,"place":"旧金山","title_en":"San Francisco Treaty and U.S.–Japan Security Treaty","desc_en":"Japan signed the Treaty of San Francisco with 48 nations, regaining sovereignty the next year, and concluded a security treaty with the United States; China, the Soviet Union and others did not take part or did not sign.","date_label_en":"1951","place_en":"San Francisco"},{"id":"south_asia-x155","start":1951,"end":1952,"date_label":"1951—1952年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"印度首次大选","desc":"印度举行首次全国普选，选民约1.7亿，大多不识字，以政党符号投票，国大党获胜，尼赫鲁继续执政，奠定议会民主制度。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"India's First General Election","desc_en":"India held its first nationwide general election with about 170 million voters, most of them illiterate and voting by party symbols; the Congress won and Nehru remained in office, establishing parliamentary democracy.","date_label_en":"1951–1952","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"south_asia-x156","start":1951,"date_label":"1951年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"印度第一个五年计划","desc":"印度仿照苏联经验启动五年计划，优先发展农业灌溉，第二个五年计划转向重工业，确立混合经济与国家主导工业化道路。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"India's First Five-Year Plan","desc_en":"Following the Soviet model, India launched five-year plans, the first prioritizing agricultural irrigation and the second shifting to heavy industry, establishing a mixed economy and state-led industrialization.","date_label_en":"1951","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"south_asia-x157","start":1951,"date_label":"1951年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"首所印度理工学院","desc":"首所印度理工学院在西孟加拉克勒格布尔成立，此后各地相继设立，成为培养工程与科技精英的核心体系。","importance":2,"lat":22.31,"lng":87.31,"place":"克勒格布尔","title_en":"First Indian Institute of Technology","desc_en":"The first Indian Institute of Technology was founded at Kharagpur, West Bengal, followed by others around the country, forming the core system for training engineering and technology elites.","date_label_en":"1951","place_en":"Kharagpur"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x192","start":1951,"date_label":"1951年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"摩萨台石油国有化","desc":"伊朗首相摩萨台推动议会将英伊石油公司收归国有，英国实行封锁，1953年美英策动政变推翻摩萨台。","importance":2,"lat":35.69,"lng":51.39,"place":"德黑兰","title_en":"Mosaddegh Nationalizes Oil","desc_en":"Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh led parliament to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company; Britain imposed a blockade, and in 1953 the U.S. and Britain engineered a coup that overthrew him.","date_label_en":"1951","place_en":"Tehran"},{"id":"europe-x408","start":1951,"date_label":"1951年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"欧洲煤钢共同体","desc":"依据舒曼计划，法、西德、意及比荷卢六国签订《巴黎条约》，将煤钢生产交由超国家机构管理，使法德战争“在物质上不可能”，是欧洲一体化起点。","importance":2,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.35,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"European Coal and Steel Community","desc_en":"Under the Schuman Plan, France, West Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries signed the Treaty of Paris, placing coal and steel production under a supranational authority to make war between France and Germany \"materially impossible,\" the starting point of European integration.","date_label_en":"1951","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"oceania-x044","start":1951,"date_label":"1951年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"《澳新美安全条约》","desc":"澳大利亚、新西兰与美国签署安全条约，澳新国防重心从英国转向美国。1980年代新西兰因禁核政策与美国关系冷却，美国中止对新西兰的条约义务。","importance":1,"lat":-35.28,"lng":149.13,"place":"堪培拉","title_en":"ANZUS Treaty","desc_en":"Australia, New Zealand and the United States signed a security treaty, shifting the defense focus of Australia and New Zealand from Britain to the U.S. In the 1980s New Zealand's nuclear-free policy chilled relations, and the U.S. suspended its treaty obligations to New Zealand.","date_label_en":"1951","place_en":"Canberra"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-071","start":1952,"date_label":"1952年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"埃及七月革命","desc":"纳赛尔等“自由军官”推翻法鲁克王朝，次年建立共和国，纳赛尔随后掌权，推行土地改革与泛阿拉伯主义。","importance":2,"lat":30.04,"lng":31.24,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Egyptian Revolution of 1952","desc_en":"Nasser and the \"Free Officers\" overthrew King Farouk's dynasty and declared a republic the next year; Nasser then took power and pursued land reform and pan-Arabism.","date_label_en":"1952","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"global-x040","start":1952,"end":1958,"date_label":"1952—1958年","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"喷气客机时代","desc":"1952年英国“彗星”号开启喷气客运，1958年波音707投入跨大西洋航线，航空旅行速度大增、成本下降，推动全球旅游与商务往来。","importance":2,"title_en":"Jet Airliner Age","desc_en":"Britain's Comet began jet passenger service in 1952, and the Boeing 707 entered transatlantic service in 1958; air travel grew much faster and cheaper, boosting global tourism and business.","date_label_en":"1952–1958"},{"id":"south_asia-x158","start":1952,"date_label":"1952年2月21日","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"孟加拉语言运动","desc":"东巴基斯坦学生在达卡抗议将乌尔都语定为唯一国语，遭警察开枪镇压；2月21日后被联合国定为国际母语日。","importance":2,"lat":23.73,"lng":90.4,"place":"达卡","title_en":"Bengali Language Movement","desc_en":"Students in Dhaka, East Pakistan, protested against making Urdu the sole national language and were fired on by police; February 21 was later designated International Mother Language Day by the UN.","date_label_en":"Feb 21, 1952","place_en":"Dhaka"},{"id":"latin_america-x097","start":1952,"date_label":"1952年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"玻利维亚革命","desc":"民族主义革命运动党领导矿工与农民夺取政权，实行锡矿国有化、土地改革和普选，原住民首次获得选举权，是拉美最深刻的社会革命之一。","importance":1,"lat":-16.5,"lng":-68.15,"place":"拉巴斯","title_en":"Bolivian Revolution","desc_en":"The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement led miners and peasants to power, nationalizing the tin mines and introducing land reform and universal suffrage; Indigenous people gained the vote for the first time, in one of Latin America's most profound social revolutions.","date_label_en":"1952","place_en":"La Paz"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x087","start":1952,"end":1960,"date_label":"1952–1960年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"茅茅起义","desc":"肯尼亚中部基库尤人为夺回被白人占据的土地发动武装起义，英国宣布紧急状态并大规模关押，起义失败但加速了肯尼亚走向1963年独立。","importance":2,"lat":-0.42,"lng":36.95,"place":"涅里","title_en":"Mau Mau Uprising","desc_en":"The Kikuyu of central Kenya rose in armed revolt to reclaim land taken by white settlers; Britain declared an emergency and carried out mass detentions, and though the uprising failed it hastened Kenya's independence in 1963.","date_label_en":"1952–1960","place_en":"Nyeri"},{"id":"global-x041","start":1953,"date_label":"1953年4月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"DNA双螺旋结构","desc":"沃森与克里克在《自然》发表DNA双螺旋模型，富兰克林的X射线衍射照片提供了关键证据，开启分子生物学时代。","importance":3,"lat":52.2,"lng":0.12,"place":"英国剑桥","title_en":"DNA Double Helix","desc_en":"Watson and Crick published the DNA double-helix model in Nature, with Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction images providing key evidence, opening the era of molecular biology.","date_label_en":"Apr 1953","place_en":"Cambridge, UK"},{"id":"east_asia-x455","start":1953,"date_label":"1953年7月","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"朝鲜停战协定","desc":"交战双方在板门店签署停战协定，以实际控制线为军事分界线并设立非军事区，朝鲜战争停火，但至今未签订和平条约。","importance":3,"lat":37.96,"lng":126.68,"place":"板门店","title_en":"Korean Armistice Agreement","desc_en":"The warring sides signed an armistice at Panmunjom, making the line of actual control the military demarcation line and creating a demilitarized zone; the Korean War stopped, but no peace treaty has ever been signed.","date_label_en":"Jul 1953","place_en":"Panmunjom"},{"id":"south_asia-x159","start":1953,"date_label":"1953年5月","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"首登珠穆朗玛峰","desc":"新西兰人希拉里与尼泊尔夏尔巴人丹增·诺尔盖从南坡首次登顶珠穆朗玛峰，夏尔巴登山向导从此闻名世界。","importance":2,"lat":27.99,"lng":86.93,"place":"珠穆朗玛峰","title_en":"First Ascent of Everest","desc_en":"New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay made the first ascent of Mount Everest via the south side, making Sherpa mountain guides famous worldwide.","date_label_en":"May 1953","place_en":"Mount Everest"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x099","start":1953,"date_label":"1953年11月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"柬埔寨独立","desc":"西哈努克国王通过外交施压使法国交还主权，柬埔寨宣告完全独立，11月9日成为独立日。","importance":2,"lat":11.56,"lng":104.92,"place":"金边","title_en":"Cambodian Independence","desc_en":"Through diplomatic pressure, King Sihanouk got France to hand back sovereignty, and Cambodia declared full independence; November 9 became Independence Day.","date_label_en":"Nov 1953","place_en":"Phnom Penh"},{"id":"latin_america-x098","start":1953,"date_label":"1953年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"巴西石油公司","desc":"瓦加斯政府在“石油是我们的”运动中成立国有巴西石油公司，垄断石油勘探开采，后发展为深海石油技术领先的大型能源企业。","importance":1,"lat":-22.91,"lng":-43.17,"place":"里约热内卢","title_en":"Petrobras Founded","desc_en":"Amid the \"The oil is ours\" campaign, the Vargas government founded the state oil company Petrobras with a monopoly on exploration and production; it grew into a major energy company and a leader in deepwater oil technology.","date_label_en":"1953","place_en":"Rio de Janeiro"},{"id":"southeast_asia-036","start":1954,"date_label":"1954年5—7月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"奠边府战役与日内瓦协议","desc":"越盟围攻奠边府迫使法军投降，日内瓦会议决定以北纬17度线临时划分越南，法国退出印度支那，柬埔寨、老挝独立获确认。","importance":3,"lat":21.39,"lng":103.02,"place":"奠边府","title_en":"Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Accords","desc_en":"The Viet Minh besieged Dien Bien Phu and forced the French to surrender; the Geneva Conference temporarily divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel, France withdrew from Indochina, and the independence of Cambodia and Laos was confirmed.","date_label_en":"May–Jul 1954","place_en":"Dien Bien Phu"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-072","start":1954,"end":1962,"date_label":"1954—1962年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"阿尔及利亚独立战争","desc":"民族解放阵线发动反法武装斗争，历经八年战争，阿尔及利亚于1962年独立，成为非殖民化的标志事件。","importance":2,"lat":36.75,"lng":3.06,"place":"阿尔及尔","title_en":"Algerian War of Independence","desc_en":"The National Liberation Front launched an armed struggle against France; after eight years of war Algeria became independent in 1962, a landmark of decolonization.","date_label_en":"1954–1962","place_en":"Algiers"},{"id":"inner_asia-039","start":1954,"date_label":"1954年起","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"垦荒运动","desc":"赫鲁晓夫发起垦荒运动，在哈萨克北部开垦大片草原种植小麦，大批移民涌入，后因水土流失与沙尘暴遭受挫折。","importance":1,"lat":51.17,"lng":71.43,"place":"阿斯塔纳","title_en":"Virgin Lands Campaign","desc_en":"Khrushchev launched the Virgin Lands campaign, plowing up vast steppes in northern Kazakhstan for wheat and drawing in many settlers; it later suffered setbacks from soil erosion and dust storms.","date_label_en":"From 1954","place_en":"Astana"},{"id":"north_america-027","start":1954,"end":1968,"date_label":"1954—1968年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"美国民权运动","desc":"从布朗案判决、蒙哥马利公交抵制到1963年华盛顿大游行，马丁·路德·金等推动非暴力抗争，1964年《民权法案》与1965年《选举权法》终结法定种族隔离。","importance":3,"lat":32.38,"lng":-86.3,"place":"蒙哥马利","title_en":"American Civil Rights Movement","desc_en":"From the Brown decision and the Montgomery bus boycott to the 1963 March on Washington, Martin Luther King Jr. and others led nonviolent protest; the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended legal segregation.","date_label_en":"1954–1968","place_en":"Montgomery"},{"id":"inner_asia-x101","start":1954,"date_label":"1954年起","region":"inner_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"卡拉库姆运河","desc":"苏联开凿从阿姆河引水穿越卡拉库姆沙漠的运河，长逾一千公里，扩大土库曼棉花灌溉，但加剧了咸海的萎缩。","importance":1,"lat":37.6,"lng":61.8,"place":"卡拉库姆","title_en":"Karakum Canal","desc_en":"The Soviet Union dug a canal of over 1,000 km carrying water from the Amu Darya across the Karakum Desert, expanding cotton irrigation in Turkmenistan but accelerating the shrinking of the Aral Sea.","date_label_en":"From 1954","place_en":"Karakum"},{"id":"europe-x410","start":1954,"date_label":"1954年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"欧洲核子研究中心","desc":"12个欧洲国家在日内瓦附近创建欧洲核子研究中心（CERN），共同建造大型加速器进行粒子物理研究，成为战后欧洲科学合作的典范。","importance":2,"lat":46.23,"lng":6.05,"place":"日内瓦","title_en":"CERN Founded","desc_en":"Twelve European countries founded CERN near Geneva to jointly build large accelerators for particle physics research, a model of postwar European scientific cooperation.","date_label_en":"1954","place_en":"Geneva"},{"id":"latin_america-x099","start":1954,"date_label":"1954年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"危地马拉政变","desc":"阿本斯政府征收联合果品公司闲置土地进行改革，美国中央情报局策划政变将其推翻，此后危地马拉陷入长达三十余年的内战。","importance":1,"lat":14.63,"lng":-90.51,"place":"危地马拉城","title_en":"Guatemalan Coup","desc_en":"After Árbenz's government expropriated idle land of the United Fruit Company for land reform, the CIA engineered a coup that overthrew him, and Guatemala fell into a civil war lasting more than thirty years.","date_label_en":"1954","place_en":"Guatemala City"},{"id":"north_america-x092","start":1954,"date_label":"约1954年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"摇滚乐兴起","desc":"孟菲斯太阳唱片公司录制埃尔维斯·普雷斯利的早期作品，融合节奏布鲁斯与乡村音乐的摇滚乐迅速风靡，青年文化成为战后消费社会的新力量。","importance":2,"lat":35.14,"lng":-90.04,"place":"孟菲斯","title_en":"Rise of Rock and Roll","desc_en":"Memphis's Sun Records recorded Elvis Presley's early work, and rock and roll, a blend of rhythm and blues and country, quickly swept the nation, making youth culture a new force in postwar consumer society.","date_label_en":"c. 1954","place_en":"Memphis"},{"id":"east_asia-096","start":1955,"end":1973,"date_label":"1955–1973年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"日本经济高速增长","desc":"日本经济年均实际增长约10%，家电、汽车、钢铁产业崛起，1968年国民生产总值跃居资本主义世界第二。","importance":3,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.76,"place":"东京","title_en":"Japan's High-Growth Era","desc_en":"Japan's economy grew at an average real rate of about 10% a year as the appliance, automobile and steel industries rose; in 1968 its GNP became the second-largest in the capitalist world.","date_label_en":"1955–1973","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"southeast_asia-037","start":1955,"date_label":"1955年4月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"万隆会议","desc":"29个亚非国家在印尼万隆举行首次亚非会议，通过和平共处的十项原则，推动了不结盟运动和第三世界国家的联合。","importance":3,"lat":-6.92,"lng":107.61,"place":"万隆","title_en":"Bandung Conference","desc_en":"Twenty-nine Asian and African nations held the first Asian–African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia, adopting ten principles of peaceful coexistence and advancing the Non-Aligned Movement and Third World solidarity.","date_label_en":"Apr 1955","place_en":"Bandung"},{"id":"east_asia-x456","start":1955,"date_label":"1955年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"五五年体制","desc":"左右两派社会党统一后，自由党与日本民主党合并为自由民主党，形成自民党长期执政、社会党为最大在野党的“五五年体制”。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"东京","title_en":"1955 System","desc_en":"After the left and right Socialist parties reunited, the Liberal Party and the Japan Democratic Party merged into the Liberal Democratic Party, creating the \"1955 System\" of long-term LDP rule with the Socialists as the largest opposition.","date_label_en":"1955","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"south_asia-x160","start":1955,"date_label":"1955年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《大地之歌》","desc":"萨蒂亚吉特·雷伊在加尔各答拍摄处女作《大地之歌》，以写实手法表现孟加拉乡村，获戛纳奖项，开创印度艺术电影传统。","importance":2,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Pather Panchali","desc_en":"Satyajit Ray made his debut film Pather Panchali in Calcutta, a realist portrayal of rural Bengal that won an award at Cannes and founded India's art-film tradition.","date_label_en":"1955","place_en":"Calcutta"},{"id":"europe-x411","start":1955,"date_label":"1955年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"华沙条约组织","desc":"在联邦德国加入北约后，苏联与东欧七国在华沙签订友好合作互助条约，组成华沙条约组织，与北约形成冷战两大军事集团。","importance":2,"lat":52.23,"lng":21.01,"place":"华沙","title_en":"Warsaw Pact","desc_en":"After West Germany joined NATO, the Soviet Union and seven Eastern European states signed a treaty of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance in Warsaw, forming the Warsaw Pact, one of the Cold War's two military blocs alongside NATO.","date_label_en":"1955","place_en":"Warsaw"},{"id":"north_america-x093","start":1955,"date_label":"1955年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"索尔克脊灰疫苗","desc":"乔纳斯·索尔克在匹兹堡研制的灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗经大规模试验证实有效并获批使用，美国病例迅速下降，索尔克放弃为疫苗申请专利。","importance":2,"lat":40.44,"lng":-79.96,"place":"匹兹堡","title_en":"Salk Polio Vaccine","desc_en":"Jonas Salk's inactivated polio vaccine, developed in Pittsburgh, was proven effective in mass trials and approved for use; U.S. cases fell rapidly, and Salk declined to patent the vaccine.","date_label_en":"1955","place_en":"Pittsburgh"},{"id":"north_america-x094","start":1955,"date_label":"1955年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"迪士尼乐园开业","desc":"沃尔特·迪士尼在加州阿纳海姆开设世界第一座迪士尼乐园，将电影IP与主题公园结合，开创现代主题娱乐产业。","importance":1,"lat":33.81,"lng":-117.92,"place":"阿纳海姆","title_en":"Disneyland Opens","desc_en":"Walt Disney opened the world's first Disneyland in Anaheim, California, combining film franchises with a theme park and creating the modern theme-entertainment industry.","date_label_en":"1955","place_en":"Anaheim"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x088","start":1955,"date_label":"1955年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"《自由宪章》","desc":"非国大等组织在人民大会上通过《自由宪章》，宣告“南非属于所有生活在这里的人”，成为反种族隔离运动的纲领，后影响1996年宪法。","importance":1,"lat":-26.28,"lng":27.88,"place":"克利普敦","title_en":"Freedom Charter","desc_en":"The ANC and allied groups adopted the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People, declaring that \"South Africa belongs to all who live in it\"; it became the program of the anti-apartheid movement and later influenced the 1996 constitution.","date_label_en":"1955","place_en":"Kliptown"},{"id":"global-034","start":1956,"date_label":"1956年4月","region":"global","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"集装箱运输兴起","desc":"美国企业家麦克莱恩改装的理想X号载着58个集装箱首航，标准化集装箱大幅降低海运成本与装卸时间，成为全球供应链的基础。","importance":2,"lat":40.68,"lng":-74.15,"place":"美国纽瓦克港","title_en":"Rise of Container Shipping","desc_en":"American entrepreneur Malcom McLean's converted Ideal X sailed with 58 containers on its first voyage; standardized containers drastically cut shipping costs and loading times, becoming the foundation of global supply chains.","date_label_en":"Apr 1956","place_en":"Port Newark, USA"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-073","start":1956,"date_label":"1956年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"苏伊士运河危机","desc":"纳赛尔将运河收归国有，英法以出兵埃及，在美苏压力下撤军，标志英法在中东影响力衰落。","importance":2,"lat":31.26,"lng":32.3,"place":"塞得港","title_en":"Suez Crisis","desc_en":"After Nasser nationalized the canal, Britain, France and Israel invaded Egypt but withdrew under U.S. and Soviet pressure, marking the decline of British and French influence in the Middle East.","date_label_en":"1956","place_en":"Port Said"},{"id":"east_asia-x457","start":1956,"date_label":"1956年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"解放牌卡车下线","desc":"第一个五年计划重点项目第一汽车制造厂在长春建成，首批解放牌载货汽车下线，结束了中国不能批量制造汽车的历史。","importance":2,"lat":43.88,"lng":125.32,"place":"吉林长春","title_en":"First Jiefang Trucks Roll Out","desc_en":"First Automobile Works in Changchun, a key project of the First Five-Year Plan, was completed and produced its first Jiefang trucks, ending China's inability to mass-produce motor vehicles.","date_label_en":"1956","place_en":"Changchun, Jilin"},{"id":"east_asia-x458","start":1956,"date_label":"1956年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"水俣病公害","desc":"熊本水俣市正式确认因窒素公司排放含甲基汞废水导致的水俣病，与痛痛病等并称四大公害病，促成1967年《公害对策基本法》。","importance":2,"lat":32.21,"lng":130.4,"place":"熊本水俣","title_en":"Minamata Disease","desc_en":"Minamata disease in Minamata, Kumamoto, was officially identified as caused by methylmercury wastewater discharged by the Chisso company; it became one of Japan's four major pollution diseases, along with itai-itai disease, prompting the 1967 Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control.","date_label_en":"1956","place_en":"Minamata, Kumamoto"},{"id":"south_asia-x161","start":1956,"date_label":"1956年8月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"印度首座核反应堆","desc":"印度在孟买特朗贝建成研究堆\"阿普萨拉\"并达到临界，这是亚洲第一座研究用核反应堆，由霍米·巴巴主持。","importance":2,"lat":19.01,"lng":72.93,"place":"特朗贝","title_en":"India's First Nuclear Reactor","desc_en":"India's research reactor Apsara at Trombay, Bombay, reached criticality, the first research reactor in Asia, under the direction of Homi Bhabha.","date_label_en":"Aug 1956","place_en":"Trombay"},{"id":"south_asia-x162","start":1956,"date_label":"1956年10月","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"安贝德卡尔皈依佛教","desc":"宪法起草委员会主席、达利特领袖安贝德卡尔在那格浦尔率数十万追随者皈依佛教，以此反抗种姓制度。","importance":2,"lat":21.15,"lng":79.09,"place":"那格浦尔","title_en":"Ambedkar Converts to Buddhism","desc_en":"B. R. Ambedkar, Dalit leader and chairman of the constitution drafting committee, led hundreds of thousands of followers in converting to Buddhism at Nagpur in protest against the caste system.","date_label_en":"Oct 1956","place_en":"Nagpur"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x100","start":1956,"date_label":"1956年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"联邦土地发展局","desc":"马来亚成立联邦土地发展局，组织无地农民开垦土地种植橡胶和油棕，推动马来西亚成为世界主要棕榈油生产国。","importance":2,"lat":3.14,"lng":101.69,"place":"吉隆坡","title_en":"FELDA Founded","desc_en":"Malaya founded the Federal Land Development Authority, organizing landless farmers to clear land for rubber and oil palm and helping make Malaysia one of the world's leading palm oil producers.","date_label_en":"1956","place_en":"Kuala Lumpur"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x193","start":1956,"date_label":"1956年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"摩洛哥与突尼斯独立","desc":"法国相继结束对摩洛哥和突尼斯的保护，两国独立；突尼斯随即颁布《个人身份法》废除一夫多妻、规范离婚。","importance":2,"lat":36.8,"lng":10.18,"place":"突尼斯","title_en":"Moroccan and Tunisian Independence","desc_en":"France ended its protectorates over Morocco and Tunisia, and both became independent; Tunisia promptly enacted the Code of Personal Status, abolishing polygamy and regulating divorce.","date_label_en":"1956","place_en":"Tunis"},{"id":"europe-x412","start":1956,"date_label":"1956年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"赫鲁晓夫秘密报告","desc":"赫鲁晓夫在苏共二十大上作《关于个人崇拜及其后果》秘密报告，揭露斯大林时期的大清洗，引发东欧动荡与国际共产主义运动分裂。","importance":2,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"Khrushchev's Secret Speech","desc_en":"At the Soviet Communist Party's 20th Congress, Khrushchev delivered the secret speech \"On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences,\" exposing Stalin's purges and setting off upheaval in Eastern Europe and a split in the international communist movement.","date_label_en":"1956","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"europe-x413","start":1956,"date_label":"1956年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"匈牙利革命","desc":"布达佩斯学生与市民示威要求民主与苏军撤出，纳吉政府宣布退出华约，苏联出兵镇压，约2500名匈牙利人死亡、约20万人出逃。","importance":2,"lat":47.5,"lng":19.04,"place":"布达佩斯","title_en":"Hungarian Revolution","desc_en":"Students and citizens in Budapest demonstrated for democracy and Soviet withdrawal, and Imre Nagy's government announced Hungary's exit from the Warsaw Pact; Soviet troops crushed the revolt, killing about 2,500 Hungarians as some 200,000 fled.","date_label_en":"1956","place_en":"Budapest"},{"id":"north_america-x095","start":1956,"date_label":"1956年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"州际公路法","desc":"艾森豪威尔签署《联邦资助公路法》，修建约6.6万公里的州际公路系统，推动郊区化、汽车文化和物流业发展，重塑美国城市格局。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Interstate Highway Act","desc_en":"Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act, building an Interstate Highway System of about 66,000 km that fueled suburbanization, car culture and logistics, reshaping American cities.","date_label_en":"1956","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"global-035","start":1957,"date_label":"1957年10月4日","region":"global","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"第一颗人造卫星","desc":"苏联发射世界第一颗人造地球卫星斯普特尼克1号，震动美国，引发美苏太空竞赛，并促使美国成立国家航空航天局、加强科学教育。","importance":2,"lat":45.92,"lng":63.34,"place":"拜科努尔","title_en":"First Artificial Satellite","desc_en":"The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial Earth satellite, shocking the United States, setting off the space race, and prompting the creation of NASA and a push in science education.","date_label_en":"Oct 4, 1957","place_en":"Baikonur"},{"id":"southeast_asia-038","start":1957,"date_label":"1957年8月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"马来亚独立","desc":"马来亚联合邦脱离英国独立，东姑·阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼任首任总理；1963年与新加坡、沙巴、砂拉越合组马来西亚。","importance":2,"lat":3.14,"lng":101.7,"place":"吉隆坡","title_en":"Malayan Independence","desc_en":"The Federation of Malaya became independent from Britain with Tunku Abdul Rahman as first prime minister; in 1963 it joined Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia.","date_label_en":"Aug 1957","place_en":"Kuala Lumpur"},{"id":"inner_asia-040","start":1957,"date_label":"1957年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"拜科努尔发射首颗卫星","desc":"苏联从哈萨克斯坦拜科努尔发射场发射人类首颗人造卫星斯普特尼克1号，1961年加加林也由此升空。","importance":3,"lat":45.92,"lng":63.34,"place":"拜科努尔","title_en":"First Satellite Launched from Baikonur","desc_en":"The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, humanity's first artificial satellite, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan; Gagarin also lifted off from there in 1961.","date_label_en":"1957","place_en":"Baikonur"},{"id":"europe-103","start":1957,"date_label":"1957年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"罗马条约","desc":"法、西德、意及荷比卢六国签署罗马条约，1958年成立欧洲经济共同体，推动共同市场，成为欧盟前身。","importance":3,"lat":41.89,"lng":12.48,"place":"罗马","title_en":"Treaty of Rome","desc_en":"France, West Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries signed the Treaty of Rome, creating the European Economic Community in 1958 to build a common market; it was the forerunner of the EU.","date_label_en":"1957","place_en":"Rome"},{"id":"europe-104","start":1957,"date_label":"1957年10月","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"斯普特尼克1号发射","desc":"苏联成功发射人类第一颗人造地球卫星，1961年加加林又完成首次载人航天飞行，美苏太空竞赛由此展开。","importance":3,"lat":45.92,"lng":63.34,"place":"拜科努尔","title_en":"Sputnik 1 Launched","desc_en":"The Soviet Union successfully launched humanity's first artificial Earth satellite, and in 1961 Gagarin made the first crewed spaceflight, launching the U.S.–Soviet space race.","date_label_en":"Oct 1957","place_en":"Baikonur"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-029","start":1957,"date_label":"1957年3月6日","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"加纳独立","desc":"黄金海岸在恩克鲁玛领导下脱离英国独立，改名加纳，成为撒哈拉以南第一个摆脱殖民统治的非洲国家，掀起非洲独立浪潮。","importance":3,"lat":5.56,"lng":-0.2,"place":"阿克拉","title_en":"Ghanaian Independence","desc_en":"Under Nkrumah's leadership, the Gold Coast won independence from Britain as Ghana, the first sub-Saharan African country to throw off colonial rule, sparking a wave of African independence.","date_label_en":"Mar 6, 1957","place_en":"Accra"},{"id":"global-x042","start":1957,"end":1958,"date_label":"1957—1958年","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"国际地球物理年","desc":"67个国家合作开展地球物理观测，涵盖极地、海洋与高层大气，期间发射首批人造卫星、发现范艾伦辐射带，并促成南极科研合作。","importance":1,"title_en":"International Geophysical Year","desc_en":"Sixty-seven countries cooperated in geophysical observations of the poles, oceans and upper atmosphere; the first satellites were launched and the Van Allen belts discovered during this period, and it fostered scientific cooperation in Antarctica.","date_label_en":"1957–1958"},{"id":"east_asia-x459","start":1957,"date_label":"1957年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"武汉长江大桥","desc":"武汉长江大桥建成通车，全长约1670米，为公铁两用桥，是长江上第一座大桥，京汉、粤汉铁路由此连通为京广铁路。","importance":2,"lat":30.55,"lng":114.29,"place":"武汉","title_en":"Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge","desc_en":"The Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge opened, a road-rail bridge about 1,670 m long and the first bridge across the Yangtze; it linked the Beijing–Hankou and Guangdong–Hankou railways into the Beijing–Guangzhou line.","date_label_en":"1957","place_en":"Wuhan"},{"id":"north_america-x096","start":1957,"date_label":"1957年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"仙童半导体成立","desc":"离开肖克利实验室的“八叛逆”创立仙童半导体，1959年诺伊斯提出平面集成电路方案，其衍生企业包括英特尔，硅谷由此形成。","importance":2,"lat":37.39,"lng":-122.08,"place":"山景城","title_en":"Fairchild Semiconductor Founded","desc_en":"The \"traitorous eight\" who left Shockley's lab founded Fairchild Semiconductor; in 1959 Robert Noyce devised the planar integrated circuit, and its spin-offs, including Intel, gave rise to Silicon Valley.","date_label_en":"1957","place_en":"Mountain View"},{"id":"east_asia-097","start":1958,"end":1960,"date_label":"1958–1960年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"大跃进","desc":"中国发动大跃进和人民公社化运动，高指标与浮夸风导致经济严重失衡，随后发生大范围饥荒。","importance":2,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京","title_en":"Great Leap Forward","desc_en":"China launched the Great Leap Forward and the people's commune movement; inflated targets and exaggerated reporting caused severe economic imbalance, followed by widespread famine.","date_label_en":"1958–1960","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"global-x043","start":1958,"date_label":"1958年","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"基林曲线开始记录","desc":"基林在夏威夷冒纳罗亚观测站开始连续测量大气二氧化碳，浓度从约315 ppm持续上升，至2020年代已超过420 ppm，成为气候变化的标志证据。","importance":2,"lat":19.54,"lng":-155.58,"place":"夏威夷冒纳罗亚","title_en":"Keeling Curve Begins","desc_en":"Charles Keeling began continuous measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii; concentrations have risen steadily from about 315 ppm to over 420 ppm by the 2020s, iconic evidence of climate change.","date_label_en":"1958","place_en":"Mauna Loa, Hawaii"},{"id":"global-x044","start":1958,"end":1959,"date_label":"1958—1959年","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"集成电路发明","desc":"德州仪器的基尔比与仙童半导体的诺伊斯分别发明集成电路，将多个元件集成于一块芯片，为计算机小型化与微电子产业奠基。","importance":2,"title_en":"Invention of the Integrated Circuit","desc_en":"Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor independently invented the integrated circuit, combining multiple components on one chip and laying the foundation for computer miniaturization and the microelectronics industry.","date_label_en":"1958–1959"},{"id":"east_asia-x460","start":1958,"date_label":"1958年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"朝鲜千里马运动","desc":"朝鲜劳动党发起千里马运动，号召以“千里马”速度推进工业与农业生产，同年完成农业合作化，主体思想逐步成为官方意识形态。","importance":1,"lat":39.03,"lng":125.75,"place":"平壤","title_en":"Chollima Movement","desc_en":"The Workers' Party of Korea launched the Chollima Movement, urging industrial and agricultural production at the speed of the mythical \"thousand-li horse\"; agricultural collectivization was completed the same year, and Juche gradually became the official ideology.","date_label_en":"1958","place_en":"Pyongyang"},{"id":"south_asia-x163","start":1958,"date_label":"1958年10月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"阿尤布·汗军事政变","desc":"巴基斯坦陆军总司令阿尤布·汗发动政变掌权，推行工业化与\"基本民主\"制度，开启巴基斯坦军人干政的长期模式。","importance":2,"lat":24.86,"lng":67.01,"place":"卡拉奇","title_en":"Ayub Khan's Military Coup","desc_en":"Pakistani army commander Ayub Khan seized power in a coup and pursued industrialization and a \"Basic Democracies\" system, beginning Pakistan's long pattern of military intervention in politics.","date_label_en":"Oct 1958","place_en":"Karachi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x194","start":1958,"date_label":"1958年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"阿拉伯联合共和国","desc":"埃及与叙利亚合并为阿拉伯联合共和国，纳赛尔任总统，是泛阿拉伯主义的高潮，1961年叙利亚政变退出。","importance":1,"lat":30.05,"lng":31.24,"place":"开罗","title_en":"United Arab Republic","desc_en":"Egypt and Syria merged into the United Arab Republic with Nasser as president, the high point of pan-Arabism; Syria withdrew after a coup in 1961.","date_label_en":"1958","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"europe-x414","start":1958,"date_label":"1958年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"法兰西第五共和国","desc":"阿尔及利亚危机中戴高乐重新执政，主持制定新宪法，建立总统权力强大的半总统制第五共和国，结束了第四共和国的政局不稳。","importance":2,"lat":48.87,"lng":2.32,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"French Fifth Republic","desc_en":"Amid the Algerian crisis, de Gaulle returned to power and oversaw a new constitution creating the Fifth Republic, a semi-presidential system with strong presidential powers, ending the instability of the Fourth Republic.","date_label_en":"1958","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"latin_america-x100","start":1958,"date_label":"1958年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"波萨诺瓦诞生","desc":"若昂·吉尔贝托录制《思念无尽》，与若宾等人开创融合桑巴与爵士的波萨诺瓦，《来自伊帕内玛的女孩》后风靡全球。","importance":1,"lat":-22.91,"lng":-43.17,"place":"里约热内卢","title_en":"Birth of Bossa Nova","desc_en":"João Gilberto recorded \"Chega de Saudade,\" and with Jobim and others created bossa nova, blending samba and jazz; \"The Girl from Ipanema\" later became a worldwide hit.","date_label_en":"1958","place_en":"Rio de Janeiro"},{"id":"north_america-x097","start":1958,"date_label":"1958年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"NASA成立","desc":"苏联人造卫星引发冲击后，美国成立国家航空航天局，同年发射首颗卫星“探险者1号”并发现范艾伦辐射带，美苏太空竞赛全面展开。","importance":1,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"NASA Founded","desc_en":"After the shock of Sputnik, the United States founded NASA, launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, the same year and discovered the Van Allen radiation belts, as the space race went into full swing.","date_label_en":"1958","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"oceania-x045","start":1958,"date_label":"1958年","region":"oceania","dims":["科技"],"title":"飞行数据记录仪","desc":"澳大利亚航空研究实验室的大卫·沃伦研制出可记录驾驶舱声音和仪表数据的装置原型，后来发展为航空业普遍使用的“黑匣子”。","importance":1,"lat":-37.81,"lng":144.96,"place":"墨尔本","title_en":"Flight Data Recorder","desc_en":"David Warren of Australia's Aeronautical Research Laboratories built a prototype device to record cockpit sounds and instrument data, which developed into the \"black box\" now used throughout aviation.","date_label_en":"1958","place_en":"Melbourne"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x089","start":1958,"date_label":"1958年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"《瓦解》出版","desc":"钦努阿·阿契贝出版小说《瓦解》，以伊博族村落视角描写殖民与传教对传统社会的冲击，成为非洲文学最广泛阅读的作品，被译成五十多种语言。","importance":2,"lat":6.15,"lng":6.87,"place":"奥吉迪","title_en":"Things Fall Apart Published","desc_en":"Chinua Achebe published the novel Things Fall Apart, depicting the impact of colonialism and missionaries on traditional society from the perspective of an Igbo village; it became the most widely read work of African literature, translated into more than fifty languages.","date_label_en":"1958","place_en":"Ogidi"},{"id":"latin_america-025","start":1959,"date_label":"1959年1月","region":"latin_america","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"古巴革命","desc":"卡斯特罗领导的游击队推翻巴蒂斯塔独裁政权，古巴随后实行国有化并倒向苏联，美国实施禁运，引发猪湾事件和古巴导弹危机。","importance":3,"lat":23.14,"lng":-82.36,"place":"哈瓦那","title_en":"Cuban Revolution","desc_en":"Fidel Castro's guerrillas overthrew Batista's dictatorship; Cuba then nationalized industries and aligned with the Soviet Union, the U.S. imposed an embargo, and the Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis followed.","date_label_en":"Jan 1959","place_en":"Havana"},{"id":"global-x045","start":1959,"date_label":"1959年12月","region":"global","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"《南极条约》签署","desc":"12国在华盛顿签署《南极条约》，规定南极只用于和平目的、冻结领土主张、鼓励科研合作，是冷战中首个军控条约。","importance":2,"title_en":"Antarctic Treaty Signed","desc_en":"Twelve nations signed the Antarctic Treaty in Washington, reserving Antarctica for peaceful purposes, freezing territorial claims and encouraging scientific cooperation; it was the first arms-control treaty of the Cold War.","date_label_en":"Dec 1959"},{"id":"east_asia-x461","start":1959,"date_label":"1959年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"大庆油田发现","desc":"松基三井喜获工业油流，大庆油田被发现；经过石油会战，中国1963年基本实现石油自给，铁人王进喜成为时代象征。","importance":2,"lat":46.59,"lng":125.1,"place":"黑龙江大庆","title_en":"Daqing Oil Field Discovered","desc_en":"The Songji No. 3 well struck commercial oil, revealing the Daqing oil field; after an all-out oil campaign China became essentially self-sufficient in oil by 1963, and \"Iron Man\" Wang Jinxi became a symbol of the era.","date_label_en":"1959","place_en":"Daqing, Heilongjiang"},{"id":"south_asia-x164","start":1959,"date_label":"1959年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"比莱钢铁厂","desc":"苏联援建的比莱钢铁厂投产，与英国、西德援建的杜尔加布尔、鲁尔克拉钢厂一起构成印度国营重工业骨干。","importance":1,"lat":21.21,"lng":81.38,"place":"比莱","title_en":"Bhilai Steel Plant","desc_en":"The Soviet-built Bhilai Steel Plant began production; together with the British- and West German-built plants at Durgapur and Rourkela, it formed the backbone of India's state-owned heavy industry.","date_label_en":"1959","place_en":"Bhilai"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x101","start":1959,"end":1975,"date_label":"1959—1975年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事","经济"],"title":"胡志明小道","desc":"北越经老挝、柬埔寨境内修建的补给路网，向南方输送兵员物资，美军长期轰炸亦未能切断。","importance":2,"lat":16.67,"lng":106.43,"place":"老挝东部","title_en":"Ho Chi Minh Trail","desc_en":"North Vietnam built a network of supply routes through Laos and Cambodia to send troops and materiel south; years of U.S. bombing failed to cut it.","date_label_en":"1959–1975","place_en":"Eastern Laos"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x195","start":1959,"date_label":"1959年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"利比亚发现石油","desc":"利比亚在锡尔特盆地发现大型油田，1961年开始出口，这个当时世界最穷国家之一迅速成为重要产油国。","importance":1,"lat":30.5,"lng":19.5,"place":"锡尔特盆地","title_en":"Oil Discovered in Libya","desc_en":"Libya discovered large oil fields in the Sirte Basin and began exporting in 1961; one of the world's poorest countries at the time quickly became a major oil producer.","date_label_en":"1959","place_en":"Sirte Basin"},{"id":"north_america-x098","start":1959,"date_label":"1959年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"圣劳伦斯航道","desc":"美加合建的圣劳伦斯航道通航，远洋船舶可从大西洋直达五大湖腹地，促进中西部与安大略的粮食、矿石出口。","importance":1,"lat":45.5,"lng":-73.57,"place":"蒙特利尔","title_en":"St. Lawrence Seaway","desc_en":"The St. Lawrence Seaway, built jointly by the U.S. and Canada, opened, allowing ocean-going ships to sail from the Atlantic deep into the Great Lakes and boosting grain and ore exports from the Midwest and Ontario.","date_label_en":"1959","place_en":"Montreal"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x090","start":1959,"date_label":"1959年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"卡里巴水坝","desc":"赞比西河上的卡里巴水坝建成，形成当时世界最大的人工湖，为罗得西亚和赞比亚铜带供电，但迫使数万名汤加人迁离家园。","importance":1,"lat":-16.52,"lng":28.76,"place":"卡里巴","title_en":"Kariba Dam","desc_en":"The Kariba Dam on the Zambezi was completed, creating what was then the world's largest artificial lake and powering Rhodesia and the Zambian Copperbelt, but forcing tens of thousands of Tonga people from their homes.","date_label_en":"1959","place_en":"Kariba"},{"id":"global-036","start":1960,"date_label":"1960—1970年代","region":"global","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"绿色革命","desc":"高产小麦、水稻品种与化肥、灌溉在墨西哥、印度、菲律宾等地推广，粮食产量大幅增长，缓解许多发展中国家的饥荒风险，也带来环境代价。","importance":2,"lat":19.53,"lng":-98.85,"place":"墨西哥特斯科科","title_en":"Green Revolution","desc_en":"High-yield wheat and rice varieties, along with fertilizer and irrigation, spread through Mexico, India, the Philippines and elsewhere, sharply increasing food output and easing famine risk in many developing countries, though at an environmental cost.","date_label_en":"1960s–1970s","place_en":"Texcoco, Mexico"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-074","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年9月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"石油输出国组织成立","desc":"伊朗、伊拉克、科威特、沙特、委内瑞拉在巴格达成立欧佩克，产油国开始协调产量与价格。","importance":3,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"OPEC Founded","desc_en":"Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela founded OPEC in Baghdad, as oil producers began coordinating output and prices.","date_label_en":"Sep 1960","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"inner_asia-041","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年代起","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"咸海干涸","desc":"苏联为种植棉花大规模引阿姆河、锡尔河灌溉，咸海水面持续萎缩，至21世纪初大部干涸，成为严重生态灾难。","importance":3,"lat":45.0,"lng":59.5,"place":"咸海","title_en":"Drying of the Aral Sea","desc_en":"The Soviet Union diverted the Amu Darya and Syr Darya on a massive scale to irrigate cotton; the Aral Sea shrank steadily and had largely dried up by the early 21st century, a severe ecological disaster.","date_label_en":"From the 1960s","place_en":"Aral Sea"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-030","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"非洲独立年","desc":"这一年尼日利亚、刚果、塞内加尔、马达加斯加等17个非洲国家宣布独立，其中14个原属法国，联合国大会同年通过《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》。","importance":3,"lat":6.45,"lng":3.4,"place":"拉各斯","title_en":"Year of Africa","desc_en":"Seventeen African countries, including Nigeria, Congo, Senegal and Madagascar, declared independence this year, fourteen of them former French colonies; the UN General Assembly also adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples.","date_label_en":"1960","place_en":"Lagos"},{"id":"global-x046","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年9月","region":"global","dims":["文化"],"title":"首届残奥会","desc":"在罗马奥运会后举办的国际斯托克·曼德维尔运动会被追认为首届残奥会，约400名运动员参赛，推动了残障人士体育与社会融入。","importance":1,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.5,"place":"意大利罗马","title_en":"First Paralympic Games","desc_en":"The International Stoke Mandeville Games, held after the Rome Olympics with about 400 athletes, were later recognized as the first Paralympics, advancing disability sport and social inclusion.","date_label_en":"Sep 1960","place_en":"Rome, Italy"},{"id":"east_asia-x462","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"四一九革命","desc":"李承晚政府操纵总统选举引发学生和市民大规模抗议，4月19日示威遭镇压造成大量伤亡，李承晚被迫下台流亡美国。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"首尔","title_en":"April Revolution","desc_en":"Syngman Rhee's rigging of the presidential election sparked mass protests by students and citizens; the crackdown on the April 19 demonstrations caused heavy casualties, and Rhee was forced to resign and went into exile in the U.S.","date_label_en":"1960","place_en":"Seoul"},{"id":"east_asia-x463","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"安保斗争","desc":"岸信介内阁强行通过修订后的《日美安保条约》，数十万民众包围国会抗议，岸信介在条约生效后辞职，池田内阁提出“国民收入倍增计划”。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.74,"place":"东京国会议事堂","title_en":"Anpo Protests","desc_en":"Kishi Nobusuke's cabinet forced through the revised U.S.–Japan Security Treaty as hundreds of thousands of protesters surrounded the Diet; Kishi resigned after the treaty took effect, and the Ikeda cabinet launched its \"Income Doubling Plan.\"","date_label_en":"1960","place_en":"National Diet Building, Tokyo"},{"id":"south_asia-x165","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年7月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"首位女总理","desc":"西丽玛沃·班达拉奈克在丈夫遇刺后领导斯里兰卡自由党胜选，出任锡兰总理，成为世界上第一位民选女性政府首脑。","importance":2,"lat":6.93,"lng":79.86,"place":"科伦坡","title_en":"World's First Female Prime Minister","desc_en":"After her husband's assassination, Sirimavo Bandaranaike led the Sri Lanka Freedom Party to victory and became prime minister of Ceylon, the world's first elected female head of government.","date_label_en":"Jul 1960","place_en":"Colombo"},{"id":"south_asia-x166","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年9月","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"《印度河水条约》","desc":"印巴在世界银行斡旋下于卡拉奇签订条约，东三河归印度、西三河主要归巴基斯坦；2025年4月印度宣布暂停履行该条约。","importance":2,"lat":24.86,"lng":67.01,"place":"卡拉奇","title_en":"Indus Waters Treaty","desc_en":"Brokered by the World Bank, India and Pakistan signed a treaty in Karachi giving the three eastern rivers to India and the three western rivers mainly to Pakistan; in April 2025 India announced it was suspending the treaty.","date_label_en":"Sep 1960","place_en":"Karachi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x102","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"新加坡建屋发展局","desc":"新加坡成立建屋发展局大规模兴建公共组屋，配合居者有其屋计划，后来约八成居民住在组屋中。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Singapore's Housing and Development Board","desc_en":"Singapore created the Housing and Development Board to build public flats on a massive scale, alongside a home-ownership scheme; eventually about 80% of residents lived in HDB flats.","date_label_en":"1960","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"europe-x415","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"欧洲自由贸易联盟","desc":"英国、瑞典、挪威、丹麦、瑞士、奥地利、葡萄牙七国签订斯德哥尔摩公约，成立欧洲自由贸易联盟，作为欧洲经济共同体之外的松散自贸区。","importance":1,"lat":59.33,"lng":18.07,"place":"斯德哥尔摩","title_en":"European Free Trade Association","desc_en":"Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Switzerland, Austria and Portugal signed the Stockholm Convention, founding EFTA as a looser free-trade area outside the European Economic Community.","date_label_en":"1960","place_en":"Stockholm"},{"id":"latin_america-x101","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"巴西利亚落成","desc":"库比契克总统将首都迁至内陆新建城市巴西利亚，由卢西奥·科斯塔规划、奥斯卡·尼迈耶设计主要建筑，以推动内陆开发，是现代主义城市规划的代表。","importance":2,"lat":-15.79,"lng":-47.88,"place":"巴西利亚","title_en":"Brasília Inaugurated","desc_en":"President Kubitschek moved the capital to the newly built inland city of Brasília, planned by Lúcio Costa with major buildings by Oscar Niemeyer, to spur development of the interior; it is a showcase of modernist urban planning.","date_label_en":"1960","place_en":"Brasília"},{"id":"north_america-x099","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"魁北克平静革命","desc":"让·勒萨热领导的自由党政府上台，推动教育世俗化、水电国有化与福利扩张，削弱天主教会影响，法裔民族主义与魁北克主权运动随之兴起。","importance":2,"lat":46.81,"lng":-71.21,"place":"魁北克城","title_en":"Quebec's Quiet Revolution","desc_en":"Jean Lesage's Liberal government came to power, secularizing education, nationalizing hydroelectricity and expanding welfare, weakening the Catholic Church's influence; French-Canadian nationalism and the Quebec sovereignty movement followed.","date_label_en":"1960","place_en":"Quebec City"},{"id":"north_america-x100","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"口服避孕药获批","desc":"美国食品药品监督管理局批准口服避孕药上市，女性首次能便捷可靠地控制生育，深刻影响女性教育、就业与性观念。","importance":1,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Oral Contraceptive Approved","desc_en":"The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the oral contraceptive pill, giving women convenient, reliable control over childbearing for the first time and profoundly affecting women's education, employment and sexual attitudes.","date_label_en":"1960","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x091","start":1960,"date_label":"1960年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"沙佩维尔惨案","desc":"警察向抗议通行证法的人群开枪，打死69人，南非政府随后取缔非国大与泛非大，曼德拉等转入武装斗争，国际社会开始孤立南非。","importance":2,"lat":-26.69,"lng":27.87,"place":"沙佩维尔","title_en":"Sharpeville Massacre","desc_en":"Police fired on a crowd protesting the pass laws, killing 69; the South African government then banned the ANC and PAC, Mandela and others turned to armed struggle, and the international community began isolating South Africa.","date_label_en":"1960","place_en":"Sharpeville"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x092","start":1960,"end":1965,"date_label":"1960–1965年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"刚果危机","desc":"刚果独立后旋即陷入兵变与加丹加分离，总理卢蒙巴1961年遇害，联合国维和介入，冷战双方角力，1965年蒙博托夺权，建立长期独裁。","importance":2,"lat":-4.32,"lng":15.31,"place":"利奥波德维尔","title_en":"Congo Crisis","desc_en":"Right after independence Congo descended into mutiny and Katanga's secession; Prime Minister Lumumba was killed in 1961, UN peacekeepers intervened amid Cold War rivalry, and in 1965 Mobutu seized power and established a long dictatorship.","date_label_en":"1960–1965","place_en":"Léopoldville"},{"id":"europe-105","start":1961,"end":1989,"date_label":"1961—1989年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"柏林墙","desc":"1961年8月东德修建柏林墙阻止居民外逃；1989年11月9日边境开放，柏林墙倒塌，次年两德统一。","importance":3,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.38,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Berlin Wall","desc_en":"In August 1961 East Germany built the Berlin Wall to stop its citizens from fleeing; on November 9, 1989, the border opened and the Wall fell, and Germany reunified the next year.","date_label_en":"1961–1989","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"global-x047","start":1961,"date_label":"1961年9月","region":"global","dims":["政治"],"title":"不结盟运动成立","desc":"在南斯拉夫铁托、印度尼赫鲁、埃及纳赛尔、印尼苏加诺等推动下，首届不结盟国家首脑会议在贝尔格莱德召开，拒绝加入美苏任何一方。","importance":2,"lat":44.82,"lng":20.46,"place":"贝尔格莱德","title_en":"Non-Aligned Movement Founded","desc_en":"Driven by Tito of Yugoslavia, Nehru of India, Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia, the first summit of non-aligned countries met in Belgrade, refusing to join either the U.S. or Soviet bloc.","date_label_en":"Sep 1961","place_en":"Belgrade"},{"id":"east_asia-x464","start":1961,"date_label":"1961年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"五一六军事政变","desc":"朴正熙率军发动政变推翻张勉政府，此后执政十八年，以出口导向型工业化和五年经济计划推动经济高速增长。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"首尔","title_en":"May 16 Coup","desc_en":"Park Chung-hee led troops in a coup that overthrew Chang Myon's government; ruling for eighteen years, he drove rapid growth through export-oriented industrialization and five-year economic plans.","date_label_en":"1961","place_en":"Seoul"},{"id":"south_asia-x167","start":1961,"date_label":"1961年12月","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"印度收复果阿","desc":"印度出兵果阿、达曼和第乌，葡萄牙守军投降，结束葡萄牙在印度约450年的殖民统治。","importance":2,"lat":15.5,"lng":73.83,"place":"果阿","title_en":"India Takes Goa","desc_en":"Indian troops entered Goa, Daman and Diu, and the Portuguese garrison surrendered, ending about 450 years of Portuguese colonial rule in India.","date_label_en":"Dec 1961","place_en":"Goa"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x103","start":1961,"date_label":"1961年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"新加坡经济发展局","desc":"新加坡设立经济发展局并开发裕廊工业区，以税收优惠吸引外资设厂，推动出口导向工业化。","importance":2,"lat":1.33,"lng":103.7,"place":"裕廊","title_en":"Singapore's Economic Development Board","desc_en":"Singapore set up the Economic Development Board and developed the Jurong industrial estate, using tax incentives to attract foreign factories and drive export-oriented industrialization.","date_label_en":"1961","place_en":"Jurong"},{"id":"inner_asia-x102","start":1961,"date_label":"1961年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"加加林从拜科努尔升空","desc":"尤里·加加林乘“东方1号”从拜科努尔发射场升空，绕地球一圈后安全返回，成为第一个进入太空的人。","importance":3,"lat":45.92,"lng":63.34,"place":"拜科努尔","title_en":"Gagarin Lifts Off from Baikonur","desc_en":"Yuri Gagarin lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome aboard Vostok 1, orbited the Earth once and returned safely, becoming the first human in space.","date_label_en":"1961","place_en":"Baikonur"},{"id":"europe-x416","start":1961,"date_label":"1961年4月12日","region":"europe","dims":["科技","综合"],"title":"加加林首次载人航天","desc":"苏联宇航员加加林乘“东方一号”飞船绕地球一周，历时108分钟，在萨拉托夫州恩格斯附近着陆，成为进入太空的第一人。","importance":3,"lat":51.27,"lng":45.99,"place":"恩格斯","title_en":"Gagarin's First Crewed Spaceflight","desc_en":"Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin orbited the Earth once aboard Vostok 1 in 108 minutes, landing near Engels in Saratov Oblast as the first human in space.","date_label_en":"Apr 12, 1961","place_en":"Engels"},{"id":"latin_america-x102","start":1961,"date_label":"1961年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事"],"title":"猪湾事件","desc":"美国中央情报局训练的古巴流亡者在吉隆滩登陆，试图推翻卡斯特罗，三天内被击溃，事件促使古巴倒向苏联，并间接导致次年的导弹危机。","importance":1,"lat":22.07,"lng":-81.03,"place":"吉隆滩","title_en":"Bay of Pigs Invasion","desc_en":"CIA-trained Cuban exiles landed at Playa Girón in an attempt to overthrow Castro and were routed within three days; the fiasco pushed Cuba toward the Soviet Union and indirectly led to the missile crisis the next year.","date_label_en":"1961","place_en":"Playa Girón"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x093","start":1961,"end":1974,"date_label":"1961–1974年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"安哥拉独立战争","desc":"安哥拉人民解放运动等组织对葡萄牙发动武装斗争，与莫桑比克、几内亚比绍的战争一道拖垮葡萄牙，1974年里斯本康乃馨革命后各殖民地获得独立。","importance":1,"lat":-8.84,"lng":13.23,"place":"罗安达","title_en":"Angolan War of Independence","desc_en":"The MPLA and other movements waged armed struggle against Portugal; together with the wars in Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau, it exhausted Portugal, and the colonies won independence after Lisbon's 1974 Carnation Revolution.","date_label_en":"1961–1974","place_en":"Luanda"},{"id":"global-037","start":1962,"date_label":"1962年10月","region":"global","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"古巴导弹危机","desc":"美国发现苏联在古巴部署核导弹，双方对峙十三天，最终苏联撤出导弹，美国承诺不入侵古巴并撤出土耳其导弹，世界与核战擦肩而过。","importance":2,"lat":23.11,"lng":-82.37,"place":"古巴哈瓦那","title_en":"Cuban Missile Crisis","desc_en":"The United States discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, and a thirteen-day standoff followed; the Soviets withdrew the missiles, the U.S. pledged not to invade Cuba and removed its missiles from Turkey, and the world narrowly avoided nuclear war.","date_label_en":"Oct 1962","place_en":"Havana, Cuba"},{"id":"east_asia-098","start":1962,"date_label":"1962年起","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"韩国“汉江奇迹”","desc":"韩国自1962年起实施经济开发五年计划，以出口导向推动轻工业和重化工业，经济持续高速增长，被称为“汉江奇迹”。","importance":3,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"首尔","title_en":"South Korea's \"Miracle on the Han River\"","desc_en":"From 1962 South Korea implemented five-year economic development plans, using export-led growth to build light and then heavy and chemical industries; its sustained rapid growth became known as the \"Miracle on the Han River.\"","date_label_en":"From 1962","place_en":"Seoul"},{"id":"south_asia-048","start":1962,"date_label":"1962年10—11月","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"中印边境战争","desc":"中印因边界争端爆发战争，印度军队战败，中方随后宣布停火并后撤；战争使印度调整国防政策，两国边界问题延续至今。","importance":2,"lat":27.59,"lng":91.86,"place":"达旺","title_en":"Sino-Indian War","desc_en":"A border dispute led to war between China and India in which Indian forces were defeated; China then declared a ceasefire and pulled back. The war led India to overhaul its defense policy, and the border question persists.","date_label_en":"Oct–Nov 1962","place_en":"Tawang"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x104","start":1962,"date_label":"1962年3月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"奈温政变","desc":"缅甸国防军总司令奈温发动政变，推行\"缅甸式社会主义\"，将经济国有化并闭关锁国，缅甸由此长期落后。","importance":2,"lat":16.84,"lng":96.17,"place":"仰光","title_en":"Ne Win's Coup","desc_en":"Burmese army chief Ne Win seized power in a coup and pursued the \"Burmese Way to Socialism,\" nationalizing the economy and isolating the country, leaving Burma lagging for decades.","date_label_en":"Mar 1962","place_en":"Rangoon"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x196","start":1962,"date_label":"1962年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"阿尔及利亚独立","desc":"经过八年战争与《埃维昂协议》，阿尔及利亚举行公投后独立，约百万欧洲裔定居者撤离，本·贝拉出任首任总理。","importance":2,"lat":36.75,"lng":3.06,"place":"阿尔及尔","title_en":"Algerian Independence","desc_en":"After eight years of war and the Évian Accords, Algeria became independent following a referendum; about a million European settlers left, and Ahmed Ben Bella became the first prime minister.","date_label_en":"1962","place_en":"Algiers"},{"id":"europe-x417","start":1962,"date_label":"1962年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"共同农业政策","desc":"欧洲经济共同体实施共同农业政策，以统一价格支持与补贴保障农民收入和粮食供应，长期占据共同体预算最大份额。","importance":1,"lat":50.85,"lng":4.35,"place":"布鲁塞尔","title_en":"Common Agricultural Policy","desc_en":"The European Economic Community introduced the Common Agricultural Policy, using common price supports and subsidies to secure farm incomes and food supplies; it long took the largest share of the Community's budget.","date_label_en":"1962","place_en":"Brussels"},{"id":"europe-x418","start":1962,"date_label":"1962年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"披头士乐队崛起","desc":"利物浦的披头士乐队发行首支单曲《Love Me Do》，随后风靡全球，掀起“英伦入侵”，深刻影响流行音乐与青年文化。","importance":2,"lat":53.41,"lng":-2.98,"place":"利物浦","title_en":"Rise of the Beatles","desc_en":"Liverpool's Beatles released their first single, \"Love Me Do,\" and went on to global fame, leading the \"British Invasion\" and profoundly influencing pop music and youth culture.","date_label_en":"1962","place_en":"Liverpool"},{"id":"europe-x419","start":1962,"end":1965,"date_label":"1962–1965年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"第二次梵蒂冈公会议","desc":"教皇若望二十三世召开第二次梵蒂冈公会议，允许以本地语言举行弥撒，推动与其他宗教对话，是天主教会适应现代社会的重大改革。","importance":2,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.45,"place":"梵蒂冈","title_en":"Second Vatican Council","desc_en":"Pope John XXIII convened the Second Vatican Council, which permitted Mass in local languages and promoted dialogue with other religions, a major reform adapting the Catholic Church to modern society.","date_label_en":"1962–1965","place_en":"Vatican City"},{"id":"north_america-x101","start":1962,"date_label":"1962年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"《寂静的春天》","desc":"生物学家蕾切尔·卡森出版《寂静的春天》，揭示DDT等农药对生态的危害，引发公众环保意识觉醒，促成美国1972年禁用DDT及环保署成立。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Silent Spring","desc_en":"Biologist Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, exposing the ecological harm of DDT and other pesticides; it awakened public environmental awareness and led to the U.S. ban on DDT in 1972 and the founding of the EPA.","date_label_en":"1962","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"north_america-x102","start":1962,"date_label":"1962年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"加拿大全民医保","desc":"萨斯喀彻温省在汤米·道格拉斯推动下率先实施全民医疗保险，1966年联邦立法推广至全国，全民公费医疗成为加拿大国家认同的核心之一。","importance":1,"lat":50.45,"lng":-104.62,"place":"里贾纳","title_en":"Universal Health Care in Canada","desc_en":"Led by Tommy Douglas, Saskatchewan became the first province to introduce universal medical insurance; 1966 federal legislation extended it nationwide, and publicly funded universal health care became a core part of Canadian identity.","date_label_en":"1962","place_en":"Regina"},{"id":"oceania-x046","start":1962,"date_label":"1962年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"萨摩亚独立","desc":"西萨摩亚结束新西兰托管独立，成为二战后第一个获得独立的太平洋岛国，开启了南太平洋去殖民化进程，1997年国名改为萨摩亚。","importance":1,"lat":-13.83,"lng":-171.76,"place":"阿皮亚","title_en":"Samoan Independence","desc_en":"Western Samoa ended New Zealand trusteeship and became independent, the first Pacific island nation to do so after World War II, beginning decolonization in the South Pacific; it was renamed Samoa in 1997.","date_label_en":"1962","place_en":"Apia"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-031","start":1963,"date_label":"1963年5月","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"非洲统一组织成立","desc":"32个独立非洲国家在亚的斯亚贝巴成立非洲统一组织，致力于反殖民主义、维护主权与非洲团结，2002年由非洲联盟取代。","importance":2,"lat":9.03,"lng":38.74,"place":"亚的斯亚贝巴","title_en":"Organisation of African Unity Founded","desc_en":"Thirty-two independent African states founded the OAU in Addis Ababa to oppose colonialism, defend sovereignty and promote African unity; it was replaced by the African Union in 2002.","date_label_en":"May 1963","place_en":"Addis Ababa"},{"id":"global-x048","start":1963,"date_label":"1963年8月","region":"global","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"《部分禁止核试验条约》","desc":"美、英、苏签署条约，禁止在大气层、外层空间和水下进行核试验，减少了放射性沉降，是古巴导弹危机后的首项重要核军控成果。","importance":2,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"苏联莫斯科","title_en":"Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty","desc_en":"The U.S., Britain and the Soviet Union signed a treaty banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere, outer space and underwater, reducing radioactive fallout; it was the first major nuclear arms-control achievement after the Cuban Missile Crisis.","date_label_en":"Aug 1963","place_en":"Moscow, USSR"},{"id":"south_asia-x168","start":1963,"date_label":"1963年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"巴克拉大坝建成","desc":"萨特莱杰河上的巴克拉大坝建成，高约226米，为旁遮普和哈里亚纳提供灌溉与电力，尼赫鲁称之为\"现代印度的神庙\"。","importance":2,"lat":31.41,"lng":76.43,"place":"巴克拉","title_en":"Bhakra Dam Completed","desc_en":"The Bhakra Dam on the Sutlej was completed at about 226 m high, providing irrigation and power to Punjab and Haryana; Nehru called it a \"temple of modern India.\"","date_label_en":"1963","place_en":"Bhakra"},{"id":"south_asia-x169","start":1963,"date_label":"1963年11月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"通巴首枚探空火箭","desc":"印度在喀拉拉通巴发射首枚探空火箭，开启国家航天计划；火箭部件曾用自行车运送，萨拉巴伊是计划奠基人。","importance":2,"lat":8.53,"lng":76.87,"place":"通巴","title_en":"First Sounding Rocket at Thumba","desc_en":"India launched its first sounding rocket from Thumba, Kerala, beginning its national space program; rocket parts were once carried by bicycle, and Vikram Sarabhai was the program's founder.","date_label_en":"Nov 1963","place_en":"Thumba"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x105","start":1963,"date_label":"1963年9月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"马来西亚成立","desc":"马来亚联合邦与新加坡、沙巴、沙捞越合组马来西亚联邦，印尼对此发起\"对抗\"政策，新加坡于1965年退出。","importance":2,"lat":3.14,"lng":101.69,"place":"吉隆坡","title_en":"Malaysia Formed","desc_en":"The Federation of Malaya joined Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak to form the Federation of Malaysia; Indonesia responded with its policy of \"Confrontation,\" and Singapore left in 1965.","date_label_en":"Sep 1963","place_en":"Kuala Lumpur"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x197","start":1963,"date_label":"1963年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"伊朗白色革命","desc":"巴列维国王推行土地改革、妇女选举权、扫盲队等一揽子改革，推动工业化，但也加剧了与宗教界和传统阶层的矛盾。","importance":2,"lat":35.69,"lng":51.39,"place":"德黑兰","title_en":"Iran's White Revolution","desc_en":"The Shah launched a package of reforms including land reform, women's suffrage and a literacy corps to drive industrialization, but it deepened conflict with the clergy and traditional classes.","date_label_en":"1963","place_en":"Tehran"},{"id":"europe-x420","start":1963,"date_label":"1963年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"爱丽舍条约","desc":"戴高乐与阿登纳在巴黎签订法德友好合作条约，规定两国定期首脑会晤和青年交流，法德和解成为欧洲一体化的核心轴心。","importance":1,"lat":48.87,"lng":2.32,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Élysée Treaty","desc_en":"De Gaulle and Adenauer signed the Franco-German Treaty of Friendship in Paris, providing for regular summits and youth exchanges; Franco-German reconciliation became the core axis of European integration.","date_label_en":"1963","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"north_america-x103","start":1963,"date_label":"1963年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"肯尼迪遇刺","desc":"肯尼迪总统在达拉斯乘车巡游时遇刺身亡，副总统约翰逊继任并推动民权与“伟大社会”立法，事件对美国社会造成深远冲击。","importance":2,"lat":32.78,"lng":-96.81,"place":"达拉斯","title_en":"Kennedy Assassinated","desc_en":"President Kennedy was assassinated during a motorcade in Dallas; Vice President Johnson succeeded him and pushed through civil rights and \"Great Society\" legislation, and the event deeply shook American society.","date_label_en":"1963","place_en":"Dallas"},{"id":"east_asia-099","start":1964,"date_label":"1964年10月","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"东海道新干线通车","desc":"东京奥运会前夕，东海道新干线开通运营，最高时速210公里，是世界上第一条高速铁路。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.76,"place":"东京","title_en":"Tōkaidō Shinkansen Opens","desc_en":"On the eve of the Tokyo Olympics the Tōkaidō Shinkansen began service with a top speed of 210 km/h, the world's first high-speed railway.","date_label_en":"Oct 1964","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"east_asia-100","start":1964,"date_label":"1964年10月","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"中国原子弹爆炸成功","desc":"中国第一颗原子弹试爆成功，1967年氢弹试验成功，1970年发射第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。","importance":2,"lat":40.75,"lng":89.8,"place":"新疆罗布泊","title_en":"China's First Atomic Bomb","desc_en":"China successfully tested its first atomic bomb, followed by a hydrogen bomb test in 1967 and the launch of its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong 1, in 1970.","date_label_en":"Oct 1964","place_en":"Lop Nur, Xinjiang"},{"id":"east_asia-x465","start":1964,"date_label":"1964年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"东京奥运会","desc":"第18届夏季奥运会在东京举行，是首次在亚洲举办的奥运会，日本借机建设高速公路与新干线，展示战后复兴成果。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.7,"place":"东京","title_en":"Tokyo Olympics","desc_en":"The 18th Summer Olympics were held in Tokyo, the first Olympics in Asia; Japan used the occasion to build expressways and the Shinkansen, showcasing its postwar recovery.","date_label_en":"1964","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x106","start":1964,"date_label":"1964年8月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"北部湾事件","desc":"美国宣称驱逐舰在北部湾遭北越鱼雷艇攻击，国会通过决议授权总统动武，美国随后大规模介入越南战争。","importance":2,"lat":19.8,"lng":106.8,"place":"北部湾","title_en":"Gulf of Tonkin Incident","desc_en":"The United States claimed its destroyers had been attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin; Congress passed a resolution authorizing the president to use force, and the U.S. then intervened massively in the Vietnam War.","date_label_en":"Aug 1964","place_en":"Gulf of Tonkin"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x107","start":1964,"end":1973,"date_label":"1964—1973年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"美国秘密轰炸老挝","desc":"美国对老挝实施大规模空中轰炸，投弹量超过二百万吨，使老挝成为按人均计遭轰炸最严重的国家，未爆弹至今仍造成伤亡。","importance":2,"lat":19.43,"lng":103.15,"place":"川圹","title_en":"U.S. Secret Bombing of Laos","desc_en":"The United States carried out a massive air campaign over Laos, dropping more than two million tons of bombs and making Laos the most heavily bombed country per capita; unexploded ordnance still causes casualties today.","date_label_en":"1964–1973","place_en":"Xiangkhouang"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x198","start":1964,"date_label":"1964年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"以色列国家输水工程","desc":"以色列建成国家输水工程，将加利利海的水经管道和渠道南送至内盖夫沙漠，加剧了与邻国在约旦河水资源上的争端。","importance":1,"lat":32.82,"lng":35.59,"place":"加利利海","title_en":"Israel's National Water Carrier","desc_en":"Israel completed the National Water Carrier, sending water from the Sea of Galilee south through pipes and canals to the Negev Desert, intensifying disputes with neighbors over Jordan River water.","date_label_en":"1964","place_en":"Sea of Galilee"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x199","start":1964,"date_label":"1964年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"巴勒斯坦解放组织成立","desc":"阿拉伯联盟支持在耶路撒冷成立巴勒斯坦解放组织，1969年起由阿拉法特领导，成为巴勒斯坦民族运动的代表机构。","importance":2,"lat":31.78,"lng":35.23,"place":"耶路撒冷","title_en":"PLO Founded","desc_en":"With Arab League backing, the Palestine Liberation Organization was founded in Jerusalem; led by Yasser Arafat from 1969, it became the representative body of the Palestinian national movement.","date_label_en":"1964","place_en":"Jerusalem"},{"id":"latin_america-x103","start":1964,"date_label":"1964年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"巴西军事政变","desc":"军方推翻古拉特总统，建立持续21年的军政府，期间经济一度高速增长被称为“巴西奇迹”，但伴随政治压迫与外债激增。","importance":2,"lat":-15.79,"lng":-47.88,"place":"巴西利亚","title_en":"Brazilian Military Coup","desc_en":"The military overthrew President Goulart and established a regime that lasted 21 years; rapid growth during this period was dubbed the \"Brazilian Miracle,\" but it came with political repression and soaring foreign debt.","date_label_en":"1964","place_en":"Brasília"},{"id":"north_america-x104","start":1964,"date_label":"1964–1965年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"民权法与投票权法","desc":"《1964年民权法》禁止公共场所与就业中的种族、性别歧视，《1965年投票权法》取缔识字测验等限制黑人投票的做法，南方黑人登记率大幅上升。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts","desc_en":"The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned racial and sex discrimination in public places and employment, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed literacy tests and other barriers to Black voting, sharply raising Black registration in the South.","date_label_en":"1964–1965","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x094","start":1964,"date_label":"1964年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"里沃尼亚审判","desc":"曼德拉等非国大领导人以破坏罪受审，他在法庭上发表“我准备为之献身”的演说，最终被判终身监禁，在罗本岛等地坐牢27年。","importance":2,"lat":-25.75,"lng":28.19,"place":"比勒陀利亚","title_en":"Rivonia Trial","desc_en":"Mandela and other ANC leaders were tried for sabotage; in court he gave his \"I am prepared to die\" speech and was sentenced to life imprisonment, serving 27 years on Robben Island and elsewhere.","date_label_en":"1964","place_en":"Pretoria"},{"id":"southeast_asia-039","start":1965,"date_label":"1965年8月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"新加坡独立","desc":"因政治与族群分歧，新加坡被迫退出马来西亚而独立，李光耀出任总理，这个缺乏资源的城市国家开始探索生存之路。","importance":3,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Singapore Independence","desc_en":"Political and ethnic differences forced Singapore out of Malaysia into independence, with Lee Kuan Yew as prime minister; the resource-poor city-state set out to find a way to survive.","date_label_en":"Aug 1965","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"southeast_asia-040","start":1965,"end":1966,"date_label":"1965—1966年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"印尼九三〇事件","desc":"九三〇事件后，苏哈托领导军方镇压印尼共产党，随后的大屠杀据估计造成约50万至100万人死亡，苏哈托此后建立“新秩序”政权。","importance":3,"lat":-6.18,"lng":106.83,"place":"雅加达","title_en":"30 September Movement and Aftermath","desc_en":"After the 30 September Movement, Suharto led the military in crushing the Communist Party of Indonesia; the ensuing mass killings are estimated to have claimed 500,000 to one million lives, and Suharto then established his \"New Order\" regime.","date_label_en":"1965–1966","place_en":"Jakarta"},{"id":"global-x049","start":1965,"date_label":"1965年","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"宇宙微波背景辐射发现","desc":"彭齐亚斯与威尔逊在新泽西意外探测到来自四面八方的微弱微波辐射，即大爆炸余晖，为大爆炸理论提供关键证据，获1978年诺奖。","importance":2,"lat":40.39,"lng":-74.19,"place":"美国新泽西","title_en":"Cosmic Microwave Background Discovered","desc_en":"Penzias and Wilson in New Jersey accidentally detected faint microwave radiation coming from every direction, the afterglow of the Big Bang, providing key evidence for the theory; they won the 1978 Nobel Prize.","date_label_en":"1965","place_en":"New Jersey, USA"},{"id":"global-x050","start":1965,"date_label":"1965年","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"摩尔定律提出","desc":"英特尔联合创始人摩尔指出芯片上的晶体管数量约每年翻倍（1975年修正为约两年翻倍），这一趋势支配了半个多世纪的半导体产业发展。","importance":2,"title_en":"Moore's Law","desc_en":"Intel co-founder Gordon Moore observed that the number of transistors on a chip doubled roughly every year (revised in 1975 to about every two years), a trend that governed the semiconductor industry for over half a century.","date_label_en":"1965"},{"id":"east_asia-x466","start":1965,"date_label":"1965年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"人工合成牛胰岛素","desc":"中国科学院上海生化所等单位在世界上首次人工合成具有生物活性的结晶牛胰岛素，是人类第一次人工合成蛋白质。","importance":2,"lat":31.23,"lng":121.47,"place":"上海","title_en":"Synthetic Bovine Insulin","desc_en":"The Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and partner institutions achieved the world's first synthesis of biologically active crystalline bovine insulin, the first artificial synthesis of a protein.","date_label_en":"1965","place_en":"Shanghai"},{"id":"east_asia-x467","start":1965,"date_label":"1965年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"韩日基本条约","desc":"韩日两国签订基本条约实现邦交正常化，日本向韩国提供无偿援助3亿美元和贷款等，资金投入浦项制铁等工业建设。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.69,"place":"东京","title_en":"Korea–Japan Basic Treaty","desc_en":"South Korea and Japan signed the Basic Treaty normalizing relations; Japan provided $300 million in grants plus loans, funds that went into industrial projects such as POSCO.","date_label_en":"1965","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"south_asia-x170","start":1965,"date_label":"1965年9月","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"第二次印巴战争","desc":"印巴因克什米尔问题爆发全面战争，在旁遮普等地发生大规模坦克战，联合国促成停火，1966年双方签订《塔什干宣言》。","importance":2,"lat":31.63,"lng":74.87,"place":"旁遮普","title_en":"Second India–Pakistan War","desc_en":"India and Pakistan fought a full-scale war over Kashmir, with large tank battles in Punjab and elsewhere; the UN brokered a ceasefire, and the two sides signed the Tashkent Declaration in 1966.","date_label_en":"Sep 1965","place_en":"Punjab"},{"id":"south_asia-x171","start":1965,"date_label":"1965年7月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"马尔代夫独立","desc":"马尔代夫结束英国保护地地位获得独立，1968年经公投废除苏丹制改为共和国，此后以旅游和渔业为经济支柱。","importance":1,"lat":4.18,"lng":73.51,"place":"马累","title_en":"Maldives Independence","desc_en":"The Maldives ended its status as a British protectorate and became independent; a 1968 referendum abolished the sultanate in favor of a republic, and tourism and fishing became the pillars of its economy.","date_label_en":"Jul 1965","place_en":"Malé"},{"id":"north_america-x105","start":1965,"date_label":"1965年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"《移民与国籍法》","desc":"美国废除以民族来源为基础的移民配额，转向家庭团聚与技能优先，来自亚洲和拉丁美洲的移民大幅增加，深刻改变美国人口构成。","importance":1,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Immigration and Nationality Act","desc_en":"The United States abolished immigration quotas based on national origin in favor of family reunification and skills, leading to a sharp rise in immigration from Asia and Latin America that profoundly changed the country's demographic makeup.","date_label_en":"1965","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x095","start":1965,"date_label":"1965年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"阿科松博水坝","desc":"加纳在沃尔特河上建成阿科松博水坝，形成按面积计世界最大的人工水库之一沃尔特湖，为铝冶炼和全国供电，是恩克鲁玛工业化计划的核心。","importance":1,"lat":6.3,"lng":0.06,"place":"阿科松博","title_en":"Akosombo Dam","desc_en":"Ghana completed the Akosombo Dam on the Volta River, creating Lake Volta, one of the world's largest reservoirs by surface area, to power aluminum smelting and the national grid; it was the centerpiece of Nkrumah's industrialization plan.","date_label_en":"1965","place_en":"Akosombo"},{"id":"east_asia-101","start":1966,"end":1976,"date_label":"1966–1976年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"文化大革命","desc":"毛泽东发动文化大革命，大批干部和知识分子遭受迫害，教育、文化与经济遭到严重破坏，1976年结束。","importance":3,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京","title_en":"Cultural Revolution","desc_en":"Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution, in which large numbers of officials and intellectuals were persecuted and education, culture and the economy suffered severe damage; it ended in 1976.","date_label_en":"1966–1976","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"south_asia-049","start":1966,"date_label":"约1960年代中期","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"印度绿色革命","desc":"印度引进高产矮秆小麦和水稻品种，配合灌溉、化肥与农药推广，旁遮普等地粮食产量大增，印度逐步实现粮食基本自给。","importance":3,"lat":30.9,"lng":75.85,"place":"卢迪亚纳（旁遮普）","title_en":"India's Green Revolution","desc_en":"India introduced high-yield dwarf wheat and rice varieties along with irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides; grain output soared in Punjab and elsewhere, and India gradually became largely self-sufficient in food.","date_label_en":"c. mid-1960s","place_en":"Ludhiana, Punjab"},{"id":"southeast_asia-041","start":1966,"date_label":"1966年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"国际水稻所推出IR8","desc":"位于菲律宾的国际水稻研究所推出高产矮秆水稻IR8，被称为“奇迹稻”，在亚洲广泛推广，成为绿色革命的关键品种。","importance":2,"lat":14.17,"lng":121.26,"place":"洛斯巴尼奥斯","title_en":"IRRI Releases IR8","desc_en":"The International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines released IR8, a high-yield semi-dwarf rice known as \"miracle rice\"; widely adopted across Asia, it became a key variety of the Green Revolution.","date_label_en":"1966","place_en":"Los Baños"},{"id":"south_asia-x172","start":1966,"date_label":"1966年1月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"英迪拉·甘地出任总理","desc":"尼赫鲁之女英迪拉·甘地出任印度总理，是印度首位女总理，此后主导印度政坛近二十年。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"Indira Gandhi Becomes Prime Minister","desc_en":"Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi became India's first female prime minister and went on to dominate Indian politics for nearly two decades.","date_label_en":"Jan 1966","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"inner_asia-x103","start":1966,"date_label":"1966年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"塔什干地震与重建","desc":"塔什干遭强烈地震，老城大片土坯房被毁、数十万人无家可归，苏联各加盟共和国援建，城市以现代化面貌重建。","importance":1,"lat":41.3,"lng":69.24,"place":"塔什干","title_en":"Tashkent Earthquake and Rebuilding","desc_en":"A powerful earthquake struck Tashkent, destroying much of the old city's mud-brick housing and leaving hundreds of thousands homeless; with help from across the Soviet republics, the city was rebuilt in modern form.","date_label_en":"1966","place_en":"Tashkent"},{"id":"oceania-x047","start":1966,"date_label":"1966年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"韦夫山罢工","desc":"文森特·林吉亚里带领古林吉族牧场工人罢工撤离，抗议低薪与恶劣待遇，并要求归还土地，1975年惠特拉姆总理将一把土倒入林吉亚里手中，象征归还土地。","importance":1,"lat":-17.43,"lng":130.83,"place":"卡尔卡林吉","title_en":"Wave Hill Walk-Off","desc_en":"Vincent Lingiari led Gurindji stockmen in a walk-off from the cattle station to protest low pay and poor treatment and to demand the return of their land; in 1975 Prime Minister Whitlam poured a handful of soil into Lingiari's hand, symbolizing its return.","date_label_en":"1966","place_en":"Kalkaringi"},{"id":"oceania-x048","start":1966,"end":1996,"date_label":"1966–1996年","region":"oceania","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"法国穆鲁罗瓦核试验","desc":"法国在法属波利尼西亚穆鲁罗瓦与方阿陶法环礁进行了193次核试验，1995年恢复试验引发太平洋各国强烈抗议，次年法国宣布永久停止。","importance":1,"lat":-21.83,"lng":-138.9,"place":"穆鲁罗瓦","title_en":"French Nuclear Tests at Moruroa","desc_en":"France conducted 193 nuclear tests at Moruroa and Fangataufa atolls in French Polynesia; its resumption of testing in 1995 drew fierce protests across the Pacific, and the next year France announced a permanent halt.","date_label_en":"1966–1996","place_en":"Moruroa"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x096","start":1966,"date_label":"1967年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"博茨瓦纳钻石经济","desc":"1966年独立时博茨瓦纳是世界最穷国家之一，次年在奥拉帕发现钻石，政府与戴比尔斯合营开采，审慎管理收入，此后数十年保持高速增长。","importance":2,"lat":-21.31,"lng":25.37,"place":"奥拉帕","title_en":"Botswana's Diamond Economy","desc_en":"At independence in 1966 Botswana was among the world's poorest countries; diamonds were found at Orapa the next year, mined in partnership with De Beers, and prudent management of the revenue sustained decades of rapid growth.","date_label_en":"1967","place_en":"Orapa"},{"id":"southeast_asia-042","start":1967,"date_label":"1967年8月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["综合","政治","经济"],"title":"东盟成立","desc":"印尼、马来西亚、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国在曼谷签署宣言成立东南亚国家联盟，后扩展为十国，成为推动区域合作的核心机制。","importance":3,"lat":13.75,"lng":100.49,"place":"曼谷","title_en":"ASEAN Founded","desc_en":"Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand signed a declaration in Bangkok founding the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; later expanded to ten members, it became the core mechanism of regional cooperation.","date_label_en":"Aug 1967","place_en":"Bangkok"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-075","start":1967,"date_label":"1967年6月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"六日战争","desc":"以色列在六天内击败埃及、叙利亚、约旦，占领西奈、加沙、约旦河西岸、东耶路撒冷与戈兰高地。","importance":2,"lat":31.78,"lng":35.23,"place":"耶路撒冷","title_en":"Six-Day War","desc_en":"In six days Israel defeated Egypt, Syria and Jordan, occupying the Sinai, Gaza, the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights.","date_label_en":"Jun 1967","place_en":"Jerusalem"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-032","start":1967,"end":1970,"date_label":"1967—1970年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"尼日利亚内战","desc":"尼日利亚东部伊博族地区宣布成立“比夫拉共和国”，引发内战，联邦军封锁导致严重饥荒，约百万人死亡，1970年比夫拉投降。","importance":1,"lat":6.44,"lng":7.49,"place":"埃努古","title_en":"Nigerian Civil War","desc_en":"The Igbo-dominated east of Nigeria declared the \"Republic of Biafra,\" sparking civil war; a federal blockade caused severe famine and about a million deaths, and Biafra surrendered in 1970.","date_label_en":"1967–1970","place_en":"Enugu"},{"id":"global-x051","start":1967,"date_label":"1967年","region":"global","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"《外层空间条约》","desc":"联合国框架下的条约规定外层空间供各国自由探索、天体不得被据为己有、禁止在轨部署核武器，是太空法的基石。","importance":1,"title_en":"Outer Space Treaty","desc_en":"A treaty under the UN framework declared outer space free for exploration by all nations, barred any nation from claiming celestial bodies and banned nuclear weapons in orbit; it is the cornerstone of space law.","date_label_en":"1967"},{"id":"global-x052","start":1967,"date_label":"1967年12月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"首例人体心脏移植","desc":"南非外科医生巴纳德在开普敦格罗特·舒尔医院完成世界首例人对人心脏移植手术，推动器官移植医学迅速发展。","importance":1,"lat":-33.94,"lng":18.46,"place":"南非开普敦","title_en":"First Human Heart Transplant","desc_en":"South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, spurring rapid progress in organ transplantation.","date_label_en":"Dec 1967","place_en":"Cape Town, South Africa"},{"id":"east_asia-x468","start":1967,"date_label":"1967年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"中国氢弹爆炸成功","desc":"中国第一颗氢弹在新疆罗布泊上空爆炸成功，从第一颗原子弹到氢弹仅用两年零八个月，发展速度居当时各核国家前列。","importance":2,"lat":40.4,"lng":90.3,"place":"新疆罗布泊","title_en":"China's First Hydrogen Bomb","desc_en":"China successfully detonated its first hydrogen bomb over Lop Nur, Xinjiang, just two years and eight months after its first atomic bomb, among the fastest of the nuclear powers at the time.","date_label_en":"1967","place_en":"Lop Nur, Xinjiang"},{"id":"latin_america-x104","start":1967,"date_label":"1967年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"《百年孤独》出版","desc":"加西亚·马尔克斯以故乡阿拉卡塔卡为原型创作《百年孤独》，讲述马孔多布恩迪亚家族七代人的兴衰，成为魔幻现实主义代表作，他于1982年获诺贝尔文学奖。","importance":2,"lat":10.59,"lng":-74.19,"place":"阿拉卡塔卡","title_en":"One Hundred Years of Solitude Published","desc_en":"Modeling it on his hometown of Aracataca, García Márquez wrote One Hundred Years of Solitude, chronicling seven generations of the Buendía family of Macondo; it became the defining work of magical realism, and he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1982.","date_label_en":"1967","place_en":"Aracataca"},{"id":"latin_america-x105","start":1967,"date_label":"1967年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"切·格瓦拉遇害","desc":"切·格瓦拉在玻利维亚开展游击战失败，被玻利维亚军队俘获后处决，其形象后来成为全球左翼与反叛文化的偶像。","importance":1,"lat":-18.79,"lng":-64.21,"place":"拉伊格拉","title_en":"Che Guevara Killed","desc_en":"Che Guevara's guerrilla campaign in Bolivia failed, and he was captured and executed by the Bolivian army; his image later became an icon of the global left and rebel culture.","date_label_en":"1967","place_en":"La Higuera"},{"id":"oceania-x049","start":1967,"date_label":"1967年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"原住民公投","desc":"澳大利亚全民公投以超过90%的赞成票修改宪法，允许联邦为原住民立法并将其计入人口统计，是原住民权利运动的里程碑。","importance":2,"lat":-35.28,"lng":149.13,"place":"堪培拉","title_en":"Aboriginal Referendum","desc_en":"More than 90% of Australians voted in a referendum to amend the constitution, allowing the federal government to legislate for Aboriginal people and include them in the census, a milestone for Indigenous rights.","date_label_en":"1967","place_en":"Canberra"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x097","start":1967,"date_label":"1967年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"《阿鲁沙宣言》","desc":"尼雷尔发表《阿鲁沙宣言》，提出以“乌贾马”村社为核心的非洲社会主义与自力更生，推行国有化与集体村庄，对坦桑尼亚影响深远但经济成效有限。","importance":2,"lat":-3.37,"lng":36.68,"place":"阿鲁沙","title_en":"Arusha Declaration","desc_en":"Nyerere issued the Arusha Declaration, setting out African socialism and self-reliance centered on ujamaa villages, with nationalization and collective villages; it shaped Tanzania profoundly but had limited economic success.","date_label_en":"1967","place_en":"Arusha"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x098","start":1967,"date_label":"1967年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"首例人类心脏移植","desc":"外科医生克里斯蒂安·巴纳德在开普敦格鲁特·舒尔医院完成世界首例人体心脏移植手术，患者存活18天，开启器官移植医学的新阶段。","importance":2,"lat":-33.94,"lng":18.46,"place":"开普敦","title_en":"World's First Heart Transplant","desc_en":"Surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first human heart transplant at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town; the patient survived 18 days, opening a new stage in transplant medicine.","date_label_en":"1967","place_en":"Cape Town"},{"id":"southeast_asia-043","start":1968,"date_label":"1968年1月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"越战春节攻势","desc":"越南人民军和南方民族解放阵线在春节期间对南越百余城镇发动大规模进攻，虽军事上受挫，却使美国国内反战情绪高涨。","importance":3,"lat":10.78,"lng":106.7,"place":"西贡","title_en":"Tet Offensive","desc_en":"During the Lunar New Year, the People's Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front launched a massive offensive on over a hundred towns in South Vietnam; though a military setback, it fueled antiwar sentiment in the United States.","date_label_en":"Jan 1968","place_en":"Saigon"},{"id":"europe-106","start":1968,"date_label":"1968年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"布拉格之春与六八运动","desc":"捷克斯洛伐克推行改革被华约军队镇压；同年法国五月风暴等学生与工人运动席卷欧洲，深刻改变社会文化。","importance":2,"lat":50.09,"lng":14.42,"place":"布拉格","title_en":"Prague Spring and the Protests of 1968","desc_en":"Czechoslovakia's reforms were crushed by Warsaw Pact troops; the same year, student and worker movements such as France's May 1968 swept Europe, profoundly changing society and culture.","date_label_en":"1968","place_en":"Prague"},{"id":"global-x053","start":1968,"date_label":"1968年","region":"global","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"1968年全球抗议浪潮","desc":"反越战、民权与学生运动在法国、美国、墨西哥、日本、捷克斯洛伐克等地同时爆发，深刻影响了此后的政治文化与社会观念。","importance":2,"title_en":"Global Protest Wave of 1968","desc_en":"Antiwar, civil rights and student movements erupted simultaneously in France, the United States, Mexico, Japan, Czechoslovakia and elsewhere, profoundly shaping later political culture and social attitudes.","date_label_en":"1968"},{"id":"global-x054","start":1968,"date_label":"1968年7月","region":"global","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"《不扩散核武器条约》","desc":"条约1968年开放签署、1970年生效，确立核不扩散、核裁军与和平利用核能三大支柱，已成为缔约国最多的军控条约之一。","importance":3,"title_en":"Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty","desc_en":"Opened for signature in 1968 and in force from 1970, the treaty rests on three pillars, non-proliferation, disarmament and peaceful use of nuclear energy, and has become one of the arms-control treaties with the most parties.","date_label_en":"Jul 1968"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x108","start":1968,"date_label":"1968年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"德州仪器落户新加坡","desc":"美国德州仪器在新加坡设立半导体装配厂，美国电子企业随后纷纷进驻，新加坡电子制造业由此起步。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Texas Instruments Comes to Singapore","desc_en":"Texas Instruments set up a semiconductor assembly plant in Singapore, followed by many other American electronics firms, launching Singapore's electronics manufacturing industry.","date_label_en":"1968","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"north_america-x106","start":1968,"date_label":"1968年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"马丁·路德·金遇刺","desc":"民权领袖马丁·路德·金在孟菲斯声援环卫工人罢工期间遇刺，全美上百座城市爆发骚乱，同年罗伯特·肯尼迪也遇刺身亡。","importance":2,"lat":35.13,"lng":-90.06,"place":"孟菲斯","title_en":"Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated","desc_en":"Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis while supporting a sanitation workers' strike, setting off riots in over a hundred U.S. cities; Robert Kennedy was also assassinated that year.","date_label_en":"1968","place_en":"Memphis"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x099","start":1968,"end":1974,"date_label":"1968–1974年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"萨赫勒大旱","desc":"西非萨赫勒持续多年干旱，牲畜大批死亡，饥荒造成约十万人死亡，推动了国际社会对荒漠化与粮食援助的关注。","importance":1,"lat":13.51,"lng":2.11,"place":"尼亚美","title_en":"Sahel Drought","desc_en":"Years of drought in West Africa's Sahel killed vast numbers of livestock, and famine claimed about 100,000 lives, drawing international attention to desertification and food aid.","date_label_en":"1968–1974","place_en":"Niamey"},{"id":"global-038","start":1969,"date_label":"1969年7月20日","region":"global","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"人类首次登月","desc":"美国阿波罗11号任务中，阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林踏上月球表面，柯林斯在轨道留守，全球数亿人通过电视收看，标志太空竞赛的高峰。","importance":3,"lat":28.61,"lng":-80.6,"place":"美国肯尼迪航天中心","title_en":"First Moon Landing","desc_en":"On the U.S. Apollo 11 mission, Armstrong and Aldrin walked on the Moon while Collins remained in orbit; hundreds of millions watched on television worldwide, the high point of the space race.","date_label_en":"Jul 20, 1969","place_en":"Kennedy Space Center, USA"},{"id":"global-039","start":1969,"date_label":"1969年10月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"阿帕网诞生","desc":"美国国防部资助的阿帕网在加州大学洛杉矶分校与斯坦福研究所之间传出第一条消息，这一分组交换网络是互联网的前身。","importance":2,"lat":34.07,"lng":-118.44,"place":"加州大学洛杉矶分校","title_en":"Birth of ARPANET","desc_en":"The first message was sent over the Defense Department-funded ARPANET between UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute; this packet-switching network was the forerunner of the internet.","date_label_en":"Oct 1969","place_en":"UCLA"},{"id":"north_america-029","start":1969,"date_label":"1969年7月20日","region":"north_america","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"阿波罗11号登月","desc":"阿姆斯特朗与奥尔德林乘阿波罗11号登月舱降落月球静海，阿姆斯特朗成为第一个踏上月球的人，美国在太空竞赛中胜出。","importance":3,"lat":28.57,"lng":-80.65,"place":"肯尼迪航天中心","title_en":"Apollo 11 Lands on the Moon","desc_en":"Armstrong and Aldrin landed Apollo 11's lunar module in the Sea of Tranquility, and Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon, giving the United States victory in the space race.","date_label_en":"Jul 20, 1969","place_en":"Kennedy Space Center"},{"id":"south_asia-x173","start":1969,"date_label":"1969年7月","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"印度银行国有化","desc":"英迪拉·甘地政府将14家大型商业银行国有化，扩大农村与小额信贷覆盖，国家对金融体系的控制大幅加强。","importance":2,"lat":18.93,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Indian Bank Nationalization","desc_en":"Indira Gandhi's government nationalized 14 major commercial banks, expanding rural and small-scale credit and greatly strengthening state control over the financial system.","date_label_en":"Jul 1969","place_en":"Bombay"},{"id":"south_asia-x174","start":1969,"date_label":"1969年8月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"印度空间研究组织","desc":"印度空间研究组织成立，总部后设于班加罗尔，以服务通信、气象与遥感等民生需求为主要目标。","importance":2,"lat":12.97,"lng":77.59,"place":"班加罗尔","title_en":"Indian Space Research Organisation","desc_en":"ISRO was founded, later headquartered in Bangalore, with the main goal of serving practical needs such as communications, weather forecasting and remote sensing.","date_label_en":"Aug 1969","place_en":"Bangalore"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x109","start":1969,"date_label":"1969年5月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"五一三事件","desc":"马来西亚大选后吉隆坡爆发族群冲突，造成大量伤亡，国会停摆，此后政府推出新经济政策。","importance":2,"lat":3.14,"lng":101.69,"place":"吉隆坡","title_en":"May 13 Incident","desc_en":"Ethnic riots broke out in Kuala Lumpur after Malaysia's general election, causing heavy casualties and suspending parliament; the government then launched the New Economic Policy.","date_label_en":"May 1969","place_en":"Kuala Lumpur"},{"id":"europe-x421","start":1969,"date_label":"1969年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"北海油田开发","desc":"挪威在北海发现埃科菲斯克大油田，英国北海油气也相继开发；挪威后来设立石油基金，发展为全球规模最大的主权财富基金之一。","importance":2,"lat":56.55,"lng":3.21,"place":"埃科菲斯克","title_en":"North Sea Oil Development","desc_en":"Norway discovered the giant Ekofisk field in the North Sea, and Britain's North Sea oil and gas were developed soon after; Norway later created an oil fund that grew into one of the world's largest sovereign wealth funds.","date_label_en":"1969","place_en":"Ekofisk"},{"id":"europe-x422","start":1969,"date_label":"1969年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"协和式客机首飞","desc":"英法联合研制的协和式超音速客机原型机在图卢兹首飞，1976年投入商业运营，巡航速度约两倍音速，2003年退役。","importance":1,"lat":43.6,"lng":1.44,"place":"图卢兹","title_en":"Concorde's First Flight","desc_en":"The prototype of the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner made its first flight in Toulouse; it entered commercial service in 1976, cruised at about twice the speed of sound and was retired in 2003.","date_label_en":"1969","place_en":"Toulouse"},{"id":"latin_america-x106","start":1969,"date_label":"1969年","region":"latin_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"巴西航空工业公司","desc":"巴西政府在圣若泽多斯坎波斯成立巴西航空工业公司，依托航空技术学院人才，后成为世界领先的支线客机制造商，是拉美高技术产业代表。","importance":1,"lat":-23.18,"lng":-45.88,"place":"圣若泽多斯坎波斯","title_en":"Embraer Founded","desc_en":"The Brazilian government founded Embraer in São José dos Campos, drawing on talent from the Aeronautics Institute of Technology; it became a world-leading maker of regional jets and a flagship of Latin American high-tech industry.","date_label_en":"1969","place_en":"São José dos Campos"},{"id":"north_america-x107","start":1969,"date_label":"1969年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"石墙事件","desc":"纽约格林威治村石墙酒吧的同性恋者反抗警察突袭，引发连续数夜冲突，成为现代同性恋权利运动的起点，次年举行首次骄傲游行。","importance":1,"lat":40.73,"lng":-74.0,"place":"纽约","title_en":"Stonewall Uprising","desc_en":"Gay patrons of the Stonewall Inn in New York's Greenwich Village resisted a police raid, sparking several nights of clashes; it became the starting point of the modern gay rights movement, and the first Pride march was held the following year.","date_label_en":"1969","place_en":"New York"},{"id":"southeast_asia-044","start":1970,"end":1990,"date_label":"约1970—1990年代","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"新加坡崛起","desc":"新加坡以吸引跨国公司、发展出口加工业、建设港口与金融中心为核心，经济快速增长，与韩国、台湾、香港并称亚洲四小龙。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Rise of Singapore","desc_en":"By attracting multinationals, developing export manufacturing and building a port and financial center, Singapore grew rapidly and, with South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong, became one of the \"Four Asian Tigers.\"","date_label_en":"c. 1970s–1990s","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-076","start":1970,"date_label":"1970年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"阿斯旺高坝建成","desc":"埃及在苏联援助下建成阿斯旺高坝，形成纳赛尔湖，控制尼罗河洪水并发电，但也带来泥沙与生态问题。","importance":1,"lat":23.97,"lng":32.88,"place":"阿斯旺高坝","title_en":"Aswan High Dam Completed","desc_en":"With Soviet aid, Egypt completed the Aswan High Dam, creating Lake Nasser, controlling the Nile's floods and generating power, but also causing sediment and ecological problems.","date_label_en":"1970","place_en":"Aswan High Dam"},{"id":"global-x055","start":1970,"date_label":"1970年4月","region":"global","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"首个地球日","desc":"1970年4月22日美国约2000万人参与首个地球日活动，推动了美国环保立法，1990年起地球日扩展为全球性环保节日。","importance":1,"title_en":"First Earth Day","desc_en":"About 20 million Americans took part in the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970, spurring U.S. environmental legislation; from 1990 Earth Day became a global environmental observance.","date_label_en":"Apr 1970"},{"id":"east_asia-x469","start":1970,"date_label":"1970年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"东方红一号卫星","desc":"中国第一颗人造地球卫星“东方红一号”由长征一号火箭从酒泉发射成功，播放《东方红》乐曲，中国成为第五个独立发射卫星的国家。","importance":2,"lat":40.96,"lng":100.28,"place":"酒泉卫星发射中心","title_en":"Dong Fang Hong 1 Satellite","desc_en":"China's first artificial satellite, Dong Fang Hong 1, was launched from Jiuquan on a Long March 1 rocket, broadcasting the song \"The East Is Red\"; China became the fifth country to launch a satellite independently.","date_label_en":"1970","place_en":"Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center"},{"id":"east_asia-x470","start":1970,"date_label":"1970年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"京釜高速公路与新村运动","desc":"连接首尔与釜山的京釜高速公路全线通车，全长约428公里；同年朴正熙发起新村运动，改善农村道路、住房与生产条件。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"首尔","title_en":"Gyeongbu Expressway and the Saemaul Movement","desc_en":"The Gyeongbu Expressway linking Seoul and Busan opened along its full length of about 428 km; the same year Park Chung-hee launched the Saemaul (New Village) Movement to improve rural roads, housing and production.","date_label_en":"1970","place_en":"Seoul"},{"id":"east_asia-x471","start":1970,"date_label":"1970年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"大阪世博会","desc":"日本万国博览会在大阪吹田举行，主题为“人类的进步与和谐”，参观人数约六千四百万，冈本太郎的“太阳之塔”成为象征。","importance":2,"lat":34.81,"lng":135.53,"place":"大阪吹田","title_en":"Expo '70 in Osaka","desc_en":"The Japan World Exposition was held in Suita, Osaka, under the theme \"Progress and Harmony for Mankind,\" drawing about 64 million visitors; Okamoto Tarō's Tower of the Sun became its symbol.","date_label_en":"1970","place_en":"Suita, Osaka"},{"id":"south_asia-x175","start":1970,"end":1996,"date_label":"1970—1996年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"\"洪流行动\"白色革命","desc":"由库里安主导的乳业合作社计划将农村牛奶与城市市场连接，印度后来成为世界最大的牛奶生产国，阿穆尔品牌即源于此。","importance":2,"lat":22.56,"lng":72.95,"place":"阿南德","title_en":"Operation Flood (White Revolution)","desc_en":"Led by Verghese Kurien, a dairy cooperative program linked rural milk producers with urban markets, and India eventually became the world's largest milk producer; the Amul brand grew out of it.","date_label_en":"1970–1996","place_en":"Anand"},{"id":"europe-x423","start":1970,"date_label":"1970年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"空中客车成立","desc":"法国与联邦德国组建空中客车工业公司，后有英国、西班牙加入，1972年A300首飞，空客逐渐成为与波音并驾齐驱的民用飞机制造商。","importance":2,"lat":43.63,"lng":1.37,"place":"图卢兹","title_en":"Airbus Founded","desc_en":"France and West Germany formed Airbus Industrie, later joined by Britain and Spain; the A300 first flew in 1972, and Airbus gradually became a civil aircraft maker on par with Boeing.","date_label_en":"1970","place_en":"Toulouse"},{"id":"europe-x424","start":1970,"date_label":"1970年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"勃兰特东方政策","desc":"联邦德国总理勃兰特推行与东欧和解的“东方政策”，签订《华沙条约》时在华沙犹太区起义纪念碑前下跪，承认奥得-尼斯河边界。","importance":2,"lat":52.24,"lng":21.0,"place":"华沙","title_en":"Brandt's Ostpolitik","desc_en":"West German Chancellor Willy Brandt pursued Ostpolitik, reconciliation with Eastern Europe; signing the Treaty of Warsaw, he knelt before the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising memorial, and recognized the Oder–Neisse border.","date_label_en":"1970","place_en":"Warsaw"},{"id":"north_america-x108","start":1970,"date_label":"1970年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"首个世界地球日","desc":"约2000万美国人参加首个地球日活动，同年美国成立环境保护署并修订《清洁空气法》，环境保护进入主流政治议程。","importance":1,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"First Earth Day","desc_en":"About 20 million Americans joined the first Earth Day; the same year the U.S. created the Environmental Protection Agency and amended the Clean Air Act, bringing environmental protection into mainstream politics.","date_label_en":"1970","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"oceania-x050","start":1970,"date_label":"1970年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"斐济独立","desc":"斐济结束英国殖民统治独立，但原住民斐济人与印度裔之间的政治矛盾延续，1987年、2000年和2006年先后发生政变。","importance":1,"lat":-18.14,"lng":178.44,"place":"苏瓦","title_en":"Fijian Independence","desc_en":"Fiji became independent from British colonial rule, but political tension between Indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians persisted, leading to coups in 1987, 2000 and 2006.","date_label_en":"1970","place_en":"Suva"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x100","start":1970,"end":1975,"date_label":"1970–1975年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"坦赞铁路","desc":"中国援建连接坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆与赞比亚卡皮里姆波希的铁路，全长约1860公里，使赞比亚铜出口可绕开白人统治的罗得西亚与南非。","importance":1,"lat":-6.79,"lng":39.21,"place":"达累斯萨拉姆","title_en":"TAZARA Railway","desc_en":"China built a railway of about 1,860 km linking Dar es Salaam in Tanzania with Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia, allowing Zambian copper exports to bypass white-ruled Rhodesia and South Africa.","date_label_en":"1970–1975","place_en":"Dar es Salaam"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x101","start":1970,"date_label":"约1970年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"费拉·库蒂与非洲节拍","desc":"尼日利亚音乐家费拉·库蒂融合约鲁巴音乐、爵士与放克创造“非洲节拍”，歌词抨击军政府腐败，其拉各斯演出场所成为政治与文化抗争的中心。","importance":2,"lat":6.45,"lng":3.39,"place":"拉各斯","title_en":"Fela Kuti and Afrobeat","desc_en":"Nigerian musician Fela Kuti fused Yoruba music, jazz and funk into Afrobeat, with lyrics attacking military corruption; his Lagos venue became a center of political and cultural resistance.","date_label_en":"c. 1970","place_en":"Lagos"},{"id":"global-040","start":1971,"date_label":"1971年8月","region":"global","dims":["经济"],"title":"美元与黄金脱钩","desc":"美国总统尼克松宣布暂停美元兑换黄金，布雷顿森林体系走向瓦解，1973年起主要货币转向浮动汇率，世界进入信用货币时代。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Dollar Delinked from Gold","desc_en":"U.S. President Nixon suspended the convertibility of the dollar into gold, and the Bretton Woods system unraveled; from 1973 major currencies floated, and the world entered the era of fiat money.","date_label_en":"Aug 1971","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"south_asia-050","start":1971,"date_label":"1971年12月","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"孟加拉国独立","desc":"东巴基斯坦宣布独立后遭军事镇压，印度出兵介入第三次印巴战争，12月巴军在达卡投降，孟加拉人民共和国诞生。","importance":3,"lat":23.81,"lng":90.41,"place":"达卡","title_en":"Independence of Bangladesh","desc_en":"East Pakistan declared independence and faced a military crackdown; India intervened in the Third India–Pakistan War, Pakistani forces surrendered in Dhaka in December, and the People's Republic of Bangladesh was born.","date_label_en":"Dec 1971","place_en":"Dhaka"},{"id":"north_america-030","start":1971,"date_label":"1971年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"英特尔4004微处理器","desc":"英特尔推出首款商用单芯片微处理器4004，硅谷半导体产业由此加速，“硅谷”一词也在这一年流行，为个人电脑奠定基础。","importance":2,"lat":37.35,"lng":-121.95,"place":"圣克拉拉（硅谷）","title_en":"Intel 4004 Microprocessor","desc_en":"Intel launched the 4004, the first commercial single-chip microprocessor, accelerating the semiconductor industry; the term \"Silicon Valley\" caught on the same year, and the chip laid the groundwork for personal computers.","date_label_en":"1971","place_en":"Santa Clara (Silicon Valley)"},{"id":"global-x056","start":1971,"date_label":"1971年","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"首封网络电子邮件","desc":"汤姆林森在阿帕网上实现跨主机发送电子邮件，并选用“@”分隔用户与主机，电子邮件成为互联网最早的“杀手级应用”。","importance":2,"title_en":"First Network Email","desc_en":"Ray Tomlinson sent email between hosts on ARPANET, choosing \"@\" to separate user and host; email became the internet's first \"killer app.\"","date_label_en":"1971"},{"id":"east_asia-x472","start":1971,"date_label":"1971年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"恢复联合国合法席位","desc":"第26届联合国大会通过2758号决议，恢复中华人民共和国在联合国的一切合法权利，并成为安理会常任理事国。","importance":2,"lat":40.75,"lng":-73.97,"place":"纽约联合国总部","title_en":"PRC Takes China's UN Seat","desc_en":"The 26th UN General Assembly passed Resolution 2758, restoring all lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations, including its permanent seat on the Security Council.","date_label_en":"1971","place_en":"UN Headquarters, New York"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x110","start":1971,"date_label":"1971年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"马来西亚新经济政策","desc":"马来西亚推行以消除贫困和族群经济重组为目标的新经济政策，在教育、就业和股权上扶持土著，影响至今。","importance":2,"lat":3.14,"lng":101.69,"place":"吉隆坡","title_en":"Malaysia's New Economic Policy","desc_en":"Malaysia launched the New Economic Policy to eradicate poverty and restructure the economy along ethnic lines, favoring the Bumiputera in education, employment and equity ownership; its effects continue today.","date_label_en":"1971","place_en":"Kuala Lumpur"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x200","start":1971,"date_label":"1971年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"卡塔尔北方气田","desc":"卡塔尔近海发现北方气田，与伊朗南帕斯气田相连，为世界最大天然气田；1997年开始液化天然气出口，卡塔尔跃居最富国家之列。","importance":2,"lat":26.0,"lng":51.8,"place":"波斯湾","title_en":"Qatar's North Field","desc_en":"Qatar discovered the offshore North Field, contiguous with Iran's South Pars and together the world's largest natural gas field; LNG exports began in 1997, lifting Qatar into the ranks of the richest countries.","date_label_en":"1971","place_en":"Persian Gulf"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x201","start":1971,"date_label":"1971年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"阿联酋成立","desc":"英国撤出波斯湾后，阿布扎比、迪拜等六个酋长国组成阿拉伯联合酋长国，次年哈伊马角加入，扎耶德出任总统。","importance":2,"lat":24.45,"lng":54.38,"place":"阿布扎比","title_en":"United Arab Emirates Founded","desc_en":"After Britain withdrew from the Persian Gulf, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and four other emirates formed the United Arab Emirates, joined by Ras al-Khaimah the next year, with Sheikh Zayed as president.","date_label_en":"1971","place_en":"Abu Dhabi"},{"id":"latin_america-x107","start":1971,"date_label":"1971年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"智利铜矿国有化","desc":"阿连德政府推动国会一致通过修宪，将丘基卡马塔等大型铜矿收归国有。铜是智利出口命脉，国有化后成立的智利国家铜业公司至今是全球最大产铜企业。","importance":1,"lat":-22.29,"lng":-68.9,"place":"丘基卡马塔","title_en":"Chile Nationalizes Copper","desc_en":"Allende's government won unanimous congressional approval for a constitutional amendment nationalizing large copper mines such as Chuquicamata. Copper was Chile's export lifeline, and Codelco, created after nationalization, remains the world's largest copper producer.","date_label_en":"1971","place_en":"Chuquicamata"},{"id":"oceania-x051","start":1971,"date_label":"1971年","region":"oceania","dims":["文化"],"title":"帕普尼亚图拉画派","desc":"在中澳帕普尼亚定居点，原住民长者在教师杰弗里·巴登协助下把传统沙画图案绘于画板与画布，点画艺术由此兴起，成为当代澳洲原住民艺术运动的起点。","importance":2,"lat":-23.21,"lng":131.92,"place":"帕普尼亚","title_en":"Papunya Tula Art Movement","desc_en":"At the Papunya settlement in Central Australia, Aboriginal elders, helped by teacher Geoffrey Bardon, began painting traditional sand-drawing designs on boards and canvas, giving rise to dot painting and launching the contemporary Aboriginal art movement.","date_label_en":"1971","place_en":"Papunya"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x102","start":1971,"date_label":"1971年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"尼日利亚石油繁荣","desc":"尼日利亚加入石油输出国组织，原油收入在1970年代油价高涨中暴增，联邦财政高度依赖石油，农业出口衰退，尼日尔三角洲环境与冲突问题积累。","importance":1,"lat":4.82,"lng":7.03,"place":"哈科特港","title_en":"Nigerian Oil Boom","desc_en":"Nigeria joined OPEC, and crude oil revenue soared with the high prices of the 1970s; federal finances became heavily dependent on oil, agricultural exports declined, and environmental damage and conflict built up in the Niger Delta.","date_label_en":"1971","place_en":"Port Harcourt"},{"id":"global-x057","start":1972,"date_label":"1972年6月","region":"global","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"斯德哥尔摩人类环境会议","desc":"联合国首次以环境为主题召开大会，通过《人类环境宣言》并设立联合国环境规划署，6月5日由此成为世界环境日。","importance":2,"lat":59.33,"lng":18.07,"place":"瑞典斯德哥尔摩","title_en":"Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment","desc_en":"The UN's first conference focused on the environment adopted the Declaration on the Human Environment and created the UN Environment Programme; June 5 thereby became World Environment Day.","date_label_en":"Jun 1972","place_en":"Stockholm, Sweden"},{"id":"global-x058","start":1972,"date_label":"1972年11月","region":"global","dims":["文化"],"title":"《世界遗产公约》","desc":"联合国教科文组织通过《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》，1978年首批12处遗产入选，至今世界遗产名录已逾1000处。","importance":2,"title_en":"World Heritage Convention","desc_en":"UNESCO adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage; the first 12 sites were inscribed in 1978, and the World Heritage List now exceeds 1,000 sites.","date_label_en":"Nov 1972"},{"id":"global-x059","start":1972,"end":1975,"date_label":"1972—1975年","region":"global","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"《禁止生物武器公约》","desc":"1972年开放签署、1975年生效，是首个全面禁止一整类大规模杀伤性武器的多边裁军条约，禁止发展、生产和储存生物武器。","importance":1,"title_en":"Biological Weapons Convention","desc_en":"Opened for signature in 1972 and in force from 1975, it was the first multilateral disarmament treaty to ban an entire class of weapons of mass destruction, prohibiting the development, production and stockpiling of biological weapons.","date_label_en":"1972–1975"},{"id":"east_asia-x473","start":1972,"date_label":"1972年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"尼克松访华与中日建交","desc":"2月美国总统尼克松访华，中美发表《上海公报》；9月日本首相田中角荣访华，中日发表联合声明实现邦交正常化。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Nixon Visits China; China–Japan Ties Normalized","desc_en":"In February, US President Richard Nixon visited China and the two countries issued the Shanghai Communiqué; in September, Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka visited China, and China and Japan issued a joint statement normalizing diplomatic relations.","date_label_en":"1972","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x474","start":1972,"date_label":"1972年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"冲绳回归","desc":"根据日美协定，美国将冲绳施政权归还日本，但大量美军基地保留，基地问题至今仍是冲绳的重大政治议题。","importance":2,"lat":26.21,"lng":127.68,"place":"冲绳那霸","title_en":"Okinawa Returned to Japan","desc_en":"Under a Japan–US agreement, the United States returned administrative control of Okinawa to Japan, but large numbers of US military bases remained; the base issue is still a major political question in Okinawa today.","date_label_en":"1972","place_en":"Naha, Okinawa"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x111","start":1972,"date_label":"1972年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"槟城半导体产业","desc":"英特尔在槟城设立其首个海外组装厂，随后多家芯片企业进驻自由贸易区，槟城发展为东南亚半导体封测重镇。","importance":2,"lat":5.41,"lng":100.33,"place":"槟城","title_en":"Penang's Semiconductor Industry","desc_en":"Intel set up its first overseas assembly plant in Penang, followed by many chip companies moving into the free trade zone; Penang grew into Southeast Asia's leading hub for semiconductor assembly and testing.","date_label_en":"1972","place_en":"Penang"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x112","start":1972,"date_label":"1972年9月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"马科斯宣布戒严","desc":"菲律宾总统马科斯以共产党叛乱为由宣布全国戒严，解散国会、逮捕反对派，开启长达十余年的独裁统治。","importance":2,"lat":14.59,"lng":120.97,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"Marcos Declares Martial Law","desc_en":"Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos declared nationwide martial law, citing a communist insurgency; he dissolved Congress and arrested the opposition, beginning more than a decade of dictatorship.","date_label_en":"September 1972","place_en":"Manila"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x113","start":1972,"date_label":"1972年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"新加坡首个集装箱码头","desc":"新加坡港务局在丹戎巴葛启用首个集装箱码头，新加坡此后发展为世界最繁忙的集装箱港口之一。","importance":2,"lat":1.27,"lng":103.84,"place":"丹戎巴葛","title_en":"Singapore's First Container Terminal","desc_en":"The Port of Singapore Authority opened its first container terminal at Tanjong Pagar; Singapore went on to become one of the world's busiest container ports.","date_label_en":"1972","place_en":"Tanjong Pagar"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x202","start":1972,"date_label":"1972年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"伊拉克石油国有化","desc":"伊拉克将伊拉克石油公司收归国有，随后石油收入激增，支撑了1970年代的大规模基础设施与社会福利建设。","importance":1,"lat":35.5,"lng":44.4,"place":"基尔库克","title_en":"Iraq Nationalizes Its Oil","desc_en":"Iraq nationalized the Iraq Petroleum Company; oil revenues then soared, funding large-scale infrastructure and social welfare programs in the 1970s.","date_label_en":"1972","place_en":"Kirkuk"},{"id":"north_america-x109","start":1972,"date_label":"1972–1974年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"水门事件","desc":"尼克松竞选团队人员闯入水门大厦民主党总部被捕，《华盛顿邮报》揭露白宫掩盖行为，尼克松于1974年辞职，成为唯一辞职的美国总统。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Watergate Scandal","desc_en":"Members of Nixon's re-election campaign were arrested breaking into the Democratic headquarters at the Watergate complex. The Washington Post exposed the White House cover-up, and Nixon resigned in 1974, the only US president ever to do so.","date_label_en":"1972–1974","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x103","start":1972,"date_label":"1971–1972年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"阿明驱逐亚裔","desc":"伊迪·阿明1971年政变上台，次年限期驱逐数万名南亚裔居民，没收其企业，乌干达经济随之崩溃，阿明政权以残酷镇压闻名，1979年被推翻。","importance":1,"lat":0.35,"lng":32.58,"place":"坎帕拉","title_en":"Idi Amin Expels Asians","desc_en":"Idi Amin seized power in a 1971 coup and the next year gave tens of thousands of South Asian residents a deadline to leave, confiscating their businesses. Uganda's economy collapsed; Amin's regime became notorious for brutal repression and was overthrown in 1979.","date_label_en":"1971–1972","place_en":"Kampala"},{"id":"global-041","start":1973,"date_label":"1973年10月","region":"global","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"第一次石油危机","desc":"第四次中东战争期间，阿拉伯产油国对支持以色列的国家实施石油禁运，油价数月内上涨约四倍，西方经济陷入滞胀。","importance":2,"lat":29.38,"lng":47.99,"place":"科威特城","title_en":"First Oil Crisis","desc_en":"During the Fourth Arab–Israeli War, Arab oil producers imposed an oil embargo on countries supporting Israel. Oil prices roughly quadrupled within months, and Western economies fell into stagflation.","date_label_en":"October 1973","place_en":"Kuwait City"},{"id":"east_asia-102","start":1973,"date_label":"1973年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"杂交水稻培育成功","desc":"袁隆平团队实现籼型杂交水稻“三系”配套，1976年起大面积推广，大幅提高水稻单产，惠及多国。","importance":2,"lat":28.23,"lng":112.94,"place":"湖南长沙","title_en":"Hybrid Rice Developed","desc_en":"Yuan Longping's team achieved the 'three-line' system for indica hybrid rice; from 1976 it was planted on a large scale, greatly raising rice yields and benefiting many countries.","date_label_en":"1973","place_en":"Changsha, Hunan"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-077","start":1973,"date_label":"1973年10月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","军事","经济"],"title":"赎罪日战争与石油危机","desc":"埃及、叙利亚突袭以色列，阿拉伯产油国随后实施石油禁运，油价约涨四倍，冲击西方经济。","importance":3,"lat":30.6,"lng":32.33,"place":"苏伊士运河","title_en":"Yom Kippur War and Oil Crisis","desc_en":"Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel; Arab oil producers then imposed an oil embargo, oil prices roughly quadrupled, and Western economies were hit hard.","date_label_en":"October 1973","place_en":"Suez Canal"},{"id":"latin_america-026","start":1973,"date_label":"1973年9月11日","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"智利军事政变","desc":"皮诺切特发动政变推翻民选总统阿连德，建立军政府独裁并推行新自由主义改革，与阿根廷、巴西等国军政府一同构成拉美军人统治时期。","importance":2,"lat":-33.45,"lng":-70.67,"place":"圣地亚哥","title_en":"Chilean Military Coup","desc_en":"Augusto Pinochet led a coup that overthrew elected president Salvador Allende, establishing a military dictatorship and pursuing neoliberal reforms; together with the juntas of Argentina, Brazil and others, it formed Latin America's era of military rule.","date_label_en":"September 11, 1973","place_en":"Santiago"},{"id":"oceania-016","start":1973,"date_label":"1973年10月","region":"oceania","dims":["文化"],"title":"悉尼歌剧院落成","desc":"丹麦建筑师约恩·伍重设计的悉尼歌剧院以帆形壳顶闻名，历时十余年于1973年落成，2007年列入世界文化遗产。","importance":2,"lat":-33.86,"lng":151.22,"place":"悉尼歌剧院","title_en":"Sydney Opera House Opens","desc_en":"Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon and famous for its sail-like shell roofs, the Sydney Opera House was completed in 1973 after more than a decade of construction; it was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 2007.","date_label_en":"October 1973","place_en":"Sydney Opera House"},{"id":"global-x060","start":1973,"date_label":"1973年4月","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"首次手机通话","desc":"摩托罗拉工程师库珀在纽约街头用原型手持电话拨出首个蜂窝移动电话，1979年日本推出首个商用蜂窝网络，移动通信时代开启。","importance":2,"lat":40.75,"lng":-73.98,"place":"美国纽约","title_en":"First Mobile Phone Call","desc_en":"Motorola engineer Martin Cooper made the first cellular phone call on a prototype handheld phone on a New York street; in 1979 Japan launched the first commercial cellular network, opening the age of mobile communications.","date_label_en":"April 1973","place_en":"New York, USA"},{"id":"east_asia-x475","start":1973,"date_label":"1973年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"浦项制铁投产","desc":"浦项综合制铁所第一座高炉点火投产，韩国钢铁工业起步，此后浦项制铁成长为世界主要钢铁企业之一，支撑造船与汽车工业。","importance":2,"lat":36.02,"lng":129.34,"place":"庆尚北道浦项","title_en":"POSCO Begins Production","desc_en":"The first blast furnace of the Pohang integrated steelworks was fired up, launching South Korea's steel industry; POSCO later grew into one of the world's major steelmakers, underpinning shipbuilding and the auto industry.","date_label_en":"1973","place_en":"Pohang, North Gyeongsang"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x114","start":1973,"date_label":"1973年1月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"巴黎和平协定","desc":"美国、北越、南越和南方临时革命政府签署巴黎协定，美军撤出越南，但南北双方战事并未停止。","importance":2,"lat":10.78,"lng":106.7,"place":"西贡","title_en":"Paris Peace Accords","desc_en":"The United States, North Vietnam, South Vietnam and the Provisional Revolutionary Government signed the Paris Peace Accords; US troops withdrew from Vietnam, but fighting between North and South did not stop.","date_label_en":"January 1973","place_en":"Saigon"},{"id":"inner_asia-x104","start":1973,"date_label":"1973年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"阿富汗废除君主制","desc":"穆罕默德·达乌德趁国王查希尔沙出国之机发动政变，废除君主制建立共和国，阿富汗进入长期动荡。","importance":1,"lat":34.53,"lng":69.17,"place":"喀布尔","title_en":"Afghanistan Abolishes Monarchy","desc_en":"Mohammed Daoud Khan staged a coup while King Zahir Shah was abroad, abolishing the monarchy and founding a republic; Afghanistan entered a long period of turmoil.","date_label_en":"1973","place_en":"Kabul"},{"id":"latin_america-x108","start":1973,"date_label":"1970年代","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"雷鬼乐走向世界","desc":"鲍勃·马利与哭泣者乐队的专辑在1970年代风靡国际，源自牙买加金斯敦的雷鬼乐结合拉斯塔法里信仰与社会抗议，成为第三世界文化的全球代言。","importance":2,"lat":17.97,"lng":-76.79,"place":"金斯敦","title_en":"Reggae Goes Global","desc_en":"Albums by Bob Marley and the Wailers swept the world in the 1970s. Reggae, born in Kingston, Jamaica, blended Rastafarian faith with social protest and became a global voice of Third World culture.","date_label_en":"1970s","place_en":"Kingston"},{"id":"oceania-x052","start":1973,"date_label":"1973年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"废除白澳政策","desc":"惠特拉姆政府正式取消以种族为标准的移民政策，1975年通过《种族歧视法》，此后来自亚洲等地的移民大增，澳洲转向多元文化社会。","importance":2,"lat":-35.28,"lng":149.13,"place":"堪培拉","title_en":"White Australia Policy Abolished","desc_en":"The Whitlam government formally abolished race-based immigration policy, and the Racial Discrimination Act was passed in 1975; immigration from Asia and elsewhere then rose sharply as Australia became a multicultural society.","date_label_en":"1973","place_en":"Canberra"},{"id":"south_asia-051","start":1974,"date_label":"1974年5月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"印度首次核试验","desc":"印度在拉贾斯坦邦博克兰进行代号“微笑的佛陀”的地下核试验，称其为和平核爆，成为联合国五常之外首个进行核试验的国家。","importance":2,"lat":27.08,"lng":71.72,"place":"博克兰","title_en":"India's First Nuclear Test","desc_en":"India carried out an underground nuclear test code-named 'Smiling Buddha' at Pokhran in Rajasthan, calling it a peaceful nuclear explosion; it became the first country outside the five permanent UN Security Council members to conduct a nuclear test.","date_label_en":"May 1974","place_en":"Pokhran"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x115","start":1974,"date_label":"1974年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"淡马锡控股成立","desc":"新加坡政府成立淡马锡控股管理新加坡航空、新电信等国有企业股权，后发展为全球重要的主权投资机构之一。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Temasek Holdings Founded","desc_en":"The Singapore government set up Temasek Holdings to manage its stakes in state-owned firms such as Singapore Airlines and SingTel; it later grew into one of the world's leading sovereign investment firms.","date_label_en":"1974","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"europe-x425","start":1974,"date_label":"1974年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"康乃馨革命","desc":"葡萄牙青年军官发动几乎不流血的政变，推翻萨拉查-卡埃塔诺独裁政权，民众向士兵献上康乃馨，葡萄牙随后放弃非洲殖民地并实现民主化。","importance":2,"lat":38.71,"lng":-9.14,"place":"里斯本","title_en":"Carnation Revolution","desc_en":"Young Portuguese officers staged a nearly bloodless coup that overthrew the Salazar–Caetano dictatorship; people handed carnations to the soldiers. Portugal then gave up its African colonies and became a democracy.","date_label_en":"1974","place_en":"Lisbon"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x104","start":1974,"date_label":"1974年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"埃塞俄比亚革命","desc":"饥荒与通胀引发抗议，军官组成的“德格”废黜海尔·塞拉西，终结所罗门王朝，建立马列主义军政权，随后推行土地国有化并实施“红色恐怖”。","importance":2,"lat":9.03,"lng":38.74,"place":"亚的斯亚贝巴","title_en":"Ethiopian Revolution","desc_en":"Famine and inflation sparked protests; the 'Derg', a committee of military officers, deposed Haile Selassie, ending the Solomonic dynasty and establishing a Marxist–Leninist military regime, which then nationalized land and carried out the 'Red Terror'.","date_label_en":"1974","place_en":"Addis Ababa"},{"id":"southeast_asia-045","start":1975,"date_label":"1975年4月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"西贡解放与越战结束","desc":"北越军队攻占西贡，南越政权投降，延续二十年的越南战争结束；次年越南南北统一，西贡更名胡志明市。","importance":3,"lat":10.78,"lng":106.7,"place":"西贡","title_en":"Fall of Saigon Ends Vietnam War","desc_en":"North Vietnamese forces captured Saigon and the South Vietnamese government surrendered, ending the twenty-year Vietnam War; the next year Vietnam was reunified and Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City.","date_label_en":"April 1975","place_en":"Saigon"},{"id":"southeast_asia-046","start":1975,"end":1979,"date_label":"1975—1979年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"红色高棉统治柬埔寨","desc":"波尔布特领导的红色高棉攻占金边后，强制城市人口下乡、废除货币，实施大规模清洗，约150万至200万人死于处决、饥饿与劳役。","importance":3,"lat":11.56,"lng":104.92,"place":"金边","title_en":"Khmer Rouge Rule in Cambodia","desc_en":"After capturing Phnom Penh, Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge forced city dwellers into the countryside, abolished money and carried out mass purges; about 1.5 to 2 million people died from execution, starvation and forced labor.","date_label_en":"1975–1979","place_en":"Phnom Penh"},{"id":"global-x061","start":1975,"date_label":"1975年11月","region":"global","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"七国集团雏形","desc":"法、美、英、西德、日本、意大利六国领导人在朗布依埃举行首次经济峰会，次年加拿大加入成七国集团，协调石油危机后的全球经济。","importance":2,"lat":48.64,"lng":1.83,"place":"法国朗布依埃","title_en":"Origins of the G7","desc_en":"Leaders of France, the US, the UK, West Germany, Japan and Italy held the first economic summit at Rambouillet; Canada joined the next year, forming the Group of Seven to coordinate the world economy after the oil crisis.","date_label_en":"November 1975","place_en":"Rambouillet, France"},{"id":"south_asia-x176","start":1975,"date_label":"1975年4月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"阿耶波多卫星","desc":"印度首颗人造卫星\"阿耶波多\"由印度自行研制，搭乘苏联火箭发射升空，以古代天文学家阿耶波多命名。","importance":2,"lat":12.97,"lng":77.59,"place":"班加罗尔","title_en":"Aryabhata Satellite","desc_en":"India's first satellite, Aryabhata, was built in India and launched on a Soviet rocket; it was named after the ancient astronomer Aryabhata.","date_label_en":"April 1975","place_en":"Bangalore"},{"id":"south_asia-x177","start":1975,"end":1977,"date_label":"1975—1977年","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"印度紧急状态","desc":"英迪拉·甘地宣布全国紧急状态，中止公民权利、审查新闻、逮捕反对派，1977年大选国大党首次在中央失去政权。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"The Emergency in India","desc_en":"Indira Gandhi declared a national emergency, suspending civil rights, censoring the press and arresting the opposition; in the 1977 election, the Congress Party lost power at the national level for the first time.","date_label_en":"1975–1977","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x116","start":1975,"date_label":"1975年12月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"老挝人民民主共和国","desc":"老挝爱国阵线在内战中取胜后废除君主制，成立老挝人民民主共和国，在万象建立人民革命党领导的社会主义政权。","importance":2,"lat":17.97,"lng":102.63,"place":"万象","title_en":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","desc_en":"After winning the civil war, the Lao Patriotic Front abolished the monarchy and founded the Lao People's Democratic Republic, establishing a socialist government in Vientiane led by the Lao People's Revolutionary Party.","date_label_en":"December 1975","place_en":"Vientiane"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x203","start":1975,"end":1990,"date_label":"1975—1990年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"黎巴嫩内战","desc":"黎巴嫩因教派权力失衡与巴勒斯坦武装问题爆发内战，叙利亚、以色列先后介入，约15万人死亡，1989年塔伊夫协议后结束。","importance":2,"lat":33.89,"lng":35.5,"place":"贝鲁特","title_en":"Lebanese Civil War","desc_en":"Civil war broke out in Lebanon over the sectarian imbalance of power and the issue of Palestinian armed groups; Syria and Israel intervened in turn. About 150,000 people died, and the war ended after the 1989 Taif Agreement.","date_label_en":"1975–1990","place_en":"Beirut"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x204","start":1975,"date_label":"1975年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"绿色进军","desc":"摩洛哥国王哈桑二世组织约35万平民进入西班牙撤出的西撒哈拉，摩洛哥随后控制该地大部，西撒问题延续至今。","importance":1,"lat":27.15,"lng":-13.2,"place":"阿尤恩","title_en":"Green March","desc_en":"Morocco's King Hassan II organized about 350,000 civilians to march into Western Sahara as Spain withdrew; Morocco then took control of most of the territory, and the Western Sahara dispute continues to this day.","date_label_en":"1975","place_en":"Laayoune"},{"id":"europe-x426","start":1975,"date_label":"1975年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"赫尔辛基最后文件","desc":"35国在欧洲安全与合作会议上签署《赫尔辛基最后文件》，承认战后边界并承诺尊重人权，为东欧异见运动提供了依据。","importance":2,"lat":60.17,"lng":24.94,"place":"赫尔辛基","title_en":"Helsinki Final Act","desc_en":"Thirty-five countries signed the Helsinki Final Act at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, recognizing postwar borders and pledging to respect human rights, which gave Eastern European dissident movements a basis to stand on.","date_label_en":"1975","place_en":"Helsinki"},{"id":"europe-x427","start":1975,"date_label":"1975年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"欧洲航天局成立","desc":"欧洲航天研究组织与运载火箭研究组织合并为欧洲航天局，总部设于巴黎，1979年阿丽亚娜火箭首飞，欧洲获得独立进入太空的能力。","importance":2,"lat":48.85,"lng":2.3,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"European Space Agency Founded","desc_en":"The European Space Research Organisation and the European Launcher Development Organisation merged into the European Space Agency, headquartered in Paris; the Ariane rocket first flew in 1979, giving Europe independent access to space.","date_label_en":"1975","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"europe-x428","start":1975,"end":1978,"date_label":"1975–1978年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"西班牙民主转型","desc":"佛朗哥去世后，国王胡安·卡洛斯一世与苏亚雷斯政府推动改革，1977年举行大选，1978年公投通过民主宪法，西班牙和平过渡为议会君主制。","importance":2,"lat":40.42,"lng":-3.7,"place":"马德里","title_en":"Spain's Transition to Democracy","desc_en":"After Franco's death, King Juan Carlos I and the Suárez government pushed through reforms; elections were held in 1977 and a democratic constitution was approved by referendum in 1978, as Spain peacefully became a parliamentary monarchy.","date_label_en":"1975–1978","place_en":"Madrid"},{"id":"north_america-x110","start":1975,"date_label":"1975年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"微软创立","desc":"比尔·盖茨与保罗·艾伦在阿尔伯克基创立微软，最初为Altair电脑编写BASIC解释器，后凭MS-DOS与Windows主导个人电脑软件市场。","importance":2,"lat":35.08,"lng":-106.65,"place":"阿尔伯克基","title_en":"Microsoft Founded","desc_en":"Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft in Albuquerque, first writing a BASIC interpreter for the Altair computer; with MS-DOS and Windows it later came to dominate the personal computer software market.","date_label_en":"1975","place_en":"Albuquerque"},{"id":"oceania-x053","start":1975,"date_label":"1975年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"巴布亚新几内亚独立","desc":"巴布亚新几内亚结束澳大利亚管理独立，迈克尔·索马雷出任首任总理，这个拥有八百多种语言的国家是世界语言最多样的国家之一。","importance":2,"lat":-9.44,"lng":147.18,"place":"莫尔斯比港","title_en":"Papua New Guinea Independence","desc_en":"Papua New Guinea became independent from Australian administration, with Michael Somare as its first prime minister; with more than 800 languages, it is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.","date_label_en":"1975","place_en":"Port Moresby"},{"id":"oceania-x054","start":1975,"date_label":"1975年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"怀唐伊法庭","desc":"新西兰设立怀唐伊法庭调查政府违反《怀唐伊条约》的行为，同年毛利土地大游行抵达惠灵顿，此后政府陆续向各部落赔偿土地与资金。","importance":1,"lat":-41.29,"lng":174.78,"place":"惠灵顿","title_en":"Waitangi Tribunal","desc_en":"New Zealand set up the Waitangi Tribunal to investigate government breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi; the same year the Māori Land March reached Wellington, and the government later began compensating tribes with land and money.","date_label_en":"1975","place_en":"Wellington"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x105","start":1975,"date_label":"1975年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"莫桑比克与安哥拉独立","desc":"葡萄牙革命后，莫桑比克与安哥拉于1975年相继独立，但随即陷入内战，美苏、南非与古巴等外部势力介入，成为冷战在非洲的主要战场。","importance":1,"lat":-25.97,"lng":32.57,"place":"马普托","title_en":"Mozambique and Angola Independence","desc_en":"After Portugal's revolution, Mozambique and Angola became independent in 1975, but both quickly fell into civil war; outside powers including the US, the USSR, South Africa and Cuba intervened, making them major Cold War battlegrounds in Africa.","date_label_en":"1975","place_en":"Maputo"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x106","start":1975,"date_label":"1975年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"西非国家经济共同体","desc":"15个西非国家在拉各斯签约成立西非国家经济共同体，致力于区域贸易与人员自由流动，后来也承担维和与调解政变等安全职能。","importance":1,"lat":6.45,"lng":3.39,"place":"拉各斯","title_en":"ECOWAS Founded","desc_en":"Fifteen West African states signed a treaty in Lagos founding the Economic Community of West African States to promote regional trade and the free movement of people; it later also took on security roles such as peacekeeping and mediating after coups.","date_label_en":"1975","place_en":"Lagos"},{"id":"north_america-031","start":1976,"end":1981,"date_label":"1976—1981年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"个人电脑兴起","desc":"乔布斯与沃兹尼亚克1976年创立苹果，1977年推出Apple II，1981年IBM推出个人电脑，微软提供操作系统，电脑走进家庭与办公室。","importance":2,"lat":37.32,"lng":-122.03,"place":"库比蒂诺（硅谷）","title_en":"Rise of the Personal Computer","desc_en":"Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak founded Apple in 1976 and launched the Apple II in 1977; in 1981 IBM introduced its personal computer with an operating system from Microsoft, bringing computers into homes and offices.","date_label_en":"1976–1981","place_en":"Cupertino (Silicon Valley)"},{"id":"south_asia-x178","start":1976,"date_label":"1976年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"塔贝拉大坝","desc":"巴基斯坦印度河上的塔贝拉大坝建成，是世界上填筑量最大的土石坝之一，用于灌溉和水电。","importance":1,"lat":34.09,"lng":72.7,"place":"塔贝拉","title_en":"Tarbela Dam","desc_en":"Pakistan completed the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River, one of the world's largest earth- and rock-fill dams by volume, used for irrigation and hydropower.","date_label_en":"1976","place_en":"Tarbela"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x117","start":1976,"date_label":"1976年7月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"帕拉帕卫星","desc":"印尼发射帕拉帕A1通信卫星，成为首个拥有国内卫星通信系统的发展中国家，改善了群岛间的电话与电视通讯。","importance":2,"lat":-6.18,"lng":106.83,"place":"雅加达","title_en":"Palapa Satellite","desc_en":"Indonesia launched the Palapa A1 communications satellite, becoming the first developing country with a domestic satellite communications system and improving telephone and television links across the archipelago.","date_label_en":"July 1976","place_en":"Jakarta"},{"id":"latin_america-x109","start":1976,"end":1983,"date_label":"1976–1983年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"阿根廷“肮脏战争”","desc":"阿根廷军政府绑架、酷刑并秘密杀害异见人士，约3万人“失踪”，“五月广场母亲”每周在总统府前游行寻找子女，成为人权运动的象征。","importance":2,"lat":-34.6,"lng":-58.38,"place":"布宜诺斯艾利斯","title_en":"Argentina's 'Dirty War'","desc_en":"Argentina's military junta abducted, tortured and secretly killed dissidents; about 30,000 people 'disappeared'. The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo marched every week in front of the presidential palace in search of their children and became a symbol of the human rights movement.","date_label_en":"1976–1983","place_en":"Buenos Aires"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x107","start":1976,"date_label":"1976年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"索韦托起义","desc":"索韦托学生抗议强制以阿非利卡语授课，遭警察开枪镇压，13岁的赫克托·彼得森遇难，抗议蔓延全国，数百人死亡，成为反种族隔离斗争的转折点。","importance":2,"lat":-26.24,"lng":27.86,"place":"索韦托","title_en":"Soweto Uprising","desc_en":"Soweto students protesting compulsory teaching in Afrikaans were shot at by police; 13-year-old Hector Pieterson was killed. The protests spread nationwide and hundreds died, making it a turning point in the struggle against apartheid.","date_label_en":"1976","place_en":"Soweto"},{"id":"global-x062","start":1977,"end":2012,"date_label":"1977—2012年","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"旅行者号飞出日球层","desc":"1977年发射的旅行者1号与2号飞掠木星、土星等，2012年旅行者1号成为首个进入星际空间的人造物体，携带记录人类文明的金唱片。","importance":2,"title_en":"Voyager Leaves the Heliosphere","desc_en":"Launched in 1977, Voyager 1 and 2 flew past Jupiter, Saturn and other planets; in 2012 Voyager 1 became the first human-made object to enter interstellar space, carrying a Golden Record of human civilization.","date_label_en":"1977–2012"},{"id":"east_asia-x476","start":1977,"date_label":"1977年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"恢复高考","desc":"中断十余年的高考制度恢复，当年冬季约570万人参加考试，录取约27万人，改变了一代人的命运，也为现代化建设储备了人才。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"College Entrance Exam Restored","desc_en":"The gaokao, suspended for more than ten years, was restored; that winter about 5.7 million people sat the exam and about 270,000 were admitted. It changed the fate of a generation and built up talent for modernization.","date_label_en":"1977","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"europe-x429","start":1977,"date_label":"1977年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"七七宪章","desc":"捷克斯洛伐克知识分子发表《七七宪章》，要求政府遵守其签署的人权条约，剧作家哈维尔是发起人之一，后成为天鹅绒革命的领导者。","importance":1,"lat":50.09,"lng":14.42,"place":"布拉格","title_en":"Charter 77","desc_en":"Czechoslovak intellectuals issued Charter 77, demanding that the government honor the human rights treaties it had signed; playwright Václav Havel, one of its initiators, later led the Velvet Revolution.","date_label_en":"1977","place_en":"Prague"},{"id":"north_america-x111","start":1977,"date_label":"1977年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"阿拉斯加输油管","desc":"1968年普拉德霍湾发现北美最大油田，1977年全长约1300公里的阿拉斯加输油管建成，将原油从北极海岸输送至瓦尔迪兹港。","importance":1,"lat":70.26,"lng":-148.34,"place":"普拉德霍湾","title_en":"Trans-Alaska Pipeline","desc_en":"North America's largest oil field was discovered at Prudhoe Bay in 1968; in 1977 the roughly 1,300 km Trans-Alaska Pipeline was completed, carrying crude oil from the Arctic coast to the port of Valdez.","date_label_en":"1977","place_en":"Prudhoe Bay"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x108","start":1977,"date_label":"1977年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"绿带运动","desc":"旺加里·马塔伊发起绿带运动，组织农村妇女植树，至今种植数千万棵树，把环境保护与妇女权益、民主运动结合，她于2004年获诺贝尔和平奖。","importance":1,"lat":-1.29,"lng":36.82,"place":"内罗毕","title_en":"Green Belt Movement","desc_en":"Wangari Maathai launched the Green Belt Movement, organizing rural women to plant trees—tens of millions to date—linking environmental protection with women's rights and the democracy movement; she won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004.","date_label_en":"1977","place_en":"Nairobi"},{"id":"east_asia-103","start":1978,"date_label":"1978年12月","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","政治","经济"],"title":"改革开放","desc":"中共十一届三中全会决定把工作重点转移到经济建设上来，实行改革开放，农村逐步推行家庭联产承包责任制。","importance":3,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京","title_en":"Reform and Opening Up","desc_en":"The Third Plenum of the 11th CPC Central Committee decided to shift the focus of work to economic development and adopt reform and opening up; the household responsibility system was gradually introduced in the countryside.","date_label_en":"December 1978","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"global-x063","start":1978,"date_label":"1978年7月","region":"global","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"首例试管婴儿诞生","desc":"路易丝·布朗在英国奥尔德姆诞生，是爱德华兹与斯特普托研发的体外受精技术的首例成功，此后全球已有逾千万人经此诞生。","importance":2,"lat":53.54,"lng":-2.12,"place":"英国奥尔德姆","title_en":"First IVF Baby Born","desc_en":"Louise Brown was born in Oldham, England, the first success of the in vitro fertilization technique developed by Edwards and Steptoe; more than ten million people worldwide have since been born this way.","date_label_en":"July 1978","place_en":"Oldham, UK"},{"id":"east_asia-x477","start":1978,"date_label":"1978年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"小岗村包产到户","desc":"安徽凤阳小岗村18户农民按下手印，秘密实行“分田到户”，当年粮食大丰收；此后家庭联产承包责任制在全国推广。","importance":3,"lat":32.82,"lng":117.88,"place":"安徽凤阳小岗村","title_en":"Xiaogang Village Divides the Land","desc_en":"Eighteen farming households in Xiaogang Village, Fengyang, Anhui, pressed their thumbprints on a pact to secretly divide farmland among households; that year's grain harvest was a bumper one, and the household responsibility system later spread nationwide.","date_label_en":"1978","place_en":"Xiaogang Village, Fengyang, Anhui"},{"id":"south_asia-x179","start":1978,"date_label":"1978年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"孟加拉成衣业起步","desc":"孟加拉企业与韩国大宇合作培训工人、出口衬衫，成衣业由此起步，后发展为孟加拉最大出口产业，雇用数百万工人。","importance":2,"lat":22.36,"lng":91.78,"place":"吉大港","title_en":"Bangladesh Garment Industry Begins","desc_en":"A Bangladeshi firm partnered with South Korea's Daewoo to train workers and export shirts, launching the garment industry, which grew into Bangladesh's largest export sector, employing millions of workers.","date_label_en":"1978","place_en":"Chittagong"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x118","start":1978,"end":1989,"date_label":"1978—1989年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"越南出兵柬埔寨","desc":"越南出兵推翻红色高棉政权，1979年1月攻占金边扶植新政府，此后在柬驻军至1989年。","importance":2,"lat":11.56,"lng":104.92,"place":"金边","title_en":"Vietnam Invades Cambodia","desc_en":"Vietnam sent troops to overthrow the Khmer Rouge, capturing Phnom Penh in January 1979 and installing a new government; Vietnamese troops remained in Cambodia until 1989.","date_label_en":"1978–1989","place_en":"Phnom Penh"},{"id":"inner_asia-x105","start":1978,"date_label":"1978年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"巴克特里亚宝藏","desc":"苏阿考古队在希比尔甘附近的蒂拉丘地发掘出约两万件金饰，属约公元1世纪的游牧贵族墓，阿富汗战乱中被秘密保存。","importance":2,"lat":36.63,"lng":65.77,"place":"蒂拉丘地","title_en":"Bactrian Gold","desc_en":"A Soviet–Afghan archaeological team at Tillya Tepe near Sheberghan unearthed about 20,000 gold ornaments from graves of nomadic nobles of around the 1st century CE; the hoard was secretly preserved through Afghanistan's wars.","date_label_en":"1978","place_en":"Tillya Tepe"},{"id":"europe-x430","start":1978,"date_label":"1978年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"首例试管婴儿","desc":"英国医生斯特普托与生理学家爱德华兹通过体外受精技术，使路易丝·布朗在奥尔德姆诞生，她是世界上第一个试管婴儿。","importance":2,"lat":53.54,"lng":-2.12,"place":"奥尔德姆","title_en":"First Test-Tube Baby","desc_en":"British doctor Patrick Steptoe and physiologist Robert Edwards used in vitro fertilization to bring about the birth of Louise Brown in Oldham, the world's first test-tube baby.","date_label_en":"1978","place_en":"Oldham"},{"id":"oceania-x055","start":1978,"date_label":"1978年","region":"oceania","dims":["科技"],"title":"多通道人工耳蜗","desc":"墨尔本大学的格雷姆·克拉克团队完成多通道人工耳蜗的首次植入手术，后来商业化推广，使全球数十万重度失聪者恢复了部分听力。","importance":1,"lat":-37.81,"lng":144.96,"place":"墨尔本","title_en":"Multichannel Cochlear Implant","desc_en":"Graeme Clark's team at the University of Melbourne performed the first multichannel cochlear implant surgery; later commercialized, it has restored partial hearing to hundreds of thousands of profoundly deaf people worldwide.","date_label_en":"1978","place_en":"Melbourne"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-078","start":1979,"date_label":"1979年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","政治","文化"],"title":"伊朗伊斯兰革命","desc":"巴列维国王被推翻，霍梅尼建立伊斯兰共和国，随后发生美国使馆人质危机，政治伊斯兰影响力上升。","importance":3,"lat":35.69,"lng":51.39,"place":"德黑兰","title_en":"Iranian Islamic Revolution","desc_en":"The Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, was overthrown and Khomeini established an Islamic Republic; the US embassy hostage crisis followed, and the influence of political Islam rose.","date_label_en":"1979","place_en":"Tehran"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-079","start":1979,"date_label":"1979年3月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"埃以和约","desc":"埃及与以色列在美国斡旋下签署和约（源于1978年戴维营协议），埃及成为首个承认以色列的阿拉伯国家。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty","desc_en":"Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty brokered by the United States (stemming from the 1978 Camp David Accords), making Egypt the first Arab country to recognize Israel.","date_label_en":"March 1979","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"global-x064","start":1979,"end":1980,"date_label":"1979—1980年","region":"global","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"第二次石油危机","desc":"伊朗革命与两伊战争导致原油供应中断，油价约翻倍，引发欧美滞胀，促使各国发展核电、提高能效并寻找非中东油源。","importance":2,"title_en":"Second Oil Crisis","desc_en":"The Iranian Revolution and the Iran–Iraq War disrupted crude supplies and oil prices roughly doubled, causing stagflation in Europe and America and spurring countries to develop nuclear power, improve energy efficiency and seek oil sources outside the Middle East.","date_label_en":"1979–1980"},{"id":"east_asia-x478","start":1979,"date_label":"1979年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"中美建交","desc":"1979年1月1日中华人民共和国与美国正式建立外交关系，邓小平随后访美，中美关系进入新阶段。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"China and the US Establish Relations","desc_en":"On January 1, 1979, the People's Republic of China and the United States formally established diplomatic relations; Deng Xiaoping then visited the US, and Sino-American relations entered a new stage.","date_label_en":"1979","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x479","start":1979,"date_label":"1979年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"索尼随身听","desc":"索尼推出便携式磁带播放机Walkman，开创个人随身听音乐的生活方式，成为日本电子产品称雄世界的象征。","importance":2,"lat":35.62,"lng":139.74,"place":"东京","title_en":"Sony Walkman","desc_en":"Sony launched the Walkman portable cassette player, creating the lifestyle of personal music on the go and becoming a symbol of Japanese electronics' world dominance.","date_label_en":"1979","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"south_asia-x180","start":1979,"date_label":"1979年","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"阿卜杜勒·萨拉姆获诺奖","desc":"巴基斯坦物理学家阿卜杜勒·萨拉姆因电弱统一理论与格拉肖、温伯格共获诺贝尔物理学奖，是首位获科学类诺奖的穆斯林。","importance":2,"lat":31.55,"lng":74.34,"place":"拉合尔","title_en":"Abdus Salam Wins the Nobel Prize","desc_en":"Pakistani physicist Abdus Salam shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Glashow and Weinberg for electroweak unification theory, becoming the first Muslim to win a Nobel Prize in science.","date_label_en":"1979","place_en":"Lahore"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x119","start":1979,"date_label":"1979年2—3月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"中越边境战争","desc":"中国军队进攻越南北部边境，攻占谅山等地后于3月撤军，此后中越边境冲突断续持续约十年，1991年两国关系正常化。","importance":2,"lat":21.85,"lng":106.76,"place":"谅山","title_en":"Sino-Vietnamese Border War","desc_en":"Chinese troops attacked Vietnam's northern border, captured Lạng Sơn and other places, and withdrew in March; border clashes continued on and off for about a decade, and relations were normalized in 1991.","date_label_en":"February–March 1979","place_en":"Lạng Sơn"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x205","start":1979,"date_label":"1979年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"麦加禁寺事件","desc":"武装分子占领麦加禁寺约两周，沙特在外国协助下平息事件，此后沙特转而强化宗教保守政策。","importance":1,"lat":21.42,"lng":39.83,"place":"麦加","title_en":"Grand Mosque Seizure","desc_en":"Armed militants occupied the Grand Mosque in Mecca for about two weeks; Saudi Arabia ended the siege with foreign help and afterward shifted toward stronger religious conservatism.","date_label_en":"1979","place_en":"Mecca"},{"id":"inner_asia-x106","start":1979,"end":1989,"date_label":"1979—1989年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"苏联阿富汗战争","desc":"苏联出兵阿富汗扶持亲苏政权，遭各派穆贾希丁抵抗，美国等支援反苏武装，战争持续近十年，加剧苏联危机。","importance":3,"lat":34.53,"lng":69.17,"place":"喀布尔","title_en":"Soviet–Afghan War","desc_en":"The Soviet Union sent troops into Afghanistan to prop up a pro-Soviet government and met resistance from various mujahideen factions backed by the US and others; the war lasted nearly ten years and deepened the Soviet crisis.","date_label_en":"1979–1989","place_en":"Kabul"},{"id":"europe-x431","start":1979,"date_label":"1979年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"撒切尔主义","desc":"撒切尔就任英国首相，推行国企私有化、削弱工会、放松管制与控制货币供应，与美国里根经济学共同掀起新自由主义改革浪潮。","importance":2,"lat":51.5,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Thatcherism","desc_en":"Margaret Thatcher became British prime minister and pursued privatization of state firms, weakened trade unions, deregulated and controlled the money supply; together with Reaganomics in the US, it set off a wave of neoliberal reform.","date_label_en":"1979","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-x432","start":1979,"date_label":"1979年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"欧洲货币体系","desc":"欧共体建立欧洲货币体系，设立欧洲货币单位（埃居）和汇率机制，把成员国货币汇率限定在一定区间内波动，是欧元的前身。","importance":1,"lat":50.85,"lng":4.35,"place":"布鲁塞尔","title_en":"European Monetary System","desc_en":"The European Community created the European Monetary System, with the European Currency Unit (ECU) and an exchange rate mechanism keeping member currencies within set bands; it was the forerunner of the euro.","date_label_en":"1979","place_en":"Brussels"},{"id":"latin_america-x110","start":1979,"date_label":"1979年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"桑地诺革命","desc":"桑地诺民族解放阵线推翻索摩查家族四十余年的独裁统治，此后美国支持的“反政府军”与桑解阵内战，1990年桑解阵在大选中失利交出政权。","importance":2,"lat":12.13,"lng":-86.25,"place":"马那瓜","title_en":"Sandinista Revolution","desc_en":"The Sandinista National Liberation Front overthrew the Somoza family's more than 40-year dictatorship; a civil war followed between the US-backed Contras and the Sandinistas, who lost the 1990 election and handed over power.","date_label_en":"1979","place_en":"Managua"},{"id":"global-042","start":1980,"date_label":"1980年5月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"天花被根除","desc":"世界卫生大会宣布天花在全球被消灭，这是人类首次通过疫苗接种和监测彻底消灭一种传染病，最后一例自然病例出现在1977年索马里。","importance":2,"lat":46.23,"lng":6.13,"place":"日内瓦世卫总部","title_en":"Smallpox Eradicated","desc_en":"The World Health Assembly declared smallpox eradicated worldwide—the first time humanity had completely wiped out an infectious disease through vaccination and surveillance. The last natural case occurred in Somalia in 1977.","date_label_en":"May 1980","place_en":"WHO Headquarters, Geneva"},{"id":"east_asia-104","start":1980,"date_label":"1980年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"设立经济特区","desc":"中国设立深圳、珠海、汕头、厦门经济特区，以优惠政策吸引外资，深圳由边陲小镇发展为超大城市。","importance":2,"lat":22.54,"lng":114.06,"place":"深圳","title_en":"Special Economic Zones Created","desc_en":"China set up special economic zones in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen, attracting foreign investment with preferential policies; Shenzhen grew from a small border town into a megacity.","date_label_en":"1980","place_en":"Shenzhen"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-080","start":1980,"end":1988,"date_label":"1980—1988年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事"],"title":"两伊战争","desc":"萨达姆领导的伊拉克入侵伊朗，战争持续八年，双方伤亡数十万人，并大量使用化学武器，最终未分胜负。","importance":2,"lat":30.44,"lng":48.17,"place":"霍拉姆沙赫尔","title_en":"Iran–Iraq War","desc_en":"Saddam Hussein's Iraq invaded Iran; the war lasted eight years, with hundreds of thousands of casualties on both sides and widespread use of chemical weapons, and ended without a victor.","date_label_en":"1980–1988","place_en":"Khorramshahr"},{"id":"east_asia-x480","start":1980,"date_label":"1980年5月","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"光州民主化运动","desc":"全斗焕新军部扩大戒严后，光州市民和学生举行示威，遭空降部队血腥镇压，造成大量伤亡，成为韩国民主化运动的转折点。","importance":2,"lat":35.16,"lng":126.85,"place":"光州","title_en":"Gwangju Uprising","desc_en":"After Chun Doo-hwan's new military leadership expanded martial law, citizens and students in Gwangju demonstrated and were bloodily suppressed by paratroopers, with heavy casualties; it became a turning point in South Korea's democratization movement.","date_label_en":"May 1980","place_en":"Gwangju"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x120","start":1980,"date_label":"1980年7月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"范遵进入太空","desc":"越南空军飞行员范遵搭乘苏联联盟37号飞船进入太空并在礼炮6号空间站工作，成为第一位进入太空的亚洲人。","importance":2,"lat":45.96,"lng":63.31,"place":"拜科努尔","title_en":"Phạm Tuân Goes to Space","desc_en":"Vietnamese Air Force pilot Phạm Tuân flew into space aboard the Soviet Soyuz 37 and worked on the Salyut 6 space station, becoming the first Asian in space.","date_label_en":"July 1980","place_en":"Baikonur"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x121","start":1980,"date_label":"1980年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"布鲁岛四部曲","desc":"作家普拉姆迪亚在布鲁岛政治犯营中构思的《人世间》出版，\"布鲁岛四部曲\"描绘印尼民族觉醒，曾在国内遭禁。","importance":2,"lat":-3.4,"lng":126.67,"place":"布鲁岛","title_en":"The Buru Quartet","desc_en":"This Earth of Mankind, conceived by writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer in a political prison camp on Buru Island, was published; the 'Buru Quartet' portrays Indonesia's national awakening and was once banned at home.","date_label_en":"1980","place_en":"Buru Island"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x206","start":1980,"date_label":"1980年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"沙特全资收购阿美","desc":"沙特政府完成对阿美石油公司的全资收购，1988年成立沙特阿拉伯国家石油公司，成为世界最大石油生产企业。","importance":2,"lat":26.29,"lng":50.12,"place":"达兰","title_en":"Saudi Arabia Takes Full Ownership of Aramco","desc_en":"The Saudi government completed its full takeover of the Aramco oil company, and in 1988 the Saudi Arabian Oil Company was formed, becoming the world's largest oil producer.","date_label_en":"1980","place_en":"Dhahran"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x207","start":1980,"date_label":"1980年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"厄扎尔经济自由化","desc":"土耳其推出“1月24日决定”，转向出口导向与市场化，在厄扎尔主导下开放外贸与资本流动，奠定此后经济增长基础。","importance":1,"lat":39.93,"lng":32.86,"place":"安卡拉","title_en":"Özal's Economic Liberalization","desc_en":"Turkey issued the 'January 24 Decisions', shifting to export-led, market-based policies; under Turgut Özal it opened foreign trade and capital flows, laying the groundwork for later growth.","date_label_en":"1980","place_en":"Ankara"},{"id":"europe-x433","start":1980,"date_label":"1980年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"团结工会","desc":"格但斯克列宁造船厂罢工后，电工瓦文萨领导成立独立自治工会“团结工会”，成员一度近千万，是东欧剧变的先声。","importance":2,"lat":54.35,"lng":18.65,"place":"格但斯克","title_en":"Solidarity","desc_en":"After strikes at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, electrician Lech Wałęsa led the founding of the independent self-governing trade union 'Solidarity', whose membership at one point neared ten million; it was a harbinger of the revolutions in Eastern Europe.","date_label_en":"1980","place_en":"Gdańsk"},{"id":"latin_america-x111","start":1980,"end":1992,"date_label":"1980–1992年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"萨尔瓦多内战","desc":"罗梅罗大主教在弥撒中遇刺后，萨尔瓦多政府军与法拉本多·马蒂民族解放阵线爆发内战，约7.5万人死亡，1992年在联合国斡旋下签署和平协议。","importance":2,"lat":13.69,"lng":-89.22,"place":"圣萨尔瓦多","title_en":"Salvadoran Civil War","desc_en":"After Archbishop Óscar Romero was assassinated while saying Mass, civil war broke out between El Salvador's government forces and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front; about 75,000 people died, and a peace agreement was signed in 1992 under UN mediation.","date_label_en":"1980–1992","place_en":"San Salvador"},{"id":"latin_america-x112","start":1980,"end":1992,"date_label":"1980–1992年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"光辉道路","desc":"毛派组织“光辉道路”在秘鲁阿亚库乔发动武装斗争，与政府军的冲突造成约7万人死亡，1992年其领导人古斯曼在利马被捕，组织随之瓦解。","importance":1,"lat":-13.16,"lng":-74.22,"place":"阿亚库乔","title_en":"Shining Path","desc_en":"The Maoist group Shining Path launched an armed struggle in Ayacucho, Peru; its conflict with government forces killed about 70,000 people. Its leader Abimael Guzmán was captured in Lima in 1992, and the group then collapsed.","date_label_en":"1980–1992","place_en":"Ayacucho"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x109","start":1980,"date_label":"1980年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"津巴布韦独立","desc":"经过解放战争和兰开斯特宫谈判，津巴布韦独立，穆加贝出任总理，后长期执政至2017年，2000年代的土地改革与恶性通胀使经济严重受损。","importance":1,"lat":-17.83,"lng":31.05,"place":"哈拉雷","title_en":"Zimbabwe Independence","desc_en":"After a liberation war and the Lancaster House talks, Zimbabwe became independent with Robert Mugabe as prime minister; he ruled until 2017, and land reform and hyperinflation in the 2000s badly damaged the economy.","date_label_en":"1980","place_en":"Harare"},{"id":"global-x065","start":1981,"date_label":"1981年6月","region":"global","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"艾滋病首次报告","desc":"美国疾控中心1981年6月首次报告后被确认为艾滋病的病例，1983年分离出致病病毒HIV，此病已在全球造成逾4000万人死亡。","importance":3,"title_en":"AIDS First Reported","desc_en":"In June 1981 the US CDC first reported cases later identified as AIDS; the causative virus, HIV, was isolated in 1983. The disease has since killed more than 40 million people worldwide.","date_label_en":"June 1981"},{"id":"south_asia-x181","start":1981,"date_label":"1981年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"印孚瑟斯创立","desc":"纳拉亚纳·穆尔蒂等七人在浦那创立印孚瑟斯，后迁往班加罗尔，成为印度软件服务业代表企业，1999年在纳斯达克上市。","importance":2,"lat":12.97,"lng":77.59,"place":"班加罗尔","title_en":"Infosys Founded","desc_en":"N. R. Narayana Murthy and six others founded Infosys in Pune; it later moved to Bangalore, became a flagship of India's software services industry, and listed on NASDAQ in 1999.","date_label_en":"1981","place_en":"Bangalore"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x122","start":1981,"date_label":"1981年7月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"樟宜机场启用","desc":"新加坡樟宜机场在填海土地上建成启用，取代巴耶利峇机场，后发展为东南亚最重要的航空枢纽之一。","importance":2,"lat":1.36,"lng":103.99,"place":"樟宜","title_en":"Changi Airport Opens","desc_en":"Singapore's Changi Airport opened on reclaimed land, replacing Paya Lebar Airport, and grew into one of Southeast Asia's most important aviation hubs.","date_label_en":"July 1981","place_en":"Changi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x208","start":1981,"date_label":"1981年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"海湾合作委员会","desc":"沙特、科威特、巴林、卡塔尔、阿联酋与阿曼在阿布扎比成立海湾合作委员会，协调安全与经济政策，后建立关税同盟。","importance":2,"lat":24.45,"lng":54.38,"place":"阿布扎比","title_en":"Gulf Cooperation Council","desc_en":"Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the UAE and Oman founded the Gulf Cooperation Council in Abu Dhabi to coordinate security and economic policy; it later established a customs union.","date_label_en":"1981","place_en":"Abu Dhabi"},{"id":"north_america-x112","start":1981,"date_label":"1981年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"航天飞机首飞","desc":"“哥伦比亚号”航天飞机首次发射，是第一种可部分重复使用的载人航天器，此后执行135次任务，部署哈勃望远镜并参与国际空间站建设。","importance":1,"lat":28.61,"lng":-80.6,"place":"肯尼迪航天中心","title_en":"First Space Shuttle Flight","desc_en":"The Space Shuttle Columbia launched for the first time—the first partly reusable crewed spacecraft. The shuttles went on to fly 135 missions, deploying the Hubble Space Telescope and helping build the International Space Station.","date_label_en":"1981","place_en":"Kennedy Space Center"},{"id":"north_america-x114","start":1981,"date_label":"1981年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"里根经济学","desc":"里根就任总统，推行大规模减税、放松管制与压缩社会开支，美联储沃尔克以高利率遏制通胀，新自由主义经济政策影响西方数十年。","importance":1,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Reaganomics","desc_en":"Ronald Reagan became president and pushed large tax cuts, deregulation and cuts to social spending, while Fed chair Paul Volcker curbed inflation with high interest rates; neoliberal economic policy shaped the West for decades.","date_label_en":"1981","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"latin_america-027","start":1982,"end":1989,"date_label":"1982—1989年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"拉美债务危机","desc":"1982年墨西哥宣布无力偿还外债，危机波及整个拉美，各国被迫接受紧缩与结构调整，经济停滞，1980年代被称为“失去的十年”。","importance":2,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"墨西哥城","title_en":"Latin American Debt Crisis","desc_en":"In 1982 Mexico declared it could not service its foreign debt; the crisis spread across Latin America, forcing countries to accept austerity and structural adjustment. Economies stagnated, and the 1980s became known as the 'lost decade'.","date_label_en":"1982–1989","place_en":"Mexico City"},{"id":"latin_america-x113","start":1982,"date_label":"1982年","region":"latin_america","dims":["军事"],"title":"马岛战争","desc":"阿根廷军政府出兵占领马尔维纳斯群岛（福克兰群岛），英国派特混舰队远征，74天后阿军投降，战败加速了阿根廷军政府的垮台。","importance":2,"lat":-51.7,"lng":-57.85,"place":"斯坦利港","title_en":"Falklands War","desc_en":"Argentina's military junta seized the Malvinas (Falkland Islands); Britain sent a task force, and Argentine forces surrendered after 74 days. The defeat hastened the junta's fall.","date_label_en":"1982","place_en":"Stanley"},{"id":"north_america-x115","start":1982,"date_label":"1982年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"加拿大宪法回归","desc":"英国议会通过《1982年加拿大法》，修宪权移交加拿大，新宪法纳入《权利与自由宪章》并承认原住民权利，但魁北克未签署。","importance":2,"lat":45.42,"lng":-75.7,"place":"渥太华","title_en":"Patriation of Canada's Constitution","desc_en":"The British Parliament passed the Canada Act 1982, transferring the power to amend the constitution to Canada; the new constitution included the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and recognized Indigenous rights, but Quebec did not sign on.","date_label_en":"1982","place_en":"Ottawa"},{"id":"south_asia-052","start":1983,"end":2009,"date_label":"1983—2009年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"斯里兰卡内战","desc":"泰米尔伊拉姆猛虎解放组织与政府军爆发内战，持续二十余年，造成数万乃至十余万人死亡，2009年政府军最终击败猛虎组织。","importance":2,"lat":9.66,"lng":80.01,"place":"贾夫纳","title_en":"Sri Lankan Civil War","desc_en":"Civil war broke out between the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and government forces, lasting more than twenty years and killing tens of thousands, perhaps more than 100,000; government forces finally defeated the Tigers in 2009.","date_label_en":"1983–2009","place_en":"Jaffna"},{"id":"global-x066","start":1983,"date_label":"1983年1月","region":"global","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"阿帕网切换TCP/IP","desc":"1983年1月1日阿帕网全面改用瑟夫与卡恩设计的TCP/IP协议，不同网络得以互联互通，这一天常被视为互联网的正式诞生日。","importance":3,"title_en":"ARPANET Switches to TCP/IP","desc_en":"On January 1, 1983, ARPANET fully switched to the TCP/IP protocols designed by Cerf and Kahn, allowing different networks to interconnect; the day is often regarded as the official birth of the Internet.","date_label_en":"January 1983"},{"id":"east_asia-x481","start":1983,"date_label":"1983年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"任天堂红白机","desc":"京都任天堂公司推出家用游戏机Family Computer，1985年《超级马力欧兄弟》风靡全球，日本游戏产业走向世界。","importance":2,"lat":34.97,"lng":135.76,"place":"京都","title_en":"Nintendo Famicom","desc_en":"Kyoto-based Nintendo launched the Family Computer home console; Super Mario Bros. became a worldwide hit in 1985, and Japan's video game industry went global.","date_label_en":"1983","place_en":"Kyoto"},{"id":"south_asia-x182","start":1983,"date_label":"1983年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"格莱珉银行","desc":"穆罕默德·尤努斯将小额信贷试验发展为格莱珉银行，向农村贫困妇女提供无抵押贷款，2006年与银行共获诺贝尔和平奖。","importance":2,"lat":23.81,"lng":90.41,"place":"达卡","title_en":"Grameen Bank","desc_en":"Muhammad Yunus developed his microcredit experiment into Grameen Bank, offering collateral-free loans to poor rural women; he and the bank shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.","date_label_en":"1983","place_en":"Dhaka"},{"id":"south_asia-x183","start":1983,"date_label":"1983年6月","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"印度夺板球世界杯","desc":"卡皮尔·德夫率印度队在洛德板球场决赛击败西印度群岛，首获板球世界杯，板球从此成为印度全民运动和巨大产业。","importance":1,"lat":51.53,"lng":-0.17,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"India Wins the Cricket World Cup","desc_en":"Kapil Dev led India to beat the West Indies in the final at Lord's, winning the Cricket World Cup for the first time; cricket thereafter became India's national passion and a huge industry.","date_label_en":"June 1983","place_en":"London"},{"id":"latin_america-x114","start":1983,"date_label":"1983–1990年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"南美恢复民主","desc":"阿根廷1983年选出阿方辛结束军政府，巴西1985年恢复文人政府，智利1988年公投否决皮诺切特续任，南美进入民主化浪潮。","importance":2,"lat":-34.6,"lng":-58.38,"place":"布宜诺斯艾利斯","title_en":"Democracy Returns to South America","desc_en":"Argentina elected Raúl Alfonsín in 1983, ending military rule; Brazil restored civilian government in 1985; and in 1988 Chileans voted in a referendum against extending Pinochet's rule, as South America entered a wave of democratization.","date_label_en":"1983–1990","place_en":"Buenos Aires"},{"id":"oceania-x056","start":1983,"date_label":"1983年","region":"oceania","dims":["经济"],"title":"澳元自由浮动","desc":"霍克—基廷政府让澳元自由浮动并放开金融管制，随后降低关税、推行私有化，与劳资“协议”一起开启澳洲的市场化改革。","importance":2,"lat":-35.28,"lng":149.13,"place":"堪培拉","title_en":"Australian Dollar Floated","desc_en":"The Hawke–Keating government floated the Australian dollar and deregulated finance, then cut tariffs and privatized; together with the Prices and Incomes Accord with unions, this launched Australia's market reforms.","date_label_en":"1983","place_en":"Canberra"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x110","start":1983,"date_label":"1983–1987年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"桑卡拉革命","desc":"托马斯·桑卡拉执政上沃尔特并改国名为布基纳法索，推行疫苗接种、植树、扫盲和妇女权益，主张自力更生与减免外债，1987年在政变中遇害。","importance":1,"lat":12.37,"lng":-1.53,"place":"瓦加杜古","title_en":"Sankara's Revolution","desc_en":"Thomas Sankara took power in Upper Volta and renamed it Burkina Faso, promoting vaccination, tree planting, literacy and women's rights and advocating self-reliance and debt relief; he was killed in a coup in 1987.","date_label_en":"1983–1987","place_en":"Ouagadougou"},{"id":"south_asia-053","start":1984,"date_label":"1984年12月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"博帕尔毒气泄漏","desc":"联合碳化物公司在博帕尔的农药厂泄漏异氰酸甲酯毒气，数千人在短期内死亡、数十万人受害，是史上最严重的工业灾难之一。","importance":2,"lat":23.28,"lng":77.41,"place":"博帕尔","title_en":"Bhopal Gas Disaster","desc_en":"Union Carbide's pesticide plant in Bhopal leaked methyl isocyanate gas; thousands died within a short time and hundreds of thousands were harmed, one of the worst industrial disasters in history.","date_label_en":"December 1984","place_en":"Bhopal"},{"id":"east_asia-x482","start":1984,"date_label":"1984年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"中英联合声明","desc":"中英两国政府签署关于香港问题的联合声明，确认中国于1997年7月1日对香港恢复行使主权，以“一国两制”方针保持香港繁荣稳定。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Sino-British Joint Declaration","desc_en":"The Chinese and British governments signed the Joint Declaration on the question of Hong Kong, confirming that China would resume sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 1, 1997, and maintain its prosperity and stability under 'one country, two systems'.","date_label_en":"1984","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"south_asia-x184","start":1984,"date_label":"1984年6—10月","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"蓝星行动与总理遇刺","desc":"印度军队强攻阿姆利则金庙清剿锡克武装，造成大量伤亡；同年10月英迪拉·甘地被锡克族卫兵刺杀，德里随后发生反锡克骚乱。","importance":2,"lat":31.62,"lng":74.88,"place":"阿姆利则","title_en":"Operation Blue Star and Indira Gandhi's Assassination","desc_en":"The Indian Army stormed the Golden Temple in Amritsar to root out Sikh militants, causing heavy casualties; in October that year Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards, and anti-Sikh riots followed in Delhi.","date_label_en":"June–October 1984","place_en":"Amritsar"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x123","start":1984,"date_label":"1984年1月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"文莱独立","desc":"文莱结束近百年的英国保护地地位而完全独立，苏丹哈山纳·博尔基亚兼任首相，同年加入东盟。","importance":2,"lat":4.89,"lng":114.94,"place":"斯里巴加湾","title_en":"Brunei Independence","desc_en":"Brunei ended nearly a century as a British protectorate and became fully independent, with Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah also serving as prime minister; it joined ASEAN the same year.","date_label_en":"January 1984","place_en":"Bandar Seri Begawan"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x124","start":1984,"date_label":"1984年12月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"马尼拉轻轨","desc":"马尼拉轻轨1号线开通，高架线路贯穿大马尼拉南北交通要道，是东南亚第一条城市轨道交通线路。","importance":1,"lat":14.59,"lng":120.98,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"Manila Light Rail","desc_en":"Manila's LRT Line 1 opened, an elevated line running along a main north–south corridor of Metro Manila; it was Southeast Asia's first urban rail transit line.","date_label_en":"December 1984","place_en":"Manila"},{"id":"oceania-x057","start":1984,"date_label":"1984年","region":"oceania","dims":["经济"],"title":"罗杰经济学","desc":"新西兰工党政府财长罗杰·道格拉斯推行激进的市场化改革，取消农业补贴、放开汇率、出售国企，新西兰从高度管制的经济转向开放经济。","importance":2,"lat":-41.29,"lng":174.78,"place":"惠灵顿","title_en":"Rogernomics","desc_en":"Roger Douglas, finance minister in New Zealand's Labour government, carried out radical market reforms—ending farm subsidies, floating the currency and selling state enterprises—turning a highly regulated economy into an open one.","date_label_en":"1984","place_en":"Wellington"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x111","start":1984,"date_label":"1983–1985年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"埃塞俄比亚大饥荒","desc":"干旱叠加内战与强制移民政策，埃塞俄比亚北部爆发大饥荒，数十万人死亡。电视报道震动世界，催生“拯救生命”演唱会等大规模国际援助。","importance":2,"lat":13.5,"lng":39.47,"place":"默克莱","title_en":"Ethiopian Famine","desc_en":"Drought combined with civil war and forced resettlement caused a great famine in northern Ethiopia, killing hundreds of thousands. Television reports shocked the world and inspired large-scale international aid such as the Live Aid concerts.","date_label_en":"1983–1985","place_en":"Mek'ele"},{"id":"east_asia-105","start":1985,"end":1991,"date_label":"1985–1991年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"日本泡沫经济","desc":"广场协议后日元大幅升值，宽松货币政策催生股市与地价泡沫，日经指数1989年末达38915点，此后泡沫破裂。","importance":3,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.76,"place":"东京","title_en":"Japan's Bubble Economy","desc_en":"After the Plaza Accord the yen rose sharply, and loose monetary policy inflated stock and land price bubbles; the Nikkei reached 38,915 at the end of 1989, after which the bubble burst.","date_label_en":"1985–1991","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"global-x067","start":1985,"end":1987,"date_label":"1985—1987年","region":"global","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"臭氧层空洞与蒙特利尔议定书","desc":"英国南极调查局1985年报告南极上空臭氧层大幅减少，1987年《蒙特利尔议定书》限制氟氯烃，被视为最成功的全球环境条约。","importance":2,"lat":45.5,"lng":-73.57,"place":"加拿大蒙特利尔","title_en":"Ozone Hole and the Montreal Protocol","desc_en":"In 1985 the British Antarctic Survey reported a severe depletion of the ozone layer over Antarctica; the 1987 Montreal Protocol restricted CFCs and is regarded as the most successful global environmental treaty.","date_label_en":"1985–1987","place_en":"Montreal, Canada"},{"id":"global-x068","start":1985,"date_label":"1985年7月","region":"global","dims":["文化"],"title":"拯救生命演唱会","desc":"为援助埃塞俄比亚饥荒，“拯救生命”演唱会在伦敦与费城同步举行，经卫星向全球约150个国家直播，开创全球慈善音乐会模式。","importance":1,"lat":51.56,"lng":-0.28,"place":"英国伦敦","title_en":"Live Aid","desc_en":"To aid victims of the Ethiopian famine, Live Aid concerts were held simultaneously in London and Philadelphia and broadcast by satellite to about 150 countries, pioneering the global charity concert.","date_label_en":"July 1985","place_en":"London, UK"},{"id":"east_asia-x483","start":1985,"date_label":"1985年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"广场协议","desc":"美、日、西德、英、法五国财长在纽约广场饭店达成联合干预汇市的协议，日元大幅升值，日本为应对衰退实行宽松政策，诱发泡沫。","importance":2,"lat":40.76,"lng":-73.97,"place":"纽约","title_en":"Plaza Accord","desc_en":"Finance ministers of the US, Japan, West Germany, the UK and France agreed at New York's Plaza Hotel to jointly intervene in currency markets; the yen rose sharply, and Japan's loose policies to counter recession fueled a bubble.","date_label_en":"1985","place_en":"New York"},{"id":"south_asia-x185","start":1985,"date_label":"1985年12月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"南亚区域合作联盟","desc":"印度、巴基斯坦、孟加拉、斯里兰卡、尼泊尔、不丹和马尔代夫在达卡成立南盟，阿富汗于2007年加入。","importance":2,"lat":23.81,"lng":90.41,"place":"达卡","title_en":"SAARC Founded","desc_en":"India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives founded the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation in Dhaka; Afghanistan joined in 2007.","date_label_en":"December 1985","place_en":"Dhaka"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x125","start":1985,"date_label":"1985年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"宝腾首款国产车","desc":"马来西亚国营车企宝腾与三菱合作推出首款国产车萨加，马哈蒂尔以此推动重工业化政策。","importance":1,"lat":3.07,"lng":101.52,"place":"莎阿南","title_en":"Proton's First National Car","desc_en":"Malaysia's state carmaker Proton, in partnership with Mitsubishi, launched the first national car, the Saga, which Mahathir used to drive his heavy industrialization policy.","date_label_en":"1985","place_en":"Shah Alam"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x209","start":1985,"date_label":"1985年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"杰贝阿里自由区","desc":"迪拜设立杰贝阿里自由区，配合深水港与同年成立的阿联酋航空，迪拜由此发展为区域转口贸易、航运与航空枢纽。","importance":2,"lat":25.01,"lng":55.06,"place":"迪拜","title_en":"Jebel Ali Free Zone","desc_en":"Dubai created the Jebel Ali Free Zone; together with its deep-water port and Emirates airline, founded the same year, Dubai grew into a regional hub for re-export trade, shipping and aviation.","date_label_en":"1985","place_en":"Dubai"},{"id":"europe-x434","start":1985,"date_label":"1985年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"戈尔巴乔夫改革","desc":"戈尔巴乔夫出任苏共中央总书记，推行“改革”与“公开性”，放松言论管制并尝试经济改革，客观上加速了东欧剧变与苏联解体。","importance":2,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"Gorbachev's Reforms","desc_en":"Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and launched perestroika and glasnost, loosening controls on speech and attempting economic reform, which in effect hastened the upheavals in Eastern Europe and the Soviet collapse.","date_label_en":"1985","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"europe-x435","start":1985,"date_label":"1985年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"申根协定","desc":"法、西德、比、荷、卢五国在卢森堡申根小镇签署协定，逐步取消共同边界的人员检查，申根区后来扩展至二十多个国家。","importance":2,"lat":49.47,"lng":6.37,"place":"申根","title_en":"Schengen Agreement","desc_en":"France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg signed an agreement in the Luxembourg village of Schengen to gradually abolish checks at their common borders; the Schengen Area later grew to more than twenty countries.","date_label_en":"1985","place_en":"Schengen"},{"id":"europe-x436","start":1985,"date_label":"1985年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"ARM处理器诞生","desc":"英国剑桥的艾康电脑公司研制出第一枚ARM精简指令集处理器，其低功耗架构后来主导智能手机与移动设备芯片市场。","importance":2,"lat":52.21,"lng":0.09,"place":"剑桥","title_en":"Birth of the ARM Processor","desc_en":"Acorn Computers in Cambridge, England, developed the first ARM reduced-instruction-set processor; its low-power architecture later came to dominate chips for smartphones and mobile devices.","date_label_en":"1985","place_en":"Cambridge"},{"id":"oceania-x058","start":1985,"date_label":"1985年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"“彩虹勇士号”事件","desc":"法国特工在奥克兰港炸沉绿色和平组织船只“彩虹勇士号”，一名摄影师遇难，新西兰随后于1987年立法宣布无核区，禁止核动力及核武器舰船入港。","importance":1,"lat":-36.84,"lng":174.77,"place":"奥克兰","title_en":"Rainbow Warrior Bombing","desc_en":"French agents sank the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in Auckland harbor, killing a photographer; in 1987 New Zealand legislated a nuclear-free zone, banning nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed ships from its ports.","date_label_en":"1985","place_en":"Auckland"},{"id":"oceania-x059","start":1985,"date_label":"1985年","region":"oceania","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"乌鲁鲁归还","desc":"澳大利亚政府将乌鲁鲁—卡塔丘塔国家公园的土地所有权归还阿南古人，后者租回给政府共同管理，2019年起禁止游客攀登乌鲁鲁。","importance":1,"lat":-25.34,"lng":131.04,"place":"乌鲁鲁","title_en":"Uluru Handed Back","desc_en":"The Australian government returned ownership of Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park to the Aṉangu, who leased it back to the government for joint management; climbing Uluru has been banned since 2019.","date_label_en":"1985","place_en":"Uluru"},{"id":"southeast_asia-047","start":1986,"date_label":"1986年12月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"越南革新开放","desc":"越共六大提出革新政策，由计划经济转向社会主义导向的市场经济，开放外资与私营经济，越南此后成为高速增长的制造业基地。","importance":3,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.85,"place":"河内","title_en":"Đổi Mới Reforms in Vietnam","desc_en":"The Sixth Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam adopted the Đổi Mới (Renovation) policy, shifting from a planned economy to a socialist-oriented market economy and opening to foreign investment and private business; Vietnam then became a fast-growing manufacturing base.","date_label_en":"December 1986","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"europe-107","start":1986,"date_label":"1986年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"切尔诺贝利核事故","desc":"苏联乌克兰切尔诺贝利核电站4号机组爆炸，放射性物质扩散至欧洲大片地区，是史上最严重的核事故之一。","importance":2,"lat":51.39,"lng":30.1,"place":"切尔诺贝利","title_en":"Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster","desc_en":"Reactor No. 4 at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in Soviet Ukraine exploded, spreading radioactive material across large parts of Europe; it is one of the worst nuclear accidents in history.","date_label_en":"1986","place_en":"Chernobyl"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x126","start":1986,"date_label":"1986年2月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"人民力量革命","desc":"菲律宾民众聚集在马尼拉乙沙大道和平示威，军方倒戈，马科斯流亡，科拉松·阿基诺就任总统。","importance":2,"lat":14.59,"lng":121.06,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"People Power Revolution","desc_en":"Filipinos gathered for peaceful demonstrations on EDSA in Manila; the military defected, Marcos went into exile, and Corazon Aquino became president.","date_label_en":"February 1986","place_en":"Manila"},{"id":"inner_asia-x107","start":1986,"date_label":"1986年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"阿拉木图十二月事件","desc":"苏共以俄罗斯族人取代哈萨克族领导人库纳耶夫，引发阿拉木图青年抗议并遭镇压，被视为苏联晚期最早的民族抗议之一。","importance":1,"lat":43.24,"lng":76.95,"place":"阿拉木图","title_en":"Jeltoqsan Unrest in Almaty","desc_en":"The Soviet Communist Party replaced Kazakh leader Dinmukhamed Kunaev with an ethnic Russian, sparking youth protests in Almaty that were suppressed; it is seen as one of the earliest ethnic protests of the late Soviet era.","date_label_en":"1986","place_en":"Almaty"},{"id":"europe-x437","start":1986,"date_label":"1986年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"伦敦金融“大爆炸”","desc":"撒切尔政府一举放开伦敦证券交易所的固定佣金与会员限制，引入电子交易，伦敦金融城迅速国际化，巩固了全球金融中心地位。","importance":2,"lat":51.51,"lng":-0.09,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"London's 'Big Bang'","desc_en":"The Thatcher government abolished fixed commissions and membership restrictions at the London Stock Exchange in one stroke and introduced electronic trading; the City of London rapidly internationalized, cementing its status as a global financial center.","date_label_en":"1986","place_en":"London"},{"id":"europe-x438","start":1986,"date_label":"1986年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"和平号空间站","desc":"苏联发射和平号空间站核心舱，此后逐步组装成首个模块化长期载人空间站，在轨运行15年，创造了人类连续驻留太空的纪录。","importance":1,"lat":55.92,"lng":37.82,"place":"科罗廖夫","title_en":"Mir Space Station","desc_en":"The Soviet Union launched the core module of the Mir space station, which was gradually assembled into the first modular long-term crewed station; it stayed in orbit for 15 years and set the record for continuous human presence in space.","date_label_en":"1986","place_en":"Korolyov"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x112","start":1986,"date_label":"1986年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"索因卡获诺贝尔奖","desc":"尼日利亚剧作家沃莱·索因卡获诺贝尔文学奖，成为首位获此奖的非洲黑人作家，其作品融合约鲁巴神话与现代戏剧，并长期批判军政府。","importance":1,"lat":7.15,"lng":3.35,"place":"阿贝奥库塔","title_en":"Soyinka Wins the Nobel Prize","desc_en":"Nigerian playwright Wole Soyinka won the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first Black African writer to do so; his work blends Yoruba mythology with modern drama and long criticized military rule.","date_label_en":"1986","place_en":"Abeokuta"},{"id":"east_asia-106","start":1987,"date_label":"1987年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"台积电创立","desc":"张忠谋在台湾创办台积电，首创专业晶圆代工模式，后来成长为全球最大的芯片代工企业，引领先进制程。","importance":2,"lat":24.78,"lng":121.01,"place":"新竹科学园区","title_en":"TSMC Founded","desc_en":"Morris Chang founded TSMC in Taiwan, pioneering the dedicated foundry model; it grew into the world's largest contract chipmaker and a leader in advanced process technology.","date_label_en":"1987","place_en":"Hsinchu Science Park"},{"id":"east_asia-107","start":1987,"date_label":"1987年6月","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"韩国民主化","desc":"韩国爆发六月民主抗争，迫使当局接受总统直选等民主化要求，次年汉城（今首尔）成功举办奥运会。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"首尔","title_en":"South Korea Democratizes","desc_en":"South Korea's June Democratic Struggle forced the authorities to accept democratic demands such as direct presidential elections; the following year Seoul successfully hosted the Olympic Games.","date_label_en":"June 1987","place_en":"Seoul"},{"id":"global-x069","start":1987,"date_label":"1987年10月","region":"global","dims":["经济"],"title":"黑色星期一股灾","desc":"1987年10月19日道琼斯指数单日暴跌22.6%，创历史最大单日跌幅，股灾迅速蔓延至全球主要股市，凸显金融市场的全球联动。","importance":2,"lat":40.71,"lng":-74.01,"place":"美国纽约","title_en":"Black Monday Crash","desc_en":"On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones index plunged 22.6% in a single day, the largest one-day drop in its history; the crash quickly spread to major stock markets worldwide, highlighting the global interconnection of financial markets.","date_label_en":"October 1987","place_en":"New York, USA"},{"id":"east_asia-x484","start":1987,"date_label":"1987年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"台湾解除戒严","desc":"台湾当局宣布解除自1949年起实施的戒严令，随后开放党禁、报禁并开放民众赴大陆探亲，两岸民间往来恢复。","importance":2,"lat":25.03,"lng":121.56,"place":"台北","title_en":"Taiwan Lifts Martial Law","desc_en":"Taiwan's authorities lifted the martial law in force since 1949, then legalized new parties and newspapers and allowed residents to visit relatives on the mainland, restoring civilian exchanges across the Strait.","date_label_en":"1987","place_en":"Taipei"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x127","start":1987,"date_label":"1987年11月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"新加坡地铁通车","desc":"新加坡大众快速交通系统首段通车，此后形成覆盖全岛的地铁网络，配合公共住房实现交通导向的城市规划。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Singapore MRT Opens","desc_en":"The first section of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit system opened, later growing into an island-wide metro network that, together with public housing, enabled transit-oriented urban planning.","date_label_en":"November 1987","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x210","start":1987,"date_label":"1987年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"第一次巴勒斯坦大起义","desc":"加沙与约旦河西岸爆发反对以色列占领的民众起义，哈马斯在此期间成立，起义推动了此后的奥斯陆和谈。","importance":2,"lat":31.5,"lng":34.47,"place":"加沙","title_en":"First Intifada","desc_en":"A popular uprising against Israeli occupation broke out in Gaza and the West Bank; Hamas was founded during this period, and the uprising helped bring about the later Oslo peace talks.","date_label_en":"1987","place_en":"Gaza"},{"id":"north_america-x116","start":1987,"date_label":"1987年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"黑色星期一","desc":"1987年10月19日道琼斯指数单日暴跌22.6%，是史上最大单日跌幅，程序化交易被认为加剧了抛售，美联储注资稳定市场。","importance":1,"lat":40.71,"lng":-74.01,"place":"华尔街","title_en":"Black Monday","desc_en":"On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones index plunged 22.6% in a single day, the largest one-day drop ever; program trading was thought to have worsened the selloff, and the Federal Reserve injected liquidity to stabilize markets.","date_label_en":"1987","place_en":"Wall Street"},{"id":"global-x070","start":1988,"date_label":"1988年","region":"global","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"政府间气候变化专门委员会成立","desc":"世界气象组织与联合国环境规划署设立IPCC，定期评估气候变化科学，其报告成为国际气候谈判的科学依据，2007年获诺贝尔和平奖。","importance":2,"title_en":"IPCC Established","desc_en":"The World Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Programme set up the IPCC to regularly assess climate science; its reports became the scientific basis of international climate negotiations, and it won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.","date_label_en":"1988"},{"id":"global-x071","start":1988,"date_label":"1988年","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"全球根除脊灰行动","desc":"世界卫生大会发起全球根除脊髓灰质炎行动，当年约35万例，至2020年代野生脊灰病例已减少逾99%，仅在少数国家残存。","importance":1,"title_en":"Global Polio Eradication Initiative","desc_en":"The World Health Assembly launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative; there were about 350,000 cases that year, and by the 2020s wild polio cases had fallen by more than 99%, persisting in only a few countries.","date_label_en":"1988"},{"id":"east_asia-x485","start":1988,"date_label":"1988年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"汉城奥运会","desc":"第24届夏季奥运会在汉城举行，159个国家和地区参加，东西方阵营国家再度同场竞技，标志着韩国走向国际舞台。","importance":2,"lat":37.52,"lng":127.12,"place":"首尔奥林匹克公园","title_en":"Seoul Olympics","desc_en":"The 24th Summer Olympics were held in Seoul with 159 countries and regions taking part; athletes from the Eastern and Western blocs competed together again, marking South Korea's arrival on the world stage.","date_label_en":"1988","place_en":"Seoul Olympic Park"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x128","start":1988,"date_label":"1988年4月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"越南\"十号决议\"","desc":"越南共产党政治局通过关于农业管理的十号决议，承认农户为基本经营单位，越南随后从粮食进口国变为世界主要大米出口国。","importance":2,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.84,"place":"河内","title_en":"Vietnam's 'Resolution 10'","desc_en":"The Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam passed Resolution 10 on agricultural management, recognizing farm households as the basic production unit; Vietnam then went from a food importer to one of the world's leading rice exporters.","date_label_en":"April 1988","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x129","start":1988,"date_label":"1988年9月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"FPT公司创立","desc":"一批越南科学家在河内创立食品加工技术公司，后改为FPT，发展为越南最大的信息技术与软件外包企业。","importance":1,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.84,"place":"河内","title_en":"FPT Founded","desc_en":"A group of Vietnamese scientists in Hanoi founded the Food Processing Technology Company, later renamed FPT, which grew into Vietnam's largest IT and software outsourcing company.","date_label_en":"September 1988","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x130","start":1988,"date_label":"1988年8月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"缅甸\"8888\"民主运动","desc":"缅甸爆发全国性反军政府示威，军队开枪镇压造成大量死亡，昂山素季崛起成为反对派领袖。","importance":2,"lat":16.84,"lng":96.17,"place":"仰光","title_en":"Myanmar's 8888 Uprising","desc_en":"Nationwide protests against military rule broke out in Myanmar (Burma); troops opened fire, killing large numbers, and Aung San Suu Kyi emerged as the opposition leader.","date_label_en":"August 1988","place_en":"Yangon"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x211","start":1988,"date_label":"1988年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事"],"title":"哈拉布贾化武袭击","desc":"两伊战争末期，伊拉克军队用化学武器袭击库尔德城镇哈拉布贾，约五千平民遇难，是针对平民最严重的化武袭击之一。","importance":2,"lat":35.18,"lng":45.99,"place":"哈拉布贾","title_en":"Halabja Chemical Attack","desc_en":"Near the end of the Iran–Iraq War, Iraqi forces attacked the Kurdish town of Halabja with chemical weapons, killing about 5,000 civilians—one of the worst chemical attacks on civilians.","date_label_en":"1988","place_en":"Halabja"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x212","start":1988,"date_label":"1988年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"马哈富兹获诺贝尔奖","desc":"埃及作家纳吉布·马哈富兹以“开罗三部曲”等作品获诺贝尔文学奖，是首位获此奖的阿拉伯语作家。","importance":1,"lat":30.05,"lng":31.24,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Mahfouz Wins the Nobel Prize","desc_en":"Egyptian writer Naguib Mahfouz won the Nobel Prize in Literature for works including the Cairo Trilogy, becoming the first Arabic-language writer to receive it.","date_label_en":"1988","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x213","start":1988,"date_label":"1988年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"以色列发射首颗卫星","desc":"以色列用自研沙维特火箭将“地平线1号”卫星送入轨道，成为少数具备独立发射卫星能力的国家之一。","importance":1,"lat":31.88,"lng":34.69,"place":"帕勒马希姆","title_en":"Israel Launches Its First Satellite","desc_en":"Israel put the Ofeq-1 satellite into orbit with its domestically developed Shavit rocket, becoming one of the few countries able to launch satellites independently.","date_label_en":"1988","place_en":"Palmachim"},{"id":"latin_america-x115","start":1988,"date_label":"1988年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"奇科·门德斯遇害","desc":"亚马孙橡胶采集工领袖奇科·门德斯因组织工人抵抗砍伐雨林被大农场主杀害，事件引发国际社会对亚马孙毁林问题的关注，后设立采集保护区。","importance":1,"lat":-10.65,"lng":-68.5,"place":"沙普里","title_en":"Chico Mendes Murdered","desc_en":"Chico Mendes, leader of the Amazon rubber tappers, was killed by a rancher for organizing workers to resist rainforest clearing; his death drew international attention to Amazon deforestation, and extractive reserves were later created.","date_label_en":"1988","place_en":"Xapuri"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x113","start":1988,"date_label":"1987–1988年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事"],"title":"奎托夸纳瓦莱战役","desc":"安哥拉政府军与古巴部队在奎托夸纳瓦莱抵挡南非军队进攻，战局胶着促成1988年纽约协议：古巴撤军、南非撤出安哥拉并允许纳米比亚独立。","importance":1,"lat":-15.16,"lng":19.17,"place":"奎托夸纳瓦莱","title_en":"Battle of Cuito Cuanavale","desc_en":"Angolan government troops and Cuban forces held off a South African offensive at Cuito Cuanavale; the stalemate led to the 1988 New York Accords: Cuba withdrew its troops, South Africa left Angola and agreed to Namibian independence.","date_label_en":"1987–1988","place_en":"Cuito Cuanavale"},{"id":"global-043","start":1989,"end":1991,"date_label":"1989—1991年","region":"global","dims":["综合","科技","文化"],"title":"万维网诞生","desc":"欧洲核子研究中心的伯纳斯-李于1989年提出万维网构想，1991年向公众开放，网页与超链接让互联网走向大众，改变信息、商业与社交。","importance":3,"lat":46.23,"lng":6.05,"place":"欧洲核子研究中心","title_en":"Birth of the World Wide Web","desc_en":"Tim Berners-Lee at CERN proposed the World Wide Web in 1989 and it opened to the public in 1991; web pages and hyperlinks brought the Internet to the masses, transforming information, commerce and social life.","date_label_en":"1989–1991","place_en":"CERN"},{"id":"global-044","start":1989,"end":1991,"date_label":"1989—1991年","region":"global","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"冷战结束与苏联解体","desc":"1989年柏林墙倒塌、东欧剧变，1991年12月苏联解体为15个独立国家，两极格局终结，美国成为唯一的超级大国。","importance":3,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.4,"place":"柏林","title_en":"End of the Cold War and Soviet Collapse","desc_en":"In 1989 the Berlin Wall fell and Eastern Europe was transformed; in December 1991 the Soviet Union broke up into 15 independent states, ending the bipolar world order and leaving the United States as the sole superpower.","date_label_en":"1989–1991","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"europe-108","start":1989,"end":1990,"date_label":"1989—1990年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","综合"],"title":"东欧剧变与两德统一","desc":"波兰、匈牙利、东德、捷克斯洛伐克等国共产党政权相继终结，1990年10月3日两德统一，冷战走向尾声。","importance":3,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.4,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Revolutions of 1989 and German Reunification","desc_en":"Communist regimes in Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia and elsewhere fell one after another; Germany was reunified on October 3, 1990, as the Cold War drew to a close.","date_label_en":"1989–1990","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"global-x072","start":1989,"date_label":"1989年","region":"global","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"“华盛顿共识”","desc":"经济学家威廉姆森总结出以财政纪律、贸易与金融自由化、私有化为核心的十条政策，成为90年代国际金融机构推动改革的主导框架。","importance":2,"title_en":"The 'Washington Consensus'","desc_en":"Economist John Williamson summarized ten policies centered on fiscal discipline, trade and financial liberalization and privatization, which became the dominant framework for reforms pushed by international financial institutions in the 1990s.","date_label_en":"1989"},{"id":"oceania-x060","start":1989,"end":1998,"date_label":"1988–1998年","region":"oceania","dims":["经济","军事"],"title":"布干维尔冲突","desc":"巴新布干维尔岛民因潘古纳大型铜矿的环境破坏与收益分配问题起事，1989年矿山被迫关闭，冲突造成数千人死亡，2019年独立公投以约98%票数支持独立。","importance":1,"lat":-6.32,"lng":155.49,"place":"潘古纳","title_en":"Bougainville Conflict","desc_en":"Islanders on Papua New Guinea's Bougainville rose up over environmental damage and revenue sharing from the huge Panguna copper mine, which was forced to close in 1989; the conflict killed thousands, and in a 2019 referendum about 98% voted for independence.","date_label_en":"1988–1998","place_en":"Panguna"},{"id":"global-x073","start":1990,"date_label":"1990年4月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"哈勃空间望远镜发射","desc":"哈勃空间望远镜由航天飞机送入轨道，修复镜片后拍摄了深空场等大量图像，为精确测定宇宙膨胀速率与年龄提供了关键数据。","importance":2,"title_en":"Hubble Space Telescope Launched","desc_en":"The Hubble Space Telescope was carried into orbit by the Space Shuttle; after its optics were repaired it captured images such as the Deep Field, providing key data for precisely measuring the universe's expansion rate and age.","date_label_en":"April 1990"},{"id":"east_asia-x486","start":1990,"date_label":"1990年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"浦东开发与上交所","desc":"中央宣布开发开放上海浦东，同年12月上海证券交易所开业，次年深圳证券交易所开业，中国资本市场起步。","importance":2,"lat":31.24,"lng":121.5,"place":"上海浦东","title_en":"Pudong Development and the Shanghai Stock Exchange","desc_en":"The central government announced the development and opening of Shanghai's Pudong; in December the Shanghai Stock Exchange opened, followed by the Shenzhen Stock Exchange the next year, launching China's capital markets.","date_label_en":"1990","place_en":"Pudong, Shanghai"},{"id":"inner_asia-x108","start":1990,"date_label":"1990年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"蒙古民主革命","desc":"乌兰巴托爆发和平示威，蒙古人民革命党放弃一党专政，同年举行首次多党选举，1992年颁布新宪法。","importance":2,"lat":47.92,"lng":106.92,"place":"乌兰巴托","title_en":"Mongolian Democratic Revolution","desc_en":"Peaceful demonstrations broke out in Ulaanbaatar; the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party gave up one-party rule, the first multiparty elections were held that year, and a new constitution was adopted in 1992.","date_label_en":"1990","place_en":"Ulaanbaatar"},{"id":"europe-x439","start":1990,"date_label":"1990年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"波兰休克疗法","desc":"波兰财政部长巴尔采罗维奇推行价格自由化、紧缩财政和货币可兑换等“休克疗法”，经历短期衰退后，波兰成为转型最成功的经济体之一。","importance":2,"lat":52.23,"lng":21.01,"place":"华沙","title_en":"Poland's Shock Therapy","desc_en":"Polish finance minister Leszek Balcerowicz introduced 'shock therapy'—price liberalization, fiscal austerity and currency convertibility; after a brief recession, Poland became one of the most successful transition economies.","date_label_en":"1990","place_en":"Warsaw"},{"id":"north_america-x117","start":1990,"date_label":"1990年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"哈勃空间望远镜","desc":"哈勃空间望远镜由航天飞机送入轨道，1993年修复光学缺陷后拍摄了大量深空图像，帮助精确测定宇宙膨胀速率。","importance":1,"lat":28.61,"lng":-80.6,"place":"肯尼迪航天中心","title_en":"Hubble Space Telescope","desc_en":"The Hubble Space Telescope was carried into orbit by the Space Shuttle; after its optical flaw was fixed in 1993 it captured a wealth of deep-space images, helping to precisely measure the universe's expansion rate.","date_label_en":"1990","place_en":"Kennedy Space Center"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x114","start":1990,"date_label":"1990年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"曼德拉获释","desc":"德克勒克解除对非国大的禁令，曼德拉在服刑27年后获释，南非开启废除种族隔离的谈判进程，两人于1993年共获诺贝尔和平奖。","importance":2,"lat":-33.92,"lng":18.42,"place":"开普敦","title_en":"Mandela Released","desc_en":"F. W. de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC, and Nelson Mandela was released after 27 years in prison; South Africa began negotiations to end apartheid, and the two men shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.","date_label_en":"1990","place_en":"Cape Town"},{"id":"south_asia-054","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年7月","region":"south_asia","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"印度经济自由化改革","desc":"面对国际收支危机，拉奥政府与财长曼莫汉·辛格推行改革，废除许可证制度、货币贬值并开放外资，印度经济进入高速增长期。","importance":3,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"India's Economic Liberalization","desc_en":"Facing a balance-of-payments crisis, the Narasimha Rao government and finance minister Manmohan Singh launched reforms—scrapping the license system, devaluing the currency and opening to foreign investment—and India's economy entered a period of rapid growth.","date_label_en":"July 1991","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-081","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"海湾战争","desc":"伊拉克于1990年吞并科威特，1991年初美国领导的多国联军发动“沙漠风暴”行动，迅速解放科威特。","importance":2,"lat":29.38,"lng":47.99,"place":"科威特城","title_en":"Gulf War","desc_en":"Iraq annexed Kuwait in 1990; in early 1991 a US-led multinational coalition launched Operation Desert Storm and swiftly liberated Kuwait.","date_label_en":"1991","place_en":"Kuwait City"},{"id":"inner_asia-042","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"中亚五国独立","desc":"苏联解体前后，哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦相继宣布独立。","importance":3,"lat":43.24,"lng":76.89,"place":"阿拉木图","title_en":"Independence of the Five Central Asian States","desc_en":"Around the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan declared independence one after another.","date_label_en":"1991","place_en":"Almaty"},{"id":"europe-110","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年12月","region":"europe","dims":["政治","综合"],"title":"苏联解体","desc":"1991年12月苏联解体，戈尔巴乔夫辞职，十五个加盟共和国独立，俄罗斯联邦继承苏联国际地位，冷战结束。","importance":3,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"Dissolution of the Soviet Union","desc_en":"In December 1991 the Soviet Union dissolved and Gorbachev resigned; the fifteen union republics became independent, the Russian Federation inherited the USSR's international status, and the Cold War ended.","date_label_en":"December 1991","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"europe-111","start":1991,"end":2001,"date_label":"1991—2001年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"南斯拉夫解体战争","desc":"南斯拉夫解体引发克罗地亚、波黑、科索沃等一系列战争，1995年发生斯雷布雷尼察屠杀，北约多次军事介入。","importance":2,"lat":43.86,"lng":18.41,"place":"萨拉热窝","title_en":"Yugoslav Wars","desc_en":"The breakup of Yugoslavia set off a series of wars in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and elsewhere; the Srebrenica massacre took place in 1995, and NATO intervened militarily several times.","date_label_en":"1991–2001","place_en":"Sarajevo"},{"id":"latin_america-028","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年3月","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"南方共同市场成立","desc":"阿根廷、巴西、巴拉圭和乌拉圭签署《亚松森条约》成立南方共同市场，建立关税同盟，成为南美最重要的区域经济一体化组织。","importance":2,"lat":-25.26,"lng":-57.58,"place":"亚松森","title_en":"Mercosur Founded","desc_en":"Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay signed the Treaty of Asunción founding Mercosur, a customs union that became South America's most important regional economic integration organization.","date_label_en":"March 1991","place_en":"Asunción"},{"id":"global-x074","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年6月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"皮纳图博火山爆发","desc":"菲律宾皮纳图博火山发生20世纪第二大规模喷发，向平流层注入约1500万吨二氧化硫，随后一两年全球平均气温下降约0.5℃。","importance":1,"lat":15.14,"lng":120.35,"place":"菲律宾吕宋岛","title_en":"Eruption of Mount Pinatubo","desc_en":"Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines produced the second-largest eruption of the 20th century, injecting about 15 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere; global average temperatures fell by about 0.5°C over the following year or two.","date_label_en":"June 1991","place_en":"Luzon, Philippines"},{"id":"global-x075","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年7月","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"GSM数字移动通信","desc":"1991年芬兰拨通全球首个GSM（2G）数字移动电话，GSM标准后来覆盖全球大多数国家，并带来了短信这一全新沟通方式。","importance":2,"lat":60.17,"lng":24.94,"place":"芬兰赫尔辛基","title_en":"GSM Digital Mobile Networks","desc_en":"In 1991 Finland placed the world's first GSM (2G) digital mobile phone call; the GSM standard later spread to most countries and introduced a new way of communicating: text messaging.","date_label_en":"July 1991","place_en":"Helsinki, Finland"},{"id":"east_asia-x487","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"朝韩同时加入联合国","desc":"朝鲜与韩国同时加入联合国，同年双方签署《南北基本协议书》和《朝鲜半岛无核化共同宣言》。","importance":2,"lat":40.75,"lng":-73.97,"place":"纽约联合国总部","title_en":"Both Koreas Join the UN","desc_en":"North and South Korea joined the United Nations simultaneously; that year the two sides also signed the Inter-Korean Basic Agreement and the Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.","date_label_en":"1991","place_en":"UN Headquarters, New York"},{"id":"east_asia-x488","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年起","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"泡沫破裂与失去的十年","desc":"日本股市与地价泡沫破裂，大批金融机构背负巨额坏账，1997年山一证券等倒闭，经济长期停滞，被称为“失去的十年”。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.77,"place":"东京","title_en":"Bubble Bursts: The Lost Decade","desc_en":"Japan's stock and land bubbles burst, leaving many financial institutions with huge bad debts; Yamaichi Securities and others collapsed in 1997, and the economy stagnated for years in what became known as the 'lost decade'.","date_label_en":"From 1991","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"south_asia-x186","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年5月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"拉吉夫·甘地遇刺","desc":"前总理拉吉夫·甘地在泰米尔纳德邦竞选时被泰米尔猛虎组织自杀式袭击者刺杀，被视为对印度维和行动的报复。","importance":2,"lat":12.97,"lng":79.94,"place":"斯里佩伦布杜尔","title_en":"Rajiv Gandhi Assassinated","desc_en":"Former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated while campaigning in Tamil Nadu by a Tamil Tiger suicide bomber, seen as revenge for India's peacekeeping operation.","date_label_en":"May 1991","place_en":"Sriperumbudur"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x131","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年6月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技","军事"],"title":"皮纳图博火山喷发","desc":"菲律宾皮纳图博火山发生20世纪第二大火山喷发，使全球气温短暂下降约0.5℃，附近美军克拉克空军基地被迫撤离。","importance":2,"lat":15.14,"lng":120.35,"place":"皮纳图博","title_en":"Mount Pinatubo Erupts","desc_en":"Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines produced the second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, briefly lowering global temperatures by about 0.5°C; the nearby US Clark Air Base had to be evacuated.","date_label_en":"June 1991","place_en":"Mount Pinatubo"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x132","start":1991,"end":1993,"date_label":"1991—1993年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"柬埔寨和平进程","desc":"柬埔寨各派签署巴黎和平协定，联合国柬埔寨过渡权力机构接管，1993年举行大选，君主立宪制恢复。","importance":2,"lat":11.56,"lng":104.92,"place":"金边","title_en":"Cambodian Peace Process","desc_en":"Cambodia's factions signed the Paris Peace Agreements and the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia took over; elections were held in 1993 and the constitutional monarchy was restored.","date_label_en":"1991–1993","place_en":"Phnom Penh"},{"id":"inner_asia-x109","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"关闭塞米巴拉金斯克试验场","desc":"在“内华达—塞米巴拉金斯克”反核运动推动下，纳扎尔巴耶夫签令关闭进行过约456次核试验的试验场。","importance":2,"lat":50.44,"lng":80.23,"place":"塞米伊","title_en":"Semipalatinsk Test Site Closed","desc_en":"Pressed by the Nevada–Semipalatinsk anti-nuclear movement, Nursultan Nazarbayev signed a decree closing the test site, where about 456 nuclear tests had been conducted.","date_label_en":"1991","place_en":"Semey"},{"id":"europe-x440","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"Linux诞生","desc":"赫尔辛基大学学生林纳斯·托瓦兹发布Linux内核并开放源代码，经全球志愿者协作发展，成为服务器、超级计算机和安卓系统的基础。","importance":2,"lat":60.17,"lng":24.94,"place":"赫尔辛基","title_en":"Birth of Linux","desc_en":"University of Helsinki student Linus Torvalds released the Linux kernel as open source; developed collaboratively by volunteers worldwide, it became the foundation of servers, supercomputers and Android.","date_label_en":"1991","place_en":"Helsinki"},{"id":"europe-x441","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"首次GSM通话","desc":"芬兰在诺基亚等设备支持下完成世界首次GSM数字移动电话通话，欧洲统一的GSM标准随后成为全球主流，诺基亚一度称霸手机市场。","importance":2,"lat":60.17,"lng":24.94,"place":"赫尔辛基","title_en":"First GSM Call","desc_en":"With equipment from Nokia and others, Finland made the world's first GSM digital mobile phone call; Europe's unified GSM standard went on to become the global mainstream, and Nokia for a time dominated the mobile phone market.","date_label_en":"1991","place_en":"Helsinki"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x115","start":1991,"date_label":"1991年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"索马里国家崩溃","desc":"西亚德·巴雷政权被推翻后，索马里陷入军阀混战与饥荒，1993年美军在摩加迪沙遭重创后撤出，索马里长期没有有效中央政府，北部索马里兰自行宣布独立。","importance":2,"lat":2.04,"lng":45.34,"place":"摩加迪沙","title_en":"Collapse of the Somali State","desc_en":"After Siad Barre's regime was overthrown, Somalia fell into warlord fighting and famine; US forces withdrew after heavy losses in Mogadishu in 1993. Somalia long lacked an effective central government, and Somaliland in the north declared independence.","date_label_en":"1991","place_en":"Mogadishu"},{"id":"east_asia-108","start":1992,"date_label":"1992年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"南方谈话与市场经济","desc":"邓小平发表南方谈话，推动改革开放加速，同年中共十四大确立建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标。","importance":2,"lat":22.54,"lng":114.06,"place":"深圳","title_en":"Southern Tour and the Market Economy","desc_en":"Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour speeches accelerated reform and opening up; that year the 14th CPC Congress set the goal of building a socialist market economy.","date_label_en":"1992","place_en":"Shenzhen"},{"id":"inner_asia-043","start":1992,"end":1997,"date_label":"1992—1997年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"塔吉克斯坦内战","desc":"独立后的塔吉克斯坦爆发政府与反对派间的内战，造成数万人死亡，1997年在联合国斡旋下签署和平协议。","importance":1,"lat":38.56,"lng":68.79,"place":"杜尚别","title_en":"Tajikistan Civil War","desc_en":"Civil war broke out in newly independent Tajikistan between the government and the opposition, killing tens of thousands; a peace agreement was signed in 1997 under UN mediation.","date_label_en":"1992–1997","place_en":"Dushanbe"},{"id":"global-x076","start":1992,"date_label":"1992年6月","region":"global","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"里约地球峰会","desc":"联合国环境与发展大会在里约热内卢召开，通过《21世纪议程》，开放签署《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《生物多样性公约》。","importance":3,"lat":-22.91,"lng":-43.17,"place":"巴西里约热内卢","title_en":"Rio Earth Summit","desc_en":"The UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro adopted Agenda 21 and opened the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity for signature.","date_label_en":"June 1992","place_en":"Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"id":"east_asia-x489","start":1992,"date_label":"1992年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"三星成为存储芯片龙头","desc":"三星电子开发出64M DRAM，并于同年成为全球最大的DRAM存储芯片厂商，半导体此后成为韩国最重要的出口产业。","importance":2,"lat":37.22,"lng":127.07,"place":"京畿道龙仁器兴","title_en":"Samsung Leads Memory Chips","desc_en":"Samsung Electronics developed a 64M DRAM and that year became the world's largest DRAM memory maker; semiconductors became South Korea's most important export industry.","date_label_en":"1992","place_en":"Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi"},{"id":"south_asia-x187","start":1992,"date_label":"1992年12月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"巴布里清真寺被毁","desc":"印度教民族主义者在阿约提亚拆毁16世纪的巴布里清真寺，引发全国教派冲突；2024年原址建成罗摩神庙。","importance":2,"lat":26.8,"lng":82.2,"place":"阿约提亚","title_en":"Babri Mosque Demolished","desc_en":"Hindu nationalists demolished the 16th-century Babri Mosque in Ayodhya, sparking communal violence across India; a Ram temple was completed on the site in 2024.","date_label_en":"December 1992","place_en":"Ayodhya"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x133","start":1992,"date_label":"1992年1月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"东盟自由贸易区","desc":"东盟六国在新加坡峰会决定建立东盟自由贸易区，逐步削减区内关税，2010年老成员基本实现零关税。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"ASEAN Free Trade Area","desc_en":"The six ASEAN members decided at the Singapore summit to create the ASEAN Free Trade Area, gradually cutting intra-regional tariffs; by 2010 the older members had largely eliminated tariffs.","date_label_en":"January 1992","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"europe-x442","start":1992,"date_label":"1992年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"俄罗斯休克疗法","desc":"叶利钦政府由盖达尔主导一次性放开价格并推行凭证私有化，引发恶性通胀与产出暴跌，国有资产落入少数寡头之手。","importance":1,"lat":55.75,"lng":37.62,"place":"莫斯科","title_en":"Russia's Shock Therapy","desc_en":"Yeltsin's government, led by Yegor Gaidar, freed prices in one stroke and carried out voucher privatization, triggering hyperinflation and a collapse in output as state assets fell into the hands of a few oligarchs.","date_label_en":"1992","place_en":"Moscow"},{"id":"latin_america-x116","start":1992,"date_label":"1992年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"门楚获诺贝尔和平奖","desc":"基切玛雅女性里戈韦塔·门楚因捍卫原住民权利获诺贝尔和平奖，她的经历让世界关注危地马拉内战中原住民遭受的屠杀，内战于1996年结束。","importance":1,"lat":14.63,"lng":-90.51,"place":"危地马拉城","title_en":"Menchú Wins the Nobel Peace Prize","desc_en":"K'iche' Maya woman Rigoberta Menchú won the Nobel Peace Prize for defending Indigenous rights; her story drew world attention to the massacres of Indigenous people in Guatemala's civil war, which ended in 1996.","date_label_en":"1992","place_en":"Guatemala City"},{"id":"oceania-x061","start":1992,"date_label":"1992年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"马伯判决","desc":"澳大利亚高等法院在埃迪·马伯诉昆士兰案中推翻“无主地”原则，承认原住民土地所有权，次年议会通过《原住民土地权法》。","importance":2,"lat":-9.93,"lng":144.05,"place":"梅尔岛","title_en":"Mabo Decision","desc_en":"In Mabo v Queensland, Australia's High Court overturned the doctrine of terra nullius and recognized native title; Parliament passed the Native Title Act the following year.","date_label_en":"1992","place_en":"Mer Island"},{"id":"oceania-x062","start":1992,"date_label":"1992年","region":"oceania","dims":["科技"],"title":"CSIRO无线局域网专利","desc":"澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织的射电天文学家团队申请无线局域网关键技术专利，该技术被纳入Wi-Fi标准，后通过诉讼获得巨额许可费。","importance":1,"lat":-33.78,"lng":151.11,"place":"悉尼","title_en":"CSIRO's Wireless LAN Patent","desc_en":"A team of radio astronomers at Australia's CSIRO filed a patent on key wireless LAN technology; it was incorporated into the Wi-Fi standard and later earned huge licensing fees through litigation.","date_label_en":"1992","place_en":"Sydney"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x116","start":1992,"date_label":"1992年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"瑙莱坞兴起","desc":"录像带电影《束缚中的生活》在拉各斯热卖，开启低成本快速制作的尼日利亚电影业，瑙莱坞以产量计跻身世界前列，影响遍及非洲与侨民社群。","importance":2,"lat":6.45,"lng":3.39,"place":"拉各斯","title_en":"Rise of Nollywood","desc_en":"The video film Living in Bondage became a hit in Lagos, launching Nigeria's low-cost, fast-production film industry; Nollywood ranks among the world's largest by output, with influence across Africa and the diaspora.","date_label_en":"1992","place_en":"Lagos"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-082","start":1993,"date_label":"1993年9月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"奥斯陆协议","desc":"以色列与巴勒斯坦解放组织签署原则宣言，相互承认，建立巴勒斯坦自治机构，但最终地位问题悬而未决。","importance":2,"lat":59.91,"lng":10.75,"place":"奥斯陆","title_en":"Oslo Accords","desc_en":"Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization signed a Declaration of Principles, recognizing each other and creating a Palestinian self-governing authority, but final-status issues were left unresolved.","date_label_en":"September 1993","place_en":"Oslo"},{"id":"europe-112","start":1993,"date_label":"1993年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"欧盟正式成立","desc":"《马斯特里赫特条约》生效，欧洲联盟成立，确立共同外交安全政策与经济货币联盟目标，同年单一市场启动。","importance":3,"lat":50.85,"lng":5.69,"place":"马斯特里赫特","title_en":"European Union Founded","desc_en":"The Maastricht Treaty took effect, creating the European Union and setting goals of a common foreign and security policy and economic and monetary union; the single market was launched the same year.","date_label_en":"1993","place_en":"Maastricht"},{"id":"global-x077","start":1993,"date_label":"1993年","region":"global","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"图形浏览器Mosaic","desc":"美国伊利诺伊大学国家超算应用中心发布Mosaic浏览器，可在网页中直接显示图片，令万维网迅速普及大众，其开发者随后创办网景。","importance":2,"title_en":"Mosaic Graphical Browser","desc_en":"The National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois released the Mosaic browser, which displayed images directly within web pages and rapidly brought the Web to the public; its developers went on to found Netscape.","date_label_en":"1993"},{"id":"global-x078","start":1993,"end":1997,"date_label":"1993—1997年","region":"global","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"《禁止化学武器公约》","desc":"1993年在巴黎开放签署、1997年生效，全面禁止化学武器并要求销毁库存，设立禁止化学武器组织监督核查，2013年该组织获诺贝尔和平奖。","importance":2,"lat":52.08,"lng":4.31,"place":"荷兰海牙","title_en":"Chemical Weapons Convention","desc_en":"Opened for signature in Paris in 1993 and in force from 1997, it comprehensively bans chemical weapons, requires stockpiles to be destroyed and created the OPCW to verify compliance; the OPCW won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013.","date_label_en":"1993–1997","place_en":"The Hague, Netherlands"},{"id":"inner_asia-x110","start":1993,"date_label":"1993年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"田吉兹油田合资开发","desc":"哈萨克斯坦与雪佛龙成立田吉兹雪佛龙公司开发里海东北岸的田吉兹巨型油田，石油成为哈萨克斯坦经济支柱。","importance":2,"lat":46.15,"lng":53.38,"place":"田吉兹","title_en":"Tengiz Oil Joint Venture","desc_en":"Kazakhstan and Chevron formed Tengizchevroil to develop the giant Tengiz field on the northeastern Caspian shore; oil became the pillar of Kazakhstan's economy.","date_label_en":"1993","place_en":"Tengiz"},{"id":"inner_asia-x111","start":1993,"date_label":"1993年11月","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"中亚各国发行本币","desc":"哈萨克斯坦发行坚戈、乌兹别克斯坦发行苏姆，此前吉尔吉斯斯坦已发行索姆，各国脱离卢布区建立独立货币体系。","importance":1,"lat":43.24,"lng":76.95,"place":"阿拉木图","title_en":"Central Asian National Currencies","desc_en":"Kazakhstan issued the tenge and Uzbekistan the som, following Kyrgyzstan's earlier som; the countries left the ruble zone and set up independent monetary systems.","date_label_en":"November 1993","place_en":"Almaty"},{"id":"north_america-x118","start":1993,"date_label":"1993年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"Mosaic浏览器","desc":"伊利诺伊大学国家超算应用中心发布图形化网页浏览器Mosaic，首次将图片与文字同屏显示，使万维网走向大众，团队成员后创立网景公司。","importance":2,"lat":40.11,"lng":-88.23,"place":"厄巴纳","title_en":"Mosaic Browser","desc_en":"The University of Illinois's National Center for Supercomputing Applications released Mosaic, a graphical web browser that for the first time showed images and text on the same screen, bringing the Web to the masses; team members later founded Netscape.","date_label_en":"1993","place_en":"Urbana"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-033","start":1994,"date_label":"1994年4—7月","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"卢旺达大屠杀","desc":"总统座机被击落后，胡图族极端势力在约100天内屠杀约80万图西族人和温和派胡图人，国际社会未能及时干预，成为20世纪末最惨烈的种族灭绝。","importance":3,"lat":-1.95,"lng":30.06,"place":"基加利","title_en":"Rwandan Genocide","desc_en":"After the president's plane was shot down, Hutu extremists massacred about 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu in about 100 days; the international community failed to intervene in time, and it became the deadliest genocide of the late 20th century.","date_label_en":"April–July 1994","place_en":"Kigali"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-034","start":1994,"date_label":"1994年4—5月","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"南非首次多种族大选","desc":"1990年曼德拉获释、种族隔离法律逐步废除后，南非1994年举行首次全民大选，非国大获胜，曼德拉当选首位黑人总统，种族隔离制度正式终结。","importance":3,"lat":-25.74,"lng":28.21,"place":"比勒陀利亚","title_en":"South Africa's First Multiracial Election","desc_en":"After Mandela's release in 1990 and the gradual repeal of apartheid laws, South Africa held its first universal election in 1994; the ANC won, Mandela became the first Black president, and apartheid formally ended.","date_label_en":"April–May 1994","place_en":"Pretoria"},{"id":"north_america-032","start":1994,"date_label":"1994年1月1日","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"北美自由贸易协定生效","desc":"美国、加拿大和墨西哥的北美自由贸易协定生效，取消大部分关税，形成当时世界最大自贸区，2020年由美墨加协定取代。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"NAFTA Takes Effect","desc_en":"The North American Free Trade Agreement among the US, Canada and Mexico took effect, eliminating most tariffs and creating what was then the world's largest free trade area; it was replaced by the USMCA in 2020.","date_label_en":"January 1, 1994","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"east_asia-x490","start":1994,"date_label":"1994年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"金日成逝世","desc":"朝鲜领导人金日成逝世，金正日继承权力；随后朝鲜遭遇严重饥荒与经济危机，官方称“苦难的行军”。","importance":2,"lat":39.03,"lng":125.75,"place":"平壤","title_en":"Death of Kim Il-sung","desc_en":"North Korean leader Kim Il-sung died and Kim Jong-il inherited power; North Korea then suffered a severe famine and economic crisis, officially called the 'Arduous March'.","date_label_en":"1994","place_en":"Pyongyang"},{"id":"south_asia-x188","start":1994,"date_label":"1994年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"印度国家证券交易所","desc":"印度国家证券交易所开始运营，率先实现全国联网电子交易，结束公开喊价，改变了印度资本市场结构。","importance":1,"lat":18.93,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"National Stock Exchange of India","desc_en":"The National Stock Exchange of India began operating, pioneering nationwide networked electronic trading, ending open outcry and transforming the structure of India's capital markets.","date_label_en":"1994","place_en":"Mumbai"},{"id":"europe-x443","start":1994,"date_label":"1994年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"英吉利海峡隧道","desc":"连接英国福克斯通与法国加来附近科凯勒的海峡隧道通车，全长约50公里，其中海底段约38公里，欧洲之星列车使伦敦至巴黎缩短到约3小时。","importance":2,"lat":50.92,"lng":1.81,"place":"科凯勒","title_en":"Channel Tunnel","desc_en":"The Channel Tunnel linking Folkestone in England with Coquelles near Calais in France opened; about 50 km long, with some 38 km under the sea, it let Eurostar trains cut London–Paris travel to about three hours.","date_label_en":"1994","place_en":"Coquelles"},{"id":"latin_america-x117","start":1994,"date_label":"1994年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"萨帕塔起义","desc":"北美自由贸易协定生效当天，萨帕塔民族解放军在恰帕斯起义，要求原住民自治与土地权利，其利用互联网传播主张，开创新型社会运动。","importance":2,"lat":16.74,"lng":-92.64,"place":"圣克里斯托瓦尔","title_en":"Zapatista Uprising","desc_en":"On the day NAFTA took effect, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation rose up in Chiapas, demanding Indigenous autonomy and land rights; it used the Internet to spread its message, pioneering a new kind of social movement.","date_label_en":"1994","place_en":"San Cristóbal de las Casas"},{"id":"latin_america-x118","start":1994,"date_label":"1994年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"巴西雷亚尔计划","desc":"财长卡多佐推出“雷亚尔计划”，以新货币雷亚尔终结年通胀率曾超过2000%的恶性通胀，奠定巴西此后经济稳定的基础。","importance":2,"lat":-15.79,"lng":-47.88,"place":"巴西利亚","title_en":"Brazil's Real Plan","desc_en":"Finance minister Fernando Henrique Cardoso introduced the Real Plan, using a new currency, the real, to end hyperinflation that had once exceeded 2,000% a year, laying the foundation for Brazil's later economic stability.","date_label_en":"1994","place_en":"Brasília"},{"id":"latin_america-x119","start":1994,"date_label":"1994–1995年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"龙舌兰危机","desc":"墨西哥比索在1994年12月骤然贬值，资本大量外逃，引发金融危机并波及拉美，美国与国际货币基金组织提供约500亿美元救助。","importance":1,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"墨西哥城","title_en":"Tequila Crisis","desc_en":"The Mexican peso was abruptly devalued in December 1994, causing massive capital flight and a financial crisis that spread across Latin America; the US and the IMF provided about $50 billion in rescue funds.","date_label_en":"1994–1995","place_en":"Mexico City"},{"id":"north_america-x119","start":1994,"date_label":"1994年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"亚马逊创立","desc":"杰夫·贝索斯在西雅图创立网上书店亚马逊，后扩展为综合电商与云计算巨头，其AWS服务成为全球互联网基础设施的重要部分。","importance":2,"lat":47.61,"lng":-122.33,"place":"西雅图","title_en":"Amazon Founded","desc_en":"Jeff Bezos founded the online bookstore Amazon in Seattle; it later grew into an e-commerce and cloud computing giant, and its AWS service became a key part of global Internet infrastructure.","date_label_en":"1994","place_en":"Seattle"},{"id":"global-045","start":1995,"date_label":"1995年1月1日","region":"global","dims":["经济"],"title":"世界贸易组织成立","desc":"世界贸易组织取代关贸总协定正式运作，规则覆盖货物、服务与知识产权贸易，并设立争端解决机制，中国于2001年加入。","importance":2,"lat":46.22,"lng":6.14,"place":"日内瓦","title_en":"World Trade Organization Founded","desc_en":"The WTO replaced GATT and began operating, with rules covering trade in goods, services and intellectual property and a dispute settlement mechanism; China joined in 2001.","date_label_en":"January 1, 1995","place_en":"Geneva"},{"id":"south_asia-055","start":1995,"date_label":"约1990年代","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"印度软件外包崛起","desc":"以班加罗尔为中心的信息技术与软件外包产业迅速发展，塔塔咨询、印孚瑟斯等企业承接全球业务，印度成为重要的IT服务出口国。","importance":2,"lat":12.97,"lng":77.59,"place":"班加罗尔","title_en":"Rise of Indian Software Outsourcing","desc_en":"Centered on Bangalore, the IT and software outsourcing industry grew rapidly as firms like Tata Consultancy Services and Infosys took on global business, making India a major exporter of IT services.","date_label_en":"c. 1990s","place_en":"Bangalore"},{"id":"global-x079","start":1995,"date_label":"1995年","region":"global","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"电子商务兴起","desc":"1995年亚马逊上线网上书店、eBay前身成立，网购逐渐兴起；电子商务此后改变了全球零售、物流与支付格局。","importance":2,"title_en":"Rise of E-commerce","desc_en":"In 1995 Amazon launched its online bookstore and eBay's predecessor was founded, and online shopping gradually took off; e-commerce went on to transform global retail, logistics and payments.","date_label_en":"1995"},{"id":"east_asia-x491","start":1995,"date_label":"1995年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"阪神大地震与沙林事件","desc":"1月阪神淡路大地震造成六千余人死亡；3月奥姆真理教在东京地铁施放沙林毒气，造成十余人死亡、数千人受伤，震惊日本。","importance":2,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.2,"place":"兵库神户","title_en":"Kobe Earthquake and Sarin Attack","desc_en":"In January the Great Hanshin–Awaji Earthquake killed more than 6,000 people; in March the Aum Shinrikyo cult released sarin gas on the Tokyo subway, killing more than ten and injuring thousands, shocking Japan.","date_label_en":"1995","place_en":"Kobe, Hyogo"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x134","start":1995,"date_label":"1995年8月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"N-250首飞","desc":"由哈比必主导的印尼航空工业公司自主设计的N-250涡桨支线客机在万隆首飞，因1997年金融危机项目被迫中止。","importance":1,"lat":-6.91,"lng":107.61,"place":"万隆","title_en":"N-250 First Flight","desc_en":"The N-250 turboprop regional airliner, independently designed by Indonesian Aerospace under B. J. Habibie, made its first flight in Bandung; the project was halted by the 1997 financial crisis.","date_label_en":"August 1995","place_en":"Bandung"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x135","start":1995,"date_label":"1995年7月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"越南加入东盟","desc":"越南成为东盟第七个成员国，标志冷战对立的结束，此后老挝、缅甸和柬埔寨相继加入，东盟扩大为十国。","importance":2,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.84,"place":"河内","title_en":"Vietnam Joins ASEAN","desc_en":"Vietnam became ASEAN's seventh member, marking the end of Cold War divisions; Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia then joined, expanding ASEAN to ten members.","date_label_en":"July 1995","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"north_america-x120","start":1995,"date_label":"1995年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"魁北克独立公投","desc":"魁北克第二次主权公投以50.58%对49.42%的微弱差距否决独立，此后加拿大通过《清晰法》规定今后分离公投的条件。","importance":1,"lat":45.5,"lng":-73.57,"place":"蒙特利尔","title_en":"Quebec Independence Referendum","desc_en":"Quebec's second sovereignty referendum rejected independence by a razor-thin 50.58% to 49.42%; Canada later passed the Clarity Act setting conditions for any future secession referendum.","date_label_en":"1995","place_en":"Montreal"},{"id":"global-x080","start":1996,"date_label":"1996年9月","region":"global","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"《全面禁止核试验条约》","desc":"联合国大会通过条约并开放签署，禁止一切核爆炸试验，建立全球监测网络；因部分关键国家未批准，条约至今尚未生效。","importance":1,"title_en":"Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty","desc_en":"The UN General Assembly adopted the treaty and opened it for signature, banning all nuclear explosive tests and establishing a global monitoring network; because some key states have not ratified it, the treaty has still not entered into force.","date_label_en":"September 1996"},{"id":"global-x081","start":1996,"date_label":"1996年7月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"克隆羊多莉","desc":"苏格兰罗斯林研究所以成年体细胞核移植技术培育出克隆羊多莉，1997年公布，首次证明成年体细胞可被重编程，引发伦理大讨论。","importance":2,"lat":55.86,"lng":-3.2,"place":"苏格兰罗斯林","title_en":"Dolly the Cloned Sheep","desc_en":"Scotland's Roslin Institute produced Dolly the sheep by adult somatic cell nuclear transfer; announced in 1997, she was the first proof that adult cells could be reprogrammed, sparking a major ethical debate.","date_label_en":"July 1996","place_en":"Roslin, Scotland"},{"id":"south_asia-x189","start":1996,"end":2006,"date_label":"1996—2006年","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"尼泊尔内战","desc":"尼泊尔共产党（毛主义）发动\"人民战争\"，冲突造成上万人死亡，2006年签署和平协议，2008年制宪会议宣布废除君主制。","importance":2,"lat":27.72,"lng":85.32,"place":"加德满都","title_en":"Nepalese Civil War","desc_en":"The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) launched a 'People's War'; the conflict killed more than 10,000 people. A peace agreement was signed in 2006, and in 2008 the Constituent Assembly abolished the monarchy.","date_label_en":"1996–2006","place_en":"Kathmandu"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x136","start":1996,"date_label":"1996年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"多媒体超级走廊","desc":"马来西亚启动多媒体超级走廊计划，兴建赛城等信息科技园区，以吸引科技企业，同期建成的双子塔一度为世界最高建筑。","importance":2,"lat":2.92,"lng":101.65,"place":"赛城","title_en":"Multimedia Super Corridor","desc_en":"Malaysia launched the Multimedia Super Corridor, building IT parks such as Cyberjaya to attract tech companies; the Petronas Twin Towers, completed in the same period, were for a time the world's tallest buildings.","date_label_en":"1996","place_en":"Cyberjaya"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x214","start":1996,"date_label":"1996年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"半岛电视台开播","desc":"卡塔尔创办阿拉伯语卫星新闻频道半岛电视台，以开放辩论和直播报道改变阿拉伯世界的媒体生态。","importance":2,"lat":25.29,"lng":51.53,"place":"多哈","title_en":"Al Jazeera Launches","desc_en":"Qatar founded the Arabic satellite news channel Al Jazeera, whose open debate and live reporting transformed the media landscape of the Arab world.","date_label_en":"1996","place_en":"Doha"},{"id":"inner_asia-x112","start":1996,"date_label":"1996年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"塔利班攻占喀布尔","desc":"塔利班攻占喀布尔，建立“阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国”，实行严苛教法统治，禁止女性受教育与工作，并庇护“基地”组织。","importance":2,"lat":34.53,"lng":69.17,"place":"喀布尔","title_en":"Taliban Capture Kabul","desc_en":"The Taliban captured Kabul and established the 'Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan', imposing harsh religious rule, barring women from education and work, and sheltering al-Qaeda.","date_label_en":"1996","place_en":"Kabul"},{"id":"oceania-x063","start":1996,"date_label":"1996年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"阿瑟港枪击与控枪","desc":"塔斯马尼亚阿瑟港发生枪击案，35人遇难，霍华德政府随即推动全国枪支协议，禁止半自动武器并回购约65万支枪械，成为国际控枪范例。","importance":1,"lat":-43.15,"lng":147.85,"place":"阿瑟港","title_en":"Port Arthur Massacre and Gun Control","desc_en":"A shooting at Port Arthur, Tasmania, killed 35 people; the Howard government quickly pushed through the National Firearms Agreement, banning semi-automatic weapons and buying back about 650,000 guns, which became an international model for gun control.","date_label_en":"1996","place_en":"Port Arthur"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x117","start":1996,"date_label":"1996年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"真相与和解委员会","desc":"南非成立以图图大主教为首的真相与和解委员会，以公开听证换取特赦，记录种族隔离时期的侵权行为，成为转型正义的国际范例。","importance":2,"lat":-33.92,"lng":18.42,"place":"开普敦","title_en":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission","desc_en":"South Africa set up the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, chaired by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, which offered amnesty in exchange for public testimony and documented abuses of the apartheid era, becoming an international model of transitional justice.","date_label_en":"1996","place_en":"Cape Town"},{"id":"east_asia-109","start":1997,"date_label":"1997年7月1日","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"香港回归","desc":"中国恢复对香港行使主权，实行“一国两制”“港人治港”、高度自治；1999年12月20日澳门也回归中国。","importance":2,"lat":22.28,"lng":114.17,"place":"香港","title_en":"Handover of Hong Kong","desc_en":"China resumed sovereignty over Hong Kong under 'one country, two systems', with 'Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong' and a high degree of autonomy; Macau also returned to China on December 20, 1999.","date_label_en":"July 1, 1997","place_en":"Hong Kong"},{"id":"east_asia-110","start":1997,"end":1998,"date_label":"1997–1998年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"亚洲金融危机冲击韩国","desc":"亚洲金融危机中韩元暴跌、大企业接连破产，韩国接受国际货币基金组织牵头的大规模救助，并推行财阀与金融改革。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"首尔","title_en":"Asian Financial Crisis Hits South Korea","desc_en":"In the Asian financial crisis the won plunged and major conglomerates went bankrupt one after another; South Korea accepted a large IMF-led bailout and carried out chaebol and financial reforms.","date_label_en":"1997–1998","place_en":"Seoul"},{"id":"southeast_asia-048","start":1997,"end":1998,"date_label":"1997年7月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"亚洲金融危机","desc":"泰国被迫放弃泰铢盯住美元，泰铢暴跌引发危机蔓延至印尼、马来西亚、韩国等地，多国向国际货币基金组织求援，经济重创。","importance":3,"lat":13.75,"lng":100.49,"place":"曼谷","title_en":"Asian Financial Crisis","desc_en":"Thailand was forced to abandon the baht's peg to the US dollar; the baht's collapse set off a crisis that spread to Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea and elsewhere, and several countries sought IMF help as their economies were badly hit.","date_label_en":"July 1997","place_en":"Bangkok"},{"id":"global-x082","start":1997,"date_label":"1997年12月","region":"global","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"《京都议定书》","desc":"《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方在京都通过议定书，首次为发达国家设定具有法律约束力的温室气体减排目标，并引入排放交易机制。","importance":2,"lat":35.01,"lng":135.77,"place":"日本京都","title_en":"Kyoto Protocol","desc_en":"Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted a protocol in Kyoto that for the first time set legally binding greenhouse gas reduction targets for developed countries and introduced emissions trading.","date_label_en":"December 1997","place_en":"Kyoto, Japan"},{"id":"global-x083","start":1997,"date_label":"1997年5月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"深蓝战胜卡斯帕罗夫","desc":"IBM超级计算机“深蓝”以3.5比2.5击败国际象棋世界冠军卡斯帕罗夫，计算机首次在标准赛制中战胜在位世界冠军。","importance":2,"lat":40.71,"lng":-74.01,"place":"美国纽约","title_en":"Deep Blue Defeats Kasparov","desc_en":"IBM's supercomputer Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov 3.5–2.5, the first time a computer defeated a reigning world champion in a match under standard conditions.","date_label_en":"May 1997","place_en":"New York, USA"},{"id":"global-x084","start":1997,"date_label":"1997年12月","region":"global","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"渥太华禁雷公约","desc":"在国际禁雷运动推动下，各国在渥太华签署全面禁止杀伤人员地雷的公约，美、俄、中等大国未加入；国际禁雷运动获1997年诺贝尔和平奖。","importance":1,"lat":45.42,"lng":-75.7,"place":"加拿大渥太华","title_en":"Ottawa Mine Ban Treaty","desc_en":"Driven by the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, countries signed a convention in Ottawa comprehensively banning anti-personnel mines; major powers such as the US, Russia and China did not join. The campaign won the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize.","date_label_en":"December 1997","place_en":"Ottawa, Canada"},{"id":"inner_asia-x113","start":1997,"date_label":"1997年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"哈萨克斯坦迁都阿斯塔纳","desc":"哈萨克斯坦将首都从阿拉木图迁至北部的阿克莫拉，次年改名阿斯塔纳，大规模新建城区与标志性建筑。","importance":2,"lat":51.17,"lng":71.45,"place":"阿斯塔纳","title_en":"Kazakhstan Moves Its Capital to Astana","desc_en":"Kazakhstan moved its capital from Almaty to Akmola in the north, renamed Astana the following year, and built extensive new districts and landmark buildings.","date_label_en":"1997","place_en":"Astana"},{"id":"south_asia-056","start":1998,"date_label":"1998年5月","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"印巴相继核试验","desc":"印度在博克兰进行五次核试验，宣布成为核武器国家；巴基斯坦随即在查盖进行核试验，南亚核军备竞赛引发国际制裁。","importance":3,"lat":27.08,"lng":71.72,"place":"博克兰","title_en":"India and Pakistan Conduct Nuclear Tests","desc_en":"India carried out five nuclear tests at Pokhran and declared itself a nuclear-weapon state; Pakistan immediately followed with tests in Chagai, and the South Asian nuclear arms race drew international sanctions.","date_label_en":"May 1998","place_en":"Pokhran"},{"id":"global-x085","start":1998,"date_label":"1998年9月","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"谷歌公司成立","desc":"佩奇与布林以PageRank算法创办谷歌，搜索引擎成为人们获取信息的主要入口，谷歌后来发展为全球最大的互联网广告公司之一。","importance":2,"lat":37.45,"lng":-122.18,"place":"美国门洛帕克","title_en":"Google Founded","desc_en":"Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google based on the PageRank algorithm; search engines became people's main gateway to information, and Google grew into one of the world's largest Internet advertising companies.","date_label_en":"September 1998","place_en":"Menlo Park, USA"},{"id":"global-x086","start":1998,"date_label":"1998年11月","region":"global","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"国际空间站开始建造","desc":"首个舱段“曙光号”发射升空，由美、俄、欧、日、加等合作建造的国际空间站自2000年起连续有人驻留，是人类最大的在轨设施。","importance":2,"title_en":"Construction of the ISS Begins","desc_en":"The first module, Zarya, was launched; the International Space Station, built jointly by the US, Russia, Europe, Japan, Canada and others, has been continuously crewed since 2000 and is the largest human-made structure in orbit.","date_label_en":"November 1998"},{"id":"south_asia-x190","start":1998,"date_label":"1998年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"阿马蒂亚·森获诺奖","desc":"经济学家阿马蒂亚·森因福利经济学与饥荒研究获诺贝尔经济学奖，他指出饥荒常源于权利失灵而非粮食绝对短缺。","importance":2,"lat":22.57,"lng":88.36,"place":"加尔各答","title_en":"Amartya Sen Wins the Nobel Prize","desc_en":"Economist Amartya Sen won the Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on welfare economics and famine; he showed that famines often stem from a failure of entitlements rather than an absolute shortage of food.","date_label_en":"1998","place_en":"Kolkata"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x137","start":1998,"date_label":"1998年5月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["综合","政治","经济"],"title":"苏哈托下台","desc":"金融危机引发经济崩溃与大规模骚乱，执政三十余年的苏哈托辞职，印尼进入\"改革时代\"，走向民主化与地方分权。","importance":3,"lat":-6.18,"lng":106.83,"place":"雅加达","title_en":"Suharto Steps Down","desc_en":"The financial crisis caused economic collapse and mass riots; Suharto resigned after more than thirty years in power, and Indonesia entered the 'Reformasi' era of democratization and decentralization.","date_label_en":"May 1998","place_en":"Jakarta"},{"id":"europe-x445","start":1998,"date_label":"1998年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"贝尔法斯特协议","desc":"英国、爱尔兰政府与北爱尔兰各党派签署《耶稣受难日协议》，建立权力分享的地方政府，结束了约30年、致死约3500人的北爱冲突。","importance":2,"lat":54.6,"lng":-5.93,"place":"贝尔法斯特","title_en":"Good Friday Agreement","desc_en":"The British and Irish governments and Northern Ireland's parties signed the Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement, establishing a power-sharing devolved government and ending some 30 years of conflict that had killed about 3,500 people.","date_label_en":"1998","place_en":"Belfast"},{"id":"north_america-x121","start":1998,"date_label":"1998年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"谷歌创立","desc":"斯坦福博士生佩奇与布林以PageRank算法在门洛帕克的车库创立谷歌，搜索引擎迅速成为互联网入口，并发展出庞大的在线广告业务。","importance":2,"lat":37.45,"lng":-122.18,"place":"门洛帕克","title_en":"Google Founded","desc_en":"Stanford PhD students Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google in a Menlo Park garage based on the PageRank algorithm; its search engine quickly became the gateway to the Internet and developed a vast online advertising business.","date_label_en":"1998","place_en":"Menlo Park"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x118","start":1998,"end":2003,"date_label":"1996–2003年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"刚果战争","desc":"卢旺达大屠杀余波引发两次刚果战争，多国军队卷入争夺矿产资源，被称为“非洲世界大战”，战乱与疾病导致数百万人死亡。","importance":2,"lat":-1.68,"lng":29.22,"place":"戈马","title_en":"Congo Wars","desc_en":"The aftermath of the Rwandan genocide set off two Congo wars in which armies of many countries fought over mineral resources—'Africa's World War'; war and disease killed millions.","date_label_en":"1996–2003","place_en":"Goma"},{"id":"europe-113","start":1999,"end":2002,"date_label":"1999—2002年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"欧元诞生","desc":"欧元1999年作为记账货币在11国启用，2002年1月纸币硬币正式流通，成为仅次于美元的世界第二大储备货币。","importance":3,"lat":50.11,"lng":8.68,"place":"法兰克福","title_en":"Birth of the Euro","desc_en":"The euro was introduced as an accounting currency in 11 countries in 1999, and notes and coins entered circulation in January 2002; it became the world's second-largest reserve currency after the US dollar.","date_label_en":"1999–2002","place_en":"Frankfurt"},{"id":"global-x087","start":1999,"end":2000,"date_label":"1999—2000年","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"千年虫问题","desc":"早期软件以两位数记年份，各国在2000年到来前投入巨资排查修复，跨年时未出现严重故障，凸显全球社会对计算机系统的依赖。","importance":1,"title_en":"The Y2K Bug","desc_en":"Early software recorded years with two digits; countries spent huge sums checking and fixing systems before 2000, and no serious failures occurred at the turn of the year, highlighting society's global reliance on computer systems.","date_label_en":"1999–2000"},{"id":"east_asia-x492","start":1999,"date_label":"1999年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"澳门回归","desc":"1999年12月20日中国对澳门恢复行使主权，澳门特别行政区成立，结束了葡萄牙对澳门四百余年的管治。","importance":2,"lat":22.2,"lng":113.54,"place":"澳门","title_en":"Handover of Macau","desc_en":"On December 20, 1999, China resumed sovereignty over Macau and the Macau Special Administrative Region was established, ending more than four centuries of Portuguese administration.","date_label_en":"1999","place_en":"Macau"},{"id":"east_asia-x493","start":1999,"date_label":"1999年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"阿里巴巴创立","desc":"马云等18人在杭州创办阿里巴巴，此后发展出淘宝、支付宝等平台，推动中国电子商务与移动支付走向普及。","importance":2,"lat":30.27,"lng":120.16,"place":"杭州","title_en":"Alibaba Founded","desc_en":"Jack Ma and 17 others founded Alibaba in Hangzhou; it went on to build platforms such as Taobao and Alipay, driving the spread of e-commerce and mobile payments in China.","date_label_en":"1999","place_en":"Hangzhou"},{"id":"south_asia-x191","start":1999,"date_label":"1999年5—7月","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"卡吉尔战争","desc":"巴基斯坦方面人员渗透克什米尔卡吉尔高地，印军反击夺回阵地，这是两国拥核后的首次直接武装冲突。","importance":2,"lat":34.56,"lng":76.13,"place":"卡吉尔","title_en":"Kargil War","desc_en":"Pakistani personnel infiltrated the Kargil heights in Kashmir, and Indian forces counterattacked to retake the positions; it was the first direct armed conflict between the two countries after both became nuclear powers.","date_label_en":"May–July 1999","place_en":"Kargil"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x138","start":1999,"date_label":"1999年12月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"曼谷轻轨天铁","desc":"曼谷高架轻轨系统BTS天铁通车，成为泰国首条城市轨道交通，2004年地铁开通，共同缓解曼谷交通拥堵。","importance":1,"lat":13.75,"lng":100.54,"place":"曼谷","title_en":"Bangkok BTS Skytrain","desc_en":"Bangkok's elevated BTS Skytrain opened as Thailand's first urban rail line; the subway followed in 2004, and together they eased Bangkok's traffic congestion.","date_label_en":"December 1999","place_en":"Bangkok"},{"id":"europe-x446","start":1999,"date_label":"1999年","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"科索沃战争","desc":"北约在未获联合国授权的情况下对南联盟发动78天空袭，迫使塞尔维亚军队撤出科索沃，2008年科索沃单方面宣布独立。","importance":1,"lat":42.66,"lng":21.17,"place":"普里什蒂纳","title_en":"Kosovo War","desc_en":"Without UN authorization, NATO conducted a 78-day air campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, forcing Serbian forces out of Kosovo; Kosovo unilaterally declared independence in 2008.","date_label_en":"1999","place_en":"Pristina"},{"id":"europe-x447","start":1999,"date_label":"1999年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"博洛尼亚进程","desc":"欧洲29国教育部长签署《博洛尼亚宣言》，推动建立学士-硕士两级学位与学分互认的欧洲高等教育区，便利学生流动。","importance":1,"lat":44.49,"lng":11.34,"place":"博洛尼亚","title_en":"Bologna Process","desc_en":"Education ministers from 29 European countries signed the Bologna Declaration, working toward a European Higher Education Area with two-tier bachelor's–master's degrees and mutual credit recognition to ease student mobility.","date_label_en":"1999","place_en":"Bologna"},{"id":"latin_america-x120","start":1999,"date_label":"1999年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"查韦斯执政","desc":"乌戈·查韦斯就任委内瑞拉总统，推行“玻利瓦尔革命”，以石油收入支持社会项目并强化国家控制，开启拉美“粉红浪潮”左翼执政潮。","importance":2,"lat":10.49,"lng":-66.88,"place":"加拉加斯","title_en":"Chávez Takes Power","desc_en":"Hugo Chávez became president of Venezuela and launched the 'Bolivarian Revolution', using oil revenue to fund social programs and strengthening state control, ushering in Latin America's 'Pink Tide' of leftist governments.","date_label_en":"1999","place_en":"Caracas"},{"id":"north_america-x122","start":1999,"date_label":"1999年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"努纳武特地区成立","desc":"加拿大从西北地区划出努纳武特，面积约200万平方公里，居民大部分为因纽特人，是原住民自治的里程碑，首府设在伊卡卢伊特。","importance":1,"lat":63.75,"lng":-68.52,"place":"伊卡卢伊特","title_en":"Nunavut Created","desc_en":"Canada carved Nunavut out of the Northwest Territories; covering about 2 million square kilometers, with a mostly Inuit population, it was a milestone for Indigenous self-government, with its capital at Iqaluit.","date_label_en":"1999","place_en":"Iqaluit"},{"id":"global-x088","start":2000,"end":2002,"date_label":"2000—2002年","region":"global","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"互联网泡沫破裂","desc":"纳斯达克指数2000年3月见顶后两年多下跌约78%，大批互联网公司倒闭，但留下的光纤网络与人才为下一轮互联网发展奠基。","importance":2,"title_en":"Dot-com Bubble Bursts","desc_en":"After peaking in March 2000, the NASDAQ fell about 78% over more than two years and many Internet companies went bust, but the fiber networks and talent left behind laid the groundwork for the next wave of Internet growth.","date_label_en":"2000–2002"},{"id":"global-x089","start":2000,"date_label":"2000年9月","region":"global","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"千年发展目标","desc":"联合国千年首脑会议通过《千年宣言》，提出到2015年实现减半极端贫困等八项目标，成为全球发展合作的共同框架。","importance":1,"title_en":"Millennium Development Goals","desc_en":"The UN Millennium Summit adopted the Millennium Declaration, setting eight goals to reach by 2015, such as halving extreme poverty, which became the common framework for global development cooperation.","date_label_en":"September 2000"},{"id":"east_asia-x494","start":2000,"date_label":"2000年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"首次朝韩首脑会晤","desc":"韩国总统金大中访问平壤，与金正日举行首次朝韩首脑会谈，发表《六一五共同宣言》，金大中当年获诺贝尔和平奖。","importance":2,"lat":39.03,"lng":125.75,"place":"平壤","title_en":"First Inter-Korean Summit","desc_en":"South Korean President Kim Dae-jung visited Pyongyang and held the first inter-Korean summit with Kim Jong-il, issuing the June 15 Joint Declaration; Kim Dae-jung won the Nobel Peace Prize that year.","date_label_en":"2000","place_en":"Pyongyang"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x139","start":2000,"end":2015,"date_label":"约2000年代起","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"菲律宾业务流程外包","desc":"凭借英语优势，菲律宾呼叫中心与业务流程外包产业迅速壮大，2010年前后语音外包规模超过印度，成为外汇收入支柱。","importance":2,"lat":14.55,"lng":121.02,"place":"马尼拉","title_en":"Philippine Business Process Outsourcing","desc_en":"Thanks to its English proficiency, the Philippines' call center and BPO industry grew rapidly; around 2010 its voice outsourcing surpassed India's, becoming a pillar of foreign exchange earnings.","date_label_en":"c. 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inflation was then brought under control, and dollarization continues today.","date_label_en":"2000","place_en":"Quito"},{"id":"global-046","start":2001,"date_label":"2001年9月11日","region":"global","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"九一一事件","desc":"基地组织劫持民航客机撞击纽约世贸中心和五角大楼，近三千人遇难，美国随后发动阿富汗战争并宣布全球反恐战争。","importance":2,"lat":40.71,"lng":-74.01,"place":"纽约世贸中心","title_en":"September 11 Attacks","desc_en":"Al-Qaeda hijacked passenger planes and crashed them into New York's World Trade Center and the Pentagon, killing nearly 3,000 people; the US then launched the war in Afghanistan and declared a global war on terror.","date_label_en":"September 11, 2001","place_en":"World Trade Center, New York"},{"id":"east_asia-111","start":2001,"date_label":"2001年12月","region":"east_asia","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"中国加入世贸组织","desc":"中国正式加入世界贸易组织，深度融入全球经济，此后迅速成为“世界工厂”，2009年成为第一大货物出口国。","importance":3,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京","title_en":"China Joins the WTO","desc_en":"China formally joined the World Trade Organization and became deeply integrated into the global economy, quickly becoming the 'world's factory' and in 2009 the largest exporter of goods.","date_label_en":"December 2001","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"inner_asia-044","start":2001,"date_label":"2001年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"上海合作组织成立","desc":"中国、俄罗斯与哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦在上海成立上合组织，聚焦安全与地区合作。","importance":2,"lat":31.23,"lng":121.47,"place":"上海","title_en":"Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Founded","desc_en":"China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan founded the SCO in Shanghai, focusing on security and regional cooperation.","date_label_en":"2001","place_en":"Shanghai"},{"id":"north_america-033","start":2001,"date_label":"2001年9月11日","region":"north_america","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"9·11恐怖袭击","desc":"基地组织劫持四架客机撞击纽约世贸中心双塔和五角大楼，近3000人遇难，美国随后发动阿富汗战争并开启全球反恐战争。","importance":3,"lat":40.71,"lng":-74.01,"place":"纽约世贸中心","title_en":"9/11 Terrorist Attacks","desc_en":"Al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners and crashed them into the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center and the Pentagon, killing nearly 3,000 people; the US then launched the war in Afghanistan and began the global war on terror.","date_label_en":"September 11, 2001","place_en":"World Trade Center, New York"},{"id":"global-x090","start":2001,"date_label":"2001年1月","region":"global","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"维基百科上线","desc":"维基百科由威尔士与桑格创办，以任何人皆可编辑的协作模式写作，成长为全球最大的在线百科全书，涵盖300多种语言版本。","importance":2,"title_en":"Wikipedia Launches","desc_en":"Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, Wikipedia is written collaboratively by anyone who wishes to edit, and grew into the world's largest online encyclopedia, with editions in more than 300 languages.","date_label_en":"January 2001"},{"id":"east_asia-x495","start":2001,"date_label":"2001年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《千与千寻》","desc":"宫崎骏执导的吉卜力动画电影《千与千寻》上映，创日本影史票房纪录，2003年获奥斯卡最佳动画长片奖。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"东京","title_en":"Spirited Away","desc_en":"Studio Ghibli's animated film Spirited Away, directed by Hayao Miyazaki, was released, setting Japan's all-time box office record; it won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature in 2003.","date_label_en":"2001","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"inner_asia-x114","start":2001,"date_label":"2001年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"巴米扬大佛被毁","desc":"塔利班不顾国际社会劝阻，用炸药摧毁巴米扬两尊大佛，引发全球对文化遗产保护的强烈关注。","importance":2,"lat":34.83,"lng":67.83,"place":"巴米扬","title_en":"Buddhas of Bamiyan Destroyed","desc_en":"Ignoring international appeals, the Taliban blew up the two Buddhas of Bamiyan with explosives, sparking intense global concern for the protection of cultural heritage.","date_label_en":"2001","place_en":"Bamiyan"},{"id":"inner_asia-x115","start":2001,"date_label":"2001年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","军事","政治"],"title":"美国发动阿富汗战争","desc":"九一一事件后美国及盟友出兵阿富汗推翻塔利班政权，此后驻军近二十年，成为美国历史上最长的战争。","importance":3,"lat":34.53,"lng":69.17,"place":"喀布尔","title_en":"US Launches the Afghanistan War","desc_en":"After 9/11, the US and its allies sent troops into Afghanistan and toppled the Taliban regime; they stayed for nearly twenty years in what became the longest war in US history.","date_label_en":"2001","place_en":"Kabul"},{"id":"latin_america-x123","start":2001,"date_label":"2001年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"阿根廷经济危机","desc":"阿根廷货币局制度崩溃，政府冻结存款并宣布约千亿美元债务违约，民众“敲锅抗议”，两周内换了五位总统，贫困率一度超过一半。","importance":2,"lat":-34.6,"lng":-58.38,"place":"布宜诺斯艾利斯","title_en":"Argentine Economic Crisis","desc_en":"Argentina's currency board collapsed; the government froze bank deposits and defaulted on about $100 billion in debt. People protested by banging pots (cacerolazo), five presidents came and went within two weeks, and the poverty rate at one point exceeded half the population.","date_label_en":"2001","place_en":"Buenos Aires"},{"id":"oceania-x064","start":2001,"date_label":"2001–2003年","region":"oceania","dims":["文化"],"title":"《指环王》在新西兰拍摄","desc":"新西兰导演彼得·杰克逊在本国拍摄《指环王》三部曲，维塔工作室的特效技术享誉全球，影片带动新西兰电影业与旅游业发展。","importance":1,"lat":-41.29,"lng":174.78,"place":"惠灵顿","title_en":"The Lord of the Rings Filmed in New Zealand","desc_en":"New Zealand director Peter Jackson filmed The Lord of the Rings trilogy in his home country; Wētā Workshop's effects won worldwide acclaim, and the films boosted New Zealand's film industry and tourism.","date_label_en":"2001–2003","place_en":"Wellington"},{"id":"southeast_asia-049","start":2002,"date_label":"2002年5月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"东帝汶独立","desc":"东帝汶在1999年联合国主持的公投中选择独立，经过联合国过渡管理，于2002年正式建国，成为21世纪第一个新独立国家。","importance":2,"lat":-8.56,"lng":125.57,"place":"帝力","title_en":"East Timor Independence","desc_en":"East Timor (Timor-Leste) chose independence in a UN-run referendum in 1999 and, after a period of UN transitional administration, formally became a state in 2002—the first newly independent country of the 21st century.","date_label_en":"May 2002","place_en":"Dili"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-035","start":2002,"date_label":"2002年7月","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"非洲联盟成立","desc":"非洲联盟在南非德班正式取代非洲统一组织，总部设于亚的斯亚贝巴，设立泛非议会与和平与安全理事会，推动区域一体化与冲突调解。","importance":2,"lat":-29.86,"lng":31.02,"place":"德班","title_en":"African Union Founded","desc_en":"The African Union formally replaced the Organisation of African Unity in Durban, South Africa; headquartered in Addis Ababa, it established a Pan-African Parliament and a Peace and Security Council to promote regional integration and conflict mediation.","date_label_en":"July 2002","place_en":"Durban"},{"id":"global-x091","start":2002,"date_label":"2002年7月","region":"global","dims":["政治"],"title":"国际刑事法院成立","desc":"《罗马规约》于2002年7月1日生效，国际刑事法院在海牙成立，是首个审判灭绝种族罪、反人类罪和战争罪的常设国际法院。","importance":2,"lat":52.08,"lng":4.31,"place":"荷兰海牙","title_en":"International Criminal Court Established","desc_en":"The Rome Statute entered into force on July 1, 2002, establishing the International Criminal Court in The Hague—the first permanent international court to try genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.","date_label_en":"July 2002","place_en":"The Hague, Netherlands"},{"id":"global-x092","start":2002,"end":2003,"date_label":"2002—2003年","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"非典疫情","desc":"严重急性呼吸综合征由新型冠状病毒引起，从中国广东扩散至约30个国家和地区，感染约8000人，促成《国际卫生条例》2005年修订。","importance":2,"title_en":"SARS Outbreak","desc_en":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused by a novel coronavirus, spread from Guangdong, China, to about 30 countries and regions, infecting about 8,000 people; it prompted the 2005 revision of the International Health Regulations.","date_label_en":"2002–2003"},{"id":"south_asia-x192","start":2002,"date_label":"2002年12月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"德里地铁通车","desc":"德里地铁首条线路通车，此后迅速扩展为印度最大的城市轨道交通网，带动全国各大城市兴建地铁。","importance":1,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"德里","title_en":"Delhi Metro Opens","desc_en":"The first line of the Delhi Metro opened; it quickly grew into India's largest urban rail network and spurred metro construction in major cities across the country.","date_label_en":"December 2002","place_en":"Delhi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x215","start":2002,"date_label":"2002年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"亚历山大新图书馆","desc":"埃及在古亚历山大图书馆故址附近建成新亚历山大图书馆，以复兴古代学术中心为宗旨，兼具图书馆、博物馆与研究机构功能。","importance":1,"lat":31.21,"lng":29.91,"place":"亚历山大","title_en":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","desc_en":"Egypt built the new Bibliotheca Alexandrina near the site of the ancient Library of Alexandria, aiming to revive the ancient center of learning; it serves as a library, museum and research institution.","date_label_en":"2002","place_en":"Alexandria"},{"id":"global-047","start":2003,"date_label":"2003年4月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"人类基因组计划完成","desc":"美、英、日、法、德、中六国科学家合作的人类基因组计划宣布完成，测定人类基因组约30亿个碱基对序列，开启基因组医学时代。","importance":2,"title_en":"Human Genome Project Completed","desc_en":"The Human Genome Project, a collaboration of scientists from the US, UK, Japan, France, Germany and China, was declared complete, having sequenced the roughly 3 billion base pairs of the human genome and opening the era of genomic medicine.","date_label_en":"April 2003"},{"id":"east_asia-112","start":2003,"date_label":"2003年10月","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"神舟五号载人飞行","desc":"杨利伟乘神舟五号飞船进入太空，中国成为继苏联、美国之后第三个独立将航天员送入太空的国家。","importance":2,"lat":40.96,"lng":100.29,"place":"酒泉卫星发射中心","title_en":"Shenzhou 5 Crewed Flight","desc_en":"Yang Liwei flew into space aboard Shenzhou 5, making China the third country, after the Soviet Union and the United States, to independently send an astronaut into space.","date_label_en":"October 2003","place_en":"Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-083","start":2003,"end":2011,"date_label":"2003—2011年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"伊拉克战争","desc":"美英以大规模杀伤性武器为由入侵伊拉克并推翻萨达姆政权，此后伊拉克陷入长期教派冲突与叛乱。","importance":2,"lat":33.31,"lng":44.36,"place":"巴格达","title_en":"Iraq War","desc_en":"The US and UK invaded Iraq, citing weapons of mass destruction, and toppled Saddam Hussein's regime; Iraq then fell into prolonged sectarian conflict and insurgency.","date_label_en":"2003–2011","place_en":"Baghdad"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x140","start":2003,"date_label":"2003年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"新加坡新生水","desc":"新加坡推出以微滤、反渗透和紫外线消毒处理污水的\"新生水\"，与淡化海水共同减少对进口水的依赖。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Singapore's NEWater","desc_en":"Singapore introduced NEWater, wastewater treated by microfiltration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet disinfection; together with desalinated seawater, it reduced reliance on imported water.","date_label_en":"2003","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x141","start":2003,"end":2009,"date_label":"2003—2009年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"皮影戏与蜡染列入非遗","desc":"印尼哇扬皮影戏于2003年被联合国教科文组织宣布为人类口头和非物质遗产代表作，2009年印尼蜡染列入人类非遗名录。","importance":1,"lat":-7.57,"lng":110.82,"place":"梭罗","title_en":"Wayang and Batik Recognized as Intangible Heritage","desc_en":"Indonesia's wayang shadow puppetry was proclaimed a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2003, and Indonesian batik was inscribed on the intangible heritage list in 2009.","date_label_en":"2003–2009","place_en":"Surakarta (Solo)"},{"id":"latin_america-x124","start":2003,"date_label":"2003年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"卢拉与家庭补助金","desc":"工人党领袖卢拉就任巴西总统，推行有条件现金转移支付“家庭补助金”，惠及数千万人，巴西贫困率显著下降，成为全球社会政策范例。","importance":2,"lat":-15.79,"lng":-47.88,"place":"巴西利亚","title_en":"Lula and Bolsa Família","desc_en":"Workers' Party leader Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva became president of Brazil and introduced Bolsa Família, a conditional cash transfer program reaching tens of millions; Brazil's poverty rate fell markedly, making it a global model of social policy.","date_label_en":"2003","place_en":"Brasília"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x119","start":2003,"date_label":"2003年起","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"达尔富尔冲突","desc":"达尔富尔反政府武装起事后，苏丹政府支持的“金戈威德”民兵屠戮平民，数十万人死亡、数百万人流离，国际刑事法院后来对巴希尔发出逮捕令。","importance":2,"lat":13.63,"lng":25.35,"place":"法希尔","title_en":"Darfur Conflict","desc_en":"After rebels rose up in Darfur, the Sudanese government-backed Janjaweed militia slaughtered civilians; hundreds of thousands died and millions were displaced, and the International Criminal Court later issued an arrest warrant for Omar al-Bashir.","date_label_en":"From 2003","place_en":"El Fasher"},{"id":"southeast_asia-050","start":2004,"date_label":"2004年12月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["综合","科技"],"title":"印度洋地震海啸","desc":"苏门答腊外海发生约9.1级地震引发海啸，波及印度洋沿岸十余国，约23万人遇难，印尼亚齐受灾最重，此后建立印度洋海啸预警系统。","importance":2,"lat":5.55,"lng":95.32,"place":"班达亚齐","title_en":"Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami","desc_en":"A magnitude-9.1 earthquake off Sumatra triggered a tsunami that struck more than ten countries around the Indian Ocean, killing about 230,000 people; Aceh in Indonesia was hit hardest, and an Indian Ocean tsunami warning system was later established.","date_label_en":"December 2004","place_en":"Banda Aceh"},{"id":"europe-114","start":2004,"date_label":"2004年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"欧盟东扩","desc":"波兰、捷克、匈牙利、波罗的海三国等十国加入欧盟，是欧盟规模最大的一次扩大，欧洲东西分裂进一步弥合。","importance":2,"lat":50.85,"lng":4.35,"place":"布鲁塞尔","title_en":"EU Eastern Enlargement","desc_en":"Ten countries, including Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and the three Baltic states, joined the EU in its largest-ever enlargement, further healing Europe's East–West divide.","date_label_en":"2004","place_en":"Brussels"},{"id":"global-x093","start":2004,"end":2005,"date_label":"2004—2005年","region":"global","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"社交媒体与视频平台兴起","desc":"2004年脸书在哈佛宿舍创立，2005年YouTube上线，用户生产内容成为主流，深刻改变了新闻传播、娱乐与政治动员方式。","importance":2,"title_en":"Rise of Social Media and Video Platforms","desc_en":"Facebook was founded in a Harvard dorm in 2004 and YouTube launched in 2005; user-generated content went mainstream, profoundly changing news, entertainment and political mobilization.","date_label_en":"2004–2005"},{"id":"east_asia-x496","start":2004,"date_label":"2004年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"开城工业园区与KTX","desc":"南北合作的开城工业园区开始生产，2016年关闭；同年韩国高速铁路KTX首尔至釜山线开通运营。","importance":1,"lat":37.97,"lng":126.55,"place":"开城","title_en":"Kaesong Industrial Complex and KTX","desc_en":"The inter-Korean Kaesong Industrial Complex began production (it closed in 2016); the same year South Korea's KTX high-speed rail line between Seoul and Busan began service.","date_label_en":"2004","place_en":"Kaesong"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x142","start":2004,"date_label":"2004年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"弗洛勒斯人发现","desc":"澳印联合团队公布在弗洛勒斯岛梁布亚洞发现的矮小古人类化石，命名为弗洛勒斯人，俗称\"霍比特人\"。","importance":2,"lat":-8.53,"lng":120.46,"place":"梁布亚","title_en":"Discovery of Homo floresiensis","desc_en":"An Australian–Indonesian team announced the discovery of fossils of a diminutive archaic human in Liang Bua cave on Flores, named Homo floresiensis and nicknamed the 'hobbit'.","date_label_en":"2004","place_en":"Liang Bua"},{"id":"europe-x449","start":2004,"date_label":"2004年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"橙色革命","desc":"乌克兰总统选举舞弊引发基辅独立广场大规模和平抗议，最高法院裁定重新投票，亲西方的尤先科获胜。","importance":1,"lat":50.45,"lng":30.52,"place":"基辅","title_en":"Orange Revolution","desc_en":"Fraud in Ukraine's presidential election sparked massive peaceful protests on Kyiv's Maidan Nezalezhnosti; the Supreme Court ordered a rerun, which the pro-Western Viktor Yushchenko won.","date_label_en":"2004","place_en":"Kyiv"},{"id":"north_america-x124","start":2004,"date_label":"2004年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"Facebook创立","desc":"扎克伯格在哈佛宿舍创立Facebook，后发展为全球最大社交网络，改变了人际交往、新闻传播与政治动员方式，也引发隐私与虚假信息争议。","importance":2,"lat":42.37,"lng":-71.12,"place":"剑桥（麻省）","title_en":"Facebook Founded","desc_en":"Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook in his Harvard dorm; it grew into the world's largest social network, changing personal interaction, news and political mobilization, while also raising controversies over privacy and disinformation.","date_label_en":"2004","place_en":"Cambridge, Massachusetts"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x143","start":2005,"date_label":"2005年8月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"亚齐和平协议","desc":"印尼政府与自由亚齐运动在赫尔辛基签署和平协议，结束近三十年冲突，海啸灾难是促成和谈的重要因素。","importance":2,"lat":5.55,"lng":95.32,"place":"班达亚齐","title_en":"Aceh Peace Agreement","desc_en":"The Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement signed a peace agreement in Helsinki, ending nearly thirty years of conflict; the tsunami disaster was an important factor in bringing about the talks.","date_label_en":"August 2005","place_en":"Banda Aceh"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x216","start":2005,"date_label":"2005年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"阿什凯隆海水淡化厂","desc":"以色列阿什凯隆反渗透海水淡化厂投产，为当时世界最大同类工厂之一；海水淡化使以色列从缺水国转为水资源略有盈余。","importance":1,"lat":31.66,"lng":34.55,"place":"阿什凯隆","title_en":"Ashkelon Desalination Plant","desc_en":"Israel's Ashkelon reverse-osmosis desalination plant began operating, one of the largest of its kind in the world at the time; desalination turned Israel from a water-scarce country into one with a slight water surplus.","date_label_en":"2005","place_en":"Ashkelon"},{"id":"inner_asia-x116","start":2005,"date_label":"2005年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"郁金香革命与安集延事件","desc":"吉尔吉斯斯坦抗议推翻阿卡耶夫政府；同年5月乌兹别克斯坦安集延抗议遭军警镇压，造成大量伤亡。","importance":1,"lat":40.78,"lng":72.34,"place":"安集延","title_en":"Tulip Revolution and Andijan Massacre","desc_en":"Protests in Kyrgyzstan toppled the Akayev government; in May that year, protests in Andijan, Uzbekistan, were crushed by troops and police, causing heavy casualties.","date_label_en":"2005","place_en":"Andijan"},{"id":"europe-x450","start":2005,"date_label":"2005年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"爱沙尼亚网络投票","desc":"爱沙尼亚在地方选举中首次允许全国选民通过互联网投票，该国以电子身份证为基础建设数字政府，Skype亦诞生于此。","importance":1,"lat":59.44,"lng":24.75,"place":"塔林","title_en":"Estonia's Internet Voting","desc_en":"Estonia became the first country to let all voters cast ballots online in local elections; it built a digital government on its electronic ID card, and Skype was also born there.","date_label_en":"2005","place_en":"Tallinn"},{"id":"east_asia-113","start":2006,"date_label":"2006年10月","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"朝鲜首次核试验","desc":"朝鲜进行首次地下核试验，此后至2017年共进行六次核试验，朝鲜半岛核问题成为东亚安全的焦点。","importance":2,"lat":41.28,"lng":129.08,"place":"朝鲜丰溪里","title_en":"North Korea's First Nuclear Test","desc_en":"North Korea conducted its first underground nuclear test, followed by a total of six tests through 2017; the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue became the focus of East Asian security.","date_label_en":"October 2006","place_en":"Punggye-ri, North Korea"},{"id":"global-x094","start":2006,"date_label":"2006年","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"云计算商业化","desc":"亚马逊推出AWS的S3存储与EC2计算服务，企业可按需租用算力，云计算由此兴起，成为后来移动互联网与人工智能的基础设施。","importance":2,"title_en":"Cloud Computing Goes Commercial","desc_en":"Amazon launched AWS's S3 storage and EC2 compute services, letting businesses rent computing power on demand; cloud computing took off and became the infrastructure for later mobile Internet and AI.","date_label_en":"2006"},{"id":"east_asia-x497","start":2006,"date_label":"2006年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"三峡大坝与青藏铁路","desc":"2006年长江三峡大坝全线建成，同年青藏铁路格尔木至拉萨段通车，成为世界海拔最高、线路最长的高原铁路。","importance":2,"lat":30.82,"lng":111.0,"place":"湖北宜昌三峡","title_en":"Three Gorges Dam and Qinghai–Tibet Railway","desc_en":"In 2006 the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze was fully completed; the same year the Golmud–Lhasa section of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway opened, the highest and longest plateau railway in the world.","date_label_en":"2006","place_en":"Three Gorges, Yichang, Hubei"},{"id":"east_asia-x498","start":2006,"date_label":"2006年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"iPS细胞","desc":"京都大学山中伸弥团队用四个基因将小鼠体细胞重编程为诱导多能干细胞（iPS细胞），2012年他因此获诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。","importance":2,"lat":35.03,"lng":135.78,"place":"京都","title_en":"iPS Cells","desc_en":"Shinya Yamanaka's team at Kyoto University used four genes to reprogram mouse somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells); he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for it in 2012.","date_label_en":"2006","place_en":"Kyoto"},{"id":"inner_asia-x117","start":2006,"date_label":"2006年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"中哈原油管道","desc":"中哈原油管道阿塔苏—阿拉山口段投入运营，这是中国第一条跨国陆上输油管道，中亚能源出口走向多元化。","importance":1,"lat":45.17,"lng":82.57,"place":"阿拉山口","title_en":"Kazakhstan–China Oil Pipeline","desc_en":"The Atasu–Alashankou section of the Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline began operating—China's first cross-border overland oil pipeline—diversifying Central Asia's energy exports.","date_label_en":"2006","place_en":"Alashankou"},{"id":"europe-x451","start":2006,"date_label":"2006年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"Spotify创立","desc":"瑞典创业者埃克与洛伦宗在斯德哥尔摩创立Spotify，以正版音乐流媒体订阅模式改变了音乐产业，成为全球最大的音乐流媒体平台。","importance":1,"lat":59.33,"lng":18.07,"place":"斯德哥尔摩","title_en":"Spotify Founded","desc_en":"Swedish entrepreneurs Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon founded Spotify in Stockholm; its licensed music streaming subscription model transformed the music industry, and it became the world's largest music streaming platform.","date_label_en":"2006","place_en":"Stockholm"},{"id":"latin_america-x125","start":2006,"date_label":"2006年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"莫拉莱斯执政","desc":"艾马拉人埃沃·莫拉莱斯就任玻利维亚总统，是该国首位原住民总统，推行天然气国有化，2009年新宪法将国名改为“多民族国”。","importance":1,"lat":-16.5,"lng":-68.15,"place":"拉巴斯","title_en":"Evo Morales Takes Power","desc_en":"Aymara leader Evo Morales became president of Bolivia, the country's first Indigenous president; he nationalized natural gas, and the 2009 constitution renamed the country a 'Plurinational State'.","date_label_en":"2006","place_en":"La Paz"},{"id":"global-048","start":2007,"date_label":"2007年1月","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"智能手机时代","desc":"苹果公司发布iPhone，触屏智能手机与随后的应用商店迅速普及，移动互联网改变了通讯、支付、出行与社交，用户数以十亿计。","importance":2,"lat":37.78,"lng":-122.4,"place":"旧金山","title_en":"The Smartphone Era","desc_en":"Apple unveiled the iPhone; touchscreen smartphones and the app stores that followed spread rapidly, and the mobile Internet transformed communication, payments, travel and social life for billions of users.","date_label_en":"January 2007","place_en":"San Francisco"},{"id":"north_america-034","start":2007,"date_label":"2007年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"iPhone发布","desc":"苹果发布iPhone，以多点触控屏和完整网页浏览重新定义手机，次年推出应用商店，推动智能手机与移动互联网时代来临。","importance":3,"lat":37.78,"lng":-122.4,"place":"旧金山","title_en":"iPhone Unveiled","desc_en":"Apple unveiled the iPhone, redefining the phone with a multi-touch screen and full web browsing; the App Store launched the next year, ushering in the age of smartphones and the mobile Internet.","date_label_en":"2007","place_en":"San Francisco"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x144","start":2007,"date_label":"2007年1月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"越南加入世贸组织","desc":"越南正式成为世界贸易组织成员，外资制造业大量涌入，越南逐步成为全球电子与纺织品出口基地。","importance":2,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.84,"place":"河内","title_en":"Vietnam Joins the WTO","desc_en":"Vietnam formally became a member of the World Trade Organization; foreign manufacturing investment poured in, and Vietnam gradually became a global export base for electronics and textiles.","date_label_en":"January 2007","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x145","start":2007,"date_label":"2007年10月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"马来西亚首位航天员","desc":"马来西亚医生谢赫·穆扎法尔搭乘俄罗斯联盟号飞船前往国际空间站，成为该国首位航天员。","importance":1,"lat":3.14,"lng":101.69,"place":"吉隆坡","title_en":"Malaysia's First Astronaut","desc_en":"Malaysian doctor Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor flew aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft to the International Space Station, becoming the country's first astronaut.","date_label_en":"October 2007","place_en":"Kuala Lumpur"},{"id":"latin_america-x126","start":2007,"date_label":"2007年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"巴西盐下层油田","desc":"巴西石油公司宣布在桑托斯盆地深海盐层下发现图皮大油田，盐下层油田使巴西跻身世界主要产油国，深海开采技术居世界前列。","importance":1,"lat":-25.5,"lng":-43.0,"place":"桑托斯盆地","title_en":"Brazil's Pre-Salt Oil","desc_en":"Petrobras announced the discovery of the giant Tupi field beneath deep-sea salt layers in the Santos Basin; pre-salt fields made Brazil a major oil producer, with world-leading deepwater drilling technology.","date_label_en":"2007","place_en":"Santos Basin"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x120","start":2007,"date_label":"2007年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"M-Pesa移动支付","desc":"肯尼亚运营商Safaricom推出手机转账服务M-Pesa，无需银行账户即可汇款付款，迅速普及，使肯尼亚成为移动金融的全球先行者，大幅提高金融普惠。","importance":2,"lat":-1.29,"lng":36.82,"place":"内罗毕","title_en":"M-Pesa Mobile Money","desc_en":"Kenyan operator Safaricom launched M-Pesa, a mobile money transfer service that let people send and receive payments without a bank account; it spread rapidly, making Kenya a global pioneer in mobile finance and greatly expanding financial inclusion.","date_label_en":"2007","place_en":"Nairobi"},{"id":"global-049","start":2008,"end":2009,"date_label":"2008年9月","region":"global","dims":["综合","经济"],"title":"全球金融危机","desc":"美国次贷危机升级，雷曼兄弟于2008年9月破产，引发全球金融市场崩溃和大衰退，各国大规模救市，二十国集团领导人峰会机制由此建立。","importance":3,"lat":40.76,"lng":-73.98,"place":"纽约","title_en":"Global Financial Crisis","desc_en":"The US subprime crisis escalated and Lehman Brothers went bankrupt in September 2008, triggering a global market collapse and the Great Recession; governments launched massive rescues, and the G20 leaders' summit was established.","date_label_en":"September 2008","place_en":"New York"},{"id":"east_asia-114","start":2008,"date_label":"2008年8月","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"中国高铁时代开启","desc":"京津城际铁路开通，设计时速350公里；2011年京沪高铁通车，至2024年底中国高铁营业里程超过4.5万公里。","importance":2,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京","title_en":"China's High-Speed Rail Era Begins","desc_en":"The Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway opened with a design speed of 350 km/h; the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed line followed in 2011, and by the end of 2024 China's high-speed rail network exceeded 45,000 km.","date_label_en":"August 2008","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"south_asia-057","start":2008,"date_label":"2008年10月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"月船1号发射","desc":"印度首个月球探测器月船1号发射升空，其搭载的仪器发现月球表面存在水分子的证据，标志印度深空探测起步。","importance":2,"lat":13.72,"lng":80.23,"place":"斯里赫里戈达","title_en":"Chandrayaan-1 Launched","desc_en":"India launched its first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1, whose instruments found evidence of water molecules on the Moon's surface, marking the start of India's deep-space exploration.","date_label_en":"October 2008","place_en":"Sriharikota"},{"id":"north_america-035","start":2008,"date_label":"2008年9月","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"雷曼破产与金融危机","desc":"美国次贷泡沫破裂，雷曼兄弟破产，金融危机蔓延全球，美国政府推出救市计划，引发二战后最严重的全球经济衰退。","importance":3,"lat":40.76,"lng":-73.98,"place":"纽约","title_en":"Lehman Collapse and Financial Crisis","desc_en":"The US subprime bubble burst and Lehman Brothers went bankrupt; the financial crisis spread worldwide, the US government launched a bailout, and the world fell into its worst recession since World War II.","date_label_en":"September 2008","place_en":"New York"},{"id":"oceania-017","start":2008,"date_label":"2008年2月13日","region":"oceania","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"澳大利亚向被偷走的一代道歉","desc":"陆克文总理代表澳大利亚议会，就历届政府强行将原住民儿童带离家庭的政策向“被偷走的一代”正式道歉。","importance":1,"lat":-35.31,"lng":149.13,"place":"堪培拉","title_en":"Apology to the Stolen Generations","desc_en":"Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, on behalf of the Australian Parliament, formally apologized to the 'Stolen Generations' for successive governments' policies of forcibly removing Aboriginal children from their families.","date_label_en":"February 13, 2008","place_en":"Canberra"},{"id":"east_asia-x499","start":2008,"date_label":"2008年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"北京奥运会","desc":"第29届夏季奥运会在北京举行，204个国家和地区参赛，中国代表团获得51枚金牌，居金牌榜首位。","importance":2,"lat":39.99,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京国家体育场","title_en":"Beijing Olympics","desc_en":"The 29th Summer Olympics were held in Beijing with 204 countries and regions competing; China's team won 51 gold medals, topping the gold medal table.","date_label_en":"2008","place_en":"Beijing National Stadium"},{"id":"east_asia-x500","start":2008,"date_label":"2008年5月","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"汶川大地震","desc":"四川汶川发生8.0级特大地震，近七万人遇难，是新中国成立以来破坏性最强、波及范围最广的地震，全国开展对口援建。","importance":2,"lat":31.06,"lng":103.49,"place":"四川汶川映秀","title_en":"Wenchuan Earthquake","desc_en":"A magnitude-8.0 earthquake struck Wenchuan, Sichuan, killing nearly 70,000 people—the most destructive and widespread earthquake since the founding of the People's Republic; provinces across China were paired to aid reconstruction.","date_label_en":"May 2008","place_en":"Yingxiu, Wenchuan, Sichuan"},{"id":"south_asia-x193","start":2008,"date_label":"2008年11月","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"孟买恐怖袭击","desc":"武装分子从海上潜入孟买，袭击火车站、酒店等多处目标，造成166人死亡，印巴关系急剧恶化。","importance":2,"lat":18.92,"lng":72.83,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Mumbai Terror Attacks","desc_en":"Gunmen landed in Mumbai by sea and attacked a railway station, hotels and other targets, killing 166 people; India–Pakistan relations deteriorated sharply.","date_label_en":"November 2008","place_en":"Mumbai"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x146","start":2008,"date_label":"2008年4月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"越南首颗通信卫星","desc":"越南首颗通信卫星Vinasat-1由阿丽亚娜火箭发射成功，越南由此拥有自主的卫星电视与通信能力。","importance":1,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.84,"place":"河内","title_en":"Vietnam's First Communications Satellite","desc_en":"Vietnam's first communications satellite, Vinasat-1, was successfully launched on an Ariane rocket, giving Vietnam its own satellite TV and communications capability.","date_label_en":"April 2008","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"europe-x452","start":2008,"date_label":"2008年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"冰岛银行危机","desc":"全球金融危机中冰岛三大银行相继倒闭，其资产规模远超冰岛经济总量，克朗暴跌，冰岛向国际货币基金组织求援。","importance":1,"lat":64.15,"lng":-21.94,"place":"雷克雅未克","title_en":"Icelandic Banking Crisis","desc_en":"In the global financial crisis Iceland's three largest banks, whose assets far exceeded the country's GDP, collapsed one after another; the króna plunged and Iceland turned to the IMF for help.","date_label_en":"2008","place_en":"Reykjavík"},{"id":"north_america-x125","start":2008,"date_label":"2008年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"奥巴马当选总统","desc":"巴拉克·奥巴马当选美国总统，成为首位非洲裔总统，任内推动经济刺激计划与《平价医疗法案》，于2012年连任。","importance":2,"lat":41.88,"lng":-87.63,"place":"芝加哥","title_en":"Obama Elected President","desc_en":"Barack Obama was elected president of the United States, the first African American president; he pushed through an economic stimulus and the Affordable Care Act, and was re-elected in 2012.","date_label_en":"2008","place_en":"Chicago"},{"id":"north_america-x126","start":2008,"date_label":"2008–2015年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"寄宿学校真相委员会","desc":"加拿大成立真相与和解委员会调查原住民寄宿学校，约15万儿童曾被强制送入，2015年报告称之为“文化灭绝”，2021年坎卢普斯发现疑似无名墓引发全国震动。","importance":1,"lat":50.67,"lng":-120.33,"place":"坎卢普斯","title_en":"Residential Schools Truth Commission","desc_en":"Canada set up the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate Indigenous residential schools, to which about 150,000 children had been forcibly sent; its 2015 report called them 'cultural genocide', and the 2021 discovery of suspected unmarked graves at Kamloops shook the nation.","date_label_en":"2008–2015","place_en":"Kamloops"},{"id":"inner_asia-045","start":2009,"date_label":"2009年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"中亚—中国天然气管道","desc":"途经土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、哈萨克斯坦通往中国的天然气管道投产，中亚能源出口格局走向多元。","importance":1,"lat":44.21,"lng":80.42,"place":"霍尔果斯","title_en":"Central Asia–China Gas Pipeline","desc_en":"A gas pipeline running through Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to China began operating, diversifying Central Asia's energy exports.","date_label_en":"2009","place_en":"Khorgos"},{"id":"global-x095","start":2009,"date_label":"2009年1月","region":"global","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"比特币诞生","desc":"化名中本聪者于2008年发布比特币白皮书，2009年1月挖出创世区块，以区块链实现去中心化数字货币，引发加密资产与金融科技浪潮。","importance":2,"title_en":"Birth of Bitcoin","desc_en":"Someone using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto published the Bitcoin white paper in 2008 and mined the genesis block in January 2009, using a blockchain to create a decentralized digital currency and sparking a wave of crypto assets and fintech.","date_label_en":"January 2009"},{"id":"global-x096","start":2009,"end":2010,"date_label":"2009—2010年","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"甲型H1N1流感大流行","desc":"2009年4月在墨西哥与美国发现新型H1N1流感病毒，6月世卫组织宣布为21世纪首次流感大流行，波及全球200多个国家和地区。","importance":1,"title_en":"H1N1 Flu Pandemic","desc_en":"A new H1N1 influenza virus was identified in Mexico and the United States in April 2009; in June the WHO declared the first flu pandemic of the 21st century, which reached more than 200 countries and regions.","date_label_en":"2009–2010"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x147","start":2009,"date_label":"2009年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"三星落户北宁","desc":"三星电子在越南北宁设立手机工厂，此后在越投资持续扩大，越南成为三星最大的手机生产基地，电子产品跃居出口首位。","importance":2,"lat":21.18,"lng":106.07,"place":"北宁","title_en":"Samsung Comes to Bac Ninh","desc_en":"Samsung Electronics set up a phone factory in Bắc Ninh, Vietnam, and kept expanding its investment; Vietnam became Samsung's largest phone production base, and electronics became its top export.","date_label_en":"2009","place_en":"Bắc Ninh"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x148","start":2009,"date_label":"2009年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"Garena创立","desc":"李小冬在新加坡创立游戏平台Garena，后发展为冬海集团，旗下有电商Shopee与数字金融业务，2017年在纽交所上市。","importance":2,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Garena Founded","desc_en":"Forrest Li founded the gaming platform Garena in Singapore; it later became Sea Group, with e-commerce platform Shopee and digital finance businesses, and listed on the NYSE in 2017.","date_label_en":"2009","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"europe-x453","start":2009,"date_label":"2009年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"《里斯本条约》生效","desc":"2007年签署的《里斯本条约》生效，设立常任欧洲理事会主席和外交与安全政策高级代表，扩大欧洲议会权力，取代了被否决的欧盟宪法草案。","importance":2,"lat":38.71,"lng":-9.14,"place":"里斯本","title_en":"Treaty of Lisbon Takes Effect","desc_en":"The Treaty of Lisbon, signed in 2007, took effect, creating a permanent President of the European Council and a High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and expanding the European Parliament's powers; it replaced the rejected draft EU constitution.","date_label_en":"2009","place_en":"Lisbon"},{"id":"east_asia-115","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"中国GDP超越日本","desc":"中国国内生产总值超过日本，成为世界第二大经济体，结束日本自1968年以来长期保持的这一位置。","importance":2,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京","title_en":"China's GDP Overtakes Japan's","desc_en":"China's GDP surpassed Japan's, making it the world's second-largest economy and ending Japan's long hold on that position since 1968.","date_label_en":"2010","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-084","start":2010,"date_label":"2010—2011年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"阿拉伯之春","desc":"突尼斯小贩自焚引发抗议，本·阿里倒台，浪潮蔓延至埃及、利比亚、也门、叙利亚等国，多国政权更迭或陷入内战。","importance":3,"lat":35.04,"lng":9.48,"place":"西迪布济德","title_en":"Arab Spring","desc_en":"A Tunisian street vendor's self-immolation sparked protests that brought down Ben Ali; the wave spread to Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Syria and elsewhere, toppling several regimes or plunging countries into civil war.","date_label_en":"2010–2011","place_en":"Sidi Bouzid"},{"id":"europe-115","start":2010,"end":2012,"date_label":"2010—2012年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"欧债危机","desc":"希腊主权债务危机蔓延至爱尔兰、葡萄牙、西班牙等国，欧盟与国际货币基金组织实施救助，欧洲央行承诺“不惜一切代价”维稳欧元。","importance":2,"lat":37.97,"lng":23.73,"place":"雅典","title_en":"European Debt Crisis","desc_en":"Greece's sovereign debt crisis spread to Ireland, Portugal, Spain and others; the EU and IMF provided bailouts, and the European Central Bank pledged to do 'whatever it takes' to preserve the euro.","date_label_en":"2010–2012","place_en":"Athens"},{"id":"latin_america-029","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年1月","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"海地大地震","desc":"海地首都太子港附近发生7.0级地震，死亡人数估计约10万至30余万，大量基础设施被毁，国际社会大规模援助，海地重建进展缓慢。","importance":1,"lat":18.54,"lng":-72.34,"place":"太子港","title_en":"Haiti Earthquake","desc_en":"A magnitude-7.0 earthquake struck near Haiti's capital, Port-au-Prince; estimates of the death toll range from about 100,000 to over 300,000. Much infrastructure was destroyed, the world mounted a huge aid effort, and reconstruction has been slow.","date_label_en":"January 2010","place_en":"Port-au-Prince"},{"id":"global-x097","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年6—7月","region":"global","dims":["文化"],"title":"首届非洲世界杯","desc":"南非举办第19届世界杯，这是世界杯首次在非洲举行，西班牙首次夺冠，赛事成为南非结束种族隔离后国家形象的重要展示。","importance":1,"lat":-26.2,"lng":28.04,"place":"南非约翰内斯堡","title_en":"First World Cup in Africa","desc_en":"South Africa hosted the 19th FIFA World Cup, the first held in Africa; Spain won its first title, and the tournament became an important showcase of post-apartheid South Africa.","date_label_en":"June–July 2010","place_en":"Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"id":"east_asia-x501","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"上海世博会","desc":"第41届世界博览会在上海举办，主题为“城市，让生活更美好”，参观人数达七千余万人次，创世博会历史纪录。","importance":2,"lat":31.18,"lng":121.49,"place":"上海","title_en":"Shanghai World Expo","desc_en":"The 41st World Expo was held in Shanghai under the theme 'Better City, Better Life', drawing more than 70 million visits, a record in Expo history.","date_label_en":"2010","place_en":"Shanghai"},{"id":"east_asia-x502","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年","region":"east_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"天安舰与延坪岛事件","desc":"2010年3月韩国海军天安舰在白翎岛附近沉没，46名官兵遇难；11月朝鲜炮击延坪岛，半岛局势一度高度紧张。","importance":1,"lat":37.67,"lng":125.7,"place":"延坪岛","title_en":"Cheonan Sinking and Yeonpyeong Shelling","desc_en":"In March 2010 the South Korean navy corvette Cheonan sank near Baengnyeong Island, killing 46 sailors; in November North Korea shelled Yeonpyeong Island, and tensions on the peninsula ran very high.","date_label_en":"2010","place_en":"Yeonpyeong Island"},{"id":"south_asia-x194","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年9月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"Aadhaar数字身份","desc":"印度发放首批Aadhaar十二位数字身份号码，以指纹和虹膜登记，后覆盖十亿以上人口，成为福利发放与数字服务的基础设施。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"Aadhaar Digital ID","desc_en":"India issued the first Aadhaar 12-digit identity numbers, enrolled using fingerprints and iris scans; the system later covered more than a billion people and became the infrastructure for welfare payments and digital services.","date_label_en":"September 2010","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x149","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年5月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"阿彼察邦获金棕榈","desc":"泰国导演阿彼察邦凭《能召回前世的布米叔叔》获戛纳金棕榈奖，是首位获此殊荣的东南亚导演。","importance":2,"lat":13.75,"lng":100.49,"place":"曼谷","title_en":"Apichatpong Wins the Palme d'Or","desc_en":"Thai director Apichatpong Weerasethakul won the Palme d'Or at Cannes for Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives, the first Southeast Asian director to receive the honor.","date_label_en":"May 2010","place_en":"Bangkok"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x150","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年8月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"吴宝珠获菲尔兹奖","desc":"越南数学家吴宝珠因证明朗兰兹纲领中的\"基本引理\"获菲尔兹奖，是首位获此奖的越南人。","importance":2,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.84,"place":"河内","title_en":"Ngô Bảo Châu Wins the Fields Medal","desc_en":"Vietnamese mathematician Ngô Bảo Châu won the Fields Medal for proving the 'Fundamental Lemma' of the Langlands program, the first Vietnamese to receive it.","date_label_en":"August 2010","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x217","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"哈利法塔落成","desc":"迪拜哈利法塔开放，高约828米，成为世界最高建筑，象征海湾国家以房地产、旅游与金融推动经济多元化的雄心。","importance":2,"lat":25.2,"lng":55.27,"place":"迪拜","title_en":"Burj Khalifa Opens","desc_en":"Dubai's Burj Khalifa opened; at about 828 meters it became the world's tallest building, symbolizing the Gulf states' ambition to diversify their economies through real estate, tourism and finance.","date_label_en":"2010","place_en":"Dubai"},{"id":"inner_asia-x118","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"吉尔吉斯斯坦政局剧变","desc":"吉尔吉斯斯坦抗议推翻巴基耶夫，随后奥什等地爆发严重族群冲突，同年公投改行议会制。","importance":1,"lat":40.51,"lng":72.8,"place":"奥什","title_en":"Upheaval in Kyrgyzstan","desc_en":"Protests in Kyrgyzstan toppled Bakiyev; serious ethnic clashes then broke out in Osh and elsewhere, and a referendum that year switched the country to a parliamentary system.","date_label_en":"2010","place_en":"Osh"},{"id":"latin_america-x127","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年","region":"latin_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"智利矿工大营救","desc":"圣何塞铜矿坍塌，33名矿工被困约700米深的地下69天，救援队以特制钻井和救生舱“凤凰号”将其全部救出，全球直播。","importance":1,"lat":-27.37,"lng":-70.33,"place":"科皮亚波","title_en":"Chilean Miners Rescue","desc_en":"The San José copper mine collapsed, trapping 33 miners about 700 meters underground for 69 days; rescuers used a specially drilled shaft and the Fénix rescue capsule to bring them all out, broadcast live worldwide.","date_label_en":"2010","place_en":"Copiapó"},{"id":"north_america-x127","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"《平价医疗法案》","desc":"奥巴马签署《平价医疗法案》，扩大医疗补助并设立保险交易所，禁止保险公司因既往病史拒保，数千万人获得医保，法案长期面临政治与司法挑战。","importance":1,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Affordable Care Act","desc_en":"Obama signed the Affordable Care Act, expanding Medicaid, creating insurance exchanges and barring insurers from denying coverage for pre-existing conditions; tens of millions gained coverage, though the law faced long-running political and legal challenges.","date_label_en":"2010","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x121","start":2010,"date_label":"2010年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"南非世界杯","desc":"南非举办国际足联世界杯，是该赛事首次在非洲举行，推动交通与体育场建设，也引发对大型赛事投入与民生需求的讨论。","importance":1,"lat":-26.23,"lng":27.98,"place":"约翰内斯堡","title_en":"South Africa World Cup","desc_en":"South Africa hosted the FIFA World Cup, the first time the tournament was held in Africa; it spurred construction of transport and stadiums but also prompted debate over spending on mega-events versus people's basic needs.","date_label_en":"2010","place_en":"Johannesburg"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-085","start":2011,"end":2024,"date_label":"2011—2024年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"叙利亚内战","desc":"抗议遭镇压后演变为多方内战，伊斯兰国一度崛起，数十万人死亡，逾千万人流离失所；2024年12月阿萨德政权倒台。","importance":3,"lat":33.51,"lng":36.31,"place":"大马士革","title_en":"Syrian Civil War","desc_en":"After protests were crushed, Syria descended into a multi-sided civil war in which the Islamic State briefly rose; hundreds of thousands died and more than ten million were displaced. The Assad regime fell in December 2024.","date_label_en":"2011–2024","place_en":"Damascus"},{"id":"east_asia-x503","start":2011,"date_label":"2011年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"金正恩接掌朝鲜","desc":"金正日逝世后金正恩继任朝鲜最高领导人，此后加速推进核武与导弹计划，朝鲜多次进行核试验与洲际导弹试射。","importance":2,"lat":39.03,"lng":125.75,"place":"平壤","title_en":"Kim Jong-un Takes Over North Korea","desc_en":"After Kim Jong-il's death, Kim Jong-un succeeded him as supreme leader and accelerated the nuclear and missile programs, with North Korea conducting multiple nuclear tests and ICBM launches.","date_label_en":"2011","place_en":"Pyongyang"},{"id":"east_asia-x504","start":2011,"date_label":"2011年3月","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"东日本大地震与福岛核事故","desc":"3月11日东北地区近海发生9.0级地震并引发巨大海啸，死亡与失踪约1.8万人，福岛第一核电站发生堆芯熔毁的严重核事故。","importance":3,"lat":37.42,"lng":141.03,"place":"福岛第一核电站","title_en":"Tōhoku Earthquake and Fukushima Disaster","desc_en":"On March 11 a magnitude-9.0 earthquake off the Tōhoku coast triggered a massive tsunami, leaving about 18,000 dead or missing; the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant suffered core meltdowns in a severe nuclear accident.","date_label_en":"March 2011","place_en":"Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x151","start":2011,"date_label":"2011年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"泰国大洪灾","desc":"泰国中部特大洪水淹没大城等地工业区，众多日资工厂停产，全球硬盘供应严重短缺、价格飙升。","importance":2,"lat":14.36,"lng":100.57,"place":"大城","title_en":"Great Thailand Floods","desc_en":"Massive floods in central Thailand inundated industrial estates in Ayutthaya and elsewhere, halting many Japanese-owned factories and causing a severe global shortage of hard drives and soaring prices.","date_label_en":"2011","place_en":"Ayutthaya"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x218","start":2011,"date_label":"2011年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"穆巴拉克下台","desc":"开罗解放广场持续18天的抗议迫使执政近30年的穆巴拉克辞职；2013年军方又罢黜民选总统穆尔西，塞西随后执政。","importance":2,"lat":30.04,"lng":31.24,"place":"开罗","title_en":"Mubarak Ousted","desc_en":"Eighteen days of protests in Cairo's Tahrir Square forced Hosni Mubarak, in power for nearly 30 years, to resign; in 2013 the military deposed elected president Mohamed Morsi, and Abdel Fattah el-Sisi then took power.","date_label_en":"2011","place_en":"Cairo"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x219","start":2011,"date_label":"2011年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"利比亚内战","desc":"利比亚反卡扎菲起义演变为内战，北约依联合国决议实施空袭，卡扎菲于10月被打死，此后利比亚长期分裂为对立政权。","importance":2,"lat":32.12,"lng":20.07,"place":"班加西","title_en":"Libyan Civil War","desc_en":"The uprising against Gaddafi turned into civil war; NATO carried out airstrikes under a UN resolution, Gaddafi was killed in October, and Libya has since long been split between rival governments.","date_label_en":"2011","place_en":"Benghazi"},{"id":"europe-x454","start":2011,"date_label":"2011年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"德国决定弃核","desc":"日本福岛核事故后，默克尔政府决定逐步关闭全部核电站并推进“能源转型”，德国最后三座核电站于2023年4月停运。","importance":1,"lat":52.52,"lng":13.4,"place":"柏林","title_en":"Germany Decides to Exit Nuclear Power","desc_en":"After Japan's Fukushima accident, the Merkel government decided to phase out all nuclear power plants and push the 'Energiewende' (energy transition); Germany's last three nuclear plants shut down in April 2023.","date_label_en":"2011","place_en":"Berlin"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x122","start":2011,"date_label":"2011年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"南苏丹独立","desc":"根据2005年全面和平协议，南苏丹经公投脱离苏丹独立，成为世界最年轻的国家，但2013年起又陷入内战，石油收入与族群矛盾交织。","importance":2,"lat":4.85,"lng":31.58,"place":"朱巴","title_en":"South Sudan Independence","desc_en":"Under the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, South Sudan voted to secede from Sudan, becoming the world's youngest country, but it fell into civil war from 2013, with oil revenue and ethnic tensions intertwined.","date_label_en":"2011","place_en":"Juba"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x123","start":2011,"date_label":"2011–2025年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"复兴大坝","desc":"埃塞俄比亚在青尼罗河上兴建非洲最大的水电站复兴大坝，2020年开始蓄水，2025年9月正式落成，大幅提升发电能力，但与埃及、苏丹的水资源争议持续。","importance":2,"lat":11.21,"lng":35.09,"place":"青尼罗河","title_en":"Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam","desc_en":"Ethiopia built the Grand Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile, Africa's largest hydropower plant; filling began in 2020 and it was formally inaugurated in September 2025, greatly boosting generating capacity, though water disputes with Egypt and Sudan continue.","date_label_en":"2011–2025","place_en":"Blue Nile"},{"id":"east_asia-116","start":2012,"date_label":"2012年起","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"韩流席卷全球","desc":"2012年《江南Style》成为首个播放量破十亿的YouTube视频，2020年电影《寄生虫》获奥斯卡最佳影片，韩流风靡全球。","importance":2,"lat":37.52,"lng":127.05,"place":"首尔江南","title_en":"The Korean Wave Sweeps the World","desc_en":"In 2012 'Gangnam Style' became the first YouTube video to pass one billion views, and in 2020 the film Parasite won the Academy Award for Best Picture as the Korean Wave swept the globe.","date_label_en":"From 2012","place_en":"Gangnam, Seoul"},{"id":"global-x098","start":2012,"date_label":"2012年7月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"发现希格斯玻色子","desc":"欧洲核子研究中心大型强子对撞机的ATLAS与CMS实验宣布发现希格斯玻色子，证实粒子质量起源机制，希格斯与恩格勒获2013年诺奖。","importance":3,"lat":46.23,"lng":6.05,"place":"日内瓦欧核中心","title_en":"Higgs Boson Discovered","desc_en":"The ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider announced the discovery of the Higgs boson, confirming the mechanism by which particles acquire mass; Higgs and Englert won the 2013 Nobel Prize.","date_label_en":"July 2012","place_en":"CERN, Geneva"},{"id":"global-x099","start":2012,"date_label":"2012年","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"CRISPR基因编辑","desc":"杜德纳与沙尔庞捷证明CRISPR-Cas9可在特定位置切割DNA，基因编辑变得廉价精准，二人获2020年诺贝尔化学奖。","importance":2,"title_en":"CRISPR Gene Editing","desc_en":"Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier showed that CRISPR-Cas9 can cut DNA at specific sites, making gene editing cheap and precise; they won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.","date_label_en":"2012"},{"id":"global-x100","start":2012,"date_label":"2012年9月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"AlexNet与深度学习突破","desc":"辛顿团队的深度卷积神经网络AlexNet在ImageNet图像识别竞赛中以大幅优势夺冠，借助GPU训练，引爆了深度学习热潮。","importance":2,"title_en":"AlexNet and the Deep Learning Breakthrough","desc_en":"AlexNet, a deep convolutional neural network from Geoffrey Hinton's team, won the ImageNet image recognition competition by a wide margin; trained on GPUs, it ignited the deep learning boom.","date_label_en":"September 2012"},{"id":"global-x101","start":2012,"date_label":"2012年12月","region":"global","dims":["文化"],"title":"《江南Style》播放破十亿","desc":"韩国歌手PSY的《江南Style》成为首个在YouTube上播放量突破十亿次的视频，标志网络视频平台的全球传播力与韩流崛起。","importance":1,"title_en":"'Gangnam Style' Hits a Billion Views","desc_en":"Korean singer PSY's 'Gangnam Style' became the first video to pass one billion views on YouTube, marking the global reach of online video platforms and the rise of the Korean Wave.","date_label_en":"December 2012"},{"id":"south_asia-x195","start":2012,"end":2014,"date_label":"2012—2014年","region":"south_asia","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"马拉拉","desc":"巴基斯坦斯瓦特少女马拉拉因倡导女童受教育权遭塔利班枪击，康复后继续倡导，2014年成为最年轻的诺贝尔和平奖得主。","importance":2,"lat":34.77,"lng":72.36,"place":"斯瓦特","title_en":"Malala","desc_en":"Malala Yousafzai, a girl from Swat, Pakistan, was shot by the Taliban for advocating girls' right to education; after recovering she continued her advocacy and in 2014 became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize laureate.","date_label_en":"2012–2014","place_en":"Swat"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x152","start":2012,"date_label":"2012年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"Grab创立","desc":"陈炳耀与陈慧玲在吉隆坡推出打车应用MyTeksi，后更名Grab并迁总部至新加坡，发展为东南亚领先的出行、外卖和支付超级应用。","importance":2,"lat":3.14,"lng":101.69,"place":"吉隆坡","title_en":"Grab Founded","desc_en":"Anthony Tan and Tan Hooi Ling launched the taxi-hailing app MyTeksi in Kuala Lumpur; later renamed Grab and headquartered in Singapore, it became Southeast Asia's leading super app for rides, food delivery and payments.","date_label_en":"2012","place_en":"Kuala Lumpur"},{"id":"europe-x455","start":2012,"date_label":"2012年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"希格斯玻色子发现","desc":"欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机实验宣布发现希格斯玻色子，证实粒子物理标准模型的关键预言，希格斯与恩格勒获2013年诺贝尔物理学奖。","importance":2,"lat":46.23,"lng":6.05,"place":"日内瓦","title_en":"Discovery of the Higgs Boson","desc_en":"Experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider announced the discovery of the Higgs boson, confirming a key prediction of the Standard Model of particle physics; Higgs and Englert won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics.","date_label_en":"2012","place_en":"Geneva"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x124","start":2012,"date_label":"2012年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","文化"],"title":"马里北部危机","desc":"图阿雷格叛军与圣战组织占领马里北部，在廷巴克图摧毁圣人陵墓，民众冒险转移数十万份古代手稿，2013年法国出兵干预，萨赫勒安全危机自此扩散。","importance":1,"lat":16.77,"lng":-3.01,"place":"廷巴克图","title_en":"Northern Mali Crisis","desc_en":"Tuareg rebels and jihadist groups seized northern Mali and destroyed saints' tombs in Timbuktu, while residents risked their lives to smuggle out hundreds of thousands of ancient manuscripts; France intervened militarily in 2013, and the Sahel security crisis has spread since.","date_label_en":"2012","place_en":"Timbuktu"},{"id":"east_asia-117","start":2013,"date_label":"2013年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"“一带一路”倡议","desc":"中国提出共建“丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”倡议，推动沿线国家基础设施与贸易投资合作。","importance":2,"lat":39.92,"lng":116.39,"place":"北京","title_en":"Belt and Road Initiative","desc_en":"China proposed jointly building the 'Silk Road Economic Belt' and the '21st Century Maritime Silk Road', promoting cooperation on infrastructure, trade and investment with countries along the routes.","date_label_en":"2013","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x505","start":2013,"date_label":"2013年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"安倍经济学","desc":"安倍晋三第二次执政后推行“大胆的货币政策、灵活的财政政策、促进民间投资的增长战略”三支箭，日本央行实施大规模量化宽松。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"东京","title_en":"Abenomics","desc_en":"After returning to power, Shinzō Abe pursued 'three arrows'—bold monetary policy, flexible fiscal policy and a growth strategy to spur private investment—while the Bank of Japan launched massive quantitative easing.","date_label_en":"2013","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"south_asia-x196","start":2013,"date_label":"2013年4月","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"拉纳广场大楼倒塌","desc":"孟加拉萨瓦尔一座成衣工厂大楼倒塌，逾千名工人遇难，推动国际品牌签署工厂消防与建筑安全协议。","importance":2,"lat":23.85,"lng":90.26,"place":"萨瓦尔","title_en":"Rana Plaza Collapse","desc_en":"A garment factory building collapsed in Savar, Bangladesh, killing more than a thousand workers and prompting international brands to sign an accord on factory fire and building safety.","date_label_en":"April 2013","place_en":"Savar"},{"id":"inner_asia-x119","start":2013,"date_label":"2013年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"奥尤陶勒盖铜金矿出口","desc":"蒙古南戈壁的奥尤陶勒盖铜金矿开始出口铜精矿，这一世界级矿山成为蒙古最大的外资项目与经济支柱。","importance":1,"lat":43.0,"lng":106.85,"place":"南戈壁","title_en":"Oyu Tolgoi Begins Exports","desc_en":"The Oyu Tolgoi copper-gold mine in Mongolia's South Gobi began exporting copper concentrate; this world-class mine became Mongolia's largest foreign investment project and a pillar of its economy.","date_label_en":"2013","place_en":"South Gobi"},{"id":"latin_america-x128","start":2013,"date_label":"2013年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"首位拉美教宗","desc":"布宜诺斯艾利斯大主教豪尔赫·贝尔戈利奥当选教宗方济各，成为首位来自美洲的教宗，强调关怀穷人与环境，2025年4月逝世。","importance":1,"lat":-34.6,"lng":-58.38,"place":"布宜诺斯艾利斯","title_en":"First Latin American Pope","desc_en":"Jorge Bergoglio, Archbishop of Buenos Aires, was elected Pope Francis, the first pope from the Americas; he emphasized care for the poor and the environment, and died in April 2025.","date_label_en":"2013","place_en":"Buenos Aires"},{"id":"south_asia-058","start":2014,"date_label":"2014年9月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"曼加里安号进入火星轨道","desc":"2013年11月发射的印度火星轨道探测器成功入轨，印度成为首个进入火星轨道的亚洲国家，也是首个首次尝试即成功的国家。","importance":2,"lat":13.03,"lng":77.51,"place":"班加罗尔测控中心","title_en":"Mangalyaan Reaches Mars Orbit","desc_en":"India's Mars Orbiter Mission, launched in November 2013, successfully entered orbit, making India the first Asian country to reach Mars orbit and the first country to succeed on its first attempt.","date_label_en":"September 2014","place_en":"Bangalore Mission Control"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-086","start":2014,"end":2019,"date_label":"2014—2019年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"“伊斯兰国”兴衰","desc":"极端组织“伊斯兰国”2014年攻占摩苏尔并宣布建立“哈里发国”，2017年失去摩苏尔与拉卡，2019年失去最后据点。","importance":2,"lat":36.34,"lng":43.13,"place":"摩苏尔","title_en":"Rise and Fall of the Islamic State","desc_en":"The extremist group Islamic State captured Mosul in 2014 and proclaimed a 'caliphate'; 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it exposed the fragility of public health systems and drove the development of Ebola vaccines.","date_label_en":"2014–2016","place_en":"Guéckédou (Guinea)"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x153","start":2014,"date_label":"2014年11月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"新加坡智慧国计划","desc":"新加坡政府提出\"智慧国\"愿景，推动数字身份、电子支付、传感网络与政府数据开放，打造数字化国家。","importance":1,"lat":1.29,"lng":103.85,"place":"新加坡","title_en":"Singapore's Smart Nation Initiative","desc_en":"The Singapore government unveiled its 'Smart Nation' vision, promoting digital identity, e-payments, sensor networks and open government data to build a digital nation.","date_label_en":"November 2014","place_en":"Singapore"},{"id":"europe-x456","start":2014,"date_label":"2014年","region":"europe","dims":["科技"],"title":"菲莱号登陆彗星","desc":"欧洲航天局的罗塞塔探测器释放菲莱着陆器登陆67P彗星，这是人类首次在彗星表面实现软着陆，任务由达姆施塔特的控制中心操控。","importance":2,"lat":49.87,"lng":8.62,"place":"达姆施塔特","title_en":"Philae Lands on a Comet","desc_en":"The European Space Agency's Rosetta probe released the Philae lander onto comet 67P, the first ever soft landing on a comet's surface; the mission was controlled from the operations center in Darmstadt.","date_label_en":"2014","place_en":"Darmstadt"},{"id":"latin_america-x129","start":2014,"date_label":"2014年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"“洗车行动”反腐","desc":"巴西联邦警察从库里蒂巴启动“洗车行动”，揭露巴西石油公司与建筑商的巨额贿赂网络，波及多国政要，深刻冲击巴西与拉美政坛。","importance":1,"lat":-25.43,"lng":-49.27,"place":"库里蒂巴","title_en":"Operation Car Wash","desc_en":"Brazil's Federal Police launched Operation Car Wash (Lava Jato) from Curitiba, exposing a vast bribery network involving Petrobras and construction firms that implicated politicians in many countries and shook Brazilian and Latin American politics.","date_label_en":"2014","place_en":"Curitiba"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x125","start":2014,"date_label":"2014年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事"],"title":"奇博克女生绑架案","desc":"极端组织“博科圣地”从尼日利亚东北奇博克的学校绑架276名女生，引发全球“带回我们的女孩”运动，凸显乍得湖地区的恐怖主义危机。","importance":1,"lat":10.9,"lng":12.85,"place":"奇博克","title_en":"Chibok Schoolgirls Kidnapping","desc_en":"The extremist group Boko Haram abducted 276 schoolgirls from a school in Chibok, northeastern Nigeria, sparking the global 'Bring Back Our Girls' campaign and highlighting the terrorism crisis in the Lake Chad region.","date_label_en":"2014","place_en":"Chibok"},{"id":"global-050","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年12月","region":"global","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"巴黎协定","desc":"《联合国气候变化框架公约》第21次缔约方大会通过《巴黎协定》，目标是把全球升温控制在远低于2摄氏度，并努力限制在1.5摄氏度以内。","importance":3,"lat":48.95,"lng":2.43,"place":"巴黎勒布尔歇","title_en":"Paris Agreement","desc_en":"The 21st Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted the Paris Agreement, aiming to hold global warming well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.","date_label_en":"December 2015","place_en":"Le Bourget, Paris"},{"id":"global-x102","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年9月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"首次直接探测引力波","desc":"美国LIGO探测器记录到两个黑洞并合产生的引力波，2016年2月公布，证实爱因斯坦百年前的预言，开启引力波天文学，获2017年诺奖。","importance":3,"title_en":"First Direct Detection of Gravitational Waves","desc_en":"The US LIGO detectors recorded gravitational waves from the merger of two black holes, announced in February 2016, confirming Einstein's prediction of a century earlier and opening gravitational-wave astronomy; it won the 2017 Nobel Prize.","date_label_en":"September 2015"},{"id":"global-x103","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年9月","region":"global","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"可持续发展目标","desc":"联合国大会通过《2030年可持续发展议程》，提出消除贫困、优质教育、气候行动等17项可持续发展目标，接替千年发展目标。","importance":2,"title_en":"Sustainable Development Goals","desc_en":"The UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, setting 17 goals including ending poverty, quality education and climate action, succeeding the Millennium Development Goals.","date_label_en":"September 2015"},{"id":"global-x104","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年12月","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"可回收火箭成功","desc":"SpaceX猎鹰9号一级火箭首次在发射后垂直着陆回收，此后复用火箭大幅降低发射成本，推动了商业航天与大型卫星星座发展。","importance":2,"lat":28.49,"lng":-80.58,"place":"美国卡纳维拉尔角","title_en":"Reusable Rocket Succeeds","desc_en":"The first stage of a SpaceX Falcon 9 landed vertically after launch for the first time; reusable rockets have since sharply cut launch costs, driving commercial spaceflight and large satellite constellations.","date_label_en":"December 2015","place_en":"Cape Canaveral, USA"},{"id":"east_asia-x506","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"屠呦呦获诺贝尔奖","desc":"屠呦呦因发现青蒿素、显著降低疟疾患者死亡率获诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，是首位获得诺贝尔科学类奖项的中国本土科学家。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"Tu Youyou Wins the Nobel Prize","desc_en":"Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering artemisinin, which greatly reduced deaths from malaria; she was the first mainland Chinese scientist to win a Nobel Prize in science.","date_label_en":"2015","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"south_asia-x197","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年4月","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"中巴经济走廊","desc":"中巴签署一系列协议启动中巴经济走廊，以瓜达尔港和交通、能源项目为重点，是\"一带一路\"的旗舰项目。","importance":2,"lat":25.13,"lng":62.32,"place":"瓜达尔","title_en":"China–Pakistan Economic Corridor","desc_en":"China and Pakistan signed a series of agreements launching the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, focused on Gwadar Port and transport and energy projects—a flagship of the Belt and Road Initiative.","date_label_en":"April 2015","place_en":"Gwadar"},{"id":"south_asia-x198","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年4月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"尼泊尔大地震","desc":"尼泊尔廓尔喀地区发生7.8级地震，近九千人死亡，加德满都谷地多处世界遗产古建筑倒塌，经济损失巨大。","importance":2,"lat":28.23,"lng":84.73,"place":"廓尔喀","title_en":"Nepal Earthquake","desc_en":"A magnitude-7.8 earthquake struck Nepal's Gorkha district, killing nearly 9,000 people; many World Heritage monuments in the Kathmandu Valley collapsed, and economic losses were huge.","date_label_en":"April 2015","place_en":"Gorkha"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x154","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年11月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"缅甸民盟胜选","desc":"昂山素季领导的全国民主联盟在大选中赢得议会多数，2016年组成半个世纪以来首个民选文官政府。","importance":2,"lat":19.75,"lng":96.13,"place":"内比都","title_en":"NLD Wins Myanmar Election","desc_en":"Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy won a parliamentary majority, and in 2016 formed Myanmar's first elected civilian government in half a century.","date_label_en":"November 2015","place_en":"Naypyidaw"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x155","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年1月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"Gojek应用上线","desc":"印尼摩托出租车公司Gojek推出手机应用，扩展至外卖与支付，2021年与电商Tokopedia合并为GoTo集团。","importance":2,"lat":-6.18,"lng":106.83,"place":"雅加达","title_en":"Gojek App Launches","desc_en":"Indonesian motorcycle taxi company Gojek launched its app, expanding into food delivery and payments; in 2021 it merged with e-commerce firm Tokopedia to form the GoTo Group.","date_label_en":"January 2015","place_en":"Jakarta"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x156","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年12月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"东盟共同体成立","desc":"东盟宣布建成以政治安全、经济、社会文化为三大支柱的东盟共同体，致力于形成单一市场与生产基地。","importance":2,"lat":3.14,"lng":101.69,"place":"吉隆坡","title_en":"ASEAN Community Established","desc_en":"ASEAN declared the establishment of the ASEAN Community, built on three pillars—political-security, economic and socio-cultural—aiming to form a single market and production base.","date_label_en":"December 2015","place_en":"Kuala Lumpur"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x220","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"新苏伊士运河","desc":"埃及用约一年时间开通与原航道平行的新苏伊士运河段，实现部分区段双向通航，缩短船舶通行等待时间。","importance":1,"lat":30.6,"lng":32.3,"place":"苏伊士运河","title_en":"New Suez Canal","desc_en":"In about a year, Egypt opened a new Suez Canal section parallel to the existing channel, allowing two-way traffic along part of the route and reducing ships' waiting times.","date_label_en":"2015","place_en":"Suez Canal"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x221","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"也门战争升级","desc":"胡塞武装攻占萨那后南下，沙特领导的联军介入空袭，也门陷入长期战争，引发联合国所称的严重人道主义危机。","importance":2,"lat":15.37,"lng":44.19,"place":"萨那","title_en":"Yemen War Escalates","desc_en":"After capturing Sanaa, Houthi forces pushed south and a Saudi-led coalition intervened with airstrikes; Yemen sank into a protracted war and what the UN called a severe humanitarian crisis.","date_label_en":"2015","place_en":"Sanaa"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x222","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"伊朗核协议","desc":"伊朗与美、英、法、俄、中、德达成《联合全面行动计划》，以限制核计划换取解除制裁；2018年美国单方面退出。","importance":2,"lat":48.21,"lng":16.37,"place":"维也纳","title_en":"Iran Nuclear Deal","desc_en":"Iran reached the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action with the US, UK, France, Russia, China and Germany, limiting its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief; the US withdrew unilaterally in 2018.","date_label_en":"2015","place_en":"Vienna"},{"id":"inner_asia-x120","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"欧亚经济联盟生效","desc":"俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、白俄罗斯组成的欧亚经济联盟正式运行，亚美尼亚与吉尔吉斯斯坦随后加入，建立统一关税区。","importance":1,"lat":51.17,"lng":71.45,"place":"阿斯塔纳","title_en":"Eurasian Economic Union Takes Effect","desc_en":"The Eurasian Economic Union of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus formally began operating; Armenia and Kyrgyzstan joined soon after, creating a single customs territory.","date_label_en":"2015","place_en":"Astana"},{"id":"europe-x457","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"欧洲难民危机","desc":"叙利亚等地战乱导致逾百万难民和移民经地中海与巴尔干涌入欧洲，德国一度敞开边境，危机引发欧盟内部分歧并助推民粹政党崛起。","importance":2,"lat":39.1,"lng":26.55,"place":"莱斯博斯岛","title_en":"European Refugee Crisis","desc_en":"Wars in Syria and elsewhere drove more than a million refugees and migrants into Europe across the Mediterranean and through the Balkans; Germany for a time opened its borders, and the crisis divided the EU and fueled the rise of populist parties.","date_label_en":"2015","place_en":"Lesbos"},{"id":"latin_america-x130","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年起","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"委内瑞拉危机与移民潮","desc":"油价暴跌叠加经济管理失误，委内瑞拉陷入恶性通胀与物资短缺，至2020年代已有约七百万人离开，形成拉美近代最大规模的移民潮。","importance":2,"lat":10.49,"lng":-66.88,"place":"加拉加斯","title_en":"Venezuelan Crisis and Exodus","desc_en":"Collapsing oil prices and economic mismanagement plunged Venezuela into hyperinflation and shortages; by the 2020s about seven million people had left, the largest migration in modern Latin American history.","date_label_en":"From 2015","place_en":"Caracas"},{"id":"latin_america-x131","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"圭亚那海上石油","desc":"埃克森美孚在圭亚那近海发现丽莎大油田，2019年投产后石油收入激增，圭亚那经济增速多年位居世界前列，人均产油量跃居全球前列。","importance":1,"lat":6.8,"lng":-58.16,"place":"乔治敦","title_en":"Guyana's Offshore Oil","desc_en":"ExxonMobil discovered the huge Liza field off Guyana; after production began in 2019, oil revenue soared, Guyana's growth ranked among the world's fastest for years, and its oil output per capita rose to among the highest in the world.","date_label_en":"2015","place_en":"Georgetown"},{"id":"north_america-x128","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"猎鹰9号首次回收","desc":"SpaceX猎鹰9号火箭第一级首次在发射后垂直着陆回收，可重复使用火箭大幅降低发射成本，商业航天进入新阶段。","importance":2,"lat":28.49,"lng":-80.58,"place":"卡纳维拉尔角","title_en":"First Falcon 9 Recovery","desc_en":"The first stage of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket landed vertically after launch for the first time; reusable rockets sharply cut launch costs, and commercial spaceflight entered a new stage.","date_label_en":"2015","place_en":"Cape Canaveral"},{"id":"north_america-x129","start":2015,"date_label":"2015年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"同性婚姻合法化","desc":"最高法院在奥伯格费尔诉霍奇斯案中裁定同性婚姻受宪法保护，同性婚姻在全美合法；加拿大则早在2005年已立法承认。","importance":1,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Same-Sex Marriage Legalized","desc_en":"In Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriage is protected by the Constitution, making it legal nationwide; Canada had already legislated recognition back in 2005.","date_label_en":"2015","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"europe-117","start":2016,"end":2020,"date_label":"2016—2020年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"英国脱欧","desc":"2016年英国公投以约52%比48%决定脱离欧盟，经多年谈判于2020年1月31日正式退出，结束近半个世纪的成员身份。","importance":3,"lat":51.5,"lng":-0.13,"place":"伦敦","title_en":"Brexit","desc_en":"In a 2016 referendum the UK voted about 52% to 48% to leave the European Union; after years of negotiation it formally left on January 31, 2020, ending nearly half a century of membership.","date_label_en":"2016–2020","place_en":"London"},{"id":"global-x105","start":2016,"date_label":"2016年3月","region":"global","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"AlphaGo战胜李世石","desc":"DeepMind的AlphaGo在首尔以4比1战胜围棋世界冠军李世石，人工智能在复杂度极高的围棋上超越顶尖人类，震动全球。","importance":3,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"韩国首尔","title_en":"AlphaGo Defeats Lee Sedol","desc_en":"DeepMind's AlphaGo beat Go world champion Lee Sedol 4–1 in Seoul, as artificial intelligence surpassed top humans at the enormously complex game of Go, stunning the world.","date_label_en":"March 2016","place_en":"Seoul, South Korea"},{"id":"global-x106","start":2016,"end":2018,"date_label":"2016—2018年","region":"global","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"短视频平台兴起","desc":"2016年抖音上线、2017年其国际版TikTok推出，算法推荐的短视频迅速风靡全球，改变了娱乐消费、广告与音乐传播方式。","importance":2,"title_en":"Rise of Short-Video Platforms","desc_en":"Douyin launched in 2016 and its international version, TikTok, in 2017; algorithmically recommended short videos quickly swept the world, changing entertainment consumption, advertising and how music spreads.","date_label_en":"2016–2018"},{"id":"east_asia-x507","start":2016,"date_label":"2016年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"FAST射电望远镜落成","desc":"世界最大单口径球面射电望远镜FAST在贵州平塘落成，口径500米，被称为“中国天眼”，已发现数百颗新脉冲星。","importance":2,"lat":25.65,"lng":106.86,"place":"贵州平塘","title_en":"FAST Radio Telescope Completed","desc_en":"FAST, the world's largest single-dish spherical radio telescope, was completed in Pingtang, Guizhou; 500 meters across and dubbed 'China's Sky Eye', it has discovered hundreds of new pulsars.","date_label_en":"2016","place_en":"Pingtang, Guizhou"},{"id":"south_asia-x199","start":2016,"date_label":"2016年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"统一支付接口UPI","desc":"印度推出统一支付接口，以手机号即可实时转账，迅速成为全球交易量最大的实时支付系统之一。","importance":2,"lat":19.07,"lng":72.87,"place":"孟买","title_en":"Unified Payments Interface (UPI)","desc_en":"India launched the Unified Payments Interface, allowing real-time transfers with just a mobile number; it quickly became one of the world's largest real-time payment systems by transaction volume.","date_label_en":"2016","place_en":"Mumbai"},{"id":"south_asia-x200","start":2016,"date_label":"2016年11月","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"印度废钞令","desc":"莫迪政府突然宣布500和1000卢比纸币作废，约86%的流通现金失效，旨在打击黑钱，短期内造成现金短缺。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"India's Demonetization","desc_en":"The Modi government abruptly declared 500- and 1,000-rupee notes invalid, voiding about 86% of the cash in circulation to fight black money and causing a short-term cash shortage.","date_label_en":"November 2016","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x223","start":2016,"date_label":"2016年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"沙特“2030愿景”","desc":"沙特王储穆罕默德·本·萨勒曼发布“2030愿景”，计划减少对石油的依赖，发展旅游、娱乐与制造业，并放宽女性驾车等社会限制。","importance":2,"lat":24.71,"lng":46.68,"place":"利雅得","title_en":"Saudi Vision 2030","desc_en":"Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman unveiled 'Vision 2030', a plan to reduce dependence on oil, develop tourism, entertainment and manufacturing, and ease social restrictions such as the ban on women driving.","date_label_en":"2016","place_en":"Riyadh"},{"id":"inner_asia-x121","start":2016,"date_label":"2016年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"乌兹别克斯坦改革开放","desc":"卡里莫夫去世后米尔济约耶夫继任，推行货币自由兑换、放宽签证、改善邻国关系等改革，乌兹别克斯坦走向开放。","importance":2,"lat":41.3,"lng":69.24,"place":"塔什干","title_en":"Uzbekistan Opens Up","desc_en":"After Islam Karimov's death, his successor Shavkat Mirziyoyev introduced reforms including currency convertibility, easier visas and better relations with neighbors, opening up Uzbekistan.","date_label_en":"2016","place_en":"Tashkent"},{"id":"latin_america-x132","start":2016,"date_label":"2016年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"哥伦比亚和平协议","desc":"哥伦比亚政府与哥伦比亚革命武装力量签署和平协议，结束半个多世纪的武装冲突，桑托斯总统获诺贝尔和平奖，协议在修改后由国会批准。","importance":2,"lat":10.39,"lng":-75.51,"place":"卡塔赫纳","title_en":"Colombian Peace Agreement","desc_en":"The Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) signed a peace agreement ending more than half a century of armed conflict; President Juan Manuel Santos won the Nobel Peace Prize, and a revised agreement was approved by Congress.","date_label_en":"2016","place_en":"Cartagena"},{"id":"latin_america-x133","start":2016,"date_label":"2016年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"巴拿马运河扩建","desc":"巴拿马运河新船闸投入使用，可通行载箱量约1.4万标准箱的新巴拿马型船舶，运河通航能力大幅提升，进一步巩固其全球航运枢纽地位。","importance":1,"lat":8.98,"lng":-79.59,"place":"科科利","title_en":"Panama Canal Expansion","desc_en":"The Panama Canal's new locks opened, accommodating Neopanamax ships carrying about 14,000 TEU; the canal's capacity rose sharply, further cementing its role as a global shipping hub.","date_label_en":"2016","place_en":"Cocolí"},{"id":"latin_america-x134","start":2016,"date_label":"2016年","region":"latin_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"里约奥运会","desc":"里约热内卢举办夏季奥运会，是该赛事首次在南美洲举行，同时也伴随着经济衰退与政治危机下的公共开支争议。","importance":1,"lat":-22.91,"lng":-43.17,"place":"里约热内卢","title_en":"Rio Olympics","desc_en":"Rio de Janeiro hosted the Summer Olympics, the first held in South America, amid controversy over public spending during an economic recession and political crisis.","date_label_en":"2016","place_en":"Rio de Janeiro"},{"id":"north_america-x130","start":2016,"date_label":"2016年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"引力波首次探测","desc":"激光干涉引力波天文台宣布于2015年9月探测到两个黑洞合并产生的引力波，证实爱因斯坦的预言，三位科学家获2017年诺贝尔物理学奖。","importance":2,"lat":30.56,"lng":-90.77,"place":"利文斯顿","title_en":"First Detection of Gravitational Waves","desc_en":"The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory announced that in September 2015 it had detected gravitational waves from the merger of two black holes, confirming Einstein's prediction; three scientists won the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics.","date_label_en":"2016","place_en":"Livingston"},{"id":"north_america-x131","start":2016,"date_label":"2016年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"特朗普当选总统","desc":"唐纳德·特朗普以“美国优先”纲领赢得总统选举，任内退出巴黎协定与跨太平洋伙伴关系协定，对华加征关税，美国政治极化加剧。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Trump Elected President","desc_en":"Donald Trump won the presidential election on an 'America First' platform; in office he withdrew from the Paris Agreement and the Trans-Pacific Partnership and raised tariffs on China, as US political polarization deepened.","date_label_en":"2016","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"global-x107","start":2017,"date_label":"2017年","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"Transformer架构提出","desc":"谷歌研究者发表论文《注意力就是你所需要的一切》，提出Transformer模型，此后成为GPT等大型语言模型的基础架构。","importance":3,"title_en":"Transformer Architecture Proposed","desc_en":"Google researchers published the paper 'Attention Is All You Need', introducing the Transformer model, which became the foundational architecture of large language models such as GPT.","date_label_en":"2017"},{"id":"global-x108","start":2017,"date_label":"2017年8月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"中子星并合多信使观测","desc":"LIGO与Virgo探测到双中子星并合的引力波GW170817，全球约70台望远镜同时观测到其电磁对应体，证实并合可合成金等重元素。","importance":2,"title_en":"Multi-Messenger Observation of a Neutron Star Merger","desc_en":"LIGO and Virgo detected gravitational waves, GW170817, from a binary neutron star merger, and about 70 telescopes worldwide observed its electromagnetic counterpart, confirming that such mergers can forge heavy elements like gold.","date_label_en":"August 2017"},{"id":"global-x109","start":2017,"date_label":"2017年10月","region":"global","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"#MeToo运动全球扩散","desc":"好莱坞性侵丑闻曝光后，#MeToo话题在社交媒体迅速扩散至全球数十个国家，推动了反对性骚扰的制度改革与社会讨论。","importance":1,"title_en":"#MeToo Goes Global","desc_en":"After Hollywood sexual abuse scandals came to light, the #MeToo hashtag spread rapidly on social media to dozens of countries, driving institutional reforms and public debate against sexual harassment.","date_label_en":"October 2017"},{"id":"global-x110","start":2017,"end":2021,"date_label":"2017—2021年","region":"global","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"《禁止核武器条约》","desc":"2017年联合国会议通过首个全面禁止核武器的条约，2021年1月生效；所有有核国家均未加入，但条约体现了无核国家对核裁军的诉求。","importance":1,"title_en":"Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons","desc_en":"In 2017 a UN conference adopted the first treaty comprehensively banning nuclear weapons, which entered into force in January 2021; no nuclear-armed state has joined, but it embodies non-nuclear states' demand for disarmament.","date_label_en":"2017–2021"},{"id":"east_asia-x508","start":2017,"date_label":"2017年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"朴槿惠被弹劾罢免","desc":"“亲信干政”丑闻引发数百万人参与的烛光集会，国会通过弹劾案，宪法法院2017年3月裁定罢免朴槿惠，她成为首位被罢免的韩国总统。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"首尔","title_en":"Park Geun-hye Impeached and Removed","desc_en":"An influence-peddling scandal sparked candlelight rallies joined by millions; the National Assembly passed an impeachment motion, and in March 2017 the Constitutional Court removed Park Geun-hye, the first South Korean president to be removed from office.","date_label_en":"2017","place_en":"Seoul"},{"id":"south_asia-x201","start":2017,"date_label":"2017年2月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"一箭104星","desc":"印度极轨卫星运载火箭PSLV-C37在斯里赫里戈达一次将104颗卫星送入轨道，创造当时单次发射卫星数量的世界纪录。","importance":2,"lat":13.72,"lng":80.23,"place":"斯里赫里戈达","title_en":"104 Satellites on One Rocket","desc_en":"India's PSLV-C37 rocket placed 104 satellites into orbit in a single launch from Sriharikota, setting what was then a world record for satellites launched at once.","date_label_en":"February 2017","place_en":"Sriharikota"},{"id":"south_asia-x202","start":2017,"date_label":"2017年7月","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"商品和服务税","desc":"印度实施全国统一的商品和服务税，取代各邦繁杂的间接税，形成统一国内市场，是独立以来最大的税制改革之一。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"Goods and Services Tax","desc_en":"India introduced a nationwide Goods and Services Tax, replacing a complex web of state indirect taxes and creating a unified domestic market—one of the biggest tax reforms since independence.","date_label_en":"July 2017","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x224","start":2017,"date_label":"2017年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["文化"],"title":"卢浮宫阿布扎比","desc":"阿联酋与法国合作的卢浮宫阿布扎比开馆，由让·努维尔设计、巨型穹顶覆盖，是阿拉伯世界首座“环球博物馆”。","importance":1,"lat":24.53,"lng":54.4,"place":"阿布扎比","title_en":"Louvre Abu Dhabi","desc_en":"The Louvre Abu Dhabi, a collaboration between the UAE and France, opened; designed by Jean Nouvel and covered by a giant dome, it is the Arab world's first 'universal museum'.","date_label_en":"2017","place_en":"Abu Dhabi"},{"id":"inner_asia-x122","start":2017,"date_label":"2017年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"阿斯塔纳世博会","desc":"哈萨克斯坦举办以“未来能源”为主题的阿斯塔纳世博会，是中亚首次举办世界博览会，场馆后改建为国际金融中心。","importance":1,"lat":51.09,"lng":71.42,"place":"阿斯塔纳","title_en":"Expo 2017 Astana","desc_en":"Kazakhstan hosted Expo 2017 in Astana on the theme 'Future Energy', the first World Expo in Central Asia; the site was later converted into an international financial center.","date_label_en":"2017","place_en":"Astana"},{"id":"north_america-x132","start":2017,"date_label":"2017年","region":"north_america","dims":["文化"],"title":"#MeToo运动","desc":"好莱坞制片人韦恩斯坦性侵丑闻曝光后，大量女性在社交媒体以#MeToo分享遭遇，运动迅速扩展至全球多个行业，推动反性骚扰制度改革。","importance":1,"lat":34.05,"lng":-118.24,"place":"洛杉矶","title_en":"#MeToo Movement","desc_en":"After the sexual abuse scandal of Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein came to light, many women shared their experiences on social media under #MeToo; the movement quickly spread to many industries worldwide, driving reforms against sexual harassment.","date_label_en":"2017","place_en":"Los Angeles"},{"id":"oceania-x065","start":2017,"date_label":"2017年","region":"oceania","dims":["文化","政治"],"title":"旺格努伊河人格化","desc":"新西兰议会通过法律承认旺格努伊河为具有法律人格的主体，回应毛利伊维部落长期诉求，是世界上首条获得法律人格的河流。","importance":1,"lat":-39.93,"lng":175.05,"place":"旺格努伊","title_en":"Whanganui River Granted Personhood","desc_en":"New Zealand's Parliament passed a law recognizing the Whanganui River as a legal person, answering a long-standing claim by Māori iwi; it was the world's first river granted legal personhood.","date_label_en":"2017","place_en":"Whanganui"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x126","start":2017,"date_label":"2017年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"蒙内铁路通车","desc":"由中国企业承建的蒙巴萨至内罗毕标准轨距铁路通车，全长约480公里，缩短港口与首都间运输时间，同时也引发对债务负担的争议。","importance":1,"lat":-4.04,"lng":39.67,"place":"蒙巴萨","title_en":"Mombasa–Nairobi Railway Opens","desc_en":"The Mombasa–Nairobi standard-gauge railway, built by Chinese companies, opened; about 480 km long, it cut transit times between the port and the capital but also sparked debate over the debt burden.","date_label_en":"2017","place_en":"Mombasa"},{"id":"east_asia-x509","start":2018,"date_label":"2018年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"港珠澳大桥通车","desc":"连接香港、珠海和澳门的港珠澳大桥通车，全长55公里，含海底沉管隧道，是世界最长的跨海桥隧工程之一。","importance":2,"lat":22.27,"lng":113.58,"place":"珠海","title_en":"Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Opens","desc_en":"The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge, linking the three cities, opened; 55 km long and including an undersea immersed-tube tunnel, it is one of the world's longest sea-crossing bridge-tunnel systems.","date_label_en":"2018","place_en":"Zhuhai"},{"id":"east_asia-x510","start":2018,"date_label":"2018年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"平昌冬奥会与板门店宣言","desc":"平昌冬奥会上朝韩共同入场并组成女子冰球联队；4月文在寅与金正恩在板门店会晤发表《板门店宣言》，6月金正恩与特朗普在新加坡会面。","importance":2,"lat":37.96,"lng":126.68,"place":"板门店","title_en":"PyeongChang Olympics and Panmunjom Declaration","desc_en":"At the PyeongChang Winter Olympics, the two Koreas marched in together and fielded a joint women's ice hockey team; in April Moon Jae-in and Kim Jong-un met at Panmunjom and issued the Panmunjom Declaration, and in June Kim met Trump in Singapore.","date_label_en":"2018","place_en":"Panmunjom"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x157","start":2018,"date_label":"2018年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"泰国东部经济走廊","desc":"泰国立法设立东部经济走廊，涵盖春武里、罗勇和北柳三府，重点吸引电动车、电子和数字产业投资。","importance":1,"lat":13.36,"lng":100.98,"place":"春武里","title_en":"Thailand's Eastern Economic Corridor","desc_en":"Thailand legislated the Eastern Economic Corridor, covering the provinces of Chonburi, Rayong and Chachoengsao, to attract investment especially in electric vehicles, electronics and digital industries.","date_label_en":"2018","place_en":"Chonburi"},{"id":"inner_asia-x123","start":2018,"date_label":"2018年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"罗贡水电站发电","desc":"塔吉克斯坦瓦赫什河上的罗贡水电站首台机组发电，大坝设计高度约335米，建成后将为世界最高大坝，引发下游用水关切。","importance":1,"lat":38.7,"lng":69.77,"place":"罗贡","title_en":"Rogun Dam Begins Generating","desc_en":"The first turbine of the Rogun hydropower plant on Tajikistan's Vakhsh River began generating; with a design height of about 335 meters, the dam will be the world's tallest when complete, raising concerns about downstream water use.","date_label_en":"2018","place_en":"Rogun"},{"id":"europe-x458","start":2018,"date_label":"2018年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"通用数据保护条例","desc":"欧盟《通用数据保护条例》（GDPR）生效，赋予个人对其数据的访问、删除等权利，违规罚款最高可达全球营业额4%，成为全球数据保护标杆。","importance":2,"lat":50.84,"lng":4.38,"place":"布鲁塞尔","title_en":"General Data Protection Regulation","desc_en":"The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) took effect, giving individuals rights to access and delete their data, with fines of up to 4% of global turnover for violations; it became the global benchmark for data protection.","date_label_en":"2018","place_en":"Brussels"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x127","start":2018,"date_label":"2018年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"MeerKAT射电望远镜","desc":"南非北开普卡鲁地区的64面天线射电望远镜阵列MeerKAT落成，是国际平方公里阵列望远镜的先导，发布了银河系中心的高清射电图像。","importance":1,"lat":-30.71,"lng":21.44,"place":"卡鲁","title_en":"MeerKAT Radio Telescope","desc_en":"MeerKAT, a 64-dish radio telescope array in the Karoo region of South Africa's Northern Cape, was completed as a precursor to the international Square Kilometre Array, and released high-resolution radio images of the center of the Milky Way.","date_label_en":"2018","place_en":"Karoo"},{"id":"east_asia-118","start":2019,"date_label":"2019年1月","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"嫦娥四号登陆月背","desc":"嫦娥四号实现人类首次月球背面软着陆，2020年嫦娥五号带回月壤，2021年天问一号探测器成功着陆火星。","importance":2,"lat":28.25,"lng":102.03,"place":"西昌卫星发射中心","title_en":"Chang'e 4 Lands on the Far Side of the Moon","desc_en":"Chang'e 4 made humanity's first soft landing on the far side of the Moon; Chang'e 5 brought back lunar soil in 2020, and the Tianwen-1 probe successfully landed on Mars in 2021.","date_label_en":"January 2019","place_en":"Xichang Satellite Launch Center"},{"id":"global-x111","start":2019,"date_label":"2019年4月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"首张黑洞照片","desc":"事件视界望远镜联合全球多座射电望远镜，公布M87星系中心超大质量黑洞的阴影图像，首次直接“看见”黑洞。","importance":2,"title_en":"First Image of a Black Hole","desc_en":"The Event Horizon Telescope, linking radio telescopes around the world, released an image of the shadow of the supermassive black hole at the center of galaxy M87—the first time a black hole had been directly 'seen'.","date_label_en":"April 2019"},{"id":"global-x112","start":2019,"date_label":"2019年4月","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"5G商用开启","desc":"2019年4月韩国与美国率先推出5G商用服务，此后中国等国大规模建设5G基站，高速低延时网络支撑物联网与工业互联网应用。","importance":1,"title_en":"5G Goes Commercial","desc_en":"In April 2019 South Korea and the United States launched the first commercial 5G services; China and other countries then built 5G base stations on a large scale, with high-speed, low-latency networks supporting IoT and industrial Internet applications.","date_label_en":"April 2019"},{"id":"global-x113","start":2019,"date_label":"2019年5月","region":"global","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"星链卫星互联网","desc":"SpaceX发射首批60颗星链卫星，至2020年代中期已部署数千颗，低轨卫星互联网为偏远地区提供接入，并在俄乌战争中发挥作用。","importance":1,"title_en":"Starlink Satellite Internet","desc_en":"SpaceX launched the first 60 Starlink satellites, and by the mid-2020s had deployed thousands; low-orbit satellite Internet provides access to remote areas and has played a role in the Russia–Ukraine war.","date_label_en":"May 2019"},{"id":"east_asia-x511","start":2019,"date_label":"2019年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"令和改元","desc":"明仁天皇退位，德仁天皇即位，年号改为“令和”，取自《万叶集》，是近代以来首次天皇生前退位。","importance":1,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"东京","title_en":"Reiwa Era Begins","desc_en":"Emperor Akihito abdicated and Emperor Naruhito ascended the throne; the era name changed to 'Reiwa', taken from the Man'yōshū. 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it listed on NASDAQ in 2023.","date_label_en":"June 2019","place_en":"Haiphong"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x159","start":2019,"date_label":"2019年","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"邦萨摩洛自治区","desc":"菲律宾南部经公投设立邦萨摩洛穆斯林棉兰老自治区，取代原有自治区，摩洛伊斯兰解放阵线转入和平治理。","importance":2,"lat":7.22,"lng":124.25,"place":"哥打巴托","title_en":"Bangsamoro Autonomous Region","desc_en":"Following a referendum, the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao was created in the southern Philippines, replacing the previous autonomous region, and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front moved into peaceful governance.","date_label_en":"2019","place_en":"Cotabato City"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x225","start":2019,"date_label":"2019年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"沙特阿美上市","desc":"沙特阿美在利雅得证券交易所上市，募资约256亿美元，为当时全球规模最大的首次公开募股。","importance":2,"lat":24.71,"lng":46.68,"place":"利雅得","title_en":"Saudi Aramco IPO","desc_en":"Saudi Aramco listed on the Riyadh stock exchange (Tadawul), raising about $25.6 billion in what was then the world's largest initial public offering.","date_label_en":"2019","place_en":"Riyadh"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x226","start":2019,"date_label":"2019年起","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"黎巴嫩金融崩溃","desc":"黎巴嫩爆发银行业与货币危机，黎巴嫩镑大幅贬值、存款被冻结，世界银行称其为近代最严重的经济危机之一。","importance":1,"lat":33.89,"lng":35.5,"place":"贝鲁特","title_en":"Lebanon's Financial Collapse","desc_en":"Lebanon was hit by a banking and currency crisis: the Lebanese pound plunged and deposits were frozen; the World Bank called it one of the most severe economic crises in modern history.","date_label_en":"From 2019","place_en":"Beirut"},{"id":"inner_asia-x124","start":2019,"date_label":"2019年","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"纳扎尔巴耶夫辞职","desc":"执政近三十年的哈萨克斯坦总统纳扎尔巴耶夫宣布辞职，托卡耶夫继任，首都一度改名努尔苏丹，2022年恢复阿斯塔纳之名。","importance":1,"lat":51.17,"lng":71.45,"place":"阿斯塔纳","title_en":"Nazarbayev Resigns","desc_en":"Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev, in power for nearly thirty years, announced his resignation and was succeeded by Kassym-Jomart Tokayev; the capital was briefly renamed Nur-Sultan before reverting to Astana in 2022.","date_label_en":"2019","place_en":"Astana"},{"id":"europe-x459","start":2019,"date_label":"2019年","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"巴黎圣母院大火","desc":"巴黎圣母院在修缮期间失火，尖塔与大部分屋顶被焚毁，经五年多修复，大教堂于2024年12月重新开放。","importance":1,"lat":48.85,"lng":2.35,"place":"巴黎","title_en":"Notre-Dame Fire","desc_en":"Fire broke out at Notre-Dame de Paris during renovation, destroying the spire and most of the roof; after more than five years of restoration, the cathedral reopened in December 2024.","date_label_en":"2019","place_en":"Paris"},{"id":"europe-x460","start":2019,"date_label":"2019年","region":"europe","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"欧洲绿色协议","desc":"欧盟委员会提出《欧洲绿色协议》，目标是2050年实现气候中和，此后立法要求2030年温室气体排放较1990年减少至少55%。","importance":2,"lat":50.84,"lng":4.38,"place":"布鲁塞尔","title_en":"European Green Deal","desc_en":"The European Commission proposed the European Green Deal, aiming for climate neutrality by 2050; subsequent legislation required greenhouse gas emissions to be cut by at least 55% from 1990 levels by 2030.","date_label_en":"2019","place_en":"Brussels"},{"id":"oceania-x066","start":2019,"date_label":"2019年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"基督城清真寺枪击","desc":"一名澳洲籍白人至上主义者在基督城两座清真寺枪杀51人，阿德恩政府迅速禁止大多数半自动武器，并发起打击网络极端内容的“基督城倡议”。","importance":1,"lat":-43.53,"lng":172.64,"place":"基督城","title_en":"Christchurch Mosque Shootings","desc_en":"An Australian white supremacist shot dead 51 people at two mosques in Christchurch; the Ardern government quickly banned most semi-automatic weapons and launched the 'Christchurch Call' to tackle extremist content online.","date_label_en":"2019","place_en":"Christchurch"},{"id":"global-051","start":2020,"end":2023,"date_label":"2020—2023年","region":"global","dims":["综合","经济","科技"],"title":"新冠疫情","desc":"世卫组织于2020年3月宣布新冠疫情构成大流行，各国封锁、停工、停航，供应链中断；疫苗不到一年即获批，2023年5月紧急状态结束。","importance":3,"lat":30.59,"lng":114.31,"place":"武汉","title_en":"COVID-19 Pandemic","desc_en":"The WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020; countries imposed lockdowns and halted work and travel, disrupting supply chains. Vaccines were approved in under a year, and the emergency ended in May 2023.","date_label_en":"2020–2023","place_en":"Wuhan"},{"id":"southeast_asia-051","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年11月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"签署RCEP","desc":"东盟十国与中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰签署《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》，形成全球人口和经济规模最大的自贸区。","importance":2,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.85,"place":"河内（线上主办）","title_en":"RCEP Signed","desc_en":"The ten ASEAN countries signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership with China, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand, creating the world's largest free trade area by population and economic size.","date_label_en":"November 2020","place_en":"Hanoi (hosted online)"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-087","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"亚伯拉罕协议","desc":"阿联酋、巴林与以色列在美国斡旋下实现关系正常化，摩洛哥、苏丹随后跟进，改变地区外交格局。","importance":1,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Abraham Accords","desc_en":"The UAE and Bahrain normalized relations with Israel under US mediation, followed by Morocco and Sudan, reshaping the region's diplomatic landscape.","date_label_en":"2020","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"global-x114","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年4月","region":"global","dims":["经济"],"title":"原油期货负价","desc":"新冠疫情导致需求骤降、储油空间告急，2020年4月20日美国WTI原油期货价格跌至约每桶负37美元，史上首次出现负油价。","importance":1,"title_en":"Negative Oil Futures Prices","desc_en":"With COVID-19 causing demand to collapse and storage running out, US WTI crude futures fell to about minus $37 a barrel on April 20, 2020—the first negative oil price in history.","date_label_en":"April 2020"},{"id":"global-x115","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年11月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"AlphaFold破解蛋白质结构","desc":"DeepMind的AlphaFold2在CASP14竞赛中以接近实验精度预测蛋白质结构，2022年其公开数据库已收录逾2亿种蛋白质结构预测。","importance":2,"title_en":"AlphaFold Cracks Protein Structure","desc_en":"DeepMind's AlphaFold2 predicted protein structures with near-experimental accuracy in the CASP14 competition; by 2022 its public database held predicted structures for more than 200 million proteins.","date_label_en":"November 2020"},{"id":"east_asia-x512","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"北斗与嫦娥五号","desc":"北斗三号全球卫星导航系统建成开通；同年嫦娥五号从月球采集约1731克样品返回地球，中国成为第三个实现月球采样返回的国家。","importance":2,"lat":19.61,"lng":110.95,"place":"文昌航天发射场","title_en":"BeiDou and Chang'e 5","desc_en":"The BeiDou-3 global satellite navigation system was completed and put into service; the same year Chang'e 5 collected about 1,731 grams of lunar samples and returned them to Earth, making China the third country to achieve a lunar sample return.","date_label_en":"2020","place_en":"Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site"},{"id":"east_asia-x513","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"《寄生虫》获奥斯卡","desc":"奉俊昊执导的韩国电影《寄生虫》获第92届奥斯卡最佳影片等四项大奖，成为首部获最佳影片的非英语电影。","importance":2,"lat":34.1,"lng":-118.34,"place":"洛杉矶","title_en":"Parasite Wins the Oscar","desc_en":"Bong Joon-ho's Korean film Parasite won four awards at the 92nd Academy Awards, including Best Picture, becoming the first non-English-language film to win Best Picture.","date_label_en":"2020","place_en":"Los Angeles"},{"id":"east_asia-x514","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"隼鸟2号带回小行星样本","desc":"日本探测器隼鸟2号从小行星“龙宫”采集样本，返回舱于2020年12月在澳大利亚着陆，样本中检测到氨基酸等有机物。","importance":2,"lat":35.56,"lng":139.4,"place":"相模原JAXA","title_en":"Hayabusa2 Returns Asteroid Samples","desc_en":"Japan's Hayabusa2 probe collected samples from the asteroid Ryugu; its return capsule landed in Australia in December 2020, and organic compounds including amino acids were detected in the samples.","date_label_en":"2020","place_en":"JAXA, Sagamihara"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x160","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年1月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"印尼镍矿出口禁令","desc":"印尼全面禁止镍原矿出口，吸引外资在苏拉威西等地兴建冶炼和电池材料产业园，成为全球最大镍产品供应国。","importance":2,"lat":-2.83,"lng":121.95,"place":"莫罗瓦利","title_en":"Indonesia's Nickel Ore Export Ban","desc_en":"Indonesia fully banned exports of raw nickel ore, attracting foreign investment in smelting and battery-materials industrial parks in Sulawesi and elsewhere, and became the world's largest supplier of nickel products.","date_label_en":"January 2020","place_en":"Morowali"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x227","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年8月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"贝鲁特港大爆炸","desc":"贝鲁特港仓库中储存多年的约2750吨硝酸铵爆炸，造成两百余人死亡、数千人受伤，港区与周边城区严重损毁。","importance":2,"lat":33.9,"lng":35.52,"place":"贝鲁特港","title_en":"Beirut Port Explosion","desc_en":"About 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate stored for years in a warehouse at the port of Beirut exploded, killing more than 200 people, injuring thousands and devastating the port and surrounding neighborhoods.","date_label_en":"August 2020","place_en":"Port of Beirut"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x228","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"阿联酋“希望号”火星探测","desc":"阿联酋“希望号”探测器7月发射，2021年2月进入火星轨道，阿联酋成为首个成功开展火星探测的阿拉伯国家。","importance":2,"lat":25.2,"lng":55.27,"place":"迪拜","title_en":"UAE's Hope Mars Mission","desc_en":"The UAE's Hope probe launched in July and entered Mars orbit in February 2021, making the UAE the first Arab country to successfully carry out a Mars mission.","date_label_en":"2020","place_en":"Dubai"},{"id":"europe-x461","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"下一代欧盟复苏计划","desc":"为应对新冠疫情冲击，欧盟同意以共同发债方式筹集7500亿欧元设立复苏基金，首次大规模共同举债，被视为财政一体化的重要一步。","importance":2,"lat":50.84,"lng":4.38,"place":"布鲁塞尔","title_en":"NextGenerationEU Recovery Plan","desc_en":"To counter the impact of COVID-19, the EU agreed to raise €750 billion for a recovery fund through joint borrowing—its first large-scale common debt, seen as an important step toward fiscal integration.","date_label_en":"2020","place_en":"Brussels"},{"id":"north_america-x133","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","文化"],"title":"乔治·弗洛伊德之死","desc":"非洲裔男子乔治·弗洛伊德在明尼阿波利斯被警察跪压致死，引发全美乃至全球“黑人的命也是命”抗议，推动警务改革与种族平等讨论。","importance":2,"lat":44.95,"lng":-93.26,"place":"明尼阿波利斯","title_en":"Death of George Floyd","desc_en":"African American George Floyd died after a police officer knelt on his neck in Minneapolis, sparking 'Black Lives Matter' protests across the US and around the world and driving debate on police reform and racial equality.","date_label_en":"2020","place_en":"Minneapolis"},{"id":"north_america-x134","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"mRNA疫苗获批","desc":"辉瑞—BioNTech与莫德纳的新冠mRNA疫苗于2020年12月在美国获紧急使用授权，从研发到获批不足一年，开创疫苗快速研制的新范式。","importance":2,"lat":42.36,"lng":-71.09,"place":"剑桥（麻省）","title_en":"mRNA Vaccines Authorized","desc_en":"The Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccines received emergency use authorization in the US in December 2020, less than a year from development to approval, setting a new paradigm for rapid vaccine development.","date_label_en":"2020","place_en":"Cambridge, Massachusetts"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x128","start":2020,"end":2022,"date_label":"2020–2022年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"提格雷战争","desc":"埃塞俄比亚联邦政府与提格雷人民解放阵线爆发战争，厄立特里亚军队介入，伴随围困与饥荒，伤亡惨重，2022年11月双方在比勒陀利亚签署停火协议。","importance":2,"lat":13.5,"lng":39.47,"place":"默克莱","title_en":"Tigray War","desc_en":"War broke out between Ethiopia's federal government and the Tigray People's Liberation Front; Eritrean troops intervened, and with sieges and famine the toll was devastating. The two sides signed a ceasefire in Pretoria in November 2022.","date_label_en":"2020–2022","place_en":"Mek'ele"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x129","start":2020,"date_label":"2020年代","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["文化","经济"],"title":"非洲节拍音乐全球化","desc":"以伯纳男孩、威兹奇德、泰姆斯为代表的尼日利亚“非洲节拍”音乐风靡全球，多次获格莱美奖，流媒体推动非洲流行音乐与时尚产业走向世界。","importance":1,"lat":6.45,"lng":3.39,"place":"拉各斯","title_en":"Afrobeats Goes Global","desc_en":"Nigerian Afrobeats, led by artists such as Burna Boy, Wizkid and Tems, swept the world and won multiple Grammys, as streaming carried African pop music and fashion to a global audience.","date_label_en":"2020s","place_en":"Lagos"},{"id":"southeast_asia-052","start":2021,"date_label":"2021年2月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"缅甸军事政变","desc":"缅甸军方以选举舞弊为由发动政变，拘押昂山素季等民选领导人，引发大规模抗议与武装反抗，缅甸陷入持续内战。","importance":2,"lat":19.76,"lng":96.13,"place":"内比都","title_en":"Myanmar Military Coup","desc_en":"Myanmar's military staged a coup citing election fraud and detained Aung San Suu Kyi and other elected leaders, sparking mass protests and armed resistance; Myanmar fell into an ongoing civil war.","date_label_en":"February 2021","place_en":"Naypyidaw"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-037","start":2021,"date_label":"2021年1月1日","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济"],"title":"非洲大陆自贸区启动","desc":"非洲大陆自由贸易区正式启动交易，覆盖54个签署国、约13亿人口，目标是削减关税、促进非洲内部贸易，是世贸组织成立以来成员国最多的自贸区。","importance":2,"lat":5.56,"lng":-0.2,"place":"阿克拉","title_en":"African Continental Free Trade Area Launches","desc_en":"Trading formally began under the African Continental Free Trade Area, covering 54 signatory states and about 1.3 billion people, aiming to cut tariffs and boost intra-African trade; it is the largest free trade area by number of member countries since the WTO was founded.","date_label_en":"January 1, 2021","place_en":"Accra"},{"id":"global-x116","start":2021,"date_label":"2021年3月","region":"global","dims":["经济"],"title":"长赐号堵塞苏伊士运河","desc":"巨型集装箱船“长赐号”搁浅横亘苏伊士运河约6天，数百艘船舶滞留，暴露了全球供应链在关键航道上的脆弱性。","importance":1,"lat":30.02,"lng":32.58,"place":"苏伊士运河","title_en":"Ever Given Blocks the Suez Canal","desc_en":"The giant container ship Ever Given ran aground and blocked the Suez Canal for about six days, stranding hundreds of ships and exposing the fragility of global supply chains at key waterways.","date_label_en":"March 2021","place_en":"Suez Canal"},{"id":"global-x117","start":2021,"date_label":"2021年7—8月","region":"global","dims":["文化"],"title":"东京奥运会延期举办","desc":"受新冠疫情影响，原定2020年的东京奥运会首次延期一年举行，绝大多数比赛空场进行，是现代奥运史上的特殊一届。","importance":1,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.69,"place":"日本东京","title_en":"Postponed Tokyo Olympics Held","desc_en":"Because of COVID-19, the Tokyo Olympics originally set for 2020 were postponed by a year—a first—and most events were held without spectators, making it a unique Games in modern Olympic history.","date_label_en":"July–August 2021","place_en":"Tokyo, Japan"},{"id":"global-x118","start":2021,"date_label":"2021年12月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"詹姆斯·韦布望远镜发射","desc":"由美国、欧洲、加拿大合作研制的詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜从法属圭亚那发射，以红外观测宇宙最早星系与系外行星大气。","importance":2,"lat":5.24,"lng":-52.77,"place":"法属圭亚那库鲁","title_en":"James Webb Space Telescope Launched","desc_en":"The James Webb Space Telescope, developed jointly by the US, Europe and Canada, was launched from French Guiana to observe the universe's earliest galaxies and the atmospheres of exoplanets in infrared.","date_label_en":"December 2021","place_en":"Kourou, French Guiana"},{"id":"east_asia-x515","start":2021,"date_label":"2021年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"祝融号登陆火星","desc":"天问一号着陆器携祝融号火星车在乌托邦平原着陆，中国成为第二个成功在火星着陆并开展巡视探测的国家。","importance":2,"lat":19.61,"lng":110.95,"place":"文昌航天发射场","title_en":"Zhurong Lands on Mars","desc_en":"The Tianwen-1 lander carrying the Zhurong rover touched down on Utopia Planitia, making China the second country to successfully land on Mars and conduct rover exploration.","date_label_en":"2021","place_en":"Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site"},{"id":"east_asia-x516","start":2021,"date_label":"2021年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"东京奥运会延期举行","desc":"因新冠疫情推迟一年的东京奥运会于2021年夏季举行，绝大多数比赛空场进行，日本获27枚金牌，创历史最佳。","importance":1,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.7,"place":"东京","title_en":"Tokyo Olympics Held After Delay","desc_en":"Postponed by a year due to COVID-19, the Tokyo Olympics were held in the summer of 2021 with most events closed to spectators; Japan won 27 gold medals, its best ever.","date_label_en":"2021","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x161","start":2021,"date_label":"2021年12月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"中老铁路通车","desc":"昆明至万象的中老铁路全线通车，老挝境内段约422千米，老挝由\"陆锁国\"向\"陆联国\"转变。","importance":2,"lat":17.97,"lng":102.63,"place":"万象","title_en":"China–Laos Railway Opens","desc_en":"The China–Laos Railway from Kunming to Vientiane opened in full, with about 422 km in Laos, transforming Laos from a 'land-locked' into a 'land-linked' country.","date_label_en":"December 2021","place_en":"Vientiane"},{"id":"inner_asia-x125","start":2021,"date_label":"2021年8月","region":"inner_asia","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"塔利班重掌阿富汗","desc":"美军撤离之际，塔利班迅速攻占喀布尔，阿富汗共和国政府垮台，大批民众出逃，女性受教育与工作权利再度受到严格限制。","importance":3,"lat":34.53,"lng":69.17,"place":"喀布尔","title_en":"Taliban Retake Afghanistan","desc_en":"As US troops withdrew, the Taliban swiftly captured Kabul and the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan collapsed; large numbers of people fled, and women's rights to education and work were again severely restricted.","date_label_en":"August 2021","place_en":"Kabul"},{"id":"latin_america-x135","start":2021,"date_label":"2021年","region":"latin_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"萨尔瓦多比特币法币","desc":"萨尔瓦多成为全球首个将比特币定为法定货币的国家，引发国际货币基金组织等机构担忧，2025年在贷款协议框架下取消了强制收受规定。","importance":1,"lat":13.69,"lng":-89.22,"place":"圣萨尔瓦多","title_en":"El Salvador Adopts Bitcoin","desc_en":"El Salvador became the first country to make Bitcoin legal tender, raising concerns at the IMF and other institutions; in 2025 the mandatory acceptance requirement was dropped under a loan agreement.","date_label_en":"2021","place_en":"San Salvador"},{"id":"north_america-x135","start":2021,"date_label":"2021年","region":"north_america","dims":["科技"],"title":"詹姆斯·韦布望远镜","desc":"NASA主导的詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜于2021年12月发射，部署于日地第二拉格朗日点，以红外观测宇宙早期星系，成为迄今最强大的空间望远镜。","importance":2,"lat":38.99,"lng":-76.85,"place":"格林贝尔特","title_en":"James Webb Space Telescope","desc_en":"The NASA-led James Webb Space Telescope launched in December 2021 and was deployed at the Sun–Earth second Lagrange point (L2) to observe early galaxies in infrared, becoming the most powerful space telescope yet.","date_label_en":"2021","place_en":"Greenbelt"},{"id":"oceania-x067","start":2021,"date_label":"2021年","region":"oceania","dims":["军事","科技"],"title":"奥库斯协议","desc":"澳大利亚、英国与美国宣布组建安全伙伴关系，澳洲将获得核动力潜艇技术，并放弃与法国的潜艇合同，引发外交风波与地区安全格局变化。","importance":2,"lat":-35.28,"lng":149.13,"place":"堪培拉","title_en":"AUKUS Pact","desc_en":"Australia, the UK and the US announced a security partnership under which Australia would acquire nuclear-powered submarine technology; Australia abandoned its submarine contract with France, causing a diplomatic row and shifting the regional security landscape.","date_label_en":"2021","place_en":"Canberra"},{"id":"global-052","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年11月30日","region":"global","dims":["综合","科技","经济"],"title":"ChatGPT与生成式AI","desc":"OpenAI发布聊天机器人ChatGPT，据估计两个月用户破亿，引发生成式人工智能热潮，大语言模型迅速进入办公、教育、编程与创作领域。","importance":3,"lat":37.76,"lng":-122.41,"place":"旧金山","title_en":"ChatGPT and Generative AI","desc_en":"OpenAI released the chatbot ChatGPT, which reportedly reached 100 million users in two months, setting off a generative AI boom as large language models quickly entered office work, education, programming and creative fields.","date_label_en":"November 30, 2022","place_en":"San Francisco"},{"id":"inner_asia-047","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年1月","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"哈萨克斯坦一月骚乱","desc":"燃气涨价引发哈萨克斯坦大规模抗议并演变为骚乱，集安组织应邀派兵，事件后前总统纳扎尔巴耶夫影响力削弱。","importance":1,"lat":43.24,"lng":76.89,"place":"阿拉木图","title_en":"January Unrest in Kazakhstan","desc_en":"Fuel price hikes sparked mass protests in Kazakhstan that turned into riots; the CSTO sent troops at the government's request, and afterward former president Nazarbayev's influence waned.","date_label_en":"January 2022","place_en":"Almaty"},{"id":"europe-118","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年2月","region":"europe","dims":["军事","政治","综合"],"title":"俄乌战争全面爆发","desc":"2022年2月24日俄罗斯全面入侵乌克兰，成为二战后欧洲最大规模战争，引发严重人道危机、能源危机与对俄全面制裁。","importance":3,"lat":50.45,"lng":30.52,"place":"基辅","title_en":"Full-Scale Russian Invasion of Ukraine","desc_en":"On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Europe's largest war since World War II, triggering a severe humanitarian crisis, an energy crisis and sweeping sanctions on Russia.","date_label_en":"February 2022","place_en":"Kyiv"},{"id":"global-x119","start":2022,"end":2023,"date_label":"2022—2023年","region":"global","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"全球通胀与加息潮","desc":"疫情后需求反弹叠加俄乌战争推高能源粮食价格，美国通胀2022年6月达9.1%，美联储等央行激进加息，全球融资成本骤升。","importance":2,"title_en":"Global Inflation and Rate Hikes","desc_en":"A post-pandemic rebound in demand, combined with the Russia–Ukraine war pushing up energy and food prices, drove US inflation to 9.1% in June 2022; the Federal Reserve and other central banks raised rates aggressively, and borrowing costs worldwide soared.","date_label_en":"2022–2023"},{"id":"global-x120","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年11月","region":"global","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"世界人口突破80亿","desc":"联合国将2022年11月15日定为世界人口达到80亿之日，距70亿仅约11年；人口增长主要集中在非洲与南亚，全球生育率持续下降。","importance":2,"title_en":"World Population Passes 8 Billion","desc_en":"The UN designated November 15, 2022, as the day world population reached 8 billion, only about 11 years after 7 billion; growth is concentrated mainly in Africa and South Asia, while global fertility continues to fall.","date_label_en":"November 2022"},{"id":"global-x121","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年11—12月","region":"global","dims":["文化"],"title":"卡塔尔世界杯","desc":"首届在中东、也是首届在北半球冬季举行的世界杯，阿根廷在决赛点球战胜法国夺冠，梅西首次捧起世界杯。","importance":1,"lat":25.29,"lng":51.53,"place":"卡塔尔多哈","title_en":"Qatar World Cup","desc_en":"The first World Cup held in the Middle East and the first during the Northern Hemisphere winter; Argentina beat France on penalties in the final, and Lionel Messi lifted the World Cup for the first time.","date_label_en":"November–December 2022","place_en":"Doha, Qatar"},{"id":"east_asia-x517","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"中国空间站建成","desc":"梦天实验舱与天和核心舱、问天实验舱完成对接，中国空间站“T”字基本构型在轨组装完成，进入应用与发展阶段。","importance":2,"lat":40.96,"lng":100.28,"place":"酒泉卫星发射中心","title_en":"China's Space Station Completed","desc_en":"The Mengtian lab module docked with the Tianhe core module and Wentian lab module, completing in-orbit assembly of the Chinese space station's basic T-shaped configuration as it entered its application and development phase.","date_label_en":"2022","place_en":"Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center"},{"id":"east_asia-x518","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"中国人口首次负增长","desc":"国家统计局公布2022年末全国人口较上年末减少85万，为数十年来首次负增长，老龄化与少子化成为重大社会议题。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"China's Population Declines for the First Time","desc_en":"The National Bureau of Statistics reported that China's population at the end of 2022 was 850,000 lower than a year earlier, the first decline in decades; aging and low birth rates became major social issues.","date_label_en":"2022","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x519","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"安倍晋三遇刺","desc":"前首相安倍晋三在奈良街头为参议院选举助选演讲时遭枪击身亡，凶手动机牵涉统一教会，引发对宗教团体与政界关系的追究。","importance":2,"lat":34.69,"lng":135.8,"place":"奈良","title_en":"Shinzō Abe Assassinated","desc_en":"Former prime minister Shinzō Abe was shot dead while giving a campaign speech for the House of Councillors election on a street in Nara; the killer's motive involved the Unification Church, prompting scrutiny of ties between religious groups and politicians.","date_label_en":"2022","place_en":"Nara"},{"id":"south_asia-x204","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"斯里兰卡经济危机","desc":"外汇枯竭导致燃料、药品短缺，斯里兰卡宣布主权债务违约，民众抗议迫使总统戈塔巴雅出逃辞职。","importance":2,"lat":6.93,"lng":79.86,"place":"科伦坡","title_en":"Sri Lankan Economic Crisis","desc_en":"Depleted foreign reserves led to shortages of fuel and medicine; Sri Lanka defaulted on its sovereign debt, and popular protests forced President Gotabaya Rajapaksa to flee and resign.","date_label_en":"2022","place_en":"Colombo"},{"id":"south_asia-x205","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年6月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技","经济"],"title":"帕德玛大桥通车","desc":"孟加拉帕德玛河上的公路铁路两用大桥通车，长约6.15千米，连接西南各区与首都达卡，主要由孟加拉自筹资金建设。","importance":2,"lat":23.44,"lng":90.26,"place":"帕德玛河","title_en":"Padma Bridge Opens","desc_en":"A road-rail bridge across Bangladesh's Padma River opened; about 6.15 km long, it links the southwestern districts with the capital, Dhaka, and was built mainly with Bangladesh's own funds.","date_label_en":"June 2022","place_en":"Padma River"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x162","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年1月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"印尼迁都法","desc":"印尼国会通过迁都法，将首都从雅加达迁往东加里曼丹新建城市\"努山塔拉\"，以缓解爪哇过度集中和雅加达地面沉降问题。","importance":2,"lat":-0.97,"lng":116.7,"place":"努山塔拉","title_en":"Indonesia's Capital Relocation Law","desc_en":"Indonesia's parliament passed a law moving the capital from Jakarta to Nusantara, a new city in East Kalimantan, to ease over-concentration on Java and Jakarta's land subsidence.","date_label_en":"January 2022","place_en":"Nusantara"},{"id":"europe-x462","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年9月","region":"europe","dims":["经济"],"title":"北溪管道爆炸","desc":"连接俄罗斯与德国的北溪天然气管道在丹麦博恩霍尔姆岛附近海底遭爆炸破坏，凸显俄乌战争中欧洲能源危机与关键基础设施的脆弱。","importance":1,"lat":55.3,"lng":15.4,"place":"博恩霍尔姆","title_en":"Nord Stream Pipeline Explosions","desc_en":"The Nord Stream gas pipelines linking Russia and Germany were damaged by undersea explosions near Denmark's Bornholm island, highlighting Europe's energy crisis during the Russia–Ukraine war and the vulnerability of critical infrastructure.","date_label_en":"September 2022","place_en":"Bornholm"},{"id":"north_america-x136","start":2022,"date_label":"2022年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"《芯片与科学法》","desc":"美国通过《芯片与科学法》与《通胀削减法》，以数百亿至数千亿美元补贴本土半导体制造与清洁能源，标志美国转向积极的产业政策。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"CHIPS and Science Act","desc_en":"The US passed the CHIPS and Science Act and the Inflation Reduction Act, providing tens to hundreds of billions of dollars in subsidies for domestic semiconductor manufacturing and clean energy, marking a turn toward active industrial policy.","date_label_en":"2022","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"south_asia-059","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","综合"],"title":"印度人口超过中国","desc":"据联合国估计，印度人口约在2023年超过中国，成为世界人口第一大国，庞大的年轻劳动力被视为其经济发展的重要潜力。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"India's Population Overtakes China's","desc_en":"According to UN estimates, India's population surpassed China's around 2023, making it the world's most populous country; its large young workforce is seen as major potential for economic growth.","date_label_en":"2023","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"south_asia-060","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年8月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"月船3号月球南极着陆","desc":"月船3号维克拉姆着陆器在月球南极附近软着陆，印度成为第四个实现月球软着陆、首个在月球南极区域着陆的国家。","importance":3,"lat":13.03,"lng":77.51,"place":"班加罗尔测控中心","title_en":"Chandrayaan-3 Lands Near the Lunar South Pole","desc_en":"Chandrayaan-3's Vikram lander soft-landed near the Moon's south pole, making India the fourth country to achieve a lunar soft landing and the first to land in the lunar south polar region.","date_label_en":"August 2023","place_en":"Bangalore Mission Control"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-088","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年10月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"加沙战争爆发","desc":"哈马斯10月7日袭击以色列南部，造成约1200人死亡；以色列随后对加沙展开大规模军事行动，造成严重人道危机。","importance":2,"lat":31.5,"lng":34.47,"place":"加沙","title_en":"Gaza War Breaks Out","desc_en":"Hamas attacked southern Israel on October 7, killing about 1,200 people; Israel then launched a large-scale military campaign in Gaza, causing a severe humanitarian crisis.","date_label_en":"October 2023","place_en":"Gaza"},{"id":"europe-119","start":2023,"end":2024,"date_label":"2023—2024年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"芬兰瑞典加入北约","desc":"受俄乌战争影响，长期中立的芬兰于2023年4月、瑞典于2024年3月正式加入北约，北约东北翼大幅扩展。","importance":2,"lat":60.17,"lng":24.94,"place":"赫尔辛基","title_en":"Finland and Sweden Join NATO","desc_en":"Prompted by the Russia–Ukraine war, long-neutral Finland formally joined NATO in April 2023 and Sweden in March 2024, greatly expanding NATO's northeastern flank.","date_label_en":"2023–2024","place_en":"Helsinki"},{"id":"global-x122","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年11月","region":"global","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"首届人工智能安全峰会","desc":"英国在布莱奇利园召开首届人工智能安全峰会，中、美等28国及欧盟签署《布莱奇利宣言》，承认前沿AI潜在风险。","importance":1,"lat":52.0,"lng":-0.74,"place":"英国布莱奇利园","title_en":"First AI Safety Summit","desc_en":"The UK hosted the first AI Safety Summit at Bletchley Park, where 28 countries including China and the US, plus the EU, signed the Bletchley Declaration acknowledging the potential risks of frontier AI.","date_label_en":"November 2023","place_en":"Bletchley Park, UK"},{"id":"east_asia-x520","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"汽车出口跃居世界第一","desc":"2023年中国汽车出口约490万辆，首次超过日本成为全球最大汽车出口国，新能源汽车是重要增长动力。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.4,"place":"北京","title_en":"China Becomes Top Car Exporter","desc_en":"China exported about 4.9 million vehicles in 2023, overtaking Japan for the first time as the world's largest car exporter, with new energy vehicles a key driver of growth.","date_label_en":"2023","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"east_asia-x521","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济"],"title":"韩国生育率跌至0.72","desc":"韩国统计厅公布2023年总和生育率为0.72，为全球最低水平之一，人口减少与老龄化成为韩国最紧迫的社会问题。","importance":1,"lat":36.35,"lng":127.38,"place":"大田","title_en":"South Korea's Fertility Rate Falls to 0.72","desc_en":"Statistics Korea reported a total fertility rate of 0.72 for 2023, among the lowest in the world; population decline and aging became South Korea's most pressing social problems.","date_label_en":"2023","place_en":"Daejeon"},{"id":"south_asia-x206","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年9月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"太阳神L1号","desc":"印度首个太阳观测任务\"太阳神-L1\"发射，2024年1月进入日地拉格朗日L1点附近的晕轨道。","importance":1,"lat":13.72,"lng":80.23,"place":"斯里赫里戈达","title_en":"Aditya-L1","desc_en":"India's first solar observation mission, Aditya-L1, was launched and in January 2024 entered a halo orbit around the Sun–Earth L1 Lagrange point.","date_label_en":"September 2023","place_en":"Sriharikota"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x163","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年10月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"雅万高铁通车","desc":"连接雅加达与万隆的雅万高铁开通运营，全长约142千米，设计时速350千米，是东南亚第一条高速铁路。","importance":2,"lat":-6.91,"lng":107.61,"place":"万隆","title_en":"Jakarta–Bandung High-Speed Railway Opens","desc_en":"The Jakarta–Bandung high-speed railway began operating; about 142 km long with a design speed of 350 km/h, it is Southeast Asia's first high-speed railway.","date_label_en":"October 2023","place_en":"Bandung"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x230","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年2月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"土耳其—叙利亚大地震","desc":"2月6日土耳其南部发生两次7级以上强震，土叙两国逾五万人死亡，暴露建筑规范执行不力等问题。","importance":2,"lat":37.58,"lng":36.93,"place":"卡赫拉曼马拉什","title_en":"Turkey–Syria Earthquakes","desc_en":"On February 6, two earthquakes of magnitude 7 or greater struck southern Turkey, killing more than 50,000 people in Turkey and Syria and exposing problems such as lax enforcement of building codes.","date_label_en":"February 2023","place_en":"Kahramanmaraş"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x231","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年3月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"沙特伊朗复交","desc":"在中国斡旋下，沙特与伊朗在北京宣布恢复中断七年的外交关系，缓和了海湾地区的教派与地缘对立。","importance":2,"lat":39.9,"lng":116.41,"place":"北京","title_en":"Saudi Arabia and Iran Restore Ties","desc_en":"With Chinese mediation, Saudi Arabia and Iran announced in Beijing the restoration of diplomatic relations severed seven years earlier, easing sectarian and geopolitical rivalry in the Gulf.","date_label_en":"March 2023","place_en":"Beijing"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x232","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年9月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["科技"],"title":"摩洛哥阿特拉斯地震","desc":"摩洛哥高阿特拉斯山区发生6.8级地震，近三千人遇难，许多传统土坯村落与马拉喀什周边古迹受损。","importance":1,"lat":31.06,"lng":-8.38,"place":"豪兹省","title_en":"Morocco Atlas Earthquake","desc_en":"A magnitude-6.8 earthquake struck Morocco's High Atlas mountains, killing nearly 3,000 people and damaging many traditional mud-brick villages and historic sites around Marrakesh.","date_label_en":"September 2023","place_en":"Al Haouz Province"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x233","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年11月起","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["经济","军事"],"title":"红海航运危机","desc":"也门胡塞武装以声援加沙为名袭击红海商船，大量航运公司改绕好望角，苏伊士运河通行量与收入大幅下降。","importance":2,"lat":12.58,"lng":43.33,"place":"曼德海峡","title_en":"Red Sea Shipping Crisis","desc_en":"Yemen's Houthis attacked merchant ships in the Red Sea in the name of supporting Gaza; many shipping lines rerouted around the Cape of Good Hope, and Suez Canal traffic and revenue fell sharply.","date_label_en":"From November 2023","place_en":"Bab el-Mandeb"},{"id":"inner_asia-x126","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年5月","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"首届中国—中亚峰会","desc":"中国与中亚五国元首在西安举行首届峰会，签署《西安宣言》，建立元首会晤机制，深化交通、能源与贸易合作。","importance":1,"lat":34.27,"lng":108.94,"place":"西安","title_en":"First China–Central Asia Summit","desc_en":"The heads of state of China and the five Central Asian countries held their first summit in Xi'an, signing the Xi'an Declaration, establishing a leaders' meeting mechanism and deepening cooperation on transport, energy and trade.","date_label_en":"May 2023","place_en":"Xi'an"},{"id":"latin_america-x136","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"米莱当选阿根廷总统","desc":"自由意志主义经济学家哈维尔·米莱当选阿根廷总统，以“电锯”式削减开支与放松管制应对高通胀，月度通胀率在2024年显著回落。","importance":2,"lat":-34.6,"lng":-58.38,"place":"布宜诺斯艾利斯","title_en":"Milei Elected President of Argentina","desc_en":"Libertarian economist Javier Milei was elected president of Argentina, tackling high inflation with 'chainsaw' spending cuts and deregulation; monthly inflation fell markedly in 2024.","date_label_en":"2023","place_en":"Buenos Aires"},{"id":"oceania-x068","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"“原住民之声”公投","desc":"澳大利亚就是否在宪法中设立原住民与托雷斯海峡岛民咨询机构举行公投，约60%选民投反对票，所有州均未通过，原住民和解进程受挫。","importance":1,"lat":-35.28,"lng":149.13,"place":"堪培拉","title_en":"Indigenous Voice Referendum","desc_en":"Australia held a referendum on enshrining an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander advisory body in the Constitution; about 60% of voters said no and it failed in every state, a setback for Indigenous reconciliation.","date_label_en":"2023","place_en":"Canberra"},{"id":"oceania-x069","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年","region":"oceania","dims":["政治"],"title":"澳图气候移民条约","desc":"澳大利亚与图瓦卢签署“法莱皮利联盟条约”，每年允许最多280名图瓦卢人移居澳洲，被视为首个应对海平面上升的气候移民双边条约。","importance":1,"lat":-8.52,"lng":179.2,"place":"富纳富提","title_en":"Australia–Tuvalu Climate Migration Treaty","desc_en":"Australia and Tuvalu signed the Falepili Union Treaty, allowing up to 280 Tuvaluans a year to move to Australia; it is seen as the first bilateral climate migration treaty responding to sea-level rise.","date_label_en":"2023","place_en":"Funafuti"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x130","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"丹格特炼油厂投产","desc":"尼日利亚富豪丹格特在拉各斯莱基自贸区建设的炼油厂开始投产，设计日加工能力65万桶，是世界最大的单列炼油厂，旨在减少尼日利亚对进口燃油的依赖。","importance":1,"lat":6.43,"lng":4.0,"place":"拉各斯莱基","title_en":"Dangote Refinery Begins Operations","desc_en":"The refinery built by Nigerian billionaire Aliko Dangote in the Lekki Free Zone, Lagos, began production; with a design capacity of 650,000 barrels a day, it is the world's largest single-train refinery, aiming to reduce Nigeria's dependence on imported fuel.","date_label_en":"2023","place_en":"Lekki, Lagos"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x131","start":2023,"date_label":"2023年起","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"苏丹内战","desc":"2023年4月苏丹武装部队与快速支援部队爆发战争，喀土穆和达尔富尔遭严重破坏，上千万人流离失所，成为世界最严重的人道危机之一。","importance":2,"lat":15.5,"lng":32.56,"place":"喀土穆","title_en":"Sudanese Civil War","desc_en":"In April 2023 war broke out between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces; Khartoum and Darfur were devastated and more than ten million people displaced, making it one of the world's worst humanitarian crises.","date_label_en":"From 2023","place_en":"Khartoum"},{"id":"global-053","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年","region":"global","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"全年升温首超1.5℃","desc":"世界气象组织确认2024年为有记录以来最热年份，全球平均气温比工业化前高约1.55摄氏度，首次有日历年超过1.5摄氏度。","importance":2,"title_en":"First Full Year Above 1.5°C","desc_en":"The World Meteorological Organization confirmed 2024 as the hottest year on record, with global average temperature about 1.55°C above pre-industrial levels—the first calendar year to exceed 1.5°C.","date_label_en":"2024"},{"id":"east_asia-119","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年12月","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"韩国紧急戒严风波","desc":"韩国总统尹锡悦宣布紧急戒严，国会数小时内表决要求解除，尹随后遭弹劾，2025年4月被宪法法院裁定罢免。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"首尔","title_en":"South Korea's Martial Law Crisis","desc_en":"South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol declared emergency martial law; the National Assembly voted within hours to demand it be lifted. Yoon was then impeached, and in April 2025 the Constitutional Court removed him from office.","date_label_en":"December 2024","place_en":"Seoul"},{"id":"south_asia-061","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年8月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"孟加拉国哈西娜下台","desc":"学生抗议公职配额制度演变为全国性运动，执政多年的总理谢赫·哈西娜辞职出走印度，尤努斯出任临时政府首席顾问。","importance":2,"lat":23.81,"lng":90.41,"place":"达卡","title_en":"Hasina Ousted in Bangladesh","desc_en":"Student protests against the civil service quota system grew into a nationwide movement; long-serving Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigned and fled to India, and Muhammad Yunus became chief adviser of an interim government.","date_label_en":"August 2024","place_en":"Dhaka"},{"id":"global-x123","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年3月","region":"global","dims":["科技"],"title":"“人类世”提案被否决","desc":"国际地质科学联合会确认否决将“人类世”设为正式地质年代单位的提案，但“人类世”作为描述人类深刻改变地球的概念仍被广泛使用。","importance":1,"title_en":"'Anthropocene' Proposal Rejected","desc_en":"The International Union of Geological Sciences confirmed the rejection of a proposal to make the 'Anthropocene' a formal unit of geologic time, though the term remains widely used to describe humanity's profound alteration of the Earth.","date_label_en":"March 2024"},{"id":"global-x124","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年8月","region":"global","dims":["政治","科技"],"title":"欧盟《人工智能法》生效","desc":"全球首部全面监管人工智能的法律于2024年8月1日生效，按风险等级分类管理AI系统，禁止社会评分等不可接受风险的应用，影响全球AI治理。","importance":2,"lat":50.85,"lng":4.35,"place":"比利时布鲁塞尔","title_en":"EU AI Act Takes Effect","desc_en":"The world's first comprehensive law regulating artificial intelligence took effect on August 1, 2024; it regulates AI systems by risk level and bans unacceptable-risk uses such as social scoring, shaping AI governance worldwide.","date_label_en":"August 2024","place_en":"Brussels, Belgium"},{"id":"global-x125","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年10月","region":"global","dims":["科技","文化"],"title":"诺贝尔奖授予AI研究","desc":"2024年诺贝尔物理学奖授予霍普菲尔德与辛顿的神经网络研究，化学奖授予贝克、哈萨比斯与江珀的蛋白质设计和结构预测研究。","importance":2,"lat":59.33,"lng":18.07,"place":"瑞典斯德哥尔摩","title_en":"Nobel Prizes Honor AI Research","desc_en":"The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics went to John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton for work on neural networks, and the Chemistry prize to David Baker, Demis Hassabis and John Jumper for protein design and structure prediction.","date_label_en":"October 2024","place_en":"Stockholm, Sweden"},{"id":"global-x126","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年7—8月","region":"global","dims":["文化"],"title":"巴黎奥运会","desc":"第33届夏季奥运会在巴黎举行，开幕式首次走出体育场在塞纳河上举行，实现参赛运动员男女人数均等，巴黎成为第三次举办夏奥的城市。","importance":1,"lat":48.86,"lng":2.35,"place":"法国巴黎","title_en":"Paris Olympics","desc_en":"The 33rd Summer Olympics were held in Paris; for the first time the opening ceremony left the stadium and took place on the Seine, the Games achieved equal numbers of male and female athletes, and Paris became a three-time Summer Olympics host.","date_label_en":"July–August 2024","place_en":"Paris, France"},{"id":"east_asia-x522","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年","region":"east_asia","dims":["文化"],"title":"韩江获诺贝尔文学奖","desc":"韩国作家韩江以《素食者》《少年来了》等作品获诺贝尔文学奖，是首位获得该奖的韩国作家和首位亚洲女性得主。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"首尔","title_en":"Han Kang Wins the Nobel Prize in Literature","desc_en":"South Korean writer Han Kang won the Nobel Prize in Literature for works including The Vegetarian and Human Acts, becoming the first Korean writer and the first Asian woman to receive the prize.","date_label_en":"2024","place_en":"Seoul"},{"id":"south_asia-x207","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年6月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"莫迪第三次连任","desc":"印度举行有约6.4亿人投票的大选，印度人民党未获单独过半数，依靠全国民主联盟盟友组阁，莫迪第三次出任总理。","importance":2,"lat":28.61,"lng":77.21,"place":"新德里","title_en":"Modi's Third Term","desc_en":"India held an election in which about 640 million people voted; the BJP fell short of a majority on its own and formed a government with its National Democratic Alliance partners, as Narendra Modi became prime minister for a third time.","date_label_en":"June 2024","place_en":"New Delhi"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x234","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年12月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["综合","政治"],"title":"阿萨德政权倒台","desc":"叙利亚反对派武装发起攻势，数日内攻入大马士革，巴沙尔·阿萨德出逃俄罗斯，阿萨德家族逾半个世纪的统治结束。","importance":3,"lat":33.51,"lng":36.29,"place":"大马士革","title_en":"Fall of the Assad Regime","desc_en":"Syrian opposition forces launched an offensive and entered Damascus within days; Bashar al-Assad fled to Russia, ending more than half a century of Assad family rule.","date_label_en":"December 2024","place_en":"Damascus"},{"id":"inner_asia-x127","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年12月","region":"inner_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"中吉乌铁路开工","desc":"中国—吉尔吉斯斯坦—乌兹别克斯坦铁路在吉尔吉斯贾拉拉巴德举行开工仪式，建成后将开辟中国经中亚通往西亚的新陆路通道。","importance":1,"lat":40.93,"lng":73.0,"place":"贾拉拉巴德","title_en":"China–Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan Railway Breaks Ground","desc_en":"A groundbreaking ceremony for the China–Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan railway was held in Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan; once complete, it will open a new overland route from China through Central Asia to West Asia.","date_label_en":"December 2024","place_en":"Jalal-Abad"},{"id":"europe-x463","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年","region":"europe","dims":["科技","政治"],"title":"欧盟人工智能法","desc":"欧盟通过全球首部全面规范人工智能的《人工智能法》，按风险等级分类监管，禁止社会评分等高风险应用，2024年8月生效并分阶段实施。","importance":2,"lat":50.84,"lng":4.38,"place":"布鲁塞尔","title_en":"EU Artificial Intelligence Act","desc_en":"The EU adopted the Artificial Intelligence Act, the world's first comprehensive regulation of AI, which regulates by risk level and bans high-risk applications such as social scoring; it took effect in August 2024 and is being phased in.","date_label_en":"2024","place_en":"Brussels"},{"id":"latin_america-x137","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"谢因鲍姆就任墨西哥总统","desc":"气候科学家出身的克劳迪娅·谢因鲍姆以压倒性优势当选，2024年10月就任，成为墨西哥首位女总统，延续前任洛佩斯·奥夫拉多尔的执政路线。","importance":2,"lat":19.43,"lng":-99.13,"place":"墨西哥城","title_en":"Sheinbaum Becomes Mexico's President","desc_en":"Climate scientist Claudia Sheinbaum won the election by a landslide and took office in October 2024 as Mexico's first female president, continuing the course of her predecessor, Andrés Manuel López Obrador.","date_label_en":"2024","place_en":"Mexico City"},{"id":"north_america-x137","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"特朗普再度当选","desc":"特朗普击败民主党候选人哈里斯，成为继克利夫兰之后第二位非连续两任的美国总统，2025年1月就职后大幅收紧移民并推行关税政策。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Trump Elected Again","desc_en":"Donald Trump defeated Democratic candidate Kamala Harris, becoming the second US president after Grover Cleveland to serve two non-consecutive terms; after taking office in January 2025 he sharply tightened immigration and pursued tariff policies.","date_label_en":"2024","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"oceania-x070","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年","region":"oceania","dims":["文化","科技"],"title":"未成年人社交媒体禁令","desc":"澳大利亚议会通过法律，禁止16岁以下青少年开设主流社交媒体账号，违规平台可被处以高额罚款，是全球最严格的同类立法之一，2025年12月起实施。","importance":1,"lat":-35.28,"lng":149.13,"place":"堪培拉","title_en":"Social Media Ban for Minors","desc_en":"Australia's Parliament passed a law barring under-16s from holding accounts on major social media platforms, with heavy fines for non-compliant platforms; one of the world's strictest such laws, it takes effect in December 2025.","date_label_en":"2024","place_en":"Canberra"},{"id":"subsaharan_africa-x132","start":2024,"date_label":"2024年","region":"subsaharan_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"萨赫勒国家联盟","desc":"2020年后相继发生政变的马里、布基纳法索、尼日尔组成萨赫勒国家联盟，2024年7月升级为邦联，宣布退出西非国家经济共同体，转向与俄罗斯合作。","importance":1,"lat":13.51,"lng":2.11,"place":"尼亚美","title_en":"Alliance of Sahel States","desc_en":"Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, each of which had undergone coups since 2020, formed the Alliance of Sahel States, upgraded to a confederation in July 2024; they announced their withdrawal from ECOWAS and turned toward cooperation with Russia.","date_label_en":"2024","place_en":"Niamey"},{"id":"east_asia-120","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年1月","region":"east_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"DeepSeek-R1发布","desc":"中国公司深度求索发布开源推理模型DeepSeek-R1，以较低训练成本达到接近国际领先水平，引发全球关注。","importance":2,"lat":30.27,"lng":120.15,"place":"杭州","title_en":"DeepSeek-R1 Released","desc_en":"Chinese company DeepSeek released the open-source reasoning model DeepSeek-R1, reaching near world-leading performance at relatively low training cost and drawing global attention.","date_label_en":"January 2025","place_en":"Hangzhou"},{"id":"europe-120","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年","region":"europe","dims":["政治","军事"],"title":"欧洲加速重整军备","desc":"2025年欧盟提出“重新武装欧洲”计划，北约海牙峰会成员国承诺到2035年将防务相关开支提高至GDP的5%。","importance":1,"lat":52.08,"lng":4.3,"place":"海牙","title_en":"Europe Accelerates Rearmament","desc_en":"In 2025 the EU proposed the 'ReArm Europe' plan, and at NATO's Hague summit member states pledged to raise defense-related spending to 5% of GDP by 2035.","date_label_en":"2025","place_en":"The Hague"},{"id":"global-x127","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年4月","region":"global","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"美国“对等关税”冲击","desc":"2025年4月2日美国宣布对几乎所有贸易伙伴加征“对等关税”，设10%基准税率，引发全球股市剧烈震荡与多国贸易谈判和反制。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"美国华盛顿","title_en":"US 'Reciprocal Tariffs' Shock","desc_en":"On April 2, 2025, the US announced 'reciprocal tariffs' on almost all trading partners with a 10% baseline rate, triggering violent swings in global stock markets and trade negotiations and retaliation by many countries.","date_label_en":"April 2025","place_en":"Washington, D.C., USA"},{"id":"east_asia-x523","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"尹锡悦被罢免","desc":"因2024年12月宣布紧急戒严，宪法法院于2025年4月4日一致裁定罢免总统尹锡悦；6月3日提前举行大选，李在明当选总统。","importance":2,"lat":37.57,"lng":126.98,"place":"首尔","title_en":"Yoon Suk Yeol Removed from Office","desc_en":"For declaring emergency martial law in December 2024, President Yoon Suk Yeol was unanimously removed from office by the Constitutional Court on April 4, 2025; in an early election on June 3, Lee Jae-myung was elected president.","date_label_en":"2025","place_en":"Seoul"},{"id":"east_asia-x524","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","文化"],"title":"大阪关西世博会","desc":"2025年日本国际博览会在大阪梦洲举办，主题为“设计未来社会，闪耀生命光辉”，以巨型木结构“大屋顶环”为象征。","importance":2,"lat":34.65,"lng":135.39,"place":"大阪梦洲","title_en":"Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai","desc_en":"Expo 2025 was held on Yumeshima in Osaka under the theme 'Designing Future Society for Our Lives', symbolized by the giant timber Grand Ring.","date_label_en":"2025","place_en":"Yumeshima, Osaka"},{"id":"east_asia-x525","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年10月","region":"east_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"高市早苗出任首相","desc":"自民党总裁高市早苗于2025年10月21日在国会首相指名选举中当选，成为日本历史上第一位女性首相。","importance":2,"lat":35.68,"lng":139.75,"place":"东京","title_en":"Sanae Takaichi Becomes Prime Minister","desc_en":"LDP president Sanae Takaichi was elected prime minister in the Diet's nomination vote on October 21, 2025, becoming the first female prime minister in Japan's history.","date_label_en":"October 2025","place_en":"Tokyo"},{"id":"south_asia-x208","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年1月","region":"south_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"印度太空对接","desc":"印度\"太空对接实验\"任务两颗小卫星在轨完成自主对接，印度成为继美俄中之后第四个掌握太空对接技术的国家。","importance":2,"lat":13.72,"lng":80.23,"place":"斯里赫里戈达","title_en":"India Achieves Space Docking","desc_en":"Two small satellites of India's Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) completed an autonomous docking in orbit, making India the fourth country, after the US, Russia and China, to master space docking.","date_label_en":"January 2025","place_en":"Sriharikota"},{"id":"south_asia-x209","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年5月","region":"south_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"2025年印巴冲突","desc":"4月帕哈尔加姆袭击事件后，印度对巴境内目标发动\"朱砂行动\"，双方以导弹、无人机互击数日，5月10日宣布停火。","importance":2,"lat":34.01,"lng":75.32,"place":"帕哈尔加姆","title_en":"2025 India–Pakistan Conflict","desc_en":"After the April attack in Pahalgam, India launched 'Operation Sindoor' against targets in Pakistan; the two sides exchanged missile and drone strikes for several days before announcing a ceasefire on May 10.","date_label_en":"May 2025","place_en":"Pahalgam"},{"id":"south_asia-x210","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年9月","region":"south_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"尼泊尔Z世代抗议","desc":"政府封禁社交媒体引发以青年为主体的大规模抗议并发生流血冲突，总理奥利辞职，前首席大法官卡尔基出任临时总理。","importance":2,"lat":27.72,"lng":85.32,"place":"加德满都","title_en":"Nepal's Gen Z Protests","desc_en":"A government ban on social media sparked massive youth-led protests and deadly clashes; Prime Minister K. P. Sharma Oli resigned, and former chief justice Sushila Karki became interim prime minister.","date_label_en":"September 2025","place_en":"Kathmandu"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x164","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年3月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["科技"],"title":"缅甸大地震","desc":"缅甸中部实皆断层发生7.7级地震，曼德勒等地建筑大量倒塌，死亡人数超过三千，曼谷一座在建高楼亦倒塌。","importance":2,"lat":21.98,"lng":96.08,"place":"曼德勒","title_en":"Myanmar Earthquake","desc_en":"A magnitude-7.7 earthquake on the Sagaing Fault in central Myanmar toppled many buildings in Mandalay and elsewhere, killing more than 3,000 people; a high-rise under construction in Bangkok also collapsed.","date_label_en":"March 2025","place_en":"Mandalay"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x165","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年7月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["军事"],"title":"泰柬边境冲突","desc":"泰国与柬埔寨在边境争议地区爆发数日炮战，双方动用火炮和战机，在马来西亚斡旋下达成停火。","importance":2,"lat":14.39,"lng":104.68,"place":"泰柬边境","title_en":"Thailand–Cambodia Border Clashes","desc_en":"Thailand and Cambodia fought several days of artillery battles in disputed border areas, using artillery and warplanes, before reaching a ceasefire under Malaysian mediation.","date_label_en":"July 2025","place_en":"Thailand–Cambodia border"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x166","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年7月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"越南省级行政合并","desc":"越南将63个省级行政区合并为34个，并取消县一级，是统一以来规模最大的行政区划改革。","importance":2,"lat":21.03,"lng":105.84,"place":"河内","title_en":"Vietnam Merges Its Provinces","desc_en":"Vietnam merged its 63 provincial-level units into 34 and abolished the district level, the largest administrative reorganization since reunification.","date_label_en":"July 2025","place_en":"Hanoi"},{"id":"southeast_asia-x167","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年10月","region":"southeast_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"东帝汶加入东盟","desc":"东帝汶在吉隆坡举行的东盟峰会上正式成为东盟第十一个成员国，这是东盟自1999年柬埔寨加入后首次扩员。","importance":2,"lat":-8.56,"lng":125.57,"place":"帝力","title_en":"Timor-Leste Joins ASEAN","desc_en":"Timor-Leste formally became ASEAN's eleventh member at the ASEAN summit in Kuala Lumpur, the bloc's first expansion since Cambodia joined in 1999.","date_label_en":"October 2025","place_en":"Dili"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x235","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年6月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["军事","政治"],"title":"以伊十二日战争","desc":"以色列空袭伊朗核设施与军事目标，伊朗以导弹还击，美国轰炸福尔多等核设施，冲突持续约十二天后停火。","importance":2,"lat":35.69,"lng":51.39,"place":"德黑兰","title_en":"Twelve-Day Israel–Iran War","desc_en":"Israel struck Iranian nuclear facilities and military targets, Iran retaliated with missiles, and the US bombed Fordow and other nuclear sites; a ceasefire came after about twelve days of conflict.","date_label_en":"June 2025","place_en":"Tehran"},{"id":"west_asia_north_africa-x236","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年10月","region":"west_asia_north_africa","dims":["政治"],"title":"加沙停火协议","desc":"以色列与哈马斯依据美国提出的方案达成停火，哈马斯释放在押人质、以色列释放巴勒斯坦被拘押者，加沙战事暂停。","importance":2,"lat":31.5,"lng":34.47,"place":"加沙","title_en":"Gaza Ceasefire Agreement","desc_en":"Israel and Hamas reached a ceasefire based on a US-proposed plan: Hamas released the hostages it held, Israel released Palestinian detainees, and fighting in Gaza was paused.","date_label_en":"October 2025","place_en":"Gaza"},{"id":"inner_asia-x128","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年3月","region":"inner_asia","dims":["政治"],"title":"吉塔划定边界","desc":"吉尔吉斯斯坦与塔吉克斯坦签署国界条约，解决长期引发流血冲突的费尔干纳谷地边界争端，随后与乌兹别克斯坦三国元首在苦盏会晤。","importance":1,"lat":40.28,"lng":69.62,"place":"苦盏","title_en":"Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Settle Their Border","desc_en":"Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed a border treaty resolving the Fergana Valley border dispute that had long fueled deadly clashes; the two leaders then met with Uzbekistan's president in Khujand.","date_label_en":"March 2025","place_en":"Khujand"},{"id":"europe-x465","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年5月","region":"europe","dims":["文化"],"title":"教皇良十四世当选","desc":"教皇方济各于2025年4月去世，枢机团选出美国出生的罗伯特·普雷沃斯特为教皇，称良十四世，他是首位来自美国的教皇。","importance":1,"lat":41.9,"lng":12.45,"place":"梵蒂冈","title_en":"Pope Leo XIV Elected","desc_en":"Pope Francis died in April 2025, and the College of Cardinals elected US-born Robert Prevost as pope, taking the name Leo XIV; he is the first pope from the United States.","date_label_en":"May 2025","place_en":"Vatican City"},{"id":"latin_america-x138","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年","region":"latin_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"贝伦气候大会","desc":"联合国气候变化大会第30次缔约方会议于2025年11月在亚马孙门户城市贝伦召开，首次在亚马孙地区举办，巴西推动设立热带森林保护基金。","importance":1,"lat":-1.46,"lng":-48.5,"place":"贝伦","title_en":"COP30 in Belém","desc_en":"The 30th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties was held in November 2025 in Belém, a gateway city to the Amazon—the first held in the Amazon region—where Brazil promoted a fund to protect tropical forests.","date_label_en":"2025","place_en":"Belém"},{"id":"north_america-x138","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年","region":"north_america","dims":["经济"],"title":"美国大规模加征关税","desc":"2025年4月，特朗普政府宣布对几乎所有贸易伙伴加征“对等关税”，引发全球市场剧烈震荡和多轮贸易谈判，美国平均关税率升至近百年高位。","importance":2,"lat":38.9,"lng":-77.04,"place":"华盛顿","title_en":"Sweeping US Tariffs","desc_en":"In April 2025 the Trump administration announced 'reciprocal tariffs' on almost all trading partners, causing violent swings in global markets and rounds of trade negotiations; the average US tariff rate rose to its highest level in nearly a century.","date_label_en":"2025","place_en":"Washington, D.C."},{"id":"north_america-x139","start":2025,"date_label":"2025年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治"],"title":"卡尼出任加拿大总理","desc":"前央行行长马克·卡尼接替特鲁多出任自由党领袖与总理，并在美加贸易摩擦背景下于2025年4月大选中带领自由党获胜。","importance":1,"lat":45.42,"lng":-75.7,"place":"渥太华","title_en":"Carney Becomes Canada's Prime Minister","desc_en":"Former central bank governor Mark Carney succeeded Justin Trudeau as Liberal leader and prime minister, and led the Liberals to victory in the April 2025 election amid US–Canada trade tensions.","date_label_en":"2025","place_en":"Ottawa"},{"id":"europe-x466","start":1494,"date_label":"1494年6月","region":"europe","dims":["政治"],"title":"《托尔德西里亚斯条约》","desc":"哥伦布归来后，西班牙与葡萄牙在卡斯蒂利亚小城托尔德西里亚斯签约，以佛得角群岛以西370里格的经线划分海外势力范围：线西归西班牙，线东归葡萄牙，日后巴西因此归属葡萄牙。","importance":2,"lat":41.5,"lng":-5.0,"place":"托尔德西里亚斯","title_en":"Treaty of Tordesillas","desc_en":"After Columbus's return, Spain and Portugal signed a treaty at the Castilian town of Tordesillas dividing newly found lands along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands: Spain to the west, Portugal to the east, which is why Brazil later became Portuguese.","date_label_en":"June 1494","place_en":"Tordesillas"},{"id":"east_asia-x526","start":1593,"date_label":"1593年","region":"east_asia","dims":["经济","科技"],"title":"番薯传入福建","desc":"福建长乐商人陈振龙在西班牙统治的吕宋见到耐旱高产的番薯，设法把薯藤带回福州；时逢闽中旱灾，巡抚金学曾下令试种推广，美洲作物由此在中国扎根。","importance":2,"lat":26.08,"lng":119.3,"place":"福州","title_en":"Sweet Potato Reaches Fujian","desc_en":"Chen Zhenlong, a merchant from Changle in Fujian, smuggled sweet-potato vines from Spanish-ruled Luzon back to Fuzhou; with Fujian in the grip of drought, Governor Jin Xuezeng ordered trial planting and promotion, and the American crop took root in China.","date_label_en":"1593","place_en":"Fuzhou"},{"id":"north_america-x140","start":1765,"date_label":"1765年","region":"north_america","dims":["政治","经济"],"title":"《印花税法》与“无代表不纳税”","desc":"为偿还七年战争留下的巨额债务并分担北美驻军费用，英国议会通过《印花税法》，要求殖民地的报纸、契约等印刷品加贴印花；九个殖民地的代表在纽约召开印花税法大会抗议，次年该法被废除。","importance":2,"lat":40.71,"lng":-74.01,"place":"纽约","title_en":"The Stamp Act and “No Taxation without Representation”","desc_en":"To pay down heavy debts from the Seven Years' War and share the cost of troops in America, Parliament passed the Stamp Act, taxing newspapers, legal documents and other printed matter in the colonies; delegates from nine colonies met in New York at the Stamp Act Congress to protest, and the act was repealed the next year.","date_label_en":"1765","place_en":"New York"},{"id":"south_asia-x211","start":1773,"date_label":"1773年","region":"south_asia","dims":["经济","政治"],"title":"东印度公司鸦片专营","desc":"孟加拉总督黑斯廷斯把比哈尔、孟加拉的鸦片收归东印度公司专营，农民须按定价把罂粟收成卖给公司；鸦片在加尔各答拍卖后由私商运往中国，用来抵偿购买茶叶的白银。","importance":2,"lat":25.61,"lng":85.14,"place":"巴特那","title_en":"East India Company Opium Monopoly","desc_en":"Governor Warren Hastings brought the opium of Bihar and Bengal under an East India Company monopoly, obliging cultivators to sell their poppy crop to the Company at fixed prices; auctioned in Calcutta, the opium was carried to China by private traders to offset the silver spent on tea.","date_label_en":"1773","place_en":"Patna"}]